biodiversity strategy 2011 - 2015

Biodiversity Strategy 2011–2015

City of Tea Tree Gully – Biodiversity Strategy 2011–2015 3

ContentsMayor’s Message ......................................... 1

Acknowledgements ......................................2

Executive summary .....................................3

Introduction .................................................5

What is biodiversity? ........................................ 5

Why is biodiversity important? ....................... 6

Why prepare a biodiversity strategy for the City of Tea Tree Gully? ...................... 7

What does the Strategy aim to do? ................ 7

Aboriginal history ............................................. 8

Issues and opportunities .............................9

Issues .................................................................. 9 Opportunities ..................................................10

Vision for the future ....................................11

Goal ..................................................................11 Biodiversity strategic objectives ....................11

Policy context ............................................. 16

International agreements ...............................16

National legislation, policies and programs ..........................................................16

South Australian Government legislation, policies and plans ........................17

Regional plans .................................................19

Local government ...........................................19

Relationships with other agencies ................20

Biodiversity strategies of other councils .....23

Our policies and plans ............................... 24

City of Tea Tree Gully Development Plan ...................................................................24

Strategic Plan 2011–2015 ..............................25

City Master Plan 2011–2040 .........................26

Open Space Strategy 2011–2030 ..................26

StrategicBushfireManagementPlan ...........27

Community land management plans ...........28

Environmental policy .....................................28

Ecological mapping of the City of Tea Tree Gully ...........................................28

Pest Plan Management in Creeks and Waterways Policy .............................................29

Upper Cobbler Creek Corridor Action Plan ......................................................30

Vegetation management plans and surveys ..............................................................30

Historical Policy ..............................................31

A profile of the City of Tea Tree Gully ..... 32

Open space ......................................................32

Geology ............................................................32

A changing landscape .....................................33

Vegetation communities ................................35

Fauna ................................................................36

The habitat mosaic .........................................36

Sites of high environmental value ................37

City of Tea Tree Gully – Biodiversity Strategy 2011–20154

Our biodiversity programs ......................... 45

Pest Plant and Disease Management ..........45

Revegetation ....................................................45

Bushcare ...........................................................45

Planning ............................................................46

Native Vegetation Marker Scheme ...............46

Appendix A – List of strategies, agreements, Acts, policies and plans ............................. 48

International, national, state and regional strategies and agreements ...............48

Acts .......................................................................

City of Tea Tree Gully policies and plans ...48

City of Tea Tree Gully surveys and vegetation management plans .......................49

Appendix B – The importance of habitat connectivity.................................... 50

Appendix C – The importance of remnant vegetation .................................... 52

Appendix D – The importance of pest plants, animal and disease control programs .................................................... 54

Appendix E – Vegetation communities in the City of Tea Tree Gully ......................... 55

References .................................................. 57

Author:SabineKoolen–ProjectOfficer,Biodiversity Policy


Mayor’s Message

The City of Tea Tree Gully is fortunate to have generous open spaces and natural features that support a wealth of plants and animals in living ecosystems.

The Biodiversity Strategy 2011–2015, together with the City Master Plan 2011–2040 and Open SpaceStrategy2011–2030,haveidentifiedbiodiversityasasignificantenvironmentalgoal– one that is vital to the emotional, spiritual and recreational health of our citizens.

Biodiversityprovidesessentialhumanbenefits,such as clean air, clean water and the natural removalof wasteandpollution.Thesebenefitsare irreplaceable once lost, and so we must work together to nurture biodiversity within our ecosystems.

As we engage in the planning and development of our City it is vital that we all ‘do our bit’ to ensure that biodiversity is protected and improved to guarantee the health of our natural environment for present and future generations.

The Biodiversity Strategy will strengthen existing proven initiatives by Council and the community to:

• Protect environmentally valuable sites and the unique plants and animals that live there

• Create wildlife corridors

• Control pest plants and animals

• Investigate new ways of operating.

The Strategy will guide us into the future as we continue to create a sustainable living environmenttobenefitourwholecommunity.

Miriam Smith Mayor


Gratitude is expressed to the External Reference Group who provided invaluable feedback during the development of this document. We would like to acknowledge, with thanks, the following people:

• Mark Ellis, Manager, Bush for Life (Trees for Life)

• Hannah Ellyard, Manager Natural Resources Management Planning, Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges NRM Board

• GayleGreiger,SeniorNaturalResourcesManagementOfficer,AdelaideandMountLoftyRangesNRM Board

• KateSmith,BiodiversityProjectOfficerCoordinator,DepartmentforEnvironmentandHeritage

• Wendy Stubbs, Manager, Biodiversity Conservation (Adelaide Region), Department for Environment and Heritage

Acknowledgements


Biodiversity is recognised by the City of Tea Tree Gully as an essential element in the creation and preservation of a healthy, beautiful and rich environment for our residents to live in. Thisunderstandingisreflectedinthe‘NaturallyBetter’ motto of the City.

The City of Tea Tree Gully is committed to protecting the biodiversity of plants, animals and ecological communities that have existed since before European settlement — as well as acting to restore biodiversity in a now changed and developed landscape. The City is fortunate in retaining large areas of open space, much of which is natural in character, including majestic trees and pockets of precious remnant vegetation.

Preparation of this Biodiversity Strategy 2011–2015 has involved reviewing relevant policies, plans, strategies and records, input from Council staff and community groups and inviting feedback from a professional reference group representing certain external agencies: the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board, the Department for Environment and Heritage (now Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Trees For Life.

The Biodiversity Strategy will be updated every fiveyears.

The Biodiversity Strategy 2011–2015 includes:

• issues and opportunities for biodiversity

conservation in the City

• a vision for the future including goals, strategic objectives and targets

• a summary of international agreements, national and South Australian legislation, policy, plans and programs, regional plans, local government responsibilities and powers, relationships with other agencies and policies, strategies and plans of the City of Tea Tree Gully

• an outline of the City of Tea Tree Gully’s biodiversity and history

• aprofileof Council’sbiodiversityinitiativesand programs.

To realise the vision for biodiversity as set down in the City of Tea Tree Gully Strategic Plan 2011–2015 City Master Plan 2011–2040 and Open Space Strategy 2011–2030, the Biodiversity Strategy will aim to provide a framework to achieve the following:

• identify a network of open spaces (based on ecological principles) with biodiversity value that will enable the movement and reproduction of wildlife, protect natural values and support the sustainability of natural systems

• offerarationalewhichcaninfluenceothercorporate plans and strategies that have the potential to affect biodiversity

• improve ecosystem-related services

Executive summary


• conserve and manage sites of high environmentalvalueasidentifiedintheCityMaster Plan 2011–2040 to provide robust habitat for local native fauna and to provide an ongoing source of local provenance seed for the re-creation of resilient habitats

• continue and improve pest plant and animal programs that allow indigenous plant and animal communities to survive in the urban landscape as a part of functioning ecosystems

• promote self-perpetuating education, awareness and engagement programs that allow staff and the community to have a stake in their own sustainable future

• design communications, operations, systems and processes that support rather than undermine biodiversity goals.

To assist in delivering the Biodiversity Strategy 2011–2015 a Biodiversity Action Plan 2011–2015 has been created.

Progress made in implementing the Biodiversity Action Plan will be regularly reported to Council.

Biodiversity actions and recommendations in the Action Plan must contribute to realising one or more of the biodiversity objectives. The seven Biodiversity Strategic Objectives are as follows:

1. Recognise and enhance a mosaic of habitat linkages across the City.

2. Conserve and manage remnant native vegetation.

3. Reduce pest plant and animal competition to enable self-sustaining indigenous plant and animal communities.

4. Educate, raise awareness and engage staff and the community in biodiversity issues and programs.

5. Improve communication, operations, systems and processes that affect biodiversity.

6. Consider and address climate change when undertaking biodiversity initiatives.

7. Improve knowledge of urban ecology and strive for continuous improvement.

Diuris pardina Leopard Orchid


IntroductionThe City of Tea Tree Gully Biodiversity Strategy 2011–2015 is connected to and consistent with Council’s strategic planning framework.

The Biodiversity Strategy 2011–2015 is included

in the ‘Strategies policies and initiatives’ level behind the City Master Plan 2011–2040 and Open Space Strategy 2011–2030, with the Biodiversity Action Plan providing for the delivery of the Biodiversity Strategy.

The City of Tea Tree Gully Strategic Plan 2011–2015 comprises nine themes of which ‘Our environment’ is theme four. Strategic direction 4.3 states that council wishes to conserve, improve, maintain and protect areas of environmental value. One of the outcomes of this direction is to develop and implement a biodiversity strategy that seeks to improve habitat connectivity, protect remnant vegetation and progress the control of pest plants, animals and diseases. The Biodiversity Strategy will set the future management directions for the protection and enhancement of biodiversity within the City of Tea Tree Gully and help it to meet both its statutory obligations and community expectations.

What is biodiversity?Biological diversity or biodiversity refers to the variety of all living organisms – the plants, animals, microorganisms, the genes they contain and the variety of ecological systems that are created with the interactions between species and the non-living components of the environment.

