bioe 109 summer 2009 lecture 13- part ii human evolution
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![Page 1: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BIOE 109Summer 2009
Lecture 13- Part IIHuman evolution
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Human evolution
• humans are classified within the superfamily Hominoidea (with gibbons, orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees).
![Page 3: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Human evolution
• humans are classified within the superfamily Hominoidea (with gibbons, orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees).
![Page 4: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Human evolution
• humans are classified within the superfamily Hominoidea (with gibbons, orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees).
![Page 5: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Similarity between human and chimpanzee genomes
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Comparison of the human and chimpanzee genomes
![Page 7: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Comparison of the human and chimpanzee genomes
• the genome of “Clint” was published September 1, 2005.
![Page 8: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Comparison of the human and chimpanzee genomes
• the genome of “Clint” was published September 1, 2005.
• mean nucleotide divergence between humans and chimps was 1.06%.
![Page 9: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Comparison of the human and chimpanzee genomes
• the genome of “Clint” was published September 1, 2005.
• mean nucleotide divergence between humans and chimps was 1.06%.
• differ by 1 chromosomal fusion (human chromo. 2) and at least 9 pericentric inversions.
![Page 10: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The evolution of human chromosome 2
![Page 11: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Comparison of the human and chimpanzee genomes
• the genome of “Clint” was published September 1, 2005.
• mean nucleotide divergence between humans and chimps was 1.06%.
• differ by 1 chromosomal fusion (human chrom. 2) and at least 9 pericentric inversions.
• 13,454 human and chimp genes with unambiguous homology were aligned.
![Page 12: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Comparison of the human and chimpanzee genomes
• the genome of “Clint” was published September 1, 2005.
• mean nucleotide divergence between humans and chimps was 1.06%.
• differ by 1 chromosomal fusion (human chrom. 2) and at least 9 pericentric inversions.
• 13,454 human and chimp genes with unambiguous homology were aligned.
• 29% of all proteins compared were identical!
![Page 13: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The primate fossil record
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The primate fossil record
• primates first appear in the late Cretaceous (about 70 MYA).
![Page 15: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The primate fossil record
• primates first appear in the late Cretaceous (about 70 MYA).
• the first anthropoid ape fossil dates to Algeria (50 MYA).
![Page 16: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The primate fossil record
• primates first appear in the late Cretaceous (about 70 MYA).
• the first anthropoid ape fossil dates to Algeria (50 MYA).
• small anthropoid apes found in Egypt (30 MYA) and Kenya (25 MYA).
![Page 17: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The primate fossil record
• primates first appear in the late Cretaceous (about 70 MYA).
• the first anthropoid ape fossil dates to Algeria (50 MYA).
• small anthropoid apes found in Egypt (30 MYA) and Kenya (25 MYA).
• another gap to 15 MYA when several small hominids roaming N. Africa.
![Page 18: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The primate fossil record
• primates first appear in the late Cretaceous (about 70 MYA).
• the first anthropoid ape fossil dates to Algeria (50 MYA).
• small anthropoid apes found in Egypt (30 MYA) and Kenya (25 MYA).
• another gap to 15 MYA when several small hominids roaming N. Africa.
• very few fossils from 6 to 14 MYA!
![Page 19: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Evolution of Homo sapiens
These 3.6-million-year-old footprints from Laetoli, Tanzania were made
by a pair of individuals who walked side-by-side through fresh ash
from a volcanic eruption.
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Time(MYA)
Evolution of Homo sapiens5
4
3
2
1
0
Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 – 4.2 MYA) Australopithecus anamensis (4.2 – 3.9 MYA)
A. afarensis (“Lucy”, 3.9 – 3.0 MYA)
A. africanus (2.8 – 2.4 MYA)
Homo habilis (2.5 – 1.6 MYA)
H. ergaster (1.8 – 1.5 MYA)
H. erectus (1.2 – 0.4 MYA)
H. heidelbergensis (0.6 – 0.2 MYA)
H. sapiens (0.15 MYA)
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Features of early hominid evolution
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Features of early hominid evolution
1. Exact path of descent unknown
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Features of early hominid evolution
1. Exact path of descent unknown
• more hominid species continue to be discovered.
![Page 24: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Features of early hominid evolution
1. Exact path of descent unknown
• more hominid species continue to be discovered.
![Page 25: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Features of early hominid evolution
1. Exact path of descent unknown
• more hominid species continue to be discovered.
2. Evolution was continuous and gradual
![Page 26: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Features of early hominid evolution
1. Exact path of descent unknown
• more hominid species continue to be discovered.
2. Evolution was continuous and gradual
• no sudden “jumps” in size or cranial capacity observed.
![Page 27: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Features of early hominid evolution
1. Exact path of descent unknown
• more hominid species continue to be discovered.
2. Evolution was continuous and gradual
• no sudden “jumps” in size or cranial capacity observed.
• cranial capacity increased from 600-800 cm3 to 1200-1400 cm3 over past 2 MY.
![Page 28: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Gradual evolution of human cranial capacity
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Features of early hominid evolution
3. Many hominid species co-existed in Africa
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Features of early hominid evolution
3. Many hominid species co-existed in Africa
• notably the “robust” Australopithecines.
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Diversity of fossil hominid species in Africa
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Neanderthals – not in my family tree!
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Neanderthals!
• Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived in western Europe 400,000 to 30,000 years ago.
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Neanderthals!
• Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived in western Europe 400,000 to 30,000 years ago.
• average height was about 5’4’’ but weighed about 20 lbs more than H. sapiens sapiens (due to extra muscle).
![Page 35: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Neanderthals!
• Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived in western Europe 400,000 to 30,000 years ago.
• average height was about 5’4’’ but weighed about 20 lbs more than H. sapiens sapiens (due to extra muscle).
• in 1997, Neanderthal mtDNA was amplified and sequenced (360 bp).
![Page 36: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Neanderthals!
• Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived in western Europe 400,000 to 30,000 years ago.
• average height was about 5’4’’ but weighed about 20 lbs more than H. sapiens sapiens (due to extra muscle).
• in 1997, Neanderthal mtDNA was amplified and sequenced (360 bp).
• recently, 1 million bp of Neanderthal DNA has been sequenced (and the full genome is on the way…).
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Conclusions:
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Conclusions: 1. Neanderthals diverged from the modern human
lineage ~600,000 – 800,00 years ago.
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Conclusions: 1. Neanderthals diverged from the modern human
lineage ~600,000 – 800,00 years ago.
2. Little evidence of any introgression of Neanderthal DNA into modern humans.
![Page 40: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Conclusions: 1. Neanderthals diverged from the modern human
lineage ~600,000 – 800,00 years ago.
2. Little evidence of any introgression of Neanderthal DNA into modern humans.
3. Effective population size ~3,000 (compared to
13,000 for early modern humans).
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…….. The last refuge
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The evolution of anatomically modern humans
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The evolution of anatomically modern humans
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The evolution of anatomically modern humans
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Predictions of the African Replacement model
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Predictions of the African Replacement model
1. Ancestral alleles should trace to Africa.
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Predictions of the African Replacement model
1. Ancestral alleles should trace to Africa. 2. Appearance of modern humans should be recent (< 200,000 years).
![Page 48: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Predictions of the African Replacement model
1. Ancestral alleles should trace to Africa. 2. Appearance of modern humans should be recent (< 200,000 years).
3. Genetic diversity should be greatest in Africa.
![Page 49: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Predictions of the African Replacement model
1. Ancestral alleles should trace to Africa. 2. Appearance of modern humans should be recent (< 200,000 years).
3. Genetic diversity should be greatest in Africa.
• all three predictions have been confirmed.
![Page 50: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Predictions of the African Replacement model
1. Ancestral alleles should trace to Africa. 2. Appearance of modern humans should be recent (< 200,000 years).
3. Genetic diversity should be greatest in Africa.
• all three predictions have been confirmed.
•“mitochondrial Eve” and “Y-chromosome Adam” lived in Africa about 150,000 and 60,000 years ago, respectively!
![Page 51: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Complete mtDNA genomes from 53 humans
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Recent evidence refuting the African replacement hypothesis
![Page 53: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Recent evidence refuting the African replacement hypothesis
• in 2005 Alan Templeton reconstructed the history of human populations by analyzing 25 gene trees.
![Page 54: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Recent evidence refuting the African replacement hypothesis
• in 2005 Alan Templeton reconstructed the history of human populations by analyzing 25 gene trees.
• his analysis rejects the complete replacement hypothesis with a probability equal to 10-17!
![Page 55: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Recent evidence refuting the African replacement hypothesis
• in 2005 Alan Templeton reconstructed the history of human populations by analyzing 25 gene trees.
• his analysis rejects the complete replacement hypothesis with a probability equal to 10-17!
• he detected three waves of migration out of Africa.
![Page 56: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
“Out of Africa again and again”
Based on genetic markers
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Conclusions
1. Evolution is the foundation of all biology!
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Conclusions
1. Evolution is the foundation of all biology!
2. Evolution is relevant!
![Page 60: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Conclusions
1. Evolution is the foundation of all biology!
2. Evolution is relevant!
• in health and medicine…
![Page 61: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Conclusions
1. Evolution is the foundation of all biology!
2. Evolution is relevant!
• in health and medicine…
• in agriculture and natural resources…
![Page 62: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Conclusions
1. Evolution is the foundation of all biology!
2. Evolution is relevant!
• in health and medicine…
• in agriculture and natural resources…
• in environmental and conservation issues…
![Page 63: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Conclusions
1. Evolution is the foundation of all biology!
2. Evolution is relevant!
• in health and medicine…
• in agriculture and natural resources…
• in environmental and conservation issues…
• in understanding nature and humanity…
![Page 64: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Conclusions
3. Natural selection rules!
![Page 65: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Conclusions
3. Natural selection rules!
… but can’t do it all.
![Page 66: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Conclusions
3. Natural selection rules!
… but can’t do it all.
• can’t simultaneously maximize all components of fitness…
![Page 67: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Conclusions
3. Natural selection rules!
… but can’t do it all.
• can’t simultaneously maximize all components of fitness…
• can’t control neutral evolution…
![Page 68: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Conclusions
3. Natural selection rules!
… but can’t do it all.
• can’t simultaneously maximize all components of fitness…
• can’t control neutral evolution…
• can’t direct adaptive evolution in small populations…
![Page 69: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Conclusions
3. Natural selection rules!
… but can’t do it all.
• can’t simultaneously maximize all components of fitness…
• can’t control neutral evolution…
• can’t direct adaptive evolution in small populations…
• can’t stop aging and death…()
![Page 70: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Objectives for the course
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Objectives for the course
1. To foster an approach that may be called “evolutionary” or “population” thinking.
![Page 72: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Objectives for the course
1. To foster an approach that may be called “evolutionary” or “population” thinking.
• distinguishes between “proximate” and “ultimate” questions.
![Page 73: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Objectives for the course
1. To foster an approach that may be called “evolutionary” or “population” thinking.
• distinguishes between “proximate” and “ultimate” questions. • focuses on the importance of genetic variation in natural populations.
![Page 74: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Objectives for the course
2. To foster an understanding of organisms in the context of their evolutionary histories.
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Objectives for the course
2. To foster an understanding of organisms in the context of their evolutionary histories.
• necessitates an expansion of perspective to include deep time scales.
![Page 76: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Objectives for the course
2. To foster an understanding of organisms in the context of their evolutionary histories.
• necessitates an expansion of perspective to include deep time scales.
• most characters are “inherited” from ancestral species.
![Page 77: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Objectives for the course
3. To realize the potential and limits of evolutionary change within species.
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Objectives for the course
3. To realize the potential and limits of evolutionary change within species.
• evolution is a “tinkerer” not an engineer.
![Page 79: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Objectives for the course
3. To realize the potential and limits of evolutionary change within species.
• evolution is a “tinkerer” not an engineer.
4. To dispel any preconceived idea that evolution has any ultimate goal in mind.
![Page 80: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d595503460f94a38762/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
The final exam
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The final exam
• Time: 6pm- 8pm (2 hours)• Cover lectures 8 (The adaptationist program) through 13 (Human evolution).
Part 1. Multiple choice. 20 questions, 2 points each, 40 points total.
Part 2. Distinctions. Answer 5 out of 6, 4 points each, 20 points total
Part 3. Short answers. 8-10 questions, 2-5 points each, 40 points total.
EXTRA Credit questions!!