biofuels now and tomorrow tom williams national renewable energy laboratory flc far west /...
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BiofuelsNow and Tomorrow
Tom Williams
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
FLC Far West / Mid-Continent Meeting
September 2005
The National Bioenergy Center
• Focused on achieving DOE goals– Reduce dependence on oil– Build U.S. bioenergy industry– Reduce global warming
• Argonne National Laboratory• Idaho National Laboratory• National Renewable Energy Laboratory• Oak Ridge National Laboratory• Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
• The National Bioenergy Center is a virtual center created to advance technologies for producing fuels, chemicals, materials, and power from biomass.
• It supports the science and technology goals of the Department of Energy’s Biomass Program by working with a multi-laboratory consortium of:
Environmental Benefit of Biofuels
Wood chips Switch grass
Poplar trees
Sugar cane residueMunicipal Solid Waste
Alfalfa
Biomass Resources
From 2000 Supply Curve by ORNL From 2000 Supply Curve by ORNL
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Mill
ion
dry
to
ns
per
yea
r
$20 $30 $40 $50 GigatonVision
Forest Residues (and thinnings)
Urban Wastes
Ag Residues (and grain crops)
Mill Residues
Energy Crops
3.5 billion 3.5 billion BOEBOE
2005 Study
U.S. Biomass Resources
While the growing need for sustainable electric power can be met by other renewables…
The Unique Role of Biomass
… biomass is our only renewable source of C-based fuels and chemicals
Biomass Benefits
• Abundant
• Renewable
• Carbon-neutral
• Available worldwide
• Only sustainable source of hydrocarbons
Biomass can:• Be used with the existing petroleum
infrastructure• Fill the gap between energy
demand and petroleum availability.
Established and Emerging Bioenergy Markets
– Co-firing, CHP, and small modular power – Sugar, corn & lignocellulosic ethanol– Biodiesel and bio-based lubricants– FTL’s as diesel substitute (Europe)– DME as a substitute for LPG (Asia)
• Longer-term potential diesel substitute– BTX and aryl ethers from biomass lignin
• Gasoline blending• Chemicals
– Biobased plastics and resins (co-product)
Biomass Electricity
• Direct combustion – 9700 MWe• Cofiring with Coal – 400 MWe• Biomass gasification
– Small 3-5 kW systems in field verification tests
– Larger systems demonstrated
Source: U.S. Climate Change Technology Program. Technology Options. DOE/PI-0002, November 2003 Small Modular Gasification System
Biomass Gasification
Ethanol
Current ethanol sources
• Made from the starch in corn kernels
• Available in blended motor fuels
• Cost ~ $1.22/gal
Advanced feedstocks
• Made from cellulosic materials – corn stalks, rice
• Technology under development
• Cost ~ $2.73/gal $1.32/gal
• Near-term use as a fuel blend
• Longer-term as a bulk fuel will require energy crops
Basics of Biomass Chemistry
and the
Evolution of Biorefineries
Starch: 70-75% (Corn) Readily hydrolyzed Basis for existing U.S. ethanol plants Easily separable and fermentable to fuels & chemicals
Oil: 4-7% (Corn) 18-20% (Soybeans) Readily separable from feedstock Starting material for clean biodiesel Readily converted via chemical routes
Protein: 20-25% (Corn) 80% (Soybean Meal) Mostly used as a feed Underutilized as a polymer building block Potential feedstock for chemicals and resins
Key Constituents of Edible BiomassKey Constituents of Edible Biomass
OH
OHO
O
OH
OH
OHO
O
OH
OH
OHO
O
OH
OH
OHO
O
OH
OH
OHO
O
OH
OH
OHO
O
OH
OH
OHO
O
OH
7
7
7O O
O
O O
O
CH3CH3
CH3
O
NH
O
O
O
O
NH
OHO
NH
O
NH
NH2
O
NH
SHO
O
O
NH
NHN
O
NH
S
O
NH
OH
Lignin: 15-25% Complex aromatic structure Very high energy content Resists biochemical conversion
Hemicellulose: 23-32% Xylose is the 2nd most abundant
sugar in biosphere Polymer of 5C and 6C sugars Readily hydrolyzed
Cellulose: 38-50% Most abundant form of C in biosphere Polymer of glucose Resistant to hydrolysis
LignocelluloseLignocelluloseConstituentsConstituents
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OHO
OHO
HO
H3CO
OH
OCH3
OCH3
O
O
O
OH
OCH3
OCH3
H3CO
OO
HO
H3CO
HO
OCH3
OCH3
OHO
HO
H3CO
OH
OCH3
OCH3
O
O
OH
OCH3
OCH3
OCH3
O
O
O
OH
HO
O
O
O
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
O
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
O
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OHO
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OHO
The Biorefinery Concept
Focus on Conversion Processes to Enable Integrated Biorefineries
StarchHydrolysis Fermentation
of Sugars
Glucose ProductRecovery
Starch
FermentableSugars
• Ethanol• Chemicals
• Food Products• Animal Feed
Products
Focus on Conversion Processes to Enable Integrated Biorefineries
StarchHydrolysis
LignocellulosicBiomass
Fermentation of Sugars
Glucose
C5 Sugar(s)
C5/C6 Sugars
Pre-treatment
CelluloseHydrolysis
ProductRecovery
Starch
FermentableSugars
• Ethanol• Chemicals
• Food Products• Animal Feed
Products
Focus on Conversion Processes to Enable Integrated Biorefineries
StarchHydrolysis
Thermo-chemicalConversionLignocellulosic
Biomass
LigninResidue
Fermentation of Sugars
Glucose
C5 Sugar(s)
C5/C6 Sugars
Pre-treatment
CelluloseHydrolysis
ProductRecovery
Starch
FermentableSugars
• Ethanol• Chemicals
• Heat & Power• Fuels & Chemicals
Pyrolysis Oil Syn Gas
• Food Products• Animal Feed
Products
Economic Projection for Lignocellulosic Ethanol
Enzymatic Hydrolysis PartnershipNREL has worked with Genencor & Novozymes for 4 years– Focusing on enzyme biochemistry, cost, and specific activity– Investigating the interaction of biomass pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis
The RESULT: G.T. 10-fold reduction in cost contribution of enzymes ($/gal EtOH)
-1
+1
+2
-2
cellodextrin
Y82
CBH1 from T. reesei
E1 from A. cellulotiticus
Integrated Biorefinery Partnership Dupont-DOE Integrated Corn Biorefinery
• Goal: Process Design Package for farmers to produce
ethanol, chemicals and power from entire corn plant
• 4-yr R&D project timeline • $38 million (50% from Dupont)
IntegratedCorn
Biorefinery(ICBR)
corn
corn stoverpower
bioethanol
chemicals400%AAGR
Driven by ethanol and
demand for Dupont’s SoronaTM
polyester