Clear air, clean water and soil formation are some of the essential services provided by the ecological processes that these life forms contribute to. Biodiversity is thus a key to not only the sustainability of our environment but also to the wealth of our economy, the wellbeing and cultural identity of our community and the

Strategic Plan

Strategies, policies and initiatives, incl. City Master Plan 2011-2040

Action plans

Department business plans

Internal work plans

Stra

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Del

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y

Council strategic planning framework


aesthetic quality of our landscape. As councils undertake activities on a daily basis that affect biodiversity, protecting biodiversity is one of our greatest responsibilities.

Why is biodiversity important?Biodiversity is important in both urban and regional settings. However, prior to the 1990s, conservation efforts or ecological studies in the urban landscape were considered pointless as it was thought to be non-viable habitat for fauna populations (3, 11, 20). More recently there is recognition that urban areas do provide a surprisingly diverse range of natural and artificialhabitatnichesandconditionsthatcansupport a wide diversity of fauna species (14, 5).

Even within an urban environment, a diversity of species brings resilience to natural systems and improves the ability of these systems to remove waste products or to purify water and air(18).

The Australian National University makes this statement on their website:

A field of growing interest world wide, ‘urban biodiversity’ seeks to understand how biodiversity promotes and maintains landscape health and human

wellbeing through the provision of ecosystem services.

The careful consideration of natural processes in existing urban environments and new developments will also help to reduce the negative impacts of climate change and water shortages (18).

Experts currently recognise four categories of ecosystem services provided by biodiversity (13):

• provisioning services, i.e. water, energy, food

• regulating services, i.e. carbon sequestration and climate regulation, waste decomposition and detoxification,purificationof waterandair,pest and disease control

• supporting services, i.e.. nutrient dispersal and cycling, seed dispersal

• cultural services, i.e. cultural, intellectual and spiritual inspiration, recreational experiences, scientificdiscovery.

‘The economy is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the environment.’ Successful author and businessman, Paul Hawkins


Why prepare a biodiversity strategy for the City of Tea Tree Gully?As land managers the City of Tea Tree Gully has an obligation to the local community as well as the broader community to protect and enhance the biodiversity of its environment for this and future generations.

The Biodiversity Strategy 2011–2015 has been prepared to set the future management directions for the protection and enhancement of biodiversity within the City of Tea Tree Gully and to meet its statutory obligations and community expectations. In addition the strategy will guide staff in undertaking activities that will result in the best possible environmental outcomes based on well-researched urban ecology principles.

The strategy is intended for use by biodiversity staff and all other disciplines in ensuring that practices and decisions not only preserve biodiversity but actively seek to enhance biodiversity in the City. Although the strategy focuses on Council’s actions to conserve and enhance biodiversity in the City of Tea Tree Gully, this task must also involve residents, developers, institutions, non-government organisations and government and private sector managers.

Lossof biodiversitywasrecognisedinthefirstnational State of the Environment Report (State of the Environment Advisory Council 1996) as Australia’s most important environmental problem. There are many international conventions and agreements relating to the protection of biodiversity, as well as Commonwealth and South Australian legislation and strategies including the 30-year plan for greater Adelaide.

The endorsement of this strategy is essential if we are to fully embrace our ‘Naturally Better’ vision.

What does the Strategy aim to do?The Strategy aims to:

• setclearandspecificpolicydirectionandguidance for the conservation of the City of Tea Tree Gully’s biodiversity

• generate and promote a shared understanding and willingness to protect and improve biodiversity values in the City

• establish a strategic framework to guide advocacy, research, planning, education and action for the protection of biodiversity

• provide input regarding biodiversity into council plans and operations

• enhance the integration of biodiversity into key policy, planning, education and management programs.


Aboriginal historyFor over 40,000 years prior to European settlement, the Adelaide Plains was occupied by the Kaurna (pronounced ‘Gaa-nah’) people. The Kaurna ‘country’ stretched from Cape Jervis in the south to the Light River in the north and was edged by the Adelaide Hills in the east and the coast on the west; it is one of approximately 120 indigenous nations that occupied Australia.

Little is known of the Kaurna and their lifestyle on the Adelaide Plains, but the area would

naturally have been used as a hunting and gathering route. Sadly, it only took thirty years followingthearrivalof thefirstEuropeansettlers in 1836 to decimate the Kaurna population, primarily through introduced diseases.

In developing and implementing this Biodiversity Strategy we acknowledge the Kaurna people, the traditional custodians of this land.

Drosera sp. Sundew


Issues and opportunitiesIssuesDegradation processes and other problems threaten the biodiversity of the City of Tea Tree Gully. Some of these are outlined below.

Environmental weeds are invasive plants that compete successfully with indigenous (local native) plant communities. Some of these are garden escapes while others were introduced with agricultural and horticultural practices, e.g. the European Olive. Infestations of some weed species, such as Coolatai Grass, can significantlyincreasethefireriskof openspace while Western Cape Bridal Creeper and Chilean Needle Grass (currently in relatively low numbers with the potential for eradication) could potentially do serious environmental damage if not managed decisively. Emerging weed species are an ever-present threat that must be monitored and appropriate integrated responses must be taken to prevent widespread infestations, while inappropriate reserve maintenance methods and communications can cause the spread of weeds and disease as well as the degradation of habitat.

There is continuing incremental loss of the very limited remnants of indigenous vegetation (particularly in our urban City), ranging from patches of native grasses to mature South Australian Blue Gum or ancient River Red Gums. This is occurring on both private and public land from causes such as clearing for redevelopment, lack of regeneration

to replace ageing plants, lack of community awareness of the value of indigenous vegetation and sometimes inappropriate open space management techniques. Remnant vegetation communities are often irreplaceable as revegetationcanonlybeasimplifiedimitationof a previous complex natural community. Remnants are therefore vitally important to the ecological health of the City, an essential part of the ‘habitat mosaic’ and the source of local provenance propagation material for revegetation projects. However, remnant vegetation has not had the level of protection necessary to ensure its survival for future generations.

Maintaining a diversity of local genetic material is essential to provide opportunities for adaptation in the face of increasing temperatures and a reduction in rainfall due to climate change. The introduction of plants sourced well beyond the City of Tea Tree Gully, or the introduction of new varieties or species that easily hybridise with local populations, have the potential to pollute the local populations and make them more vulnerable to urban pressures and climate change.

A number of indigenous species are vulnerable to extinction within the City of Tea Tree Gully. More information is needed about the declining trends in their populations and the current threats to their survival.


A depleted and fragmented landscape has resulted in isolated patches of vegetation that do not allow indigenous fauna to move and breed.

Introduced animal species can be predators of native fauna, cause disturbance and compete with them for food, shelter or nesting places. These include domestic cats, foxes, rabbits, feral bees and birds like the Noisy Miner.

Pollution of waterways from siltation, nutrients, organic material via stormwater runoff and inappropriate waterway maintenance degrades aquatic habitats in creeks and wetlands.

Reducing the fire risk in urban reserves requires careful planning and management, and very good communication with biodiversity managers to ensure that indigenous vegetation communities are not unnecessarily damaged or degraded. Similarly in enhancing areas of biodiversitysignificance,carefulconsiderationof thebushfirethreattoourresidentsneedstobe addressed.

OpportunitiesThe City of Tea Tree Gully has a number of opportunities to protect and enhance biodiversity, including the following:

• theCityhassignificantareasof openspaceadjacent to the River Torrens, Cobbler Creek, Dry Creek and associated tributaries which are of primary importance as habitat corridors

• reserves, private open space and individual

specimens of indigenous vegetation provide ‘stepping stones’ for fauna and have the potential to be connected to or extend wildlife corridors

• there is potential for planting indigenous trees, shrubs and groundcover plants in streetscapes, residential gardens, school grounds etc. to create further habitat linkages and to widen existing wildlife corridors

• thereisscopetoinfluenceothercouncil policies and strategies that are complementary to biodiversity management, e.g. open space or stormwater management

• we already have powerful tools for biodiversity planning purposes; e.g. our Ecological Mapping Report

• a well-established and passionate biodiversity team currently operates within the council

• community and educational institutions have a strong interest in taking environmental action and improving their knowledge of urban ecology

• within council reserves there are areas suitable for revegetation with indigenous species and for initiatives to improve wildlife habitat

We have links with other agencies and municipal councils which are already involved in biodiversity conservation, and which we know are likely to collaborate in partnership programs.


Vision for the futureThe overall goal of this Strategy is to protect and enhance biodiversity across the City of Tea Tree Gully, and to support local, regional, state, national and international biodiversity initiatives.

Biodiversity strategic objectivesOutcome 4.3.1 of the City of Tea Tree Gully Strategic Plan 2011–2015 describes the development and implementation of a biodiversity strategy that seeks to improve habitat connectivity, protect remnant vegetation and progress the control of pest plants, animals and disease. Biodiversity strategicobjectives1,2and3belowaddresstheseoutcomesspecifically.

Strategic Objective Rationale Outcomes1. Recognise and enhance

a mosaic of habitat linkages across the City.

