biology eoc review - north thurston public schools...2.02 investigate and describe the structure and...
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Biology EOC Review Name: ____Key__________________________
Period: ______
1.01 Identify biological problems and questions that can be answered through scientific Investigations.
The Scientific Method:
1. List and describe the steps of the Scientific Method. 1. Question/problem (what you are trying to solve) 2.
Hypothesis (educated guess to the question) 3. Materials (what you can use) 4. Procedure (steps to conduct
the experiment) 5. Data (information collected during the lab 6. Conclusion (summing up what you saw in the
lab using data)
2. Why do many experiments make use of a control group? __so they have something to compare their results
to__
3. What are the characteristics of a good experiment? _Detailed, thorough, repeated, contain all of the
variables_____
4. What is the difference between an independent and dependent variable? Independent is what you change,
dependent is what you are looking for or measuring - results
1.2 Design and conduct scientific investigations to answer biological questions.
5. You have measured the rate at which a fish breaths at various temperatures by counting the rate at which its gills open.
The data is below. Graph this data.
Breathing rate Temperature
19/min 5 deg C, 25/min 10 deg C, 30/min 20 deg C, 34/min 30 deg C,
37/min 35 deg C
6. What is the independent variable? The dependent variable?
Temperature breathing rate
7. What is the best type of graph for this data? Why?
Line, it’s easier to see quantity change
8. What happens to breathing rate with increase in Temperature?
As temp increases so does breathing rate
9. What would be a good control for this experiment?
Same fish in a tank with a constant temperature
10. How do you think the breathing rate was measured?
Watching the gill movement
11. What do you think would happen if you raised the temperature even more?
Any logical answer (ex: will increase breathing until it gets too hot)
12. Why would it be a bad idea to do this? You could kill the fish if it gets too hot
1.3 Formulate and revise scientific explanations and models of biological phenomena using logic and evidence to:
explain observations, make inferences and predictions, and explain the relationship between evidence and
explanation.
An experiment was done that measured the Effects of Nitrates on the Growth of Algae. Growth of algae was determined
by how well the water transmitted light. The less the light transmission than the greater the algae growth blocking the
transmission of light.
13. Looking at the graph what conclusions can you draw about algae growth and nitrates in the water?
Nitrates increased algae growth over time.
14. What other data would you like to have?
Any logical answer
15. What would you predict would happen if this same data was
gathered at the end of week 8?
Light transmission would be very close, if not at, zero.
Biology EOC Review 16. Why do you think that nitrates have this effect on algae growth?
Nitrates may be a food for algae.
Analyze the matter-energy relationships of living and non-living things:
1. What are the differences between living and non-living things: List the 8 characteristics of life:
Growth & development
Reproduction Responsiveness Heredity
Cellular organization
Metabolism Homeostasis One or more cells
2. What are the ways that living things get energy to live?
Eat other organisms, photosynthesis, and chemosynthesis
3. What are some of the ways that living things use energy?
Grow, reproduce, breathe, and maintain homeostasis
4. What are some ways that cells maintain homeostasis?
Osmosis, diffusion,
5. How do biological materials respond to acids and bases? What is a buffer?
They use buffers (which neutralize acids and bases) to maintain whatever pH is needed for that section of the
body
2.02 Investigate and describe the structure and function of cells including cell organelles, cell specialization, and
communication among cells within an organism.
Cell theory and Organelles.
6. What does the term “membrane bound organelles mean?” What cell type are they found in?
It is a part of the cell that contains protective coverings. They are found in eukaryotic cells.
7. What are the three parts of cell theory?
1. All living things contains 1 or more cells 2. Cell is the basic until of life 3. All cells come from preexisting
cells
The diagram below shows many proteins and other molecules embedded in a cell membrane.
8. What is the function of the cell membrane?
To maintain homeostasis
9. What are some of the functions of these
proteins and other molecules?
Some keep the cell fluid (moveable). Some
allow larger molecules to pass through.
10. Put the following in order from smallest to largest:
Organ systems Cells Organs Tissues
_____4______ _____1______ ____3_______ ____2_______
Biology EOC Review 11. What is a feedback mechanism?
