biol1151l - clayton state university all course... · 5 lab 2: organ systems; histology part i...

CLAYTON STATE UNIVERSITY

BIOL1151L Course Documents

Updated 1/4/2014

1

Table of Contents LAB 1: Introduction, Microscopes, Anatomical Terminology .................................................................... 2

Pre-Lab Assignment 1: Anatomical Terms ......................................................................................................................... 2

Microscope In-Lab Assignment .......................................................................................................................................... 3

LAB 2: Organ Systems; Histology Part I .................................................................................................... 5

Pre-Lab Assignment 2: Organs, Histology I: Epithelial Tissue .......................................................................................... 5

Epithelial Tissues ID Sheet ................................................................................................................................................. 6

Rat Dissection ID Sheet ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

LAB 3: Osmosis & Diffusion; Histology Part II .......................................................................................... 8

Pre-Lab Assignment 3A: Osmosis & Diffusion.................................................................................................................. 8

Pre-Lab Assignment 3B: Histology II ................................................................................................................................ 9

Connective Tissues ID Sheet ............................................................................................................................................ 10

LAB 4: Histology Part III ......................................................................................................................... 11

Pre-Lab Assignment 4: Histology III ................................................................................................................................ 11

Histology III ID Sheet ....................................................................................................................................................... 12

LAB 5: Axial Skeleton .............................................................................................................................. 13

Pre-Lab Assignment 5: Axial Skeleton ............................................................................................................................. 13

Axial Skeleton ID Sheet .................................................................................................................................................... 14

LAB 6: Appendicular Skeleton................................................................................................................. 15

Pre-Lab Assignment 6: Appendicular Skeleton ................................................................................................................ 15

Appendicular Skeleton ID Sheet ....................................................................................................................................... 16

LAB 7: Muscles ........................................................................................................................................ 17

Pre-Lab Assignment 7: Muscles ....................................................................................................................................... 17

Muscle ID Sheet ................................................................................................................................................................ 19

LAB 8: Nervous System Physiology ......................................................................................................... 20

Pre-Lab Assignment 8: Nervous System Physiology ....................................................................................................... 20

LAB 9: Nervous System Anatomy ............................................................................................................ 21

Pre-Lab Assignment 9: Nervous System Anatomy .......................................................................................................... 21

Neuroanatomy ID Sheet .................................................................................................................................................... 22

REFERENCE MATERIAL/STUDY GUIDES ......................................................................................... 23

Root Words from Latin and Greek (BIOL1151/L,BIOL1152/L) ..................................................................................... 23

Histology Review Guide ................................................................................................................................................... 29

Rat Dissection Diagrams and Photos ................................................................................................................................ 40

Neuroanatomy Lab Photos ................................................................................................................................................ 46

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LAB 1: Introduction, Microscopes, Anatomical Terminology

Pre-Lab Assignment 1: Anatomical Terms

Don’t forget to type your name on the assignment. Type up the answers and turn in at the BEGINNING of lab.

Part I: Define the following terms.

1. Superior

2. Inferior

3. Cranial

4. Caudal

5. Anterior

6. Ventral

7. Dorsal

8. Posterior

9. Proximal

10. Distal

11. Frontal plane 12. Sagittal plane

13. Transverse plane

14. Thoracic cavity

a. Pleural cavities

b. Mediastinum

c. Pericardial cavity

15. Abdominopelvic cavity

a. Abdominal cavity

b. Pelvic cavity

Part II: Latin and Greek Root Words

Review the Latin and Greek Root Words handout. Identify the roots of the following words (some words have

more than one root) and use your handout to define these words:

Example: brachydactylic – brachy-dactyl-ic

brachy = short, little dactyl = finger, toe ic = pertaining to

Definition – pertaining to short fingers or toes

1. Adipocyte

2. Osteoblast

3. Achondroplasia

4. Endocarditis

5. Cardiomyoplasty

6. Neurohypophysis

7. Otorhinolaryngology (note: ‘laryngo’ = throat/larynx)

8. Synarthrosis

9. Hydrocephalous

10. Trichotillomania (note: ‘tillo’ = to pull out/pluck)

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Microscope In-Lab Assignment

Focusing the Microscope

1. Properly pick up your microscope and take it to your station.

2. Obtain a slide of the letter “e”. They are at the front of the room.

3. Examine the letter “e” slide before placing it on the stage of the microscope. Make sure the “e” is oriented

right side up.

4. Make the nosepiece has the lower power objective (4X) facing the stage and the stage is lowered. Secure the

slide to the stage with the stage clips. Turn the microscope on. Move the slide by slowly raising the stage

using the coarse adjustment knob. Use the stage adjustment knobs to move the stage side to side and back

to front to find the “e” in the eyepiece. Once the “e” is grossly in focus, use the fine adjustment knob to

sharpen the focus. How is the “e” oriented in the field of view?

5. Make sure the “e” is in the middle of your field of view.

6. Move the nosepiece to medium power (10X). Do not use the coarse adjustment knob. Do not move the stage

from front to back or side to side. You should only have to adjust the fine adjustment knob to clearly focus

the “e”.

7. Move the nosepiece to high power (40X). Again, do not touch the coarse adjustment knob. You should only

have to alter the fine adjustment knob.

8. Call your instructor to have them verify that you have focused the “e” on the highest power.

9. Return the nosepiece to the lowest power (4X).

10. Lower the stage.

11. Remove the slide. Instructor’s Initials _________

Fill out the following.

1. Match the following terms with the correct definition from the column.

____ Arm A. The surface on which the slide sits

____ Coarse adjustment knob B. The microscope’s light source

____ Fine adjustment knob C. Lenses of various powers of magnification

____ Iris diaphragm D. Moves the stage up and down; provides gross focus

____ Lamp E. Allows fine tuning of the focus

____ Objective lens F. The lens through which you look to view the slide

____ Ocular lens G. Supports the body of the microscope

____ Stage H. Controls the amount of light passing through the slid

2. Magnification of the ocular lens is usually __________________.

3. How do you carry the microscope?

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4. Before you begin, you should make sure that ______________________________.

5. If you are using the 10X objective, what is the total magnification? _______________

6. Describe the steps you should use to focus the image on the slide.

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LAB 2: Organ Systems; Histology Part I

Pre-Lab Assignment 2: Organs, Histology I: Epithelial Tissue

Don’t forget to type your name on the assignment. Complete the following prior to coming to lab, use your textbook for reference. Type the answers, print

them out, and turn them in at the BEGINNING of lab.

Part I: List the organs found in the following organ systems and the basic function of each system. Use

your textbook for reference. 1. Integumentary system 2. Skeletal system

3. Nervous system

4. Cardiovascular system

5. Respiratory system

6. Muscular system

7. Digestive system

8. Urinary system

9. Lymphatic system

10. Endocrine system

11. Reproductive system

Part II: Define the following terms, list their functions, and tell where in the body you would

typically find these cells/tissues.

1. Simple epithelial tissue

2. Stratified epithelial tissue

3. Simple squamous epithelium

4. Stratified squamous epithelium

5. Simple cuboidal epithelium

6. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

7. Transitional epithelium

8. Simple columnar epithelium

9. Stratified columnar epithelium

10. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

11. How do simple and stratified epithelial tissues differ?

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Epithelial Tissues ID Sheet

Epithelial Tissues

For this lab we will only be looking at one type of tissue. Epithelial tissues are found lining or covering various

organs in the body. They can be recognized by the presence of a free surface, where the cells are in contact with

spaces inside the body (e.g., the cells that line your blood vessels and digestive system). They are held in place

by being anchored to a basement membrane. These types of cells are classified based on the shape of the cells

and the number of layers. A simple epithelial tissue has one layer of cells, while a stratified epithelium has at

least 2 layers. A pseudostratified epithelium is one that appears to have multiple players, but in fact has only

one. There are three main shapes: squamous (squashed flat cells), cuboidal (square cells), and columnar

(rectangular-shaped cells). Transitional epithelium refers to a stratified epithelium that is able to expand and

contract, so depending on how stretched out it is, the shape of the cells can vary.

For each type of tissue listed, you should be able to…

1) Identify the tissue from a slide

2) Name at least one function for that type of tissue

3) Identify at least one location in the body where you would find that type of tissue

1. Simple squamous epithelium

2. Simple cuboidal epithelium

3. Simple columnar epithelium

4. Stratified squamous epithelium

5. Transitional epithelium

6. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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Rat Dissection ID Sheet

You should be able to identify and name at least one function for all of the following organs on dissected rats.

You should also be able to identify the non-reproductive structures on the human torso model.

Non-reproductive structures:

1. Salivary gland

2. Trachea

3. Esophagus

4. Thymus

5. Aorta

6. Heart

7. Vena cava

8. Lungs

9. Liver

10. Gallbladder (only ID on human torso model)

11. Diaphragm

12. Mesentery

13. Stomach

14. Caecum

15. Small intestine

16. Kidney

17. Large intestine (colon)

18. Ureter

19. Pancreas

20. Urinary bladder

21. Spleen

Reproductive structures

Female

1. Ovary

2. Horn of uterus (fallopian tubes in humans)

Male

1. Seminal vesicles

2. Vas deferens

3. Head of the epididymis

4. Testes

5. Prostate

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LAB 3: Osmosis & Diffusion; Histology Part II

Pre-Lab Assignment 3A: Osmosis & Diffusion

Don’t forget to type your name on the assignment.

Type your answers and turn the assignment in at the BEGINNING of lab.

Part I: Define the following terms.

1. Diffusion

2. Concentration gradient

3. Equilibrium

4. Osmosis

5. Hypotonic

6. Hypertonic

7. Isotonic

8. Tonicity

9. Crenate

10. Lyse

11. Active process

12. Passive process

13. Carrier mediated

14. Solute

15. Solvent

Part II. Fill in the blanks and answer the following questions.

1. Diffusion is a _______________ process where a solute moves from a __________ concentration to a

________________ concentration.

2. Osmosis is the movement of ______________ from a solution with a ____________ concentration to a

solution with a _______________ concentration.

3. Isotonic saline and 5% dextrose in water are solutions considered isotonic to human blood. What effect on

red blood cells would you expect if a patient were given these fluids intravenously? A solution of 10%

dextrose in water is hypertonic to human blood. What would happen if you were to infuse your patient

with this solution?

4. Gatorade and other sports drinks are actually hypotonic solutions. How do these drinks rehydrate their user’s

cells?

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Pre-Lab Assignment 3B: Histology II


Complete the following prior to coming to lab, use your textbook for reference. Type the answers, print them

out, and turn them in at the BEGINNING of lab.

Define the following terms, list the function of each type of tissue, and tell where in the body you would

typically find these tissues.

1. Loose connective tissue

2. Dense regular connective tissue

3. Dense irregular connective tissue

4. Fibrocartilage

5. Compact bone

6. Spongy bone

7. Adipose tissue

8. Areolar tissue

9. Blood

10. Hyaline cartilage

11. Reticular tissue

12. Elastic cartilage

13. Classify #’s 4-12 into the correct subtype of connective tissue: loose, dense, fluid, supporting

14. What is a ground substance?

15. Differentiate between elastic fibers, reticular fibers, and collagen fibers.

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Connective Tissues ID Sheet





1. General connective tissues

a. Loose Tissues

i. Areolar Tissue

ii. Adipose Tissue

iii. Reticular Tissue

b. Dense

i. Regular (white fibrous)

ii. Irregular

2. Cartilage

a. Hyaline Cartilage

b. Fibrocartilage

c. Elastic Cartilage

3. Bone

a. Compact Bone

b. Spongy (cancellous) Bone

4. Blood

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LAB 4: Histology Part III

Pre-Lab Assignment 4: Histology III


Complete the following prior to coming to lab, using your textbook for reference. Type the answers, print

them out, and turn them in at the BEGINNING of lab.

Define the following terms, list their functions, and tell where in the body you would typically find these

cells/tissues.

1. Skeletal muscle

2. Cardiac muscle

3. Smooth muscle

4. Neuron

5. Neuroglial cell

7. Describe the size and shape of each of the muscle cells. Which ones are striated? How many

nuclei does each type of muscle cell contain?

8. List the parts and functions of a neuron.

9. What are the functions of neuroglial cells?

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Histology III ID Sheet

Because these slides are composed of tissues from real organisms, you will often find multiple tissues on the

same slide. Make sure that you are looking at the appropriate tissue on each slide. Some tissues may be

available only on specific microscopes set up on either side of the lab. Check with your instructor for

confirmation.





Muscle tissue

1. Striated (skeletal) muscle

2. Cardiac muscle (may be labeled as “intercalated disks”)

3. Smooth muscle

Nervous tissue

1. Neuron

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LAB 5: Axial Skeleton

Pre-Lab Assignment 5: Axial Skeleton


Type up the answers and turn in at the BEGINNING of lab.

Part I. Define the following terms. How many of each is found in a human being? For #1 and #2, list the

different bones and how many of each are in category (i.e., facial bones are made up of several different

bones, name each one and how many of each exist).

1. Cranial bones

2. Facial bones

3. Hyoid bone

4. Ribs

5. Sternum

6. Temporal bone

7. Parietal bone

8. Occipital bone

9. Sphenoid

10. Frontal bone

11. Ethmoid

12. Mandible

13. Maxilla

14. Vomer

15. Lacrimal bone

16. Nasal bone

17. Palatine

18. Zygomatic

19. Inferior nasal conchae

20. Axis

21. Atlas

22. Cervical vertebrae

23. Thoracic vertebrae

24. Lumbar vertebrae

25. Sacrum

26. Coccyx

Part II.

1. Where are the following sutures located?

Sagittal Suture

Squamous Suture

Coronal Suture

Lambdoid Suture

2. Which bones make up the orbit?

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Axial Skeleton ID Sheet

You should be able to identify all of the following skeletal elements. When identifying the vertebrae, you will

only need to provide the name for the type of vertebra, not the specific number for a given one (except that the

Atlas and Axis should be identified as such).

Skull (whole)

1. Frontal bone

a. Supraorbital margin

2. Parietal bone

3. Occipital bone

a. Occipital condyles

b. Foramen magnum

4. Temporal bone

a. Mastoid process

b. Styloid process

c. Zygomatic process

d. External auditory meatus

e. Jugular foramen

f. Carotid foramen

5. Maxilla

6. Zygomatic bone

a. Temporal process

7. Sphenoid bone

8. Nasal bone

9. Lacrimal bone

10. Ethmoid bone

11. Vomer

12. Inferior nasal concha

13. Mandible

a. Coronoid process

b. Condylar process

14. Coronal suture

15. Sagittal suture

16. Squamous suture

17. Lambdoid suture

Skull (disassembled)

1. Occipital bone

2. Frontal bone

3. Parietal bone

4. Temporal bone

5. Maxilla

6. Zygomatic bone

7. Sphenoid bone

8. Nasal bone

Fetal Skull

1. Frontal bone

2. Parietal bone

3. Temporal bone

4. Occipital bone

5. Anterior fontanel

6. Sphenoidal fontanel

7. Mastoid fontanel

8. Occipital fontanel

Vertebral column (whole and disassembled)

1. Atlas

a. Posterior arch

b. Anterior arch

2. Axis

a. Dens

3. Cervical vertebrae

4. Thoracic vertebrae

5. Lumbar vertebrae

6. Sacrum

a. Base

b. Apex

7. Coccyx

8. Intervertebral discs

Parts of vertebrae

1. Spinous process

2. Transverse process

3. Vertebral body

4. Vertebral foramen

5. Superior vs. inferior side

6. Dorsal vs. ventral side

7. Articular processes (superior vs. inferior)

Rib cage

1. Ribs

2. Sternum

a. Manubrium

b. Body

c. Xiphoid process

3. Costal cartilages

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LAB 6: Appendicular Skeleton

Pre-Lab Assignment 6: Appendicular Skeleton



Part I. Define the following terms. How many of each is found in a human being? For #’s 21-26, list the

different bones and how many of each are in category (i.e., pelvic girdle is made up of different bones, name each

one and how many of each exist).

1. Scapula

2. Clavicle

3. Humerus

4. Radius

5. Ulna

6. Carpals

7. Metacarpals

8. Phalanges

9. Femur

10. Patella

11. Tibia

12. Fibula

13. Tarsals

14. Metatarsals

17. Ilium

18. Pubis

19. Ischium

20. Hip bone (Os coxae)

21. Pectoral girdle

22. Pelvic girdle

23. Wrist

24. Hand

25. Ankle

26. Foot

Part II.

1. How can you determine if the following bones are from the left or right side of the body?

Femur

Tibia

Humerus

Scapula

Radius

Ulna

Hip Bone (Ox coxae)

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Appendicular Skeleton ID Sheet

You should be able to identify all of the following skeletal elements using the terminology from your textbook.

Where indicated, you should be able to identify whether a particular bone is from the left or right side of the

body

Pectoral Girdle

1. Clavicle

2. Scapula (left vs. right)

a. Spine

b. Supraspinous fossa

c. Infraspinous fossa

d. Acromion

e. Coracoid process

f. Glenoid cavity

g. Lateral border

h. Medial border

i. Superior border

Upper Limbs

3. Humerus (left vs. right)

a. Head

b. Body

c. Trochlea

d. Capitulum

e. Olecranon fossa

f. Lateral epicondyle

g. Medial epicondyle

4. Radius (left vs. right)

a. Head

b. Styloid process

c. Tuberosity

5. Ulna (left vs. right)

a. Head

b. Olecranon

c. Trochlear notch

d. Styloid process

6. Wrist, Hand, and Fingers

a. Carpals

b. Metacarpals

c. Phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)

Pelvic girdle

7. Os coxae/hip bones (left vs. right)

a. Obturator foramen

b. Acetabulum

c. Ilium

i. Iliac crest

ii. Iliac fossa

iii. Greater sciatic notch

d. Pubis

e. Ischium

i. Lesser sciatic notch

Lower Limbs

8. Femur (left vs. right)

a. Head

b. Neck

c. Greater trochanter

d. Lesser trochanter

e. Lateral condyle

f. Medial condyle

g. Intercondylar fossa

9. Patella

10. Tibia (left vs. right)

a. Tuberosity

b. Medial malleolus

c. Medial condyle

d. Lateral condyle

e. Intercondylar eminence

f. Anterior border/crest

11. Fibula

a. Head

b. Lateral malleolus

12. Ankle, Foot, and Toes

a. Tarsals

i. Talus

ii. Calcaneus

b. Metatarsal

c. Phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)

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LAB 7: Muscles

Pre-Lab Assignment 7: Muscles


Complete the following prior to coming to lab, type your answers, and turn them in at the beginning of

lab.

Part I. Define the following terms.

1. Epimysium

2. Fascicle

3. Perimysium

4. Muscle fiber

5. Endomysium

6. Sarcolemma

7. T-tubule

8. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

9. Terminal cisternae

10. Myofibril

11. Thick filament

12. Thin filament

13. Actin

14. Myosin

15. Action potential

16. Cross-bridge cycle (contraction cycle)

17. Excitation-contraction coupling

18. Sliding filament theory

19. Length-tension relationship

20. Zone of overlap

21. Troponin

22. Tropomyosin

23. Tendon

24. Ligament

25. Aponeurosis

26. Motor end plate

27. Neuromuscular junction

28. Sarcomere

29. Origin

30. Insertion

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Part II 1. Using the numbers 1 through 12, place the following events in correct chronological order, beginning with

the command to contract from the central nervous system.

______________ Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate, opening sodium channels.

______________ Calcium binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to roll away from the active sites on actin.

______________ An action potential travels down the axon of a motor neuron to the synaptic terminal.

______________ ATP binds to myosin, causing it to release actin.

______________ Sodium ions rush in, triggering an action potential that travels along the sarcolemma.

______________ Voltage-gated calcium channels open, and calcium rushes into the synaptic terminal.

______________ Myosin binds with a second actin, and the cycle repeats, resulting in muscle contraction.

______________ Vesicles containing acetylcholine fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing ACh into the synaptic cleft.

______________ The myosin head splits the ATP into ADP and phosphate, putting it back into its original position.

______________ Myosin binds with actin’s active site, producing a cross-bridge.

______________ The action potential causes calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

______________ The myosin head releases ADP and phosphate, causing the head to pivot towards the M line.

2. How is the series of steps above terminated (i.e. how is the signal turned off)? What happens to the

acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft? What happens to the calcium released from the SR?

3. The drug Botox is made from the toxin of the bacterium Clostridium boutlinum. It is injected subdermally to

minimize fine lines and creases in the face. The toxin prevents motor neurons from releasing

acetylcholine. How would this produce the desired cosmetic results? What could happen if this toxin

were absorbed systemically?

4. You are at the gym with a friend who complains that she cannot lift as much weight on a new machine as she

could on the old machine. You examine the machine and note that the starting position for the exercise

puts your friend’s muscles in a stretched position. How does this explain her seeming loss of strength?

19

Muscle ID Sheet

You should be able to identify each of the following muscles in PAL 3.0 software. You should also be able to

name ONE SPECIFIC action for all of the following muscles on this ID sheet (you will find the actions using

your textbook). An example of a specific action is “elevates scapula”.

Muscles of Head and Face

1. Orbicularis oculi

2. Orbicularis oris

3. Sternocleidomastoid

4. Buccinator muscle

5. Masseter muscle

6. Temporalis

Muscles that Move Pectoral Girdle

1. Trapezius

2. Levator scapulae

3. Serratus anterior

Muscles that Move Arm

1. Deltoid

2. Pectoralis major

3. Teres major

4. Latissimus dorsi

Muscles that Move Forearm

1. Triceps brachii

2. Biceps brachii

3. Brachioradialis

Muscles that Move Hand

1. Flexor carpi ulnaris

2. Extensor digitorum

3. Extensor carpi ulnaris

Muscles of Abdominal Wall

1. External oblique

2. Rectus abdominis

Muscles that Move Thigh or Leg

1. Tensor fasciae latae

2. Adductor longus

3. Gluteus maximus

4. Gracilis

5. Sartorius

6. Rectus femoris

7. Vastus medialis

Muscles that Move Foot

1. Gastrocnemius

2. Soleus

3. Tibialis anterior

20

LAB 8: Nervous System Physiology

Pre-Lab Assignment 8: Nervous System Physiology

Type up the answers and turn in at the BEGINNING of lab. Don’t forget to type your

name on the assignment.

Part I. Define the following terms and explain their function(s).

1. Neuron

2. Soma (cell body)

3. Dendrite

4. Axon hillock

5. Axon

6. Axon terminal (synaptic terminal)

7. Propagation

8. Schwann cells

9. Oligodendrocytes

10. Myelin sheath

11. Node of Ranvier

12. Synapse

13. Synaptic vesicle

14. Synaptic cleft

15. Presynaptic cell

16. Postsynaptic cell

17. Membrane potential

18. Resting membrane potential

19. Action potential

20. Graded (local) potential

21. Depolarization

22. Repolarization

23. Hyperpolarization

24. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

25. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

26. Neurotransmitters

Part II.

1. Which part(s) of the neuron is capable of generating an action potential?

2. Which part(s) of the neuron is capable of generating a graded potential?

3. Where are synaptic vesicles located?

4. What triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicles?

21

LAB 9: Nervous System Anatomy

Pre-Lab Assignment 9: Nervous System Anatomy



Part I: Define the following terms and list their function(s).

1. Dura mater

2. Pia mater

3. Cerebral hemispheres

4. Cerebral cortex

5. Corpus callosum

6. Fornix

7. Diencephalon

8. Thalamus

9. Hypothalamus

10. Pons

11. Medulla oblongata

12. Cerebellum

13. Superior colliculus

14. Inferior colliculus

15. Mammillary body

16. Pituitary gland

17. Infundibulum

18. Pineal body (gland)

19. Ventricles

20. Choroid plexus

21. Cerebral spinal fluid

22. Spinal cord

Part II:

1. Where is cerebral spinal fluid produced?

2. What do think the chances are of survival if the hypothalamus was severely damaged? Explain your answer.

22

Neuroanatomy ID Sheet

You should be able to identify and name one function for all the following structures. Your ability to identify

them will be based on the models viewed in lab and dissections (where possible).

Whole brain – ventral side

1. Dura mater

2. Olfactory bulbs

a. Olfactory tracts

3. Optic chiasm

a. Optic nerves (CN II)

b. Optic tracts

4. Pituitary gland (hypophysis) if visible

5. Infundibulum

6. Mammillary body

7. Hypothalamus

8. Cerebral peduncle

a. Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

9. Pons

10. Medulla

11. Spinal cord

Whole brain – dorsal side

1. Cerebrum

2. Sulci

3. Gyri

4. Pineal body

5. Corpora quadrigemina (tectum)

a. Superior colliculus

b. Inferior colliculus

6. Cerebellum

7. Longitudinal fissure

Frontal section

1. Lateral ventricles

Ventricle model


2. Third ventricle

3. Fourth ventricle

4. Intraventricular foramen

5. Cerebral aqueduct

Mid-sagittal section

1. Corpus callosum

2. Cerebrum


4. 3rd ventricle

5. 4th ventricle

6. Cerebral aqueduct

7. Pineal body

8. Corpora quadrigemina (tectum)

9. Cerebellum

a. Arbor vitae

10. Medulla oblongata

11. Pons

12. Infundibulum

13. Choroid plexus

14. Thalamus

Spinal cord models

1. Central canal

2. Ventral root

3. Dorsal root

a. Dorsal root ganglion

4. Spinal nerve

5. White matter

6. Gray matter

a. Anterior vs. posterior horns

7. Anterior median fissure

Neuron models

You should be able to identify the following

structures and their functions on the neuron models

in the lab.

1. Soma

2. Axon

3. Dendrites

4. Synaptic terminals

5. Myelin (if present)

6. Axon hillock

23

REFERENCE MATERIAL/STUDY GUIDES

Root Words from Latin and Greek (BIOL1151/L,BIOL1152/L)

Prefix/Root/Suffix Greek (G) or Latin (L)

Meaning Examples

a-, an- G without, not anaerobic, asexual

ab- L from, away from abnormal, abduct

acr(o)- G height, summit, tip acrosome, acrodont

ad- L to, toward, near adduct, adhere

adip(o)- L fat adipose, adipocyte

-algia G pain neuralgia, fibromyalgia

ambi- L both ambidextrous, ambivalent

amphi- G both sides amphicoelous, amphibian

an-, ana- G up, back, again, against anaphylaxis, anabolic

andr(o)- G male, masculine androgen, android

ante- L before antepartum, antecedent

angi(o)- G blood vessel angiogram, angiogenesis

anti- L against antibiotic, antibody

arthr(o)- G joint arthritis, arthropod

articul(o)- L joint articular, articulation

-ase enzyme amylase, peptidase

audi- L hearing, listening, sound auditory, audible

aut(o)- G self autonomic, autoimmune

bi- L two, twice biceps, binary

blast(o)- G sprout, bud, embryo, germ

blastocyst, hemocytoblast

brachi(o)- G, L arm brachiocephalic, brachium

brachy- G short, little brachycephalic, brachydactylic

brady- G slow bradycardia, bradyphagia

bronch(i)- G windpipe bronchitis, bronchiole

bucc- L cheek, mouth, cavity buccal, buccogingival

cardi(o)- G, L heart cardiology, cardiac

carp(o)- L wrist carpal tunnel, carpi radialis

cata- G down, under catabolism, cataract

caud- L tail caudal, caudofemoralis

-cele, coel- G pouching, hernia, hollow coelom, hydrocele

cephal(o)- G head hydrocephalous, brachiocephalic

cervi(c)- L neck cervical, cervix

chir(o)- G hand chiropractor, Chiroptera

chol(e)- G bile cholecystokinin, cholecystitis

chondr(i)o- G cartilage, gristle chondrocyte, chondroplasty

chrom(ato)- G color chromatophore, hemochromatosis

cili- L cilia, eyelashes, eyelids ciliary body, ciliectomy

circum- L around something circumcision, circumvent

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Meaning Examples

-clast G break osteoclast, cranioclast

co-, com-, cor- L with, together, association

coenzyme, compatible

coron(o)- L garland, crown coronary, corona

cost(o)- L rib intercostal, costochondral

crani(o)- G, L skull craniology, cranium

-crine G to secrete endocrine, exocrine

cutane(o)- L skin subcutaneous, cutaneous

cyan- G blue cyanotic, cyanide

cyst- G bladder, capsule cystic fibrosis, cystitis

cyt-, -cyte G cell cytokine, leukocyte

-dactyl- G a finger, a toe pterodactyl, polydactyl

de- L away from, cessation debridement, dementia

dendr- G resembling a tree dendrite, dendrochronology

dent- L tooth, teeth dentures, dentition

derm- G skin dermatitis, dermatome

di- G two, twice diploid, dipole

dia- G through, during, across dialysis, diastema

dis- L separation, taking apart dissection, distension

dont- G tooth, teeth orthodontist, periodontal

dors(o)- L back dorsal, dorsalis pedis

dys- G bad, difficult, painful dysmenorrhea, dysentery

-eal L pertaining to corneal, esophageal

ec-, ecto- G out, outer, outside ectopic pregnancy, ectoderm

-ectomy G removal, resection, excision

mastectomy, appendectomy

-emesis G vomiting hematemesis, hyperemesis

-emia G blood condition anemia, leukemia

encephal- G brain encephalogram, encephalitis

endo- G inside, within endocardium, endocrinology

eosin- G red eosinophil, eosinophilia

enter(o)- G intestine gastroenterology, enteric nervous system

epi- G above, upon, on epidermis, epidural

erythr(o)- G red erythrocyte, erythropoietin

eu- G true, good, well, new eukaryote, euphoria

ex- L out of, away from excision, exclude

exo- G outside, external exoskeleton, exobiology

extra- L outside extrahepatic, extrauterine

fibr(o)- fiber, fibrous fibroblast, fibromyalgia

-form L resembling, in the shape of

cuneiform, deformity

fore- before, ahead forehead, forearm

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Meaning Examples

front- L forehead frontonasal, frontal bone

gastr(o)- G stomach, belly gastric bypass, gastroenterology

gen- G race, kind, birth genocide, genital

-genic G produced by or in cardiogenic shock, hypoallergenic

gingiv- L gums gingivitis, gingivoplasty

glia- G glue microglia, neuroglia

glob- L sphere globule, global

grad-, -gred-, gress- L walk, step, go retrograde, regress

-gram G record, picture angiogram, electrocardiogram

-gyn(ec)o G woman gynecology, gynocide

hemat(o)-, hemo-, hema-

G, L blood hemocytoblast, hematology

hepat(o)-, hepatic- G liver hepatocyte, hepatology

hist(o)-, histio- G tissue histology, histamine

hydr(o)- G water hydrocephalous, hydrotherapy

hyper- G over, above, beyond, extreme

hypertension, hyperglycemia

hyp(o)- G below, under hypovolemia, hypocalcemia

hyster(o)- G womb, uterus hysterectomy, hysteria

-iasis G condition (of disease) giardiasis, psoriasis

-ic G pertaining to hepatic, acidic

infra- L below infrared, infraorbital

inter- L between, among intercellular, interarticular

intra- L within, inside, interior intracellular, intramural

iso- G equal isotonic, isotope

-itis inflammation arthritis, tonsillitis

karyo- G nucleus eukaryote, prokaryote

kin(e)-, kin(o)- G movement kinesthesia, kinetics

labi(o)- L lip labiodental, labioplasty

lact(i)-, lact(o)- L milk lactation, lactose

-lepsis, -lepsy G attack, seizure epilepsy, narcolepsy

leuc(o)-, leuk(o) G white leukocyte, leukemia

lingu(a)-, lingu(o)- L tongue lingual, linguistics

lip(o)- G fat liposuction, lipoma

lith(o) G stone, rock otolith, lithotripsy

-logist G specialist in a certain field

pathologist, psychologist

-logy G study of a certain field urology, hematology

lys(o)-, -lytic G dissolution, dissolving lysosome, hemolytic

-lysis G destruction, separation paralysis, hydrolysis

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Meaning Examples

macr(o)- G large, long macrophage, macroglia

mamm(o)- L breast mammary gland, mammogram

mania G mental illness kleptomania, maniac

melan- G black, dark melanocyte, melanin

mening(o)- G membrane meningitis, meninges

mes(o)- G middle mesoderm, mesocolon

meta- G after, behind metacarpal, metatarsal

-meter G instrument to measure tachometer, barometer

-metry G process of measuring optometry, lipometry

micro- G small microscope, microglia

my(o)- G muscle myoglobin, cardiomyopathy

myel(o)- G bone marrow, spinal cord

myeloblast, myelitis

narc(o)- G numb, sleep narcolepsy, narcotics

nas(o)- L nose nasal, nasoocular

necr(o)- G death necrosis, necropsy

neo- G new neoplasm, neonatal

nephr(o)- G kidney nephron, nephrologist

neur(i)-, neur(o)- G nerves, nervous system neurologist, neurofibromatosis

ocul(o)- L eye oculist, oculoplasty

odont(o)- G teeth orthodontist, odontoid

-oid G resemblance to odontoid, sarcoidosis

olig(o)- G having little, having few oligodendrocyte, oligopeptide

-oma (singular), -omata (plural)

G tumor, mass, collection sarcoma, lymphoma

onco- G tumor, bulk, volume oncologist, oncogene

ophthalm(o)- G eye ophthalmology, ophthalmologist

or(o)- L mouth oral, oropharynx

orth(o)- G straight, correct, normal orthodontist, orthopedist

-osis G condition, disease, increase

osteoporosis, psychosis

ost(e)-, oste(o)- G bone osteoporosis, osteoblast

ot(o)- G ear otolith, otology

pachy- G thick pachyderma, pachydactyly

par(a)- G beside, near parallel, paravertebral

path(o)- G disease pathology, pathophysiology

-pathy G disease, disorder neuropathy, sociopathy

-ped-, -pes L foot biped, pedoscope

ped-, pedo- G child pediatrician, pedophilia

-penia G deficiency osteopenia, erythropenia

peri- G surrounding, around periodontal, pericardium

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Meaning Examples

-phage, -phagia G eating, ingestion macrophage, hyperphagia

-phil(ia), -philic G attraction for hemophilia, hydrophilic

phleb(o)- G vein phlebotomy, phlebography

-phobia, -phobic G exaggerated fear, sensitivity

hydrophobic, arachnophobia

-physis G growing, growth epiphysis, zygapophysis

-plasia G formation, development achondroplasia, hyperplasia

-plasty G surgical repair, reconstruction

rhinoplasty, oculoplasty

-plegia G paralysis paraplegia, quadriplegia

pleur(o)-, pleur(a)- G,L ribs, side of body pleural, pleurisy

-plexy G stroke, seizure cataplexy, apoplexy

pneum(o)-, pneumat(o)- G lungs, air pneumonia, pneumothorax

-pod-, -pus G foot podiatrist, podocyte

post- L after, behind postmortem, postoperative

pre- L before, in front of prematurity, precapillary

pro- G before, in front of prokaryote, procephalic

proct(o)- G anus proctologist, proctoscope

pseud(o)- G false pseudostratified, pseudonym

psych(e)-, psych(o)- G mind psychiatrist, psychologist

pulmon-, pulmo- L lungs pulmonary, pulmonologist

pyro- G fever antipyretic, pyrogen

quadr(i)- L four quadriceps, quadrilateral

re- L again, backward relapse, resuscitation

ren(o)- L kidney renal, adrenal

reticul(o)- L net reticulocyte, reticular formation

retro- L backward, behind retroversion, retroflex

rhin(o)- G nose rhinoplasty, rhinoceros

-rrhea G flowing, discharge diarrhea, menorrhea

sarco- G muscular, fleshlike sarcoma, sarcoplasmic reticulum

scler(o)-, -sclerosis G hard, hardening scleroderma, atherosclerosis

-scope G instrument for viewing stethoscope, microscope

-scopy G use of instrument for viewing

endoscopy, colonoscopy

sec-, sect-, seg- L cut dissect, segment

semi- L one-half, partly semiconscious, semilunar

ser(o)- L body fluid serum, serotonin

somat(o)- G body, bodily somatic, somatosensory

spondyl(o)- G vertebra, spine spondylitis, spondylolysis

-stasis G stopping, standing homeostasis, cytostasis

-stomy G creation of an opening colostomy, gastrostomy

sub- L beneath subcutaneous, subclavian

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Meaning Examples

super-, supra- L in excess, above supraorbital, superior

sy-, syl-, sym-, syn-, sys- G similarity, likeness, being together

sympathy, symptom

tachy- G fast, irregularly fast tachycardia, tachyphrenia

-tension, -tensive L pressure hypertension, hypotensive

thorac(i)-, thorac(o)- G, L chest, upper chest thorax, thoracotomy

thromb(o)- G blood clot thrombocyte, thrombosis

-tomy G cutting, incising, incision thoracotomy, appendectomy

trans- L across, through transfusion, transdermal

tri- L three triceps, triangle

trich(i)-, trich(o)- G hair, hair-like structure trichocyst, trichotillomania

-trophy G nourishment, development

atrophy, hypertrophy

un(i)- L one unilateral, unilobar

ur(o)- G urine, urinary system urologist, urology

vas(o)- L blood vessel vasoconstriction, vasodilation

ven- L vein venospasm, intravenous

ventr(o)- L belly, stomach cavities ventrolateral, ventromedial

-version L turning anteversion, introversion

viscer(o)- L internal orgams viscera, evisceration

xen(o)- G foreign, different xenograft, xenophobia

xer(o)- G dry, desert-like xeroderma, xerostomia

zyg- G yoke, join together zygote, zygapophysis

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Histology Review Guide

The histology labs focus on the examination and identification of tissues

that make up the organs of the body. The tissues are divided into four main categories: epithelial, connective, muscle, and neuronal. All of the

photomicrographs were taken using the 40X objective (400X magnification), which is the highest magnification we use in this lab.

Remember, for the practical, you are expected to:

1) Identify the tissues 2) Know where the tissues are found

3) Know one function for the tissues

Epithelial tissue

Simple squamous epithelium

Epithelial tissue that lines the air pockets (alveoli) of

the lungs.

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Stratified squamous

epithelium

The identification is from the shape of the top layer

of cells.

Simple cuboidal epithelium

This tissue lines the tubules of the kidney. You can see the

lumen (open area) and

the single layer of cuboidal cells that enclose

a tubule. The cells are cuboidal in shape with the

nucleus in the center.

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Simple columnar

epithelium

This tissue lines the digestive tract. The light

fuzz on the apical surface of the cells are microvilli

that increase the absorptive area of the

cell. The light purple

structures are goblet cells, which are unicellular

glands that secrete mucous.

Pseudostratified

epithelium

This tissue lines the

trachea. On the apical surface are cilia that are

used to move mucous along the surface of the

trachea. The cells vary in

shape but there is only one layer of cells attached

to the basement membrane. The shorter

cells mixed with columnar cells give this epithelium

the appearance of being made up of layers of cells.

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Transitional Epithelium

This tissue lines the bladder. The cells are

stratified and are capable of changing their shape to

accommodate the

stretching of the bladder.

Connective tissue

Bone

There are two osteons in this micrograph. The dark

and light ovals are the central canals or

Haversian canals through which blood vessels and

nerves project. Surrounding cen

tral canals are the lamellae with the

osteocytes embedded in

the solid calcium and phosphate matrix. The

fine lines radiating out from the center are

canaliculi.

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Blood

This micrograph shows red blood cells

(erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes),

and platelets

Adipose tissue

Most of the cell volume is taken up by a triglyceride

droplet. On some of the cells you can see the

nucleus pushed up against

the plasma membrane.

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Areolar connective tissue

This tissue is characterized by oval plasma cells and 3

different kinds of fibers: collagen (thick and light

pink), elastic (thinner and

dark), and reticular (thinnest and dark).

Reticular connective tissue

Small pink reticular cells are surrounded by dark brown reticular fibers.

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Elastic tissue

The branching pink structures are the elastic

fibers. Embedded you can see the nuclei of some

fibroblasts.

Dense regular connective tissue (white tissue)

This tissue makes up the tendons and

ligaments. The cell bodies are darkly stained and

elongated.

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Hyaline cartilage

Lacunae (small openings) contain the chondrocytes, which are embedded in a

smooth matrix. Chondroblasts,

which secrete the matrix,

can be seen at the top of the micrograph.

Elastic cartilage

Lacunae containing the chondrocytes, which are

characteristic of cartilage, are embedded in a matrix

with elastic fibers. The fibers are dark and canbe

seen most clearly on the right side of the

micrograph.

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Fibrous cartilage

The lacunae are not as numerous in this cartilage

and they are smaller. the nuclei of the chondrocytes

is a red-purple color.

Muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle cells are

cylindrical in shape. They are multinucleate and

striated. The nuclei are found against the plasma

membrane.

You should be able to see the striations on the

larger image or on this micrograph.

http://a-s.clayton.edu/biology/BIOL1151L/lab03/new_images/skeletal_muscaltcrop.jpg

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Cardiac muscle

Cardiac muscle cells are

also striated but unlike skeletal muscle, they have

a single nucleus and are branched. The cardiac

muscle cells are attached to each other through

desmisomes. The desmisomes and gap

junctions together make up the intercalated discs,

which are the dark blue lines that run

perpendicular to the muscle fiber.

Smooth muscle

Smooth muscle has a spindle shape and a single

nucleus. It is NOT striated.

Nerve tissue

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Nerve tissue

The large central structure

is a motor neuron surrounded by the small

dark nuclei of the glial cells that are important in

maintaining the tissue environment. The motor

neuron is multipolar and exhibits an axon and

dendrites extending from the body of the cell.

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Rat Dissection Diagrams and Photos

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This image shows an entire rat that has already been opened up.

Here's a closeup of the rat's trachea (it's a little buried in the tissues of the neck, but you can see the cartilage rings clearly)

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Here's a picture of the rat's heart. You can see the lungs to either side, and the diaphragm in the lower left of the picture.

Here's the abdominal cavity as it looks when you first open it. The liver and intestines fill most of the view.

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This probe is stuck in the rat's cecum

In this picture, the liver has been moved up, so that you can see the stomach and spleen. The kidney is also visible in the lower right portion of the picture.

In this picture you can see the pancreas sitting at the point where the stomach

and small intestine join.

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This picture shows the mesentery connecting the portions of the small

intestine.

This image shows the female urogenital system. You can see the uterus, with

its two horns, and the urinary bladder.

This picture shows the male reproductive system - you can see the testes and head of the epididymis

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Neuroanatomy Lab Photos

Here's a picture showing the ventral side of the sheep's brain.

Here's the cerebellum pushed downward to expose the corpora quadrigemina (tectum)

and pineal body.

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Here's the dorsal view of the brain.

Here's the intact brain, lateral view, with labels.

Here's a mid-sagittal section of a sheep's brain.

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Here’s the mid-sagittal section with labels.

Here’s another mid-sagittal section with labels.

Here’s a picture of the ventricle model from the side.

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Here’s the ventricle model from the front.

Here’s the mid-sagittal view of the human brain model.

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Here’s a mid-sagittal view of an actual human brain.

Here’s a frontal section of the human brain.

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Here is one model of the spinal cord.

Here is the second model of the spinal cord.