Remnant vegetation and other open space retained within the development of the urban landscape has resulted in fragmented habitat isolated from other populations of plants and animals.

Without the ability to link these fragmented habitats, populations of plants and animals are put at risk due to ineffective seed dispersal and restricted wildlife movement.

For further explanation refer to Appendix B.

An ecological mapping tool, updatedeveryfiveyears,usingscientificcriteriatorecognisethemost ecologically suitable habitat mosaic throughout the City.

A well-managed mosaic of connected landscapes linking high-quality remnant vegetation with other types of vegetation and including a range of different habitats, such as riparian strips, linear bushland, streetscape vegetation, parks and suburban gardens. This will maximise the movement and/or breeding abilityof floraandfauna.

Extension and improvement of revegetation programs.

Improved delivery of ecosystem services to the City.


Strategic Objective Rationale Outcomes2. Conserve and manage

remnant native vegetation.

Remnant vegetation provides habitat for wildlife and supports a greater diversity of native fauna than other open space within the urban landscape.

Existing remnant vegetation is our natural heritage and represents what the landscape of the urban and semi-rural Tea Tree Gully would have looked like prior to European settlement. It gives us some indication of the diversity and beauty of that landscape and a blueprint on which to model revegetation projects.

Conserving remnant vegetation allows us to maintain genetic material unique to the City of Tea Tree Gully. This is essential if we are to adapt to more extreme weather conditions due to climate change.

For further explanation refer to Appendix C.

CTTG Strategic Plan 2011–2015 direction 4.3.

Conserve, improve, maintain and protect areas of environmental value.

Extension and improvement of Bushcare programs.

Robust habitat for local native fauna.

Retention and enhancement of accessible natural bushland that everyone can enjoy and learn from.

Ongoing source of local provenance seed for the recreation of resilient habitats.

Improved delivery of ecosystem services.

Outcome 4.3.2 Conserve and manage sites of high environmental value, as identifiedintheCityMasterPlan2011–2040


Strategic Objective Rationale Outcomes3. Reduce pest plant and

animal competition to enable self-sustaining indigenous plant and animal communities.

Weeds can harbour pests and disease, displace native plant species,createfuelloadsforfireand disrupt waterways. Weeds therefore affect the structure and function of ecosystems, and impact negatively on indigenous faunaandflora.

Pest animals compete with native fauna for food and shelter and in some instances predate on other animals, affecting the ability of fauna to persist in the landscape.

For further explanation refer to Appendix D.

Continuation and enhancement of pest plant and animal control programs.

Indigenous plant and animal communities that are better able to persist in the urban landscape as part of functioning ecosystems.

Improved delivery of ecosystem services to the city.

4. Educate, raise awareness, and engage staff and the community in biodiversity issues and programs.

Through education and engagement people are better able to understand the importance of biodiversity and waysinwhichtheycaninfluencethe health of our environment.

Self-perpetuating education and engagement programs that allow staff and the community to have a stake in their sustainable future.


Strategic Objective Rationale OutcomesCTTG Strategic Plan 2011–2015 Direction 4.1

Inform and educate our community regarding environmental issues.

Outcome 4.1.1 Inform our community about environmental issues and initiatives, including sustainable water and energy use, biodiversity, the use of indigenous vegetation, and waste management.

Outcome 4.1.2 Develop interpretive signage and other educational tools at key environmental sites in the city.

Outcome 4.1.3 Explore partnerships with schools and the Department of Education and Children’s Services to promote awareness of environmental issues.

5. Improve communication, operations, systems and processes within the municipality that affect biodiversity.

History has shown that lack of communication between and within departments has caused damage to biodiversity.

Poor, non-existent or inappropriate operations, systems and processes have at times resulted in damage to biodiversity values.

Communication, operations, systems and processes that support biodiversity, rather than having the potential for harm.


Strategic Objective Rationale Outcomes6. Consider and address

climate change when undertaking biodiversity initiatives.

Climate change has the potential to cause serious damage to biodiversity both directly (e.g. inability of plants to buffer extremes of temperature) and indirectly (e.g. emerging pest plants).

In order to protect biodiversity we should not be using unnecessary energy which in turn causes excessive carbon emissions.

CTTG Strategic Plan 2011–2015 Direction 4.2

Adopt adaptation and mitigation measures as a response to climate change.

Robust habitats able to withstand changes to the climate.

Habitats that are created and maintained using minimal energy and chemical inputs.

7. Improve knowledge of urban ecology and strive for continual improvement.

Urban ecology is a relatively new field,placinglocalgovernmentin an ideal position to be at the forefront of developing knowledge and innovative approaches in biodiversity conservation and the maintenance and improvement of ecosystem services.

Partnerships with universities and organisations.

Improvements using industry best practice and our own experience.


Policy contextThe importance of conserving local, native (indigenous)flora,faunaandtheirhabitatshasbeen recognised in international agreements and legislation at Commonwealth and state levels;itisreflectedinavarietyof strategiesand programs at all levels of government. In addition, a number of non-government organisations have developed biodiversity programs. Biodiversity conservation in the City of Tea Tree Gully should recognise and support these initiatives and work within the strategic frameworks already established. Policies of particular relevance to the City of Tea Tree Gully are highlighted below.

International agreementsAustralia is a signatory to the International Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), which aims to halt the global loss of biodiversity and ensure its sustainable use. The convention has three major goals:

1. Conservation of biodiversity

2. Sustainable use of its components

3. Fairandequitablesharingof benefitsarisingfrom genetic resources

The habitats of birds that migrate annually between Australia and Japan or China are protected under the Japan–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (1974) and the China–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (1986).

National legislation, policies and programsThe Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) establishes processes for listing and protecting threatened species and requires the assessment and approval of any proposed action that is likely tohaveasignificantimpactonanymatterof nationalenvironmentalsignificance,suchasthreatened species or migratory birds protected under international agreements.

Australia’s Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010–2030 builds on the 1996 strategy on international commitments, including the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, and on national, state and territory policies developed since then. The vision of the strategy is that Australia’s biodiversity should be healthy, resilient to climate change and valued for its essential contribution to our existence.

In 1998 the National General Assembly of Local Government adopted the National Local Government Biodiversity Strategy. The strategy assists local government in being a key partner in biodiversity conservation and encourages commitment to, and the development of, biodiversity policies by councils. The strategy’s central aim is for biodiversity management to be a core function of local governments, subject to adequate funding and resources.

The federal, state and territory governments


all made commitments in 1997, through the Natural Heritage Trust, to reversing the long-term decline in the quality and extent of Australia’s native vegetation. In addition, the National Framework for the Management and Monitoring of Australia’s Native Vegetation (1999) notes the important role of local government. In July 2008 the Natural Heritage Trust and various other programs such as the National Landcare Program were replaced with the Caring for the Country Program.

The Australian State of the Environment Report 2001 recommends 65 environmental indicators for biodiversity at the national level. They relate to pressures on biodiversity, condition of biodiversity and responses to loss of or perceived threats to biodiversity. The 2011 report is currently under development.

The document Climate Change Adaptation Actions for Local Government, created by the national Department of Climate Change and Energy highlights areas of local government responsibility that climate change is likely to affect and suggests actions to mitigate potential risks. The document lists the following risks to biodiversity:

• shifts in distributions of plant and animal species

• increased risk of population and species extinctions

• reduced ecosystem resilience to stress

• increased ecosystem and species heat stress

• increased pressure on dunal systems

• changes to mangrove habitats due to salt water intrusion

• increases in ecological disturbances.

South Australian Government legislation, policies and plansThe 30-year Plan for Greater Adelaide is a long term vision for the future of Adelaide. The protection and enhancement of the city’s natural values in a time of population growth will be a considerable challenge. Of the 15 principles, principles 12 and 13 give consideration to environmental protection and resources management.

Principle 12: Environmental protection, restoration and enhancement Protectenvironmentallysignificantlands,waterways and marine areas for existing residents and future generations; and to allow native plants and animals to survive, thrive and adapt to climate change. Planning controls protect vital environmental assets through unambiguous mapping and designation of key assets.

Principle 13: Natural resources management Maintain and improve the health of natural resources by:

• ensuring land is appropriately zoned and sustainably used for current and future


generations

• planning to minimise adverse impacts and avoid irreversible damage

• considering biodiversity and ecological integrity in land use decisions.

‘Biodiversity’isthetitleof oneof thefivechapters of the ‘Attaining Sustainability’ objective of South Australia’s Strategic Plan 2011. The state government recognises that biodiversity provides us with the resources we need to live and so must be protected.

In response to achieving targets in South Australia’s Strategic Plan, the report No Species Loss — A Biodiversity Strategy for South Australia 2006–2016 was prepared. No Species Loss presents a set of high-level goals, objectives and targets for communities and land managers at both the local and regional levels. The priority targets have relevance to and inform the planning strategy for South Australia and the state National Resources Management Plan (NRM Plan).