It is something that responds to a stimulus. For example, the body will respond to a woman giving birth by
contracting muscles. Or a body will respond to adrenalin during a flight or fight response to divert blood flow from the
digestive system to the brain and muscles.
12. Fill in this chart. Also give the letter or number of the part as seen in the diagrams below.
Cell Part and Letter Structure Description Function Letter/Number
Nucleus
Big circular object in the cell. Contains a
nuclear membrane
Control center of the cell A/6
Plasma Membrane
Two layer of lipid that surround the cell Protects the cell, helps maintain
homeostasis
K/11
Cell wall
Thick structure that surrounds the plant
cell
Protection, maintain cell shape J
Mitochondria
Kidney bean shaped organelle Makes energy L/1
Vacuoles
Large light colored organelle Storage space G
Chloroplasts
Green, oval shaped organelle Creates energy from the sun (site of
photosynthesis)
I
Ribosomes
Small circle that can be found in the cell
or attached to the RER
Site of protein synthesis M/13
13. Which cell is the plant cell (left or right)?
__left___________________________
14. Which structures are found only
in the plant cell?
__chloroplast, cell wall_____
15. Which structures are found only
in the animal cell?
___Lysosome________________
2.03 Investigate and analyze the cell as a living system including: maintenance of homeostasis, movement of
materials into and out of cells, and energy use and release in biochemical reactions.
Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left.
16. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left?
Because they were too large to move through the membrane
17. How is the semi-permeable membrane like a cell
membrane?
It only allows certain materials through
18. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch
concentration greatest (left or right)?
Right
Biology EOC Review 19. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first?
Left
20. In osmosis, water moves from an area of _high______ to an area of __low___ concentration. (higher/lower)
21. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why?
To the left, because the concentration of dark molecules is lower to the left
22. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of _high____ to an area of _low_____ concentration. (higher/lower)
23. Which way water will move in each of the following situations:
a. Salt inside the cell 65% and outside the cell 40%. __water will move inside the cell_________
b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. _water will move outside the cell_________
24. What is homeostasis?
Maintaining internal conditions regardless of that is happening ‘outside’
25. How do cells maintain homeostasis? Consider pH, temperature, blood glucose, water balance
Osmosis to control water concentration, muscle movement/sweat to control temperature, buffers to control pH,
insulin to control glucose
26. Comparison of active and passive transport
PASSIVE TRANPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Requires energy?
No Yes
Low to high concentration or
high to low concentration?
High to low Low to high
Examples
Water movement Salt movement
Energy use and release in biochemical reactions.
27. Use the following diagram to show where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use arrows on the lines
attached to the circles to indicate the direction of the energy.
28. How many phosphates? ATP? __3______ ADP? ____2___ AMP? ___1______
29. What cellular process produces ATP?
Cellular respiration
30. What is ATP energy used for? Give examples.
Anything that requires energy like muscle movement.
2.05 Investigate and analyze the bioenergetic reactions: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and
photosynthesis.
31. What are the reactants and products for each of these?
Process Reactant Product Example?
Photosynthesis Water, CO2
C6H12O6, O2
Cellular Respiration
(Aerobic)
C6H12O6, O2
Water, CO2
Cellular Respiration
(Anaerobic)
C6H12O6
Lactic acid, ethyl
alcohol, CO2
32. Which reaction makes the most ATP? ___Electron Transport Chain________ What gas is the final electron
acceptor? ___Oxygen_____
Biology EOC Review 33. How do factors such as pH, temperature, light and food availability affect these reactions?
If any one of these is too high or low neither one will work properly.
34. Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide,)
A) Water carbon dioxide glucose oxygen
B)
Glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water 35. Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis? (A or B) __A______
36. Which of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)? (A or B?) ___B_____
37. Which reaction(s) requires or stores energy? Photosynthesis
38. Which reaction(s) release energy (ATP)? Cellular respiration
39. Which reaction releases the most energy? __Cellular Respiration Why? It creates ATP
40. Which reaction requires chlorophyll? _Photosynthesis What is the purpose of the chlorophyll?
To absorb sunlight
41. Which reaction requires light? Photosynthesis What is the light used for? Energy to create sugar
42. Which organisms carry out process A?
Plants
43. Which organisms carry out process B?
Plants and animals
44. Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes? _photosynthesis__________________________
45. Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes? _cellular respiration_________________________
46. Compare and contrast: Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation. (# ATP, where it occurs)
Alcoholic produces 2 ATP, ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Lactic acid fermentation produces 2 ATP
and lactic acid
2.4 Investigate & describe the structure & function of enzymes & explain their importance in biological systems.
47. What is the function of enzymes in cells? (Or, what is a catalyst?)
To speed up a reaction
3.01: Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including: DNA replication, Protein Synthesis (transcription and
translation), and gene regulation.
1. Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix – what needs to be added to it to make it a double
helix? Give the complementary nucleotide sequence. _C, T, G, G, C, T____ ______ ______ ______
2. Describe the structure of DNA. What are the black pentagons? _Deoxyribose sugar____ What are the nitrogen
bases? _ATCG_______ What weak bonds hold the complementary
bases together? ___Hydrogen_____________________
+ +
Biology EOC Review 3. If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be?
___CUGGCU____________
4. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this section of mRNA? (read from right to left)
_____Ser - Val__________________________________________
5. What is a codon? A set of three nitrogenous bases
6. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table.
RNA DNA
Sugars Ribose Deoxyribose
Bases ATCG AUCG
Strands One Two
Where
In Cell
Nucleus and cytoplasm Nucleus
Function
Transcribe and translate
DNA
Carries genetic information
7. What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in the protein that is formed? __peptide__________________
8. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?
1) __mRNA – transfers DNA information to the ribosome__________________________________
2) __rRNA - helps assemble proteins_______________________________________________________
3) __tRNA – brings amino acids to the ribosome___________________________________________
9. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together? ___hydrogen_________________________
10. Why is it important that these bonds be weak?
So they can separate easily for replication and transcription
11. Describe the process of DNA replication. What enzyme breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between bases? _DNA
helicase unzips DNA and free bases attach to
the exposed bases____________
How many pieces of DNA are made? _2 – each
contains 1 new and 1 old strand_________
12. Describe the process of protein synthesis:
What is transcription?
DNA - RNA
13. What is translation?
RNA - proteins
Biology EOC Review
14. What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs?
The bases don’t match up correctly, causing an indent or bulge
15. How does this affect the mRNA?
The wring information will be transcribed
16. How can this affect translation?
The wrong amino acid will be brought.
17. How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein? ___the protein will be messed up so it may not
work correctly._
Cell Cycle
Look at the diagram of the cell cycle.
18. When does the replication of DNA occur? What is this phase called?
S phase - synthesis
19. What does GI and G2 represent?
Cell growth
20. What stage does the cell spend most of its life in? _interphase_____________
What does the cell do during this time? Grow and replicate DNA
21. Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)? (Y/N?)
No – it’s usually considered part of interphase
22. What is cancer? What are some causes of cancer?
When the cell cycle’s checkpoints are not working properly and the cell continuously divides.
3.02 Compare and contrast the characteristics of asexual and sexual reproduction.
23. Complete the following Chart of Mitosis and Meiosis.
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Type of reproduction
(Asexual or sexual)
Asexual Sexual
Chromosome number of mother
cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)
2N 2N
Chromosome number of daughter
cells (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)
2N 1N
Number of cell divisions
One Two
Number of cells produced
Two Four
When does replication happen? Any time To create gametes
SOURCES OF VARIATION
Crossing over Never During prophase
Random assortment of
chromosomes
Never Yes
Gene mutations Sometimes Sometimes
Nondisjunction Sometimes Sometimes
Fertilization Never Always
Biology EOC Review
24. Put the following stages of mitosis (cell
division) in order. Then Name them.
1st: ___C_______ called __interphase_________
2nd: ___B________ called __prophase______
3rd: ____E_______ called __Metaphase__
4th: ____A_______ called _anaphase_________
5th: ___D________ called __telophase________
25. How many chromosomes do humans have in their… Body cells? __46___ Sex cells? __23_______
26. What does Diploid mean? The full possible number of chromosomes
27. What does Haploid mean? Half the number of chromosomes
28. When does crossing over occur during Meiosis? _prophase I_______________
29. What is the major focus of Meiosis I? __genetic variations_______________________________________
30. What is the major focus of Meiosis II? __halving the chromosome number___________________________
3.03 Interpret and predict patterns of inheritance: (dominant, recessive and intermediate traits, multiple alleles,
polygenic traits, sex-linked traits, independent assortment, test cross, pedigrees, and Punnett squares)
31. What does it mean when a trait is dominant? ___It expresses itself over others______________ Letters? __TT___
32. What does it mean when a trait is recessive? ___It can ‘hide’ for generations if it is overridden by a dominant
trait______ Letters? __tt_____
33. In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall and t=short. Give the parents genotypes.
Tt
34. Give the phenotype for the parents.
Tall
35. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?
