Title :

“Biofuel and its Future Perspectives”

Name : Zafar Iqbal Buhroo

Regd. No. : 2010-336-D

Course No. : Seri-791

Seminar Incharge : Dr. M. F. Baqual

Date of seminar : 29.12.2011

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION In recent times, the world has been confronted with an energy

crisis due to depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increased environmental problems.

The tremendous use of petroleum products is responsible for alarming pollution of environment . This situation has lead to the search for an alternative fuel, which should not be only sustainable but also environment friendly.

For developing countries, fuels of bio-origin such as ethanol, vegetable oil, biomass, biogas etc are becoming focus of attention. Shrinking crude oil reserves and limited refining capacity, world will have to depend heavily on imports of crude oil.

From the point of view of protecting the global environment and the concern for long term supplies of conventional fuels, it becomes imperative to develop alternate fuels comparable with conventional fuels.

Biofuels is the only alternative.

WHAT IS BIOFUEL ?

Any fuel that is derived from biomass i.e., plant material or animal waste. Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels derived from renewable biomass.

Why Bio-Fuels?

• Increasing energy requirement• Thrust on resource conservation• Soaring oil prices • Reducing availability• Stringent environmental regulations

TYPES OF BIOFUEL:TYPES OF BIOFUEL:

BIOGAS – (Methane)

BIOALCOHOL- (Ethanol)

BIODIESEL.

BIOFUEL BIOFUEL PLANTS:PLANTS: Jatropha

Jojoba Karanjia Neem Mahua canola Pedilanthus Camelina Calotropis

Soybean

Jatropha

Castor oil Plant

Rapeseed

SunflowerPalm oilMaizeWheatPotatoSugarcane

process heat, pressure, and steam to convert materials directly into a gas composed primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

The feedstock is prepared and fed, in either dry or slurred form, into a sealed reactor chamber called a gasifier.

The feedstock is subjected to high heat, pressure, and either an oxygen-rich or oxygen-starved environment within the gasifier.

GASIFICATIONGASIFICATION

Typical raw MaterialsTypical raw Materials Coal, petroleum-based materials, and organic materials.

Products of GasificationProducts of Gasification* Hydrocarbon gases (SYNGAS). * Hydrocarbon liquids (oils). * Char (carbon black and ash).

Syngas CO +H2 (more than 85 percent by volume) & carbon dioxide and methane.

Biogas Production

Gobar gas production is an anaerobic process

Fermentation is carried out in an air tight, closed cylindrical concrete tank called a Digester

Gobar GasGobar Gas

Layout Design of Gobar gas Plant

Cunningham & Cunningham. 2005. 4th Edition

Typical composition of biogasTypical composition of biogas

Compound %age

Methane 50-75

Carbon dioxide 25-50

Nitrogen 0-10

Hydrogen 0-1

Hydrogen sulphide 0-3

Cunningham & Cunningham. 2005. 4th Edition

Comparison:-Comparison:-

Cow dung gas

55-65% Methane30-35% Carbon dioxide and other traces

Heating value– 600 B.T.U per

cubic foot

Natural gasHeating value– 1000 B.T.U per

cubic foot

80% Methane

Cow dung slurry

Cow dung slurry

2.5% Nitrogen1.5% Phosphorus0.8% Potassium75% O. Humus

One pound of cow manure generate one

cubic foot of gas

Enough gas to cook a days meal for 4-6 people in

India

India already has around 5000 BIOGAS plants.

30 million rural households in China have BIOGAS digesters.

In 2007, 12000 vehicles were fueled with upgraded biogas worldwide mostly in Europe.

Biogas powered train is already in service in Sweden since 2005.

www.newscientist.com/article/mg

About 70% of the population derives its livelihood from the agriculture sector and use agricultural residues, cattle dung cakes for cooking as fuel.

Estimate shows availability of 87.06 lakh livestock in J and K state, which reflect the vast potential for biogas generation .

If 60% of livestick @ 5 kg dung / livestock / day is utilised for this purpose, about 3.26 lakh family size biogas plants of 2-3m3 could be run in the state.

The biogas thus generated will suffice the needs of more than 42.57 lakh persons.

Energy production will also save more than 1087.3 million tones of fuel wood.

Biogas digested manure will be available for use in crops.

Biogas- Feasibility in J and K

Contd.,

Biogas Technology ~ Biogas Technology ~ By By SKUAST-KSKUAST-K

SKUAST-K has designed the suitable biogas plant for round the year production of methane gas under temperate climatic conditions.

Floating drum type biogas plant with poly house, giving additonal heat was found successful for biogas production even at -6oC temperature.

Technology being transferred to rural people of the region through field demonstrations, training programmes and installation of plants at farmers level.

Division of Agri-Engineering, SKUAST- K, DST project

Environmental BenefitsEnvironmental Benefits

• Reduction of waste

• Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuels.

• Saving time of collecting firewood.

• Protecting forests.

• Saving money.

• Improving hygienic conditions.

• Producing higher quality fertilizer.

• Reducing air and water pollution.

Bio Mass-Source of Energy

Biomass already supplies 14 % of the world’s primary energy consumption. On average, biomass produces 38 % of the primary energy in developing countries.

USA: 4% of total energy from bio mass, around 9000 MW----

INDIA is short of 15,000 MW of energy and it costs about 25,000 crores annually for the government to import oil.

Bio Mass from cattle manure, agricultural waste, forest residue and municipal waste.

Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give bio gasFertilizers as by product.

Average electricity generation of 5.5kWh per cow per day!!