The State Natural Resources Management Plan (NRM Plan) is a key component of integrated natural resources management arrangements set down in the Natural Resources Management Act 2004 (NRM Act). The NRM Act promotes sustainable and integrated protection and management of the state’s natural resources. Following on from this, the vision of the NRM Plan is to create a ‘capable and prosperous community,

managing natural resources for a good quality of life within the capacity of our environment for the long term.’ The plan guides all activities of government agencies, regional NRM boards, local government, community and industry partners, resulting in a more integrated approach to natural resources management.

The Native Vegetation Act 1991 provides incentives and assistance to landowners to preserve and enhance native vegetation and to control the clearance of native vegetation amongst other goals. Provisions of this Act apply outside the urban part of the City of Tea Tree Gully, encompassing the Hills Face Zone and other semi-rural areas. Heritage agreements, which provide for the permanent protection of native vegetation of conservation value on private (or council) lands are also provided for under the Act. The Heritage Agreement Scheme is currently administered by the Department for Environment and Natural Resources on behalf of the Native Vegetation Council. The Native Vegetation Council administers the Act and assesses native vegetation clearance applications.

The draft climate change adaptation framework for South Australia recognises the importance of biodiversity to the prosperity of the state and understands the need to manage major threats to biodiversity, many of which are likely to worsen with climate change. Strategy 3.1 of Objective 3 is to increase the resilience of South Australia’s terrestrial, aquatic and marine


biodiversity. The following approaches and opportunities are suggested:

• rehabilitate previously cleared or degraded natural systems if current land uses become unviable

• adopt bio-sequestration

• manage and restore key ecological assets

• Create greater connectivity between fragmented habitats to enable species to adapt to changing conditions

• use environmental water strategically to build resilience

• develop ecosystem services through market-based instruments; such as combining bio-sequestration with other eco-markets to make environmentalplantingsfinanciallyviable.

Regional plansSouth Australia is divided into eight natural resource management regions, each of which is managed by a board that develops a natural resources management plan for that region. These regional NRM plans set out details of activities that will be carried out in each region and identify funding sources. Regional NRM activities are funded by state and federal governments, regional NRM levies and through partner contributions to joint projects. The City of Tea Tree Gully is located within the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges NRM region.

The Regional Environmental Plan 2008–2013 is a guiding framework to address environmental issues of regional importance. The plan was developed by the Eastern Region Alliance (ERA), comprising the Cities of Burnside, Campbelltown, Norwood Payneham & St Peters, Prospect, Tea Tree Gully, Unley and theTownof Walkerville.Theplanidentifiesa range of opportunities for collaboration on cross-boundary environmental issues. The ‘conservation and enhancement of local biodiversity’ is listed as one of the six directions considered to be of priority to the ERA.

The ERA have also partnered with the Department of Planning and Local Government to prepare a management plan for the eastern section of the River Torrens Linear Park. This River Torrens Linear Park Management Plan – Eastern Section is currently in draft form. The Plan addresses safety and risk management, recreational needs, cultural values, managing development and maximising environmental performances, focusing on biodiversity and stormwater management.

Local government Local government has a number of core functions that have a direct impact on native vegetation and biodiversity, including land use planning, granting development approvals, includingsignificanttreecontrols,managingland in its ownership or under its care and


control, and managing environmental risks. Local government leads by its action, and is also able to facilitate community involvement, establish local laws, operate grants and incentiveprograms,andprovidefinancialandadministrative support to encourage biodiversity conservation. Relevant legislation includes the Local Government Act 1999 and the Development Act 1993andassociatedsignificanttreecontrols.

In 1998 the National General Assembly of Local Government adopted the National Local Government Biodiversity Strategy. The strategy assists local government by being a key partner in biodiversity conservation and encourages the development of, and commitment to, council biodiversity policies. The strategy’s central aim is for biodiversity management to be a core function of local governments, subject to adequate funding and resources.

The National Local Government Biodiversity Strategy encourages councils to do the following:

• regulate land use

• influencecommunitybehaviourbyimplementing biodiversity-friendly regulations and planning provisions

• promote and demonstrate environmentally, ecologically and socially responsible behaviour

• offer community education programs and

staff training

• provide incentives for sustainable natural resource management on private land.

Relationships with other agenciesState Government

The Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board has provided grant funding to assist in the control of declared plants in the City of Tea Tree Gully, and regular liaisonwithNRMofficershasassistedinappropriate control measures for pest plants and animals. In addition the City of Tea Tree Gully hostsaparttimeRegionalAuthorisedOfficertoadminister the Natural Resources Management Act 2004 within the City of Tea Tree Gully. This role involves providing initial compliance and technical advice to landholders on declared pest plants and animals. Local government is vital to the successful delivery of many of the board’s programs.

The Urban Forests Biodiversity Program and the Million Trees Program were established to conserve biodiversity across metropolitan Adelaide and to promote the restoration of vital habitat. These programs have provided numerous grants to the City of Tea Tree Gully for revegetation and for the preparation of vegetation management plans. This involvement has assisted the State Government in achieving its target of creating fivewell-establishedbiodiversitycorridorsby2010.


The Department for Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) manages three conservation parks — Cobbler Creek Recreation Park, Anstey Hill Recreation Park and Angove Conservation Park — that are either entirely or partially located within the City of Tea Tree Gully. The City and the department have collaborated closely to manage cross-boundary issues, such as pestanimalandplantissues,firemanagement,vandalism and other damaging activities. The Council has representation on the Cobbler Creek Stakeholder Management Group that meets quarterly to discuss the management of Cobbler Creek Recreation Park. Although focused on the recreation park, some members of the Friends of Cobbler Creek have assisted with revegetation, weed management and furniture construction activities in Cobbler Creek West Reserve.

The Sustainable Landscapes Project is a private/public partnership based at the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. The program aims to promote sustainability of landscape practice. While not specificallyaimedatconservingbiodiversity,themethods being researched will have a positive benefitforbiodiversity.

Non-government organisations

Trees For Life has had an ongoing partnership with the City of Tea Tree Gully for more then 10 years through the Bush For Life program to undertake regular careful bush regeneration

works using minimal disturbance methods. Bush For Life trains, supports and equips volunteers from the community to undertake regular careful bush regeneration works on 20 sites of conservationsignificancewithintheCityof TeaTree Gully.

The University of Adelaide has recently completed research on Phytophthora cinnamomi (or die-back) to better understand the underlying mechanisms to improve the management of this disease. A very similar plant disease Phytophthora citricola exists in a number of reserves within City of Tea Tree Gully. The city contributed $4000 for three years as partners in this project with other councils and agencies. The outcomes of this research will help the city to better manage these plant diseases.

Community groups

The Friends of Angove Conservation Park contribute to the management of the park by maintaining walkingtrailsandfirebreaks,conductingweedcontrol projects and educating the public about the park.

The Friends of Anstey Hill was formed after a public meeting was called to object to a developer’s proposed plans which included the installation of chairlifts and a caravan park. The Friends Group currently has approximately 30financialmembersandhaspropagatedandplanted native trees and shrubs within the Anstey Hill Conservation Park for 15 years.


The annual program includes propagation and planting days as well as a mid-week working group that focuses on weed control. For more information go to members.ozemail.com.au/~davelane/.

The Friends of Cobbler Creek (FOCC) formed twenty years ago to help the National Parks and Wildlife Service look after Cobbler Creek Recreation Park. FOCC is a small group of enthusiastic and dedicated local residents who care passionately about the park and the surrounding creek environment. They work closely with park rangers and the local councils to maintain the area for the local community. The park has a number of picnic areas and a series of walking trails which provide an opportunity for some relaxing suburban recreation but in a natural environment. The Friends are both a social and conservation group of volunteers who help maintain the character and quality of the park. Tea Tree Gully and Salisbury Councils have also been actively promoting improved management of the natural environment in the general area. There has been extensive woody weed eradication and control together with planting of native seedlings by local school children and a variety of community groups. FOCC participates actively in these activities and an excellent spirit of cooperation exists between the group and council staff. For further

details visit the website at: http://www.communitywebs.org/FriendsofParks/.

The Friends of Kingfisher Wetlands is a community group active in the enhancement and maintenance of a catchment creek in Dry Creek Reservejustsouthof theKingfisherWetland.The group’s members are very experienced in bush care and regeneration with close links to the Friends of Dry Creek. The Action Plan for theFriendsof Kingfisherdirectstheplanningand on-ground activities undertaken by the group.

In addition to the above groups, several service groups and schools have been involved with various biodiversity initiatives over the past decade or more.

Local government

Localgovernmentenvironmentofficersinthe eastern region as part of the Eastern Region Alliance (ERA) have developed an Eastern Region Environment Plan that will be applied across local governments in the eastern region, including by the City of Tea Tree Gully.

Opportunity exists for the strengthening of relationships with adjacent councils, including Adelaide Hills Council and the Cities of Playford,Salisbury,PortAdelaideEnfieldandCampbelltown. Recent cross-border weed management has occurred with some of these

councils.


Biodiversity strategies of other councilsCouncils across Australia are increasingly seeing the need for a biodiversity strategy or similar document. Such strategies can range from fairly broad statements to detailed studies.

Councils with a biodiversity strategy or similar document in South Australia include:

• City of Onkaparinga Native Vegetation Strategy 2010–2014

• City of Norwood, Payneham and St Peters Biodiversity Strategy 2006–2016

• City of Burnside Biodiversity Strategy — Nature Conservation in an urbanised landscape

• Cityof PortAdelaideEnfieldBiodiversityManagement Plan 2009–2014.

Clematis microphylla Old Man’s Beard


Our policies and plansCity of Tea Tree Gully Development Plan Development plans are the key on-the-ground development assessment documents in South Australia. They contain the rules that set out what can be done on any piece of land in the state and the detailed criteria against which development applications will be assessed. Development plans cover distinct and separate geographic areas of the state. There is a separate development plan for each one of the 68 local council areas, plus a handful of others that cover areas not situated within local government boundaries. Development plans outline what sort of developments and land use are thought suitable for particular zones (e.g. residential, commercial, industrial), as well as laying out various objectives, principles and policies that affect and control other aspects of proposed developments.

Provisions within the City of Tea Tree Gully Development Plan have the potential to both protect and damage biodiversity of the City. Future amendments to the Development Plan will create opportunities to advance the vision of the Biodiversity Strategy 2011–2015.


Strategic Plan 2011–2015The Strategic Plan 2011–2015 incorporates nine themes: our buildings and infrastructure, our local economy, our housing and living, our environment, our transport networks, our population, our leadership, our community and our leisure, play and arts. Importantly, it recognises that many of the strategic directions in the plan have implications that affect more than one theme and should not be approached in isolation. The following strategic directions and intended outcomes of the Our Environment theme have particular relevance to biodiversity conservation and management.

Strategic direction (5–30 years) Outcomes (1–5 years)4.1 Inform and educate our community

regarding environmental issues.4.1.1 Inform our community about

environmental issues and initiatives, including sustainable water and energy use, biodiversity, the use of indigenous vegetation, and waste management, through a range of communication tools.

4.1.2 Develop interpretive signage and other educational tools at key environmental sites in the City.

4.1.3 Explore partnerships with schools and the Department of Education and Children’s Services to promote awareness of environmental issues.

4.3 Conserve, improve, maintain and protect areas of environmental value.

4.3.1 Develop and implement a biodiversity strategy that seeks to improve habitat connectivity, protect remnant vegetation and speed up the control of pest plants, animals and diseases.

4.3.2 Conserve and manage sites of high environmentalvalue,asidentifiedintheCity Master Plan 2011–2040.


City Master Plan 2011–2040The City Master Plan 2011–2040 provides a vision for the future of the City of Tea Tree Gully over the next 30 years. In June and July 2010 Council initiated a project called create 20forty to gather community and stakeholder views on the future of the City. The City Master Plan 2011–2040 and Strategic Plan 2011–2015 will collectively guide the provision, location, design and development of housing, infrastructure, the environment, transport, the economy and connected services.

ThePlanidentifiessitesof highenvironmentalvalueincludingreservessupportingremnantvegetation and open space corridors.

These sites are a priority for biodiversity asset management.

Open Space Strategy 2011–2030The City of Tea Tree Gully Open Space Strategy 2010–2030 is a strategic document that will guide the provision, development and management of open space across the City over the next 20 years, emphasising recreation, culture, landscape amenity, biodiversity and sustainability. The strategy responds to the needs of the community and highlights the opportunities and priorities for enhancing and managing open space.

FiveOpenSpaceThemesortopicshavebeenidentifiedfortheCityof TeaTreeGullyOpenSpaceStrategy 2010 – 2030. The potential to strengthen and enhance the quality, value and sustainability of the environment, biodiversity and landscapes through various ‘green initiatives’ is the focus for theme 4 ‘Sustainable Environment’.

Theme 4 states that the natural environment and biodiversity are high priorities for the City of Tea Tree Gully and notes that the City is well-endowed with natural areas that require strategic management.


Theme Strategy Rationale4.1 Quality natural

environmentEnhance the quality and biodiversity of the natural environment within the open space network, including the management of creek lines, woodlands, Hills Face and habitat ‘hot spots’ to create a robust mosaic of natural landscapes (in accordance with Council’s Ecological Mapping).

Itisdifficulttoappropriatelymanage the large amount of natural area in the City of Tea Tree Gully. As a result there are significantissuesrelatingtoweeds,overgrown vegetation, creating and maintaining habitat for wildlife and vegetation suitability. A response to addressing these issues is required.

Council is committed to enhancing biodiversity through its Biodiversity planning and Ecological mapping.

Of the six strategies contained within theme 4, the above strategy is considered to be the most urgent. The rationale for this prioritisation is that the City has a large amount of natural bushland thatdefinesitsuniquecharacter.However,somerecreationopenspacesareinpoorconditionwithweedinfestationanddeclininghabitatquality.Councilhasidentifiedbiodiversityasaprioritythrough its Biodiversity planning and Ecological mapping and opportunities to enhance natural areas should be pursued accordingly.

Strategic Bushfire Management PlanTheintentof theCityof TeaTreeGullyStrategicBushfireManagementPlan(2010)istoprotectlifeandreducetheimpactof bushfires.Anauditof currentfactorsthatwouldcontributetotheseverityof bushfire,togetherwithotherrelevantmanagementplansanddocumentation,hasenabled the level of risk across the City to be closely assessed. Ways of mitigating this risk were then identifiedandrecommendationsweremaderegardingchangestopriorities,resourcingandgoals.

Significantchangestothemanagementof openspacesinhigherriskareaswereincludedinthestrategies. A collaborative approach is essential to ensure that biodiversity values are not unduly compromised in following these strategies.


Community Land Management PlansThe Local Government Act 1999 requires Council to develop management plans for all community land either council-owned or under its care and control. These plans show the way in which the land is to be used, taking into account a diverse range of issues such as recreation or conservation.

Managementplansallowtheidentificationof environmental value for any piece of land; this then leads to protection and appropriate management.

Environmental PolicyThe City of Tea Tree Gully’s Environmental Policy, adopted in August 2008 outlines a number of environmental policy principles. The BiodiversityStrategy2011–2015willfulfilallprinciples as follows:

Leadership / Procedures / Continual Improvement — Develop and improve upon existing services that protect and enhance biodiversity by followingbestpracticeguidelines,scientificstudies and adhering to regulatory requirements to ensure the most suitable and cost-effective environmental outcomes.

Communication / Employees, Volunteers and Contractors — Recommend opportunities to raise the awareness of biodiversity philosophy, objectives, targets and issues to staff and the

community, provide training where necessary and give regular updates and reports on achieving actions in the Strategy.

Resource efficiency / Pollution Prevention — Develop and improve on existing techniques and processes when carrying out biodiversity-related activities to ensure sustainable use of resources and minimise pollution.

Sustainable Development / Sustainable Built form — Promote sustainable development options to minimise impact on the local and natural environment.

Ecological mapping of the City of Tea Tree GullyEcologyisthescientificstudyof therelationship between living organisms and the environment. The Ecological Mapping tool can assess the landscapes of the City against various environmental criteria developed through scientificresearch.Thesecriteriatestandconsider what organisms need to survive and reproduceinwhatisanincreasinglymodifiedlandscape. In this way the tool enables us to include the ecological value of open space in making planning and development decisions. This approach to decision making might include:

• prioritising ecological restoration efforts such as weed control, revegetation and remnant vegetation protection

• contributing to the strategic planning and


reporting processes of the City

• influencingrevisionsof theDevelopmentPlan from an ecological perspective.

While ecological planning principles are well developed for application in rural landscapes, they are less often applied to urban areas, both in Australia and internationally. The Ecological Mapping tool is a welcome and unique initiative that has given strategic direction and strength to the City’s Biodiversity Strategy 2011–2015.

Pest Plant Management in Creeks and Waterways PolicyThe purpose of this policy is to state Council’s position regarding pest plant management in creek lines and waterways. The existence of this policy ensures the effective monitoring and control of pest plants in creeks and waterways within the City of Tea Tree Gully.

The policy states that Council will monitor and control pest plants (including declared pest plants and plants that are potentially environmental weeds) along creek lines and waterways in order to meet our natural resources management obligations under the State Natural Resources Management Plan, Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Plan and State Biodiversity Strategy.

A Targeted Pest Plants Species List is included in this policy. This list is used as the basis for deciding which species are programmed for control within the City’s creeks and waterways. The list includes declared plants, weeds of nationalsignificanceandotherproblempestplants in the area. The list is constantly revised as new species become problematic or as other listed species are found to be less of an issue thanfirstthought.


Upper Cobbler Creek Corridor Action PlanThis action plan provides a vision as well as a set of strategic directions and associated actions to better manage the Cobbler Creek corridor as an important recreational and environmental asset. Theplancoverstheefficientuseof resources,equity of access, protection of environmental assets and improvement of recreational and leisure uses.

A number of priority projects are mentioned in the plan. Of particular relevance to biodiversity is the continuing implementation of measures to control pest plants and revegetate with local indigenous species.