TT – tall, Tt – tall, tt - short
36. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?
1:2:1
37. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
3:1
38. What does it mean to have multiple alleles? _Several locations on the gene that codes for a trait_____
Sex Chromosomes
39. What are the sex chromosomes in males? ____XY______________ In Females? ______XX_____________
Biology EOC Review
Pedigrees
40. What is the inheritance pattern shown by this pedigree?
Recessive
41. How do you know?
It skips a generation
42. Using A,a, what is the genotype of person II4?
aa
43. What is the genotype of person I3?
Aa
Test Cross
44. Describe the test cross that a farmer would use to determine the genotype of an animal that shows a dominant trait.
Use the following Punnett squares and the letters A and a to explain your answer.
Mendel’s Laws
45. How does meiosis lead to segregation and independent assortment?
Meiosis allows for crossing over during prophase 1.
46. Double check your learning, solve the following genetics problem:
A brown mink crossed with a silverblue mink produced all brown offspring. When these F1 mink were crossed among
themselves they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silverblue animals (F2 generation). Determine all the genotypes and
phenotypes, and their relative ratios, in the F1 and F2 generations.
3.05 Examine the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection including: development of the
theory, the origin and history of life, fossil and biochemical evidence, mechanisms of evolution, and applications
(pesticide and antibiotic resistance).
47. In the following chart, describe the role of each of the following in developing the current theory of evolution.
Discussion of importance to evolutionary theory
Understanding of geology
(Changes in the earth)
Temperature variations can cause extinctions
Malthus’ ideas about population
Growth
The larger the population the less chance of an evolutionary change
Anatomical comparisons
Which creatures are related
Patterns in fossil evidence
What organisms existed eons ago and how they are similar to today’s organisms
Lamarck’s ideas about inheritance
Of acquired characteristics
Use or don’t use a trait does it get passed on?
Biology EOC Review Biochemical comparisons
(DNA and proteins)
How DNA patterns are similar
The role of variations
Genetic mutations cause evolution
The role of sexual reproduction
Meiosis results in genetic variation
The role of geographic isolation
Species may evolve differently than other because they cannot interbreed
The importance of the
environment
Factors can hinder or help evolution (weather patterns, temperature variations,
rainfall amount, etc)
48. What is a vestigial structure? Name a few in humans.
A structure that does not serve a purpose: appendix, tailbone
49. Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
1) Populations of organisms have many genetic variations. Where do these come from?
gene mutations
2) Genetic variations lead to different adaptations. What are adaptations?
Changing to better fit your environment
3) Some adaptations have better survival value in certain environments. What does this mean?
It means those organisms will be better able to survive and reproduce, passing on their traits.
4) Those organisms with adaptations that better fit them to an environment will survive, reproduce and pass on their
genes. What does it mean to be “fit” to an environment?
To be the best you can be in that environment: healthy, able to find mates, etc
5) The next population will have a high frequency of the genes that have been selected for. Why will the frequency of
selected genes increase?
Because more and more of the organisms will be able to survive and reproduce – passing on those gene.
6) What is Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection? What is Artificial Selection?
Survival of the fittest in a natural environment. Artificial means that something (usually humans) have intervened
and chosen traits to be passed on (dog and cat breeds)
50. What happens when pesticides and antibiotics are used and how does it relate to evolution?
The targeted organisms can build up a resistance to the pesticide/antibiotic, reassign that resistance onto future
generations rendering the pesticide/antibiotics useless.
4.01 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships. (Historical development
and changing nature of classification systems, similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic
organisms, similarities and differences among the eukaryotic kingdoms, classifying organisms using a key)
1. In the times of Linnaeus, he used _____________________________ to classify organisms. In the time of technology,
now we mostly use _________________________________ to classify organisms.
