biology 12 chapter 10 assignment: the circulatory system · 44. systole contraction of the heart...

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Biology 12 Chapter 10 Assignment: The Circulatory System

1 mark each answer (unless otherwise stated)

1. Describe the structure and function of the circulatory system structures listed below. Include

oxygenation where applicable.

Structure Structure & Function

1. Artery Carries blood away from the heart; highest BP.

2. Capillary Between the artery and vein, it is a tiny blood vessel that is one-cell

thick for tissue-fluid nutrient-waste exchange with cells.

3. Pre-capillary sphincter Before the capillary – helps to divert blood flow to essential organs

away from non-essential organs when they constrict.

4. Vein Carries blood away from the heart; lowest BP. Blood travels by

way of skeletal muscle contraction and one-way valves.

5. Lymphatic capillary Collect tissue fluid (water from the tissues) to prevent swelling.

6. Lacteal Absorbs and transport lipids from digestion through the lymphatic

system and eventually to general blood circulation at the subclavian

veins.

7. Lymph node Where lymph is filtered and bacteria and viruses are destroyed.

Nodes produce some white blood cells (lymphocytes) and

antibodies during an immune response.

8. Spleen Filters blood and destroys old red blood cells. Also stores blood.

9. Thymus Gland in the neck that help with production and maturation of white

blood cells and certain antibodies.

10. Red bone marrow Site of RBC, WBC and platelet production.

11. Red blood cell Bi-concave shape without a nucleus. Contains millions of

hemoglobin and transports gases throughout the body.

12. White blood cell Largest of the blood cells, has a nucleus (either lobed or not). Can

have granules (many lysosomes) or not granules. Help to fight

infections by phagocytizing bacteria and viruses and producing

antibodies.

13. Platelets Smallest of the blood cells without a nucleus. Involved in clot

formations at wounds.

14. Plasma The liquid part of blood (mostly water) that contains plasma

proteins, nutrients, wastes, gases, ions, minerals, hormones, etc.

around the body through the circulatory vessels.

15. Atria Receiving chambers of the heart; receive blood from veins.

Contract to push blood into the ventricles.

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16. Ventricles Pumping chambers of the heart; pump blood out of the heart into

arteries. The most muscular part of the heart.

17. Myocardium The muscle of the heart.

18. Pericardium Thin epithelial covering around the heart for protection and

reducing friction with surrounding tissues.

19. Septum Separates the right side and left side of the heart.

20. Semilunar valves Valves in the pulmonary trunk and aorta that shut when the

ventricle relaxes to prevent blood from flowing back into the heart.

21. Atrioventricular valves Between the atria and ventricles; shut when the ventricle contracts

to prevent blood from going backwards into the atria.

22. Chordae tendonae Strong fibers that are attached to the AV valves to prevent them

from inverting when the ventricles contract.

23. Aorta Largest artery of the body; carries oxygenated blood from the left

ventricle to the entire body (systemic circulation)

24. Vena Cava Largest veins in the body that carry deoxygenated blood from the

body to the right atrium. Superior = anterior = collects blood from

upper body (arms and head). Inferior = posterior = collects blood

from lower body (abdominal and legs)

25. Coronary artery Carries oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium)

26. Cardiac vein Carries deoxygenated blood away from the myocardium.

27. Renal artery Carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys

28. Renal vein Carries deoxygenated blood from the kidneys

29. Hepatic artery Carries oxygenated blood to the liver

30. Hepatic vein Carries deoxygenated blood from the kidneys

31. Hepatic Portal vein Carries nutrient rich blood from the digestive system to the liver for

processing.

32. Mesenteric artery Carries oxygenated blood to the digestive system

33. Mesenteric vein Carries deoxygenated blood from the digestive system

34. Subclavian artery Carries oxygenated blood to the arms

35. Subclavian vein Carries deoxygenated blood from the arms

36. Carotid artery Carries oxygenated blood to the head

37. Jugular vein Carries deoxygenated blood from the head

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38. Iliac artery Carries oxygenated blood to the legs

39. Iliac vein Carries deoxygenated blood from the legs

40. Femoral artery Carries oxygenated blood to the lower legs

41. Femoral vein Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower legs

42. Pulmonary artery Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle

43. Pulmonary vein Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

44. Systole Contraction of the heart muscle (usually specifically referring to the

left ventricle)

45. Diastole Relaxation of the heart muscle (usually specifically referring to the

left ventricle)

46. Heart rate The number of heart beats (contractions) per minute. Normal is

approximately 70 bpm.