Vegetation management plans and surveysSince the year 2000 several vegetation management plans have been created by the Biodiversity team within Council for reserves of natural character. These plans have been important in guiding protection and enhancement activities on these reserves; they have helped in the development of scoping studies when contractors are hired to undertake revegetation and weed control and have supported funding applications for on-ground projects. These plans identify existing ecological values on the site including: vegetation associations or plant species present, including thoseof conservationsignificance;identification

of fauna present; analysis of present problem issues, e.g. pest plants and animals or damage occurring from activities such as trail bikes. The plans also suggest recommendations for action, including revegetation where appropriate.

These plans are essential tools in maintaining the integrity of these reserves and to counteract the many pressures that urban reserves experience. Other pressures, such as climate change, can also be addressed with the development of vegetation management plans as proposed by the Climate Change Adaptation Actions for Local Government document. This document suggests that ecological succession can be adversely affected by climate change and that this threat could be addressed by:

• developing a Local Biodiversity Plan as a component of the Local Planning Strategy and Town Planning Scheme

• implementing conservation management plans for local reserves and other council-owned land

• encouraging conservation of privately-owned land, e.g. through incentives.

Acomprehensiveflorasurveyof reserveswithsignificantbiodiversityvaluewasundertakenin2003. This invaluable document has led to better management of these reserves.

Refer to Appendix A for a complete list of relevant management plans and surveys.


Historical policyIn 1995 an ecological advisory committee was established with representation from the local community. This committee was established in response to Local Agenda 21 (LA21) along with committees for infrastructure and cultural and economic development. LA21 was created at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. This summit was a gathering of 150 heads of state from throughout the world that considered ways of addressing global environmental problems, including global warming, loss of biodiversity and salinisation. Agenda 21 outlined what national, regional and local governments could do to address these problems and promote ecologically sustainable development (ESD). The committee and its objectives were endorsed by Council. The initial role of the committee was to prepare a policy for ecology; this was divided into nine sections of which one was ‘the conservation, maintenance and enhancement of thebiologicaldiversityof florawithintheCity’. The proposed outcomes were both

broadandspecificalthoughthepolicystoppedshort of spelling out the means to achieve them. It appears that this ecology policy never progressed past the draft stage due to the disbanding of the committee.

Intheearly2000stheEnvironmentalOfficerat the time prepared a Draft Local Biodiversity Action Plan. The document was divided into both short and long-term outcomes with a list of recommended actions. This document has provided some useful guidance for the development of the Biodiversity Strategy 2011–2015 although the outcomes and in many cases the actions are broad in nature and require a further level of detail to make the plan useful to practitioners on a day-to-day basis. Further background information is also required to align the recommendations with the current ecological health status of the landscape, and other biodiversity-related initiatives. Other departments, such as ‘Parks Assets’, were not consulted or asked to comment on the plan and it was not endorsed by Council.


City of Tea Tree Gully profileThe City of Tea Tree Gully is located between nine and 25 kilometres northeast of the Adelaide GPO. The City is bounded by the City of Playford to the north, the Adelaide Hills Council to the east, the City of Campbelltown to the south and the Cities of Port Adelaide EnfieldandSalisburytothewest.

Of the 95 square kilometres that make up the City, 60% of the area is residential with the remaining 40% being private rural holdings, extractive industries, and National Parks and Wildlife land. The suburban setting stops abruptly at the Hills Face Zone. Today, the City of Tea Tree Gully is an established residential area with a population of over 100,000.

Open spaceThe City is fortunate in having approximately 800 hectares of open space located within its urban landscape. Although substantial in comparison to some other councils, this open space still only equates to 14% of the total urban area, with approximately 7% retaining a natural character. A further 3,820 hectares of open space within the City is rural and under private management or under the care of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

Surface water drains into the Little Para catchment in the north, Cobbler, Slate and Dry Creeks in the central area and the Torrens River in the south. The Torrens River forms the

City’s southern boundary. The Hope Valley and part of the Little Para reservoirs are situated within the council boundary. Few watercourses havebeenmodifiedintodrains,althoughnumerous sections of watercourse traverse urban backyards. Fortunately, watercourses in more recently developed suburbs have been retained in the Council’s network of reserves. The reserves associated with watercourses are particularly important in providing relatively large blocks of open space for recreation and to act as wildlife corridors.

The City of Tea Tree Gully manages around 40 reserves for conservation and revegetation, as well as several sections of roadside with areas of remnant native vegetation.

GeologyThe following information was taken from The Geological

and Historical Background in Report of the Tea Tree Gully Flora

and Fauna Study Group, by M. Sharrad and F. Hall, The City

of Tea Tree Gully, 1977.

The City of Tea Tree Gully comprises four main geologicalareas:theundulatingflatlandswhichlead to the Adelaide Plains; the Eden Block, along which runs the Eden and Burnside Faults; the Para Block with its fault line, and the Hills district.

The Eden Block, 330m above sea level, is the main catchment area for most of the surface water that runs down into the Adelaide Plains; it has many short escarpment gullies that direct


the runoff from the hills and is also the source of much of the material found in the outwash aprons in the district. The Eden Block contains all rock types, including slate, limestone, dolomite, sandstone and quartzite and is therefore an important centre of quarrying activities. The Burnside Fault Block is probably a splinter fault hinged to the Eden Fault. It seems to become lost in the recent and tertiary sands of the foothills north of Highbury.

The northern and western boundaries of the City lie along the Para Fault, which rises to about 150 m in places near the Little Para River gorge. The clays and sands of Golden Grove have resulted from the outwash off the fault block due to its general eastward tilting. These deposits extend across to Hope Valley — hence the existence of old clay mines in the Ridgehaven and St Agnes area. Open-cut mining continues in the Golden Grove area.

Theflatlandsarereallyoutwashapronsof sloping land that link the ranges to the plains. They consist mainly of clays, sands, gravels and boulders, resulting from outwash from the hills. The soil is ideal for cultivation of vines and fruits and was formerly used for this purpose along with mixed farming. The creeks that wind through this zone have deposited considerable quantities of alluvium along their valleys, providing an ideal environment for the many magnificenteucalyptsthatstillremain.

The soils that cover these areas are varied and therefore it is to be expected that the remaining vegetation will vary. Higher rainfall associated with elevation will also affect vegetation composition.

A changing landscapeEuropean settlement dates from the late 1830s, with land used mainly for orcharding, cropping, farming and vineyards. A number of small townships developed, including Tea Tree Gully, Hope Valley and Modbury. The district of Highercombe, now known as the City of Tea Tree Gully was proclaimed in 1853. Primary activity was farming including growing wheat, barley, potatoes, cattle and pigs. Later, vineyards and orchards were developed (1).

In 1855 a census revealed approximately 1,440 people resided in the District. In 1954 the population had only increased to 2,561. The district was still basically rural with the original townships of Tea Tree Gully, Houghton, InglewoodandHighercombeclearlyidentifiableand geographically remote from each other by horticulture and farmland (1).

In the 1960s residential development exploded, with the southern half of the City established by the late 1970s, including Banksia Park, Tea Tree Gully and Modbury. Modbury changed verylittleduringthefirsthalf of thetwentiethcentury — in 1957 there were only 62 houses in the area(1). The development of Wynn Vale


followed during the 1980s and 90s.

A study in 1962 predicted a housing boom in the Golden Grove area. In 1973 the South Australian Land Commission began to acquire land for housing and in 1983 the developer DelfinwasselectedtoworkwiththeSouthAustralian Urban Land Trust to develop the area. The last allotment was sold in 2002.

Early descriptions of the landscape of the City of Tea Tree Gully are rare but those descriptions that are documented give a very picturesque view of the area, highlighting both its natural and cultivated assets. In 1906 Mr G. Holden, son of William Holden who settled and named Hope Valley, wrote the following:

The early settlers used to mow the long grasses — kangaroo, spear, barley, and silver grass — for hay. The district was covered with forests of giant gums, sheoak and wattles and from Teatree Gully — so named because of the dense growth of native tea tree all along the course of the creek there — on to the River Torrens, there were thousands of yuccas or grass trees. Birds were very numerous, and it was a common thing to see a dozen wild turkeys, great fellows 20 pounds in weight, marching along. Cocakatoos were in thousands, and blue mountain grass, cockatoo shell, rosella, and other beautiful parrots, parakeets, quail, laughing jackasses and many other native birds were so plentiful. The flora and fauna were magnificent (25, 26).

Early settlers were quick to establish market gardensonthefertileflatsof theRiverTorrens.The River Torrens was originally named ‘Karra-wirraparri’ (karra = red gum; wirra = wood or forest; parri = forest. River of the Red Gum Forest (1).

One settler who had settled on a section of the River Torrens remarked, ‘Cattle fattened rapidly upon the rich, succulent and nutritious grasses that there abounded’. Another account reads:

The River Torrens was covered in the bed of the stream with a thick, close and beautiful growth of tea-tree with a great variety of aromatic flowers and shrubs which delighted us who had been so long at sea (1).

Even the so-called ‘Bald Hills’ area beyond Golden Grove supported Kangaroo Grass that grew so high the cattle were hidden and the dairy yield of the herd was substantial (1).