2. Why is the current classification system continually undergoing change?
We keep finding new organisms that challenge our original ideas of groups
3. What is the current seven-level classification system? (KPCOFGS)
____kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species_______________________________________
4. What is binomial nomenclature?
Scientific name given to every known organism
5. How do you write a “scientific name?” ___Genus species____________________________________
Biology EOC Review 6. DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used to classify
organisms. They try to determine a “common ___ancestors_______________.”
7. To the left is a phylogenetic tree of some organisms. According to this tree,
which pairs of organisms are most closely related?
Salamanders & frogs, lizards & snakes, crocs & birds
8. Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned fish?
lungfish
9. Which organisms are the mammals most closely related to?
Lizards & snakes
10. Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various
kingdoms.
Archaea Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Eukaryotic or
prokaryotic
Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Both Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Multicellular or
single-celled
Single Single Both Multi Multi Multi
Sexual or
asexual
reproduction
Asexual Asexual Both Both Both sexual
Autotrophic or
heterotrophic
Both Both Both Hetero Auto Hetero
Aerobic or
anaerobic
Both Both Both Both Aerobic Both, but
mostly
aerobic
Cell walls or no
cell walls
None None Both Cell walls Cell walls None
Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left.
1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2
b. leaf is broad……… go to 5
2. a. needles are short ....go to 3
b. needles are long…...go to 4
3. a. underside of needles green…hemlock
b. underside of needles silver ..balsam 11. What am I? 4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine ___pitch pine______________
b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine
5. a. edge of leaf round…go to 6
b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 7
6. a. minty odor…… wintergreen
b. no minty odor…..laurel
4.02 Analyze the processes by which organisms representative of the following
groups accomplish essential life functions including…
12. Compare the following two types of cells.
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Membrane-bound organelles X
Ribosomes X X
Types of chromosomes Circular X shaped
Size Smaller Larger
Biology EOC Review 4.05 Analyze the broad patterns of animal behavior as adaptations to the environment.
13. What is a stimulus? What is a response?
Something that goes into an organism, how the organism reacts to the stimulus
14. Why is it important that organisms are able to respond to their environment and surroundings?
Having the appropriate response increases the chance of survival
15. What are some ways that animals communicate?
Vocally, with body motions, color
5.01 Investigate and analyze the interrelationships among organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems
(techniques of field ecology, abiotic and biotic factors, and carrying capacity)
1. How do organisms, species, populations, communities, ecosystems and biomes relate to each other?
Organisms make up a species, which makes up a population, which makes up a community. Communities are in
an ecosystem and multiple ecosystems make a biome.
2. What is an organism’s habitat? What is its niche?
Where it lives, its role in the environment
3. In the following chart, explain the symbiotic relationships.
Relationship Definition Example
Mutualism
Both organisms benefit Acacia tree and ants
Commensalism
One benefits the other is neither harmed or
benefited
Spanish moss on trees
Parasitism
One benefits the other is harmed Ticks on a deer
Predator-Prey Relationships
4. In the graph below, which organism is the prey? ___Hares________ Which is the predator? __Foxes__________
5. Which population increases (or falls) first and why? Hares, because the foxes’ population is low and not able to eat as
many hares
6. Which population increases (or falls) second and why? Foxes, with the increased prey have more to eat, which means
they will be more reproductively successful
7. Why are predator/prey relationships important in an ecosystem? (Consider population dynamics in your answer.)
Prey eat many of the plants and possible other animals in an ecosystem. Without them kept in check by the
predators they could destroy the habitat for others
12. What is carrying capacity?
How many organisms are able to survive in a certain environment
13. What are density dependent limiting factors? What are density independent limiting factors?
a density-dependent factor intensifies as the population size increases, affecting each individual more
strongly. A density independent factor affects the size of a population independent or regardless of the
population density. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
14. List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment.
Trees, animals, bacteria
15. List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment.
Air, temperature, soil
Biology EOC Review 16. Give an example of how biotic & abiotic factors act together to limit population growth and affect carrying capacity.