2. List two areas of the body where a pulse can be detected and give a name for each type of pulse.

Carotid pulse in the neck and radial pulse in the wrist.

3. What makes the LUB and DUB sounds of the heart heard with a stethoscope?

The LUB is the closing of the AV valve during ventricular contraction (systole) and the DUB is the

sound of the semilunar valve during ventricular relaxation (diastole).

4. Describe the conduction of the heartbeat connecting to the picture of the ECG below. (3 marks)

P-wave corresponds to the SA node signal that results in atrial contraction.

QRS-wave corresponds to the AV node signal through the AV bundle branches and purkinje fibers that

result in ventricular contraction.

T-wave corresponds to recovery of the ventricles as the electrical charge dissipates from the heart

during heart relaxation.

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5. Name the part of the nervous system and its matching hormone that increases heart rate and

cardiac output.

Sympathetic nervous system → adrenalin (epinephrine or norepinephrine)

6. Name the part of the nervous system and its matching hormone that decreases heart rate and

cardiac output.

Parasympathetic nervous system → acetylcholine

7. Compare systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. 3 marks

Systemic Circulation Pulmonary Circulation

Blood to and from the entire body

Blood to and from the lungs only

Arteries are oxygenated

Arteries are deoxygenated

Veins are deoxygenated

Veins are oxygenated

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8. Label the following diagram of the 4 differences between fetal and adult circulation and provide a

function of each.

1. The Umbilical cord has 2 umbilical arteries that carry CO2 and wastes to the placenta for exchange

and 1 umbilical vein that carries high O2 and nutrients to the fetus.

2. the arterial duct is between the pulmonary trunk and aorta to shunt blood into the aorta and help

bypass the lungs

3. the oval opening is between the right and left atrium to shut blood to the left and bypass the lungs.

4. the venous duct is between the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava to deliver the nutrients and

O2 to the fetus and bypass the liver.

9. Describe three main functions of the lymphatic system.

1. immunity

2. absorb excess tissue fluid

3. absorb fats from digestion

10. Describe the composition of lymph fluid, where it originates, and how it is moved through lymphatic

veins?

Lymph consists of tissue fluid, fats, antibodies and cellular debris and moves by action of skeletal

muscle contraction and one-way valve.

1 2 arterial duct

3 oval opening

4 venous duct

a. umbilical

arteries

b. umbilical

veins

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11. On the following diagram, label the arteriole end of capillary, the capillary, the cells, the tissue fluid,

and the venule end of the capillary. Also indicate the side of the capillary bed where blood pressure

exceeds osmotic pressure and the side where osmotic pressure exceeds blood pressure.

12. Explain how these conditions inside the capillary bed allow for the exchange of nutrients and wastes

between the capillary and the tissue fluid.

The higher BP on the arterial end helps push water out of the capillary and into the surrounding tissue

cells – this water carries nutrients and O2 to the cells.

The lower BP on the venous end allows fluid to re-enter the capillary carrying wastes and CO2 away

from the tissue cells.

Excess fluid is absorbed by the lymphatic capillaries.

13. At which location in the circulatory system is blood velocity the slowest?

Capillaries

14. Describe the change in blood pressure (BP) from the arteries to the veins.

BP decreases at blood travels further from the heart and is the lowest in the veins.

15. Relate cross-sectional area of the blood vessels to BP and velocity of blood.

Low cross-sectional area means the blood velocity is high and high cross-sectional area, as in the

capillaries, the velocity is the lowest. This allows for enough time for nutrient and waste exchange at

the capillaries.

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16. Determine the blood type of each of the blood samples below.

Blood

Sample

Anti - A Anti - B Anti - Rh

Factor

Blood Type

Example Agglutination

No change No change

A-

1 Agglutination

Agglutination No change

AB-

2 Agglutination No change

Agglutination

A+

3 No change

No change

Agglutination

O+

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Label the following diagrams:

biology 12 chapter 10 assignment: the circulatory system · 44. systole contraction of the heart...

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