In its upper sections Dry Creek had many permanent water sources supporting magnificentRiverRedGumsandlargestandsof Silky Tea-tree (Leptospermum lanigerum), the species that gave the township its name. The tea trees were cleared with the rot-resistant wood used for fencing posts and the saplings used for weaving (1). With further farming and residential development, the Silky Tea-tree has now all but vanished from the City with only one population remaining on SA Water land adjacent to One Tree Hill Road at Golden Grove.


By the late 1930s much of City of Tea Tree Gully had been transformed from natural vegetation and open woodland to countryside enclosed by hedgerows and fences, agriculture, vineyards and orchards. By 1936 nearly 150 varieties of introduced weeds had been declared noxious. The most common pest plants in the cultivated areas were the Scotch Thistle and the European Artichoke (1).

Relatively recent accounts include one of Highbury, describing it as supporting over 160 plant species(9) . Springtime would have been particularlyimpressivewithamagnificentshowof wildflowers.Muchof thisbiodiversitygaveway to housing development in the early 1970s. Even more recently the shrubland in the vicinity of Golden Grove and Yatala Vale, dominated by Silver Banksia and Pink Gum on its deep sandy loams, was developed for housing. Very few examples of Silver Banksia shrubland still exist within the City of Tea Tree Gully. A degraded example can be seen at Player Reserve, Fairview Park (9).

Before European settlement it is thought that Adelaide had the richest source of biodiversity in South Australia, most likely due to the considerable variation in topography, geology, rainfall, and microclimate. The decline in the number of native animal species across Adelaide is largely due to the clearance of habitat due to urban, agricultural and grazing practices (25) with less than 4% of the original vegetation species

now remaining on the Adelaide Plains (16).

As many as 132 native species of plants and animals have become locally extinct in Adelaide alone, with 50% of the native mammal species being lost — highlighting why Australia has the worst record for mammal conservation of any country or continent in the world (25). Conversely, at least 648 species have been introduced to the Adelaide region with many of these being weed species (25).

The challenge now is to protect and rehabilitate habitat in order to prevent further loss of species, to attract wildlife back into our city and facilitate their movement.

Vegetation communitiesThe main vegetation associations that would have existed in the City of Tea Tree Gully prior to European occupation are Mallee Box Woodland (Eucalyptus porosa), Pink Gum / Long Leaf Box Woodland (Eucalyptus fasciculosa / Eucalyptus goniocalyx), River Red Gum / SA Blue Gum Woodland (Eucalyptus camaldulensis / Eucalyptus leucoxylon), Native Pine / Drooping Sheoak / Silver Banksia Woodland (Callitris gracilis / Allocasuarina verticillata / Banksia marginata). Vegetation would often have comprised of composites of these associations. For further information refer to Appendix E.

Five vegetation associations in the metropolitan area are considered priorities for conservation. Of these, Silver Banksia Woodland (Banksia


marginata) and Mallee Box Woodland (Eucalyptus porosa) still exist within the City with a third association, Silky Tea-tree Closed Heath (Leptospermum lanigerum), no longer existent within our metropolitan city.

Surveys of council land in the City have revealed 271 different indigenous plant species of which 52areof conservationsignificance.Speciesof conservationsignificanceareanyspecieswitha conservation rating of uncommon, rare or vulnerable at a national, state or regional level.

Fauna With its proximity to the Hills Face Zone and its open space the City of Tea Tree Gully supports a variety of wildlife. Formal surveys and the collation of existing information is required to gain a greater understanding of the actual diversity of faunal species in the City and how this is changing over time. Recommendations in this regard have been included in the Biodiversity Action Plan.

Of particular note to date is the existence of the Cunningham’s Skink (Egernia cunninghami ) within the River Torrens Linear Park at Highbury. This large skink, (some 25–30 cm in length) has varied colours and markings and is rated as vulnerable in South Australia.

The habitat mosaicThe overall aim for the provision of habitat is to create a mosaic of suitable connected landscapes throughout a region. This connects high-quality remnant vegetation, such as that existing in national parks and conservation reserves, with other patches of vegetation found in a range of different habitats including biodiversity corridors (e.g. riparian strips and linear bushland), streetscape vegetation, parks and suburban gardens. Refer to Appendix B for the importance of habitat connectivity.

Habitat mosaic

Environmentally Valuable

reserves/Sites managed by

Council

Other connecting

open space and features

Conservation reserves

Biodiversity corridors

Habitat mosaic elements

Parks (state govt owned and managed)


Sites of high environmental valueTheCityMasterPlan2011–2040identifiesEnvironmentally Valuable Sites across the Cityof TeaTreeGullythathavesignificantbiodiversity value (refer to ‘Sites of high environmental value’ map).

ThePlanalsoidentifiesanumberof parksthat exist entirely or partially within the City boundaries which are State Government owned and administered by the Department for Environment and Natural Resources.

Most Environmentally Valuable Sites are managed by Council and are to be referred to using the Environmentally Valuable Sites classificationsystem.

Environmentally Valuable Sites classification

ThefollowingclassificationsystemdefinesEVSs within Council’s control in terms helpful to appropriate management techniques.

Conservation reserve — The whole reserve or a large portion of a reserve is remnant vegetation and of conservation value. Flora and fauna reserves would be re-named as ‘conservation reserves’ e.g. Abercrombie Conservation Reserve. This renaming is more consistent with the current terminology used to describe this type of open space. This vegetation will be physicallyidentifiedonsiteusingtheNativeVegetation Marker Scheme (NVMS).

Conservation site — A site within a reserve or other public open space (e.g. verges) with significantremnantvegetationthatisconsideredworthy of conserving and protecting. This vegetationwillbephysicallyidentifiedonsiteusing the Native Vegetation Marker Scheme (NVMS).

Revegetation site — A site within a reserve that has beenrevegetatedbutnotphysicallyidentifiedas such on site. Information is available as a revegetation layer in the City of Tea Tree Gully GIS.

Roadside conservation site — Roadside vegetation of conservationsignificanceandphysicallyidentifiedusingtheRoadsideMarkerScheme(RMS).

Environmentally Valuable Sites/reserves

managed by Council



Revegetation site

Conservation site

Roadside conservation

site


Patch of Eutaxia microphylla var. microphylla Common Eutaxia at Fairleigh Reserve, Modbury Nroth

Kookaburras in Silver Banksia at Player Reserve, Fairview Park


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Redwood Park

Surrey Downs

Holden Hill

Houghton

Salisbury Heights

Para Hills

Gilles Plains

Valley View

Upper Hermitage

Legend & Notes

GAWLER

TANUNDA

URAIDLA

ECHUNGA

LYNDOCH

WILLUNGA

VIRGINIA

BIRDWOOD

ADELAIDELOBETHAL

ELIZABETH

BALHANNAH

GUMERACHA

TWO WELLS

ANGLE VALE

ROSEWORTHY

STRATHALBYN

MACCLESFIELD

MCLAREN VALE

MOUNT BARKER

WILLIAMSTOWN

ALDINGA BEACH

MOUNT COMPASS

PORT NOARLUNGA

Locality Map

Council Boundary

Suburb

Built-Up Urban / Rural Land

Hills Face Zone

Mount Lofty Ranges Rural Zone

Major Road

O-Bahn Track

Civic Centre / Civic Park / Library

Golden Grove Recreation and Arts Centre

Council Depot

Reservoir

Cityof

Tea Tree Gully

GULFST. VINCENT

© 2011. Whilst every care has been taken to develop this map, GHD, City of Tea Tree Gully, NAVTEQ, DENR, Planning SA and Geoscience Australia make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose. GHD, City of Tea Tree Gully, NAVTEQ, DENR, Planning SA and Geoscience Australia cannot accept liability of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred as a result of the product being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason.

0 0.5 1 1.5 20.25km

Map Projection: Transverse MercatorHorizontal Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA)

Grid: Map Grid of Australia 1994, Zone 54

JUNE 2011

Data source: City of Tea Tree Gully / GHD (2010), NAVTEQ (2008), Planning SA (2010), DENR (2005), Geoscience Australia (2006). Created by: JJBMap produced by GHD Services Pty Ltd - 3315711_Map1_Environment_A3_revA

GoldenGrove

Core Habitat

Environmentally Valuable Open Space

Aqueduct Land

Creekline or River in public ownership

Wetlands

X Environmentally Valuable Sites

1. Taworri Reserve

2. Gunda Reserve

3. Callitris Reserve

4. Doxiadis Reserve

5. Kaplan Reserve

6. Mumford Reserve

7. Pine Park Reserve

8. Player Reserve

9. Shannon Reserve

10. Sherwood Reserve

11. Riverside Reserve

12. Stevens Reserve

13. Abercrombie Reserve

14. Gifford Reserve

15. Turramurra Reserve

16. Sandalwood Reserve

17. St Agnes Recreation Park

18. Brightlands Reserve

19. Tea Tree Gully - Hills Reserve

20. Dry Creek Reserve

21. Milne Reserve

22. Lyons / Willowbrook Creekline

23. River Torrens Linear Park

24. Aqueduct Land

25. Para Valley Reserve / Lot 101

26. Cobbler Creek East and West

27. Immanuel Reserve

28. Marengo Reserve

29. McIntosh Reserve

30. Verdant Reserve

31. Horama Reserve

32. Para Hills Reserve

33. Dalaston Reserve

Sites of high environmental value


Parks

Angove Conservation Park is a 5.2-hectare remnant vegetation site preserved within the suburb of Tea Tree Gully containing four vegetation associations made up of over 200 plant species. In the late 1800s Dr Angove set aside the area to remain relatively untouched by European settlement. Angove Conservation Park was proclaimed a Conservation Park on 24 September 1994. It followed a long battle by the then Friends of Angove Scrub against developers. Prior to this the City of Tea Tree Gully used the site as a seed bank for its replanting program. Since the proclamation of the park, the Friends of Angove Conservation Park have maintained the status of the park in conjunction with the Department for Environment and Natural Resources. In 2005 the Friends group took over general maintenance of the park.