Wikipedia : Biofuels in India

The fully integrated agro-biofuel-biomaterial-bio power cycle for sustainable technologies.

Contd.,

Enhanced plant biomass productionEnhanced plant biomass productionand processingand processing

Arthur et al., 2006

CelluloseMajorglobalbiopolymersProduction: ~35 to 50%Production: ~25 to 30%Production: ~15 to 30%Polymer ofβ-(1,4)-glucan;degree of polymerization~300 to 15,000

CellulosePolymer of

β-(1,4)-glucan;degree of

polymerization~300 to 15,000

LigninPolymer derived fromconiferyl, coumaryl,

sinapyl alcohol

HemicelluloseShort-chain

branched, substitutedpolymer of sugars;

degree of polymerization~7 to 200

Major global biopolymers

Production :~ 35 – 50%

Production :~ 15 – 30%

Pro

duct

ion

:~ 2

5 –

30%

Global biomass resources from agricultural residues, wood, and herbaceous energy crops.

Arthur et al., 2006

SugarcaneMolasses Agricultural wasteSorghumGrain and TubersLignocellulosic biomass

World Ethanol Production

[F.A.O. Litch Publication, 2004]

Country Crop

Brazil (ProAlcool) Sugarcane Molasses

USA Maize (95%) , some wheat & Barley

Canada Maize plus 15% wheat

(http://www.distill.com/berg)

Leading Ethanol Producers

EthanolEthanolTHE WORLD SCENARIO

World leader in production and export of ethanol.Ethanol produced per day equivalent to 200,000 barrels of gasoline.24% blend ethanol mandatory.

BRAZIL

Ethanol : a big boost to economyE85 sells cheaper than gasolineCurrently production aimed at 4.5 Billion gallons/yrMTBE phased out in many states Soya bean main source of biodiesel

USA

INDIAINDIA

Sources of ethanol: Sugarcane Molasses Agricultural waste

Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion liters

Ethanol Application worldwideEthanol Application worldwide

[IEA Report, 2001]

BiodieselBiodieselBiodiesel is a Biofuel consisting of fatty acid methyl alkyl esters that are derived from organic oils, plants, animals through the process of transesterfication.

+TR

AN

S

3 Methyl Alkyl Esters(BIODIESEL)

Biodiesel from Jatropha

Seeds of the Jatropha nut is crushed and oil Is extracted

The oil is processed and

refined to form bio-diesel.

Flowers

Fruits

Harvested

Ready for OilBIODIESEL

Potentials of Jatropha

vermicultureGreen manure

Employment generation

Soil erosion control

Animal feed

Soap production

Medicinal uses

Hedge

Biodiesel

Ericulture

Pesticidal value

Lubricants

Kumar et al., 2005

Economic significance of Jatropha

► Eco-Friendly

► Clean burning

► Renewable fuel

► No engine modification

► Increase in engine life

► Biodegradable and non-toxic

► Easy to handle and store

Bio-dieselBio-dieselThe first diesel engine was developed by Rudolf Diesel in Germany (1895), it was powered by peanut oil in!

A test flight has been performed in 2006 July by a Czech jet aircraft completely powered on biodiesel.

The British Royal Train on 15 September 2007 completed its first ever journey run on 100% biodiesel fuel supplied by Green Fuels Ltd.

Bus runs on Biodiesel

BIODIESEL DEMAND & AREA OF PLANTATION

[Planning Commission Report, 2005]

Jatropha plantation on 70 ha of Railway land

1,10,000 saplings have already been planted in Surendra Nagar, Gujarat

Shatabdi & Jan Shatabadi Train Trial Runs conducted earlier

5 Trains through Lucknow already running from 6th June 2004 on 10% Biodiesel

IOC - Indian Railways MoU

Mehla S K 2007

Reliance has taken up a project of 700million dollars for cultivation of Jatropha in Andra Pradesh.

Jatropha in India : Promising bio-fuel crop for wasteland

In India, 5 large plants set up with a capacity of 300,000 liters per day, 4 medium size plants with a capacity of 30,000 liters per day, and a number of small plants with a capacity of 1,000 to 3,000 liters per day. Practically all plants are running at very low capacities, or closed due to lack of oil. (NNFCC, 2011)

Can Biodiesel From Jatropha work in India?

India needs 200 Billion gallons of B--oil to replace transpot fuels used…

We required 384 mh of land for Jatropha cultivation is a big constraint…

India with just 2.4% of global area supports more than 17% of the human population and 18% of the cattle

Where do we find the oil for biodiesel?

A sustainable source of oil is to be found before we can think of biodiesel.

Khan S & Rashmi , 2008

Comparison of some sources of biodieselComparison of some sources of biodiesel

CROP OIL YIELD(L/ha)

CORN 172

SOYBEAN 446

CANOLA 1190

JATROPHA 1892

OIL PALM 5950

COCONUT 2689

MICROALGAE-a 1,36,900

MICROALGAE-b 58,700

Chisti Y, 2007

In India only 5.4Mh area of algae ponds are required to replace all the petroleum transportation fuels

Oil Content of Microalgae

Blending of biodiesel in diesel offers great opportunities for environment protection and rural economy development.

Genetic improvement of particular species should be taken as future aspects. Stricter environmental regulations and emission norms have led to improvement in fuel quality and introduction of clean fuels like biodiesel.

Above all recedence or elimination of toxic gases from atmosphere which otherwise are emanating from use of existing fuels.

Identification and mass production of high yielding biofuel plants like lower plants (microalgae).

CONCLUSION: