BIOETHICSGLOSSARIES AND TERMS

MIDTERM1. Altruism- Concern for the welfare of others2. Abortion- Is the termination of pregnancy by the removal or

expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, resulting in or caused by its death.

3. Accountability- The state of being answerable to someone for something one has done

4. Act utilitarianism- The doctrine that skips any reference to principles and rules and judges the right action as the one that brings the greatest happiness to the greatest number.

5. Active and voluntary euthanasia- Specific type of euthanasia in which a physician, spouse, or a friend of the patient will terminate the patient’s life upon the patient’s request.

6. Active euthanasia- Actively assisting the process of death.7. Actual intention- an intention which is present “here and

now” before the mind while performing an action8. Affected ignorance- ignorance occurs when a person

positively wants to be ignorant in order to plead innocent to a charge of guilt.

9. Affective attitudes- Attitudes which bear out the feelings of the dying individual may include depression, sense of loss, and fear.

10. Agape- Love for humanity; general goodwill11. Altruism- A health care professional is obligated to

attend to the best interest of patient rather than self interest.12. Amoral- To be without morals; neither moral or immoral13. Anger- Is a state of displeasure excited by a feeling of

having been insulted or by a desire to avenge an injury.14. Applied ethics- Does not only apply general moral

concepts and principles, but also specifies the particular situations in life in which they are valid and legitimate;

15. Assisted suicide- A situation in which patients receive the means of death from someone, such as a physician, but activate the process themselves.

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16. Attempted suicide - Refers to suicidal action that did not end in death.

17. Autonomy- An ethical principle that literally means self-governing. It denotes having the freedom to make independent choices.

18. Autonomy- personal self-determination; the right of patients to participate in and finally decide questions involving their care

19. Autonomy- Right of individuals to determine their own fates and live their lives the way they choose, as long as they do not interfere with the rights of others

20. Behavioral attitudes- Attitudes include anger or irritability, bargaining, resentment and fear.

21. Beneficence- One ought to prevent evil or harm22. Beneficence- The principle that imposes upon the

practitioner to seek the good for the patient under all circumstances;

23. Bioethics- The study of ethical and moral implications of new biological discoveries and biomedical advances, as in the field of genetic engineering and drug research.

24. Biology- A branch of natural sciences which studies living organism and how they interact with each other and their environment

25. Brain death- Irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem.

26. Bravery- is the courage to attack an evil that is possible to conquer

27. Casuistry- Is the name given to a newly revived school of ethical thought originating in 16th Century Spain.

28. Classism- The doctrine that holds that one particular social class of persons is superior to another;

29. Cognitive attitudes - Attitudes which indicate how dying individual think about death include acceptance and denial

30. Commanded acts- Act which, although originated in the rational will, are completed through other internal or external

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powers of man under the control of the will, as the act of thinking, and the acts of walking, talking, and writing.

31. Cumulative justice- Concept of justice which refers to that which is owed between individuals.

32. Communitarian- Stresses the principles and practices of justice that evolve through traditions in a community

33. Conceptus- The union of a spermatozoon and an ovum, which occurs at conception.

34. Confidentiality- The principle that binds the practitioner to hold in strict confidence those things learned about a patient in the course of medical practice;

35. Consequence-oriented system- An ethical system holding that the right action is one that maximizes some good. The right thing to do in the end is based on what is the good thing to do.

36. Consequentialism- Refers to a group of normative ethical theories which maintain that the moral status of an action is determined by the goodness or badness of its consequences.

37. Contraception- Is the voluntary prevention of conception by the positive use of artificial means which hinder the generative cells from uniting during the sexual act.

38. contraceptive sterilization- The intentional prevention of conception through sterilization

39. Contributive justice- Concept of justice which refers to what individuals owe to society for the common good.

40. coordinator- Health care provider who brings into consonance or harmony of the health care activity

41. Courage- Doing what one sees as right without undue fear or standing up against one sees as wrong even if it means standing up alone.

42. Courage- Doing what one sees as right without undue fear or standing up against one sees as wrong even if it means standing up alone.

43. cowardice- Lack or failure of courage44. Criminal justice- Refers to the just infliction of

punishment, or penalty proportionate to the crime committed.

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45. critical thinker- Quality of health care provider who decides on what has been analyzed

46. Delight - Is a joy produced by the presence and possession of the desired good.

47. Deontology- A branch of ethical teaching centered on the idea that actions must be guided above all by adherence to clear principle such as respect for free will

48. Despair- is the turning away from a good that is impossible to attain

49. direct abortion- Refers to the deliberately induced expulsion of a living fetus before it has become viable

50. distributive justice- Refers to fair, equitable and appropriate distribution of responsibilities or share of rights and roles

51. duty of beneficence- This maintains that one ought to do is to promote good, prevent evil or harm and remove evil or harm with respect to virtue, intelligence or confront in bio-medical and behavioral contexts

52. Duty of beneficence- This type of duty enjoins us not only to bring about what is good for others but also to help them better their conditions with respect to virtue, intelligence or comfort.

53. duty of gratitude - This is the duty to appreciate and recognize the services others have done for us

54. duty of improvement- By way of implication, we ought to improve ourselves so as to be able to cultivate others the duty of self-improvement augurs well for the carrying out of other duties

55. Duty of justice- Ross stresses the proper distribution of social benefits and burdens. Not only should we enjoy social benefits with others but also equally share with them the burdens of social living

56. Duty of nonmaleficence- It requires us to act in such a manner as to avoid causing harm suffering, disability and death among patients.

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57. duty of reparation- This is an act of making amends, righting the wrongs we have done to others

58. duty-oriented system- An ethical system that holds that the right action is one that is based on ethical principles that are known to be right, independent of whether they serve good ends;

59. efficient- Health care provider who is knowledgeable about everything relevant to his practice

60. Egalitarian- Emphasizes equal access to goods in life that every rational person values

61. Egoist- One devoted to his own self-interest and advancement

62. Elicited acts- An acts which are produced directly by the will; they begin and end in this faculty without transcending to other faculties, as the act of love, hate or desire.

63. Equal consideration of interest- The rule that the interests of all individuals must be considered equally;

64. Equity- Fairness and a sense of justice should pervade the organization- in principle and practice.

65. Esprit’ de corps- Harmony and common interest resulting in good relations among employees.

66. Ethics- A generic term that describes a variety of systems for providing rational analysis in regard to questions about the moral life

67. Euthanasia- The act of killing or permitting death without suffering;

68. Excellence- Health care professionals are obligated to make a commitment t life-long learning

69. explicit voluntary acts- voluntary act happens when the consent to an action is externally manifested by words or by signs

70. External acts- Are properly called actions and are produced by different organs and senses of the body under the command of the will.

71. Fear- is a state of anguish resulting from the thought that a threatening evil cannot be possibly overcome

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72. Fetus- The term used from the time when brain waves can be monitored until birth at nine months.

73. Fidelity- Faithfulness in the relationship of trust, every patient must that is health care giver will keep his promise and keep his best interest first in his mind.

74. Fidelity - an ethical principle related to the concept of faithfulness and the practice of promise-keeping.

75. Formal cooperation- A cooperation which occurs when a person or organization freely participates in the actions of a principal agents, or shares in the agent intention.

76. Fortitude- Endurance or courage in the face of pain or adversity. It is moral strength.

77. General ethics- Refers to all the diverse ethical formulations of general and universal concepts and principles which serve as the foundation of morality.

78. Genetic screening - Its main purpose is to screen, choose, or select the genes for proper detection of any genetic diseases and other chromosomal activities/malformities.

79. Genetic testing- Refers to biochemical studies or chromosomal analysis for purposes of detecting genetically-caused diseases.

80. Greed- Inordinate exquisiteness81. habitual intention- is the retention in the unconscious

mind of an intention made at some former time and which, although actually forgotten, has never been retracted

82. Health professional- a person who helps in identifying or preventing or treating illness or disability.

83. Hedonism- The doctrine that the chief good of humans lies in the pursuit of pleasure;

84. Heterologous artificial insemination- The technique used to obtain a human conception through the transfer into the genital tracts of the wife of the sperm previously extracted from a donor other than the husband.

85. Homicide- Is the killing of human being by another. It may be committed without criminal intent.

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86. Homologous artificial insemination- A technique used to facilitate human conception through the transfer into a woman’s vagina of the sperm previously extracted from her husband

87. Hope- Is the reaching out towards a future good whose attainment is possible.

88. Horror- is a turning away from a sensible evil that is absent or foreseeable in the future

89. Ignorance- Is lack of the knowledge which man should have of his moral duties

90. Ignorance- Is the lack of knowledge which man should have of his moral duties.

91. Immediate material cooperation- When the cooperator participates in circumstances that are essential to the commission of an act, such that the act could not occur without this participation

92. Implicit formal cooperation- cooperation occurs when even though the cooperator denies intending the object of the principal agent, the cooperating person participates in the action directly and in such a way that it could not be done without this participation.

93. in vitro-fertilization- Is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb

94. Indirect abortion- In this case, the removal of the fetus occurs as a secondary effect of a legitimate or licit action, which is the direct and primary object of the intention.

95. Initiative - additional self-motivated wok effort undertaken for the good organization.

96. internal acts- an act which are performed by the internal faculties of the soul, as the acts of thinking and loving

97. Interpretative intention- is the result of interpreting the intention of one who is not present or of one who does not have the power of judgment to make a decision by himself.

98. Invalid acts- An act which lack one or several of the required moral conditions.

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99. invincible ignorance- Ignorance which cannot be overcome either because a person does not realize his own state of ignorance, or because it is almost impossible for him to acquire the proper knowledge of the matter

100. Involuntary euthanasia- Actively assisting the process of death for someone who has not requested assistance.

101. Involuntary sterilization- Type of sterilization which is done by order of the public authority of the state.

102. Just dealing with others- Reason by nature leads us to treat others with the same dignity and respect that we accord ourselves.

103. just dealings with others- reason by nature leads us to treat others with the same dignity and respect that we accord ourselves

104. justice - It signifies fairness which also to give to each one what he deserves

105. justice - The basic principle that deals with fairness, just deserts, and entitlements in the distribution of goods and services;

106. Kant- Theorist who contended that ethical rules are universal and that human can derive certain consistent principles to guide action.

107. Legal justice- Justice which refers to rights and responsibilities of citizens to obey and respect the rights of all and the laws devised to protect peace and social order.

108. Libertarian- Emphasizes rights to social and economic liberty, invoking fair procedures rather than substantive outcome.

109. Love- is a tendency towards a desirable good, either present or absent

110. Lust- The strong physical desire to have sex with somebody, usually without associated feelings of love or affection

111. Mediate material cooperation- Cooperation occurs when the cooperator participates in the circumstances that are not essential to the commission of an action, such that action could occur when even without this cooperation.

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112. Medical ethics- Known as the oldest phase of bioethical exploration is medical ethics which is a formulation of ethical norms for the conduct of health care professional in the treatment of the patients.

113. Medicide- The termination of life by a medical specialist:114. Moral dilemmas- Situations in which a clear conflicts

exists between two or more moral principles or competing moral claims, and the nurse must choose the lesser of two evils.

115. Moral distress- The nurse is aware of the correct source of action but institutional constraints stand in the way of pursuing the correct action.

116. moral duty - An act or course of action that is required by one on the basis of moral position

117. Moral option- The power or right o choose among several alternatives on the basis of a moral questions

118. Moral uncertainty- When one cannot accurately define what the moral situation is, but has a strong feeling that something is not right.

119. Morality- The doctrine of moral duties; quality of an action in regard to right and wrong

120. Murder- Is the unlawful killing of a human being with intent to kill.

121. Natural abortion- The expulsion of the fetus through natural or accidental causes.

122. non-consequentialism- A group of ethical theories that do not determine the moral status of an action solely by the goodness or badness of its consequences

123. Nonmaleficence- the principle that imposes the duty to avoid or refrain from harming the patient;

124. nonmaleficence - One ought not to inflict evil or harm125. Norplant- A long-lasting implant for women that

prevents pregnancy for five years.126. nursing process- A model commonly used for decision

making in nursing127. Palliative care- Care that is designed not to cure but to

provide relief from pain and suffering.9

128. Parricide- Is a crime committed by one who kills his/her father, mother or child whether legitimate or illegitimate, or any of his/her ascendants or descendants or his/her spouse.

129. passion- are strong tendencies towards the possession of something good or toward the avoidance of something evil

130. Passive euthanasia- Ceasing therapies that prolong life so that death can occur.

131. Paternalism- Means the act of being fatherly to someone132. Paternalism- The belief that one should, on the basis of

doing good for the patient, limit the patient’s personal autonomy.

133. patient-centered standard- A standard holding that the information needed is that required by the individual to make a rational judgment;

134. perfect voluntary acts- the act performed with complete knowledge and full consent

135. Personhood- The individual state in which one is accepted as having the criterion of humanity

136. Physiological definition of death- A person is dead when the heart has stopped beating.

137. Placebos- Substances thought to be biologically inert that are given to patients so as to make them believe that they are getting medications;

138. Prima facie duty - Is one that directs or commands what one ought to perform when other relevant factors are not taken into account.

139. Principle of double effect- A principle sometimes followed that is used to determine the morality of an act that has both beneficent and maleficent effects;

140. principle of double effect- The principle applies to a situation in which a good effect and an evil effect will result from good cause

141. Principle of integrity- Refers to each individual’s duty to “preserve a view of the whole human person” in which the values of the intellect, will, and fraternity are pre-eminent.

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142. principle of inviolability of life- principles that states that life is God’s and has been loaned to us hence, it is inviolable and sacred

143. principle of stewardship- Moral principle that declares that human life comes from God and no individual is the master of his own body

144. Principle of the inviolability of life- Principles that states that life is God’s and has been loaned to us hence, it is inviolable and sacred.

145. Principle of totality- Refers to the duty to preserve intact the physical component of the integrated bodily and spiritual nature of human life.

146. principle of utility- The principle that holds that the right action is the one leading to satisfaction of those desires that the individual prefers to have satisfied;

147. Privacy- Defined as the individual’s control over access to himself or herself extending to physical or informational inaccessibility.

148. Profession- Means a public declaration with the force of a promise.

149. professional autonomy- Once a patient/health care professional relationship is established, the practitioner has a duty to provide care but is not obliged to perform services that he finds morally repugnant.

150. Professional community standard - A standard stating that the amount of care or amount of disclosure provided should be judged appropriate if it is equal to that provided by other practitioners in the local community;

151. professional ethics- is an applied type of ethics insofar as it deals with certain moral precepts or rules by which person behave and act in the exercise of their calling or profession

152. Punitive sterilization- Type of sterilization which is done as a punishment for crime or antisocial behavior, particularly rape and other sex-related offenses.

153. Quickening- The point at which the mother feels the fetus move.

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154. Rawl- was a noted Harvard philosopher who has tempted a brilliant synthesis of the strength of utilitarianism

155. reason - According to St. Thomas Aquinas, the source of moral law is

156. Reasonable patient standard - A standard that holds that the physician must provide enough information to the patient so that a hypothetical reasonable person could understand and make autonomous decisions

157. rectificatory justice- Refers to just compensation for transaction problems such as breaches of contract and practice based on civil law.

158. Relativism- Is the view that moral appraisals are essentially dependent upon a moral code that is specific to a time, place and culture.

159. Relativist- An individual who believes that truth is not an absolute but is relative to the individual or group that holds it

160. Rule utilitarianism - The doctrine that certain rules have been found to have a high utility, that is, have brought about the greatest happiness for the greatest number;

161. Sadness- is a sorrowful experience produced by the presence of evil

162. self preservation- this calls for our individual responsibility to take care of our health, not to kill or put ourselves in danger

163. Self preservation - These calls for our individual responsibility to take care of our health, not to kill or put ourselves in danger.

164. Sterilization- Is also a form of contraception insofar as its purpose is the prevention of conception-not by the positive use of artificial methods but by cutting off the sexual capacity in a man or woman.

165. Suicidal threats- Are person’s verbal statements that may declare their intent to commit suicide.

166. suicide - Intentional self-inflicted death167. Surrogacy- It is a biomedical technique whereby a

fertilized ovum is implanted into the uterus of another

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woman who will carry the baby to term either as a favor or for free.

168. synderesis- The inherent capacity of individual to distinguish the good from the bad.

169. Tactful - Quality of a health care provider who does not embarrass but gives constructive criticism.

170. Temperance- It is virtue that moderates desire and passions.

171. Therapeutic sterilization- Means the removal of a reproductive organ or a portion thereof in order to save one’s life or to promote bodily integrity.

172. Therapeutic abortion- The deliberately induced expulsion of a living fetus in order to save the mother from the danger of death brought on by pregnancy.

173. Tubal ligation- This is the cutting and tying of both fallopian tubes, thus preventing the ovum from passing through the uterus.

174. Utilitarian- Emphasizes a mixture of criteria for the purpose of maximizing public utility

175. Utilitarianism- A moral framework in which actions are judge primarily by their results.

176. valid acts- an acts which possess all the moral requirements to produce proper effects

177. Value cohort-A group of individuals who experience a particular set of historical events and are value-programmed or shaped by the events as a group.

178. Veracity- the practice of health care is best served in a relationship of trust where practitioner and patient are bound to the truth;

179. Viability- The stage at which the fetus can live independent of the mother’s body.

180. Vices- The authority and power of the health care provider over the vulnerable patient, the respects he gets from the society, the development of vices.

181. Vices- The authority and power of the health care provider over the vulnerable patient, the respect he gets from society, the development of vices.

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182. Vincible ignorance- Ignorance which can be removed by ordinary efforts. When hardly any effort has been used to dispel ignorance

183. Virtual intention - Intention which was made at some former time and still influences the act which is now being performed.

184. Virtue ethics- Another philosophical idea that has been central to medical ethics which holds that those who are taught to be good will do what is right.

185. Voluntary act- An act defined as an act which proceeds from an intrinsic principle with knowledge of the end.

186. Voluntary act- Defined as the act which proceeds from an intrinsic principle with knowledge of the end.

187. Voluntary euthanasia- Actively assisting the process of death for someone who has requested assistance in the dying process.

188. Voluntary sterilization- Type of sterilization in which a person wills and requests that the procedure be done on him or herself.

189. world view -An individual’s set of subjective values that are derived from his religious background, cultural heritage, and personal experiences

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