biological productivity and energy transferkudela/migrated/os101/lecture...1 biological productivity...
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Biological Productivity andEnergy Transfer
Classification Macroscopic Algae and Plants Microscopic Algae Primary Productivity Ecosystems and Energy Transfer Trophic Levels and Biomass Pyramids
Ocea 101--The Marine Environment
The Linnaean Classification System
Kingdom Animalia Plantae Phylum Chordota Chlorophyta Class Mammalia Chlorophycae Order Cetacaea Ulvales
Family Delphinidae Ulvaceae Genus Orcinus Ulva
Species orca lactuca
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1976--Carl WoeseRevolutionizes Classification
1976--Carl WoeseRevolutionizes Classification
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The Tree of Life
Karner et al., Nature 409, 507 - 510 (2001)
The Role ofArchea in theoceans?
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3 Domains, 5 Kingdoms
Although Kelp is listedunder Plantae, one ofits closest phylogeneticrelatives is a tropicalslime mode that growson walls….
Is Molecular Biology Useful?
“We share half our genome with thebanana. This is more evident in someof my acquaintances than others”
--Sir Robert May
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Large Algae and Plants
Brown Algae (kelp) Temperate, cold waters
Green Algae Mostly freshwater
Red Algae Abundant, warm and cold water
Seed-bearing Plants Eelgrass, surfgrass, mangroves
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Small Algae Diatoms
Silica frustule, uniquedivision
Coccolithophores Calcium carbonate plates
Dinoflagellates “two flagella”
P. Roger Sweet, Indiana University
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Dinoflagellates:Some are bioluminescent
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/art98/nocti.html
Noctiluca Noctiluca bloom
www.redtide.whoi.edu/hab/rtphotos/rtphotos.html
Dinoflagellates
Naked Noctiluca
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EUKARYOTES (continued): Division Chromophyta Class Prymnesiophyceae (Haptophyceae)Coccolithophores
CaCO3 skeletal plates pCO2 increases DMS production
Emiliania huxleyiearthguide.ucsd.edu/images/eg/img/ehuxleyi.gif
Other Small Organisms 1977--Hobbie discovers the importance of
bacteria, using Acridine Orange 1981--Chisholm and Olson discover
picoplankton: Cyanobacteria (or blue-green algae) Prochlorococcus
Late 1990s--Delong and others recognizeimportance of archaea
2000-02--Small organisms dominate?
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PROKARYOTES (continued):Synechococcus
Discovered in 1979 very small (ca. 1 µm) contains phycoerythrin can fluoresce orange or red counted with epifluorescence
microscopy or flow cytometry
reprinted from Johnson and Sieburth 1979http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/esi/1999/princeton/projects/cyanopigs/data.htm
Discovered in 1988 Very small (<1.0µm)
Divinyl chl a Counted by flow
cytometry Most abundant
autotroph on earth
PROKARYOTES (continued):Prochlorococcus
reprinted from Johnson and Sieburth 1979
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PROKARYOTES (continued):Trichodesmium(Oscillatoria thiebautii)
Forms aggregates Fixes nitrogen Can migrate vertically May transport phosphate
from depth to nearsurface
New productiontransports more C
http://www.botan.su.se/fysiologi/Cyano/Tricho.jpg
www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/ trichodesmium/tricho-01.html
Trichodesmiumbloom
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Primary ProductivityPhotosynthesis is an oxidation-reduction reaction
6 CO2 + 6 H20 C6H12O6 +6 O2
2 H20 + Light 4 H+ + 4e- + O2 (oxidation of H2O)
CO2 + 4H+ + 4e- CH2O + H2O(reduction of carbon)
In plants, these reactions arecatalyzed by pigments.
Types of Productivity Gross Production: The total amount of
carbon fixed, or oxygen generated
Net Production: Gross minus the cost ofrespiration, reproduction
Net = (Gross - Reprod. - Respiration)
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Export Production Map
“Phytoplankton are the blood of the sea” --- Victor Hensen
“All fish is diatoms” --- Henry Bigelow
Daily average primary production and annual fish catch for the four eastern boundary current largemarine ecosystem regimes (global average daily production is provided for reference). These fourLMEs account for only 1.9% of the world’s oceans, but represent 3.7% of global production andgreater than 23% of global fish catch. Figure based on data from the FAO fisheries database.
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Patterns of Productivity• The Net Result: there is alarge “Spring Bloom” inthe North Atlantic(temperate latitudes…remember the GulfStream!)
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Patterns of Productivity
Patterns of Productivity
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Patterns of Productivity
Ecosystems and Energy Transfer Ecosystem: biotic community + environment Producers Consumers Decomposers
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Ecosystems and Energy Transfer Energy is always lost!
Ecosystems and Energy Transfer
Trophic Levels: each level of organism Trophic Transfer: percentage of energy
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The Microbial Web Viruses can account for
a major source ofphytoplankton mortality
Bacteria canprovide 50% ofphytoplanktonnutrients
Some ecosystemscan be netheterotrophic
Illustration by S. Cook, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
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Food Chains: short, direct transfer ofenergy from phytoplankton to apexpredators