Temperature gets really hot in a desert biome, it is going to decrease the amount of plants and animals that can
survive
Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time
17. What kind of growth curve is shown by
the graph to the right?
18. What is the carrying capacity for rabbits?
19. During what month were rabbits in
exponential growth?
5.02 Analyze the flow of energy and the cycling of matter in the ecosystem (relationship of the carbon cycle to
photosynthesis and respiration and trophic levels – direction and efficiency of energy transfer).
Carbon cycle Diagram
20. Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? ____combustion, cellular respiration__________
21. Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? ___photosynthesis___________________________
Biology EOC Review 22. How does photosynthesis and cell respiration relate to Carbon cycle?
Cellular respiration puts carbon into the atmosphere, photosynthesis takes it out.
23. Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Too much carbon blocks the heat and sun’s rays from leaving earth, thus heating it up
24. What effect might increased atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment?
It could change the weather patterns and oceans currents, thus changing the biomes
25. How do bacteria play a role in the Carbon Cycle?
When bacteria decompose they release oxygen
Food Webs
26. What are the producers in this food web?
Blossoms, nuts, bark, leaves
27. What are the primary consumers (herbivores)
in this food web?
Bees, mice, deer, rabbit, insects
28. What are the secondary consumers in this food
web?
Bear, wolf, toad, red fox, birds
29. What are the highest level consumers in this
food web?
bear
30. How does energy move through a food web?
It decreases as the levels increase
31. How does matter move through a food web?
It moves up the food web
32. What is a food chain? Give an example of one
from this food web.
A part of a food web: blossoms, bees and
bear
33. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain:
leavesinsectsbirdsredfoxbear
34. Where is the most energy in this pyramid?
On the bottom
35. Where is the least energy in this pyramid?
On the top
36. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web?
It decreases
37. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? THE
_____sun_____________!
38. What is a biome? What are the two limiting factors in a biome?
Locations with similar characteristics: light, temperature
Leaves
Insects
Birds
Red fox
Leaves
Bear
Biology EOC Review
Foaming Spuds
Directions: Use the following information to answer questions 1 through 6
Mike and Kelsey were studying how hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in cells breaks down to form water and
oxygen. When this reaction happens, bubbles of oxygen gas are released, producing foam. This reaction is
described as follows:
A protein named catalase, found in all cells including potatoes, increases the rate of this reaction. Mike and
Kelsey used potato juice as the source of catalase to do the following controlled experiment.
Question: What is the effect of the acidity of potato juice on the volume of foam produced when hydrogen
peroxide is added to potato juice?
Prediction: As the acidity of potato juice decreases (higher pH), the volume of foam will increase.
Materials: graduated cylinders labeled pH 6, pH 7, pH 8, and
pH 9
potato juice from the same potato,
divided and adjusted to four acidities:
pH 6, pH 7, pH 8, and pH 9
hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2)
beaker
stopwatch
stirring rods
thermometer
Procedure:
1. Label four graduated cylinders, one for each acidity.
2. Put 10 milliliters of potato juice at pH 6 in the appropriately labeled cylinder.
3. Do the same for each of the other cylinders.
4. Monitor the room temperature to make sure the temperature remains the same throughout
the investigation.
5. Add 5 milliliters of hydrogen peroxide to each graduated cylinder, stir for two seconds. Wait
three minutes.
6. Measure and record the volume of foam in each graduated cylinder as Trial 1.
7. Clean all graduated cylinders and stirring rods.
8. Repeat steps 1 through 7 two times for Trials 2 and 3.
9. Calculate and record the average volume of foam for each acidity of potato juice.
Biology EOC Review
Data: Acidity of
Potato
Juice vs.
Volume of
Foam
1. Write a
conclusion
for this
controlled experiment. In your conclusion, be sure to:
Answer the experimental question.
Include supporting data from the Acidity of Potato Juice vs. Volume of Foam table.
Explain how these data support your conclusion.
Provide a scientific explanation for the trend in the data.
Question: What is the effect of the acidity of potato juice on the volume of foam
produced when hydrogen peroxide is added to potato juice?
Conclusion:
Acidity of
Potato Juice
(pH)
Volume of Foam
(Milliliters)
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average
6 22 25 25 24
7 32 38 36 35
8 41 42 42 42
9 32 29 30 30
Biology EOC Review
2. How could Mike and Kelsey be more certain the results of their experiment are reliable?
a. Test the reaction with other acidities of potato juice.
b. Repeat the experiment the same way.
c. Increase the volume of potato juice.
d. Use a different type of plant juice.
3. What did Mike and Kelsey do to make the results of their experiment valid?
a. Recorded the volume of foam in milliliters.
b. Calculated the average volume of foam for each acidity.
c. Measured the volume of foam at each acidity three times.
d. Waited three minutes before measuring the volume of foam.
4. What was the responding (dependent) variable in their investigation?
5. What was the manipulated (independent) variable in their investigation?
Biology EOC Review
6. Now plan a NEW controlled experiment to answer the question in the box. You may use any materials and
equipment in your procedure.
Be sure your procedure includes:
logical steps to do the experiment
two controlled (kept the same) variables
one manipulated (independent) variable
one responding (dependent) variable
how often measurements should be taken and recorded
Question: What is the effect of the temperature of potato juice on the time for
bubbling to stop after the hydrogen peroxide is added?
Procedure:
Biology EOC Review
YSC: In complex systems, entirely new and unpredictable properties may emerge. Consequently, modeling a
complex system in sufficient detail to make reliable predictions may not be possible.
Create a simplified model of a complex system. Trace the possible consequences of a change in one part of the
system and explain how the simplified model may not be adequate to reliably predict consequences.
While helping to plant a school garden, Becky and Juan observed many
different types of plants. They drew the following diagram of a green
pepper plant growing in the garden.
Becky and Juan used a greenhouse as a model of a garden ecosystem to
predict effects of amount of sunlight on green pepper production in a
garden ecosystem.
Describe two ways the greenhouse model may lead to unreliable
predictions about the effects of amount of sunlight on green pepper
production in a garden ecosystem.
In your description, be sure to:
Describe two differences that make a garden ecosystem more
complex than the greenhouse.
Describe how each difference could cause predictions about
green pepper production in a garden ecosystem to be unreliable.
One Way:
Another Way:
APPB: The technological design process begins by defining a problem in terms of criteria and constraints,
conducting research, and generating several different solutions.
Biology EOC Review
José and Tasha noticed last year the blueberry plants in their neighborhood garden had many flowers, but
produced only three kilograms of berries. They wanted to change the garden so the blueberry plants would
produce more blueberries this summer. While making the changes to the garden, José and Tasha documented
the stages of their design process as follows.
Problem: Change the neighborhood garden so the existing blueberry plants will produce more blueberries.
Research the Problem: Research what blueberry plants need to grow, be healthy, and produce berries.
Needs of Blueberry Plants
Mineral nutrients Nitrogen
Amount of light At least 6 hours of full sunlight every day
Amount of water Regular with moderate amount
Type of pollinating
insects
Bees
Needs of the pollinators Nectar, pollen, water, nesting place
Explore Ideas:
√ Add a layer of bark to the garden so the soil can hold more water.
√Water the plants at night so the water will evaporate more slowly.
√ Add fertilizer to increase the mineral nutrients in the soil.
√ Add flowers like lavender, roses, or pansies.
√ Put a bee house near the plants.
Plan Summary: Add a bee house and some lavender plants to the neighborhood garden to attract more bees to
the blueberry plants.
Steps to Do the Plan:
1. Put a bee house in the middle of the blueberry plants.
2. Plant lavender plants around the edge of the blueberry plants.
3. Water the garden every day.
4. Remove the weeds in the garden every week.
Diagram of Solution:
Biology EOC Review
Test Solution: Measure and record the mass of all the blueberries harvested this year. Compare the mass of the
blueberries this year to the mass of the blueberries last year.
Test Results: Ten kilograms of blueberries were harvested, which is seven kilograms more than last year.
Jose and Tasha want to improve the soil in the garden by increasing the population of worms in the soil.
Describe how to begin solving this problem.
Be sure to describe the following stages in your design process:
Research the Problem: Describe any scientific information needed to solve the problem and how to
collect that information.
Explore Ideas: Describe several possible solutions to the problem, including any useful scientific
concepts.
Problem: Increase the population of worms in the soil
Research the Problem:
Explore Ideas: