biogas india

7/30/2019 Biogas India

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The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi

Banwari Lal, Ph.D

Biogas/Energy Production from waste

(Municipal, Agricultural, Food)


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Waste is the unwanted substance(s) arising from human or animal

activities

Rise in population, rapid urbanization, industrialization andchanges in life style across the country led to massive increase inwaste.

In most cities and towns in India, urban waste is disposed of in anunregulated and unscientific manner in open dumps on the outskirtarea.

There is a need for efforts to manage and safely dispose thesewaste, in order to get rid of these environmental hazards.

Moreover, waste management is a significant environmental justiceissue.

Waste!


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Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Generation: Overview!

Every year a total of 4400 million cubic meters of liquid waste (Sewage) are

generated in urban areas of India

The per capita of MSW generated daily, in India ranges from about 200 gm.in small towns to 600 gm. in cities(* Collection efficiency is around 70%,)

Municipal solid waste (MSW) includes household garbage and rubbish,street sweeping, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residues,trade and non-hazardous industrial refuse and treated bio-medical solidwaste.

(Source; 2009-10 MNRE Annual Report , Kumar et al, IJES, 2010)

Approximately 55 million tones of MSW are generated in urbanareas of India annually (1.5 lakh tonnes per day).

It is estimated that the amount of waste generated in India willincrease at a rate of approximately 1-1.33 % annually(http://www.technologyreview.in)


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Total Municipal solid waste generation inmajor cities of India

S.No. Name of City MSW generation TonesPer Day (TPD)

1 Delhi 7400*

2 Chennai 3036

3 Kolkata 26534 Mumbai 5320

5 Bangalore 1669

6 Hyderabad 2187

7 Ahmedabad 2187

Average organic content of these MSW in India is around 50%

150 tones of organic waste have potential for production of 1 MW energy(Based on the performance of WtoE projects operating in Hyderabad, Vijayawada and Lucknow)

Source: CPCB,2005, * State of Environment Report for Delhi, 2010


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Municipal solid wastes component;

~50 % of organic waste,

~17% recyclables,

~12% hazardous,

~21% inert.

By 2047, MSW generation India expected to reach 300 MT per annum andland requirement for disposal of the same would be

169.6 Km2

Organic waste can be a renewable as well as cost efficient resource forenergy production


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Potential of waste based energy in India

(Source: 2009-10 MNRE annual report)

There is a potential for generation of over 2600 MW of power from urbanwastes in the country

The potential of energy from MSW is estimated to be 3650 and 5200 MW, bythe end of 11th and 12th five year Plans, respectively

Estimated energy recovery potential from solid and liquid waste fromindustrial sector is about 1300 MW

The energy recovery potential of industrial waste is expected to increase toabout 1600 MW by 2012 and 2000 MW by the year 2017


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Around 180 million MT of fruits, vegetables and perishables (food stuffs),are

produced per year in India

However, storage capacity exists only for 23.6 million MT in 5,386 coldstorages across the country, of which, 80 per cent is used only for potatoes,

Around 25 to 30 % of fruits and vegetables and 5 to 7 per cent of foodgrains in India get wasted

Estimated production of fruits and vegetables in India is 150 million tones andthe total waste generated is 50 million tones (30%) per annum (Indian

Agricultural Research Data Book, 2004)

(Source: Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion paper in FDI (Foreign Direct investment)

Agricultural and Food Waste Generation: Overview!


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The high moisture and organic content in these wastes are not suitable for

incineration and composting but can very well utilized in biological treatmentlike anaerobic digestion

Potential Agricultural and Food wastes forEnergy Generation

Forest Residues

Crop Residues

Mill wastes Manure andbio-solids

Urban woodwaste

Food wastes


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Objectives driving Waste to Energy sector!

According to the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling)Rules in 2000, all the municipalities across India are required to adoptsustainable and environmentally sound ways of processing MSW

In this regard, Waste to Energy (WtE) provides a solution towards complying

with government regulations, achieving integrated solid waste managementand is perceived as a means to dispose MSW, produce energy

The major benefits of recovery of energy from wastes will be reduction in thequantity of waste, reduction in cost of waste treatment, cost of transportation

of wastes to far-away landfill sites along with generation of substantial quantityof energy


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Waste to Energy: Recommended Technologies

Combustion/Incineration

Pyrolysis/Gasification

Landfill Gas Recovery

Anaerobic Digestion/ Biomethanation

Incineration is considered unsuitable due to high moisture

content of waste, Incineration is 10 times more expensive than

landfill disposal


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Pyrolysis/Gasification: MSW to Syngas for production of drop in

Hydrocarbon fuels

Identifying appropriate technology forwaste management

Biomethanation

GasificationMunicipal

WasteGas Clean

upImpureSyngas

PowerGeneration

PureSyngas

Syngas toChemicals

(Succinicacid)

Drop in hydrocarbon

fuels (jet fuel, diesel,gasoline)

Fischer Tropsch (FT)

synthesis

(in presenceof catalyst)

Fischer-Tropsch process is a catalytic chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide(CO) and hydrogen (H2) in the syngas are converted into hydrocarbons of variousmolecular weights

Pyrolysis Bio-oilRefining


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Biomethanation, Fermentation:Agricultural and Food waste to Energy

Second Generation biofuel

FermentationAcidhydrolysis

Fischer TropschGasification

RefiningPyrolysis

Energy PlantBiomethanation

Hydro-gen

Ethanol

Bio-oil

Drop inFuel

Ligno-cellulosicbiomass Energy Plant

Biorefinery

Agricultural & FoodWaste

Sewage Waste
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=ens.lycos.com/ens/pics18/biooilplant.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ens.lycos.com/ens/aug2001/2001L-08-21-01.html&h=245&w=285&prev=/images?q=biofuels&start=40&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=


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Biomass Gasifier System: Indian scenario (lead)

In the recent decade, as a result of Ministry of Non-ConventionalEnergy Sources (MNES) programs, there has been much interest in

generating power through biomethanation of municipal solid waste

11 biomass co-generation (non-bagasse) projects with a totalcapacity of about 40 MW have been completed during the year2009-10 up to Dec.2009.

In addition to the above, 11 projects aggregating to 50 MW

capacity are under implementation.

six biomass gasifiers for thermal applications with a total capacityof about 4 MW have been installed in various industries such asbakeries, die casting and food processing units, etc during the year2009-10 up to December 2009.

12 biomass gasifier systems for electrical applications with a totalcapacity of 2 MWeq have been installed in various industries.

In addition to the above, 30 biomass gasifier systems with a totalcapacity of about 6 MWeq are under installation in various industriesfor heat / electrical applications.

A 600 kW Thermal Gasifier

System in a biscuit factory

at Distt. Hoogly, West

Bengal

TEAM , A waste treatmentplant for biogas productionwith a capacity of about50kg green leafyvegetables per day (atTERI GRAM, Gual pahari)


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LFG is created with decomposition of solid waste in a landfill. LFG consists ofabout 50% methane (CH

4), the primary component of natural gas, about 50%

CO2, and a small amount of non-methane organic compounds.

LFG is extracted from landfills using a series of wells and a blower/flare (orvacuum) system that directs the collected gas to a central point where it canbe processed and treated depending upon the ultimate use for the gas.

Landfill Gas Recovery (LFG)

Overview of LFGcapture and Use


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11 secure landfills exist in India and additional 74 sites are identified

Municipal Solid Waste is simply dumped without any treatment into land(depressions, ditches, soaked ponds) or on the outskirts of the city in anunscientific manner with no compliance to regulations

LFG utilization in India is in its infancy

A preliminary assessment of the potential for an LFG utilization project wasperformed for the Hyderabad Landfill (Landfill) in Hyderabad, India, basedon information provided by the Landfill engineer and observations madeduring a site visit on February 19, 2007.

A preliminary assessment of the potential for an LFG utilization or flaringonly project was also performed for the Okhla Landfill in Delhi based oninformation provided by the City and observations made during a site visiton February 21, 2007.

So far at present only one largest Sanitary Landfill site is planned in India at

Gyaspur Ahmedabad

Land Fill Gas recovery: Indian Scenario!


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Capacity 11.50 Lakhs Metric Tones (i.e. 1.15 million tones), where daily offload 500 metric tones of inert waste from waste processing plants forcoming 6 years

Total construction cost of this site is Rs. 13 Crore (i.e. Rs. 130 million / i.e.$ 2.796 million 1$=Rs. 46.50)

12.88 Hectares (32.8271 acres) of area used

Sanitary landfill site facility at Gyaspur, Ahmedabad


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Greatest potential lies in research and development in predicting gas

resources of landfill site in India

Considering this fact more sanitary landfill sites should be facilitated in India

India could look into utilising the resulting high-purity LFG in added-valueapplications such as fuel cells

Fuel cell applications may represent an especially suitable LFG use in theIndian context

Another area where India could usefully pursue R&D endeavours is in the

design of landfills as bioreactors

Landfill Gas Recovery Potential in India


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Filling of Waste

Covering with soil

Drilling vertical well to Install gas wellsto collect gas

Adjusting the gas wells weekly tomaximize methane content

Current landfill gas collection technology

Limitation with current methods

No soil cover waste placement is haphazard Poor gas quality due to air entrainment Lack of constant well adjustment due to insufficient staffWater logging of vertical well


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Emerging Technology: Permeable layer toImprove LFG Collection!

Placement ofPermeable layerOver Waste

Gas well installation

IL&FS ECOSMART LTD initiated 3

projects in East Mumbai, India;

1. Mulund, Mumbai (with potential

permeable layer

2. Kalyan Dombivali, Mumbai

3. Ulhasnagar, Mumbai


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Landfill site facility at Delhi

Municipal waste disposal site in Delhi Existing landfill sites in Delhi

Two disposal sites have been identified for future disposal of MSW inDelhi, which are located at Jaitpur (26 acres) and Bawana (150 acres)

Waste to Energy plant at Okhla site has potential for 16 MW of powerprocessing, 450 TPD of RDF (Refuse-Derived Fuel) and 225 TPD of RDF

(from 650 TPD of waste) processed at Timarpur site.

Waste to Energy plant at Gazipur disposal site has a potential to produce10 MW of power processing and 450 TPD of RDF from 1300 TPD waste.

(Source; State of Environment Report for Delhi, 2010)


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Segregation at source

Quality of waste: High moisture content, low calorific value

Poor quality of landfill due to lack of adequate fund

Development of new technology to improve LFG collection

High HRT and high lag period of biomethanation process,

Lack of information on substrate specific biocatalyst, whichcan reduce lag period

Process Control

Presence of Hydrogen sulphide

Mixing inside the reactor

Temperature control

Challenges!


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Interventions Required!

Supplementation of inoculum (bacterial culture, methanogens in the reactorto reduce lag period of biomethanation

Isolate and select robust methanogen(s) to use as inoculum to enhancebiomethanation rate and to reduce HRT

Recycling of leachate

Development of technology for removal of hydrogen sulphide

Introduction of robust acidogenic microbe(s) for control of biomethanationprocess (acidification)

To explore for substrate specific biocatalyst to reduce lag period of

biomethanation

Temperature Control

Supplementation of appropriate nutrient to the reactor to enhancebiomethanation rate


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Agharkar Research Institute (ARI), Pune

Biotechnology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Bio-Energy Laboratory, School of Energy Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata

Centre for the Application of Science and Technology to Rural Areas (ASTRA),

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur

The Energy & Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi

Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute (SPRERI), Vallabh Vidyanagar

Central Food Technological Research Institute, CFTRI, Mysore

Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Saharanpur

Combustion, Gasification & Propulsion Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science,

Bangalore

Vasantdada Sugar Institute (VSI), Pune

AICRP on Renewable Energy Sources, Bhopal

Appa Patwardhan Safai wa Paryavaran Tantraniketan, Pune

Waste to Energy: Key Research institutes Of India


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Opportunities to collaborate with Industries !

Timarpur-Okhla Waste management Company LTD.

Energy developments Limited (EDL, India)

IL&FS (Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Limited)ECOSMART LTD.

Jeruz Energy Ltd. (formed by Indian origin with worldwideexperience in high technology business)

Pyromex

TATA Chemicals

Mahindra & Mahindra


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Thank you !

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