Anstey Hill Recreation Park, situated within the Hills Face Zone is bounded by Main North East Road to the North, Lower North East Road to the south, Perseverance Road to the west and Range Road South to the east. A small section of the park lies south of Lower North East Road in an area that includes the geological formation known as the ‘gun emplacement’. The 383-hectare park is divided by a number of short creeks and steep gullies and provides important core habitat. A total of 289 plant species have been recorded in the park. Anstey

Hill was named after George Alexander Anstey (1814–1895), a local viticulturalist. The park is administered by the Department for Environment and Natural Resources.

Cobbler Creek Recreation Park was designated a recreation park in 1982 and was purchased in the early 1970s as part of the planned metropolitan open space (MOSS) network to provide for biodiversity conservation and community recreation as well as to act as an open buffer on the foothills between Salisbury and Golden Grove. The Park supports a variety of vegetation associations, including the threatened Mallee Box (Eucalyptus porosa) woodlands. The park covers 280 hectares, is divided into two by the Grove Way, and lies between Golden Grove and Greenwith to the east and Salisbury to the west. The park is administered by the Department for Environment and Natural Resources.


Abercrombie Conservation Reserve is located in St Agnes and can be accessed via Tolley Road or Abercrombie Drive. The two-hectare reserve is long and narrow, and dissected by a narrow channel. South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon) is the dominant vegetation association, with Southern Cypress Pine (Callitris gracilis), Drooping She-oak (Allocasuarina verticillata), Sweet Bursaria (Bursaria spinosa), Kangaroo Thorn (Acacia paradoxa) and a mix of exotic and native species at ground


level. The site is relatively weed-free compared to other urban reserves. The Bushcare program is the main biodiversity activity occurring at this site.

Callitris Conservation Reserve Tea Tree Gully can be accessed via Parkview Drive from Hancock Road. The site covers approximately 2.5 hectares and is dissected by two ephemeral drainage lines that are tributaries of Dry Creek. South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylons ssp. leucoxylon) and River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis) are the dominant vegetation associations, with Southern Cypress Pine (Callitris gracilis) a dominant understorey species — hence the name of the reserve. Theridgeflatsupportsanexcellentvegetationsystem with high species diversity. The Bushcare program is the main biodiversity activity occurring at this site.

Doxiadis, Kaplan and Mumford Conservation Reserves are three separate reserves covering approximately 11 hectares that are part of the upper reaches of the Dry Creek river system in the suburb of St Agnes. They would once have been joined but are now separated by roads and housing. Three vegetation communities have been recorded at this site; these are River Red Gum Woodland (Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis), South Australian Blue Gum woodland (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon) and a mix of the two communities. The Bushcare program is the main biodiversity activity

occurring at this site, as well as revegetation and woody weed control.

Gunda Conservation Reserve is located on Gunda Road, Banksia Park. The 2-hectare section of this reserve considered to be of high biodiversity value is fenced and dissected by a creek. The developed portion of Gunda Reserve extends a further 3.5 hectares and some revegetation has occurred here. The reserve adjoins farmland to the north and east and suburban housing to the west and south. The dominant vegetation association is South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon) with a subdominant Pink Gum (Eucalyptus fasciculosa) association. Kangaroo Thorn (Acacia paradoxa) and a variety of grasses dominate the understorey layers. The perched spring in the upper section of the reserve supports an interesting range of herbs and lilies, including the wet-loving Brown-back Wallaby Grass (Austrodanthonia duttoniana). The Bushcare program is the main biodiversity activity occurring at this site.

Player Conservation Reserve lies between Grenfell Road and Player Drive in the suburb of Fairview Park; it covers approximately 2.5 hectares and is dissected by a tributary of Dry Creek. Sandy soils, particularly in the south-east corner of the reserve, are representative of the soils throughout much of Banksia Park and Fairview Park that once supported a heath-like vegetation dominated by plants such as Silver Banksia


(Banksia marginata) prior to development. Silver Banksia (Banksia marginata) woodland exists in the fenced-off south-east corner of the reserve. Banksiawoodlandshavebeenidentifiedasthe third most threatened vegetation type in South Australia. It is estimated that less than one per cent, or approximately 10 hectares, of Banksia woodland remain in the greater metropolitan area. Six sites in northern Adelaide havebeenidentifiedashavingSilverBanksia(Banksia marginata) growing in areas of remnant vegetation. Although these sites are typically small, they are an important representation of pre-European vegetation. The vegetation communities on this site are predominantly River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis), South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp leucoxylon) and Silver Banksia (Banksia marginata) communities. The Bushcare program is the main biodiversity activity occurring on this site.

Taworri Conservation Reserve is located in the suburb of Banksia Park (off Taworri Road) and covers approximately three hectares. South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon), Long-leaf Box (Eucalyptus goniocalyx ssp. goniocalyx) heath and Pink Gum (Eucalyptus fasciculosa) open forest are the dominant vegetation associations in the reserve. Some good quality remnant vegetation still exists within the reserve, providing excellent habitat for birds in particular. The Bushcare program is

the main biodiversity activity occurring at this site.

Other reserves with a diversity of vegetation include a section of Pine Park Reserve, Shannon Reserve, Turramurra Reserve, Sandalwood Reserve, St Agnes Recreation Park, Brightlands Reserve and Milne Reserve.


Cobbler Creek East Reserve is located in the suburb of Golden Grove and is an important reserve for the City of Tea Tree Gully. Covering approximately 13 hectares, it is adjacent to Cobbler Creek West Reserve which then joins into Cobbler Creek Recreation Park and therefore acts as a link/buffer to these reserves, which together cover approximately 333 hectares. River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis) open forest and South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon) open forest are the dominant natural vegetation communities still existing in thereserve.MagnificentRiverRedGumsarean important feature of this reserve. Woody weed control and revegetation are the main biodiversity activities occurring on the site.

Cobbler Creek West Reserve is located in the suburb of GoldenGroveandisahighlysignificantreserve for the City of Tea Tree Gully. Covering approximately 43 hectares, it contains one of the last stands of Mallee Box (Eucalyptus porosa) woodland occurring in the Adelaide


region. This vegetation type is considered to be poorly conserved in South Australia. The reserve is also adjacent to Cobbler Creek Recreation Park and acts as a link/buffer to the 290-hectare reserve. Mallee Box (Eucalyptus porosa) woodland and River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis) open forest are the dominant natural vegetation communities still existinginthereserve.ThemagnificentRiverRed Gums are an important feature of this reserve. A Bushcare site is located adjacent to Valour Court, Golden Grove. Bushcare, woody weed control and revegetation are the main biodiversity activities occurring within Cobbler Creek West Reserve.

Slate Creek/Martindale Reserve (not included on map) is located in the suburb of Golden Grove and is another important reserve for the City of Tea Tree Gully. Covering approximately 7 hectares, it is adjacent to Cobbler Creek West Reserve which then joins onto Cobbler Creek Recreation Park and therefore acts as a link/buffer to these reserves, which together cover approximately 333 hectares. River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis) open forest and South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon spp. leucoxylon) open forest are the dominant natural vegetation communities still existing in the reserve. Impressive River Red Gums are an important feature of this reserve. Woody weed control and revegetation are the main biodiversity activities

occurring on the site.

The Dry Creek Reserve is made up of several smaller reserves, including Valley View, Dawson, Edinburgh, Solandra, Fairleigh, Oratanga, Drumminor,KingfisherandJubileeReserves.Several tributaries run into the main spine of Dry Creek. Despite being severely degraded by human activity and weeds, Dry Creek has retained a reasonably intact overstorey, with many large remnant Red Gums (Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis), small pockets of native grassland and indigenous perennial species. Revegetation of areas along the river corridor with indigenous species has created some small, successfully rehabilitated areas. Today the river corridor serves many functions, not the least of which is to provide habitat and a wildlife corridor for native fauna. It has a strong recreational and educational focus as well as an effective stormwater capture and treatment function with the construction of several wetlands. Revegetation, weed control and Bushcare are the main activities that occur within this reserve.

The northern side of the River Torrens Linear Park from Highbury through to Dernancourt is managed by the City of Tea Tree Gully with the southern side managed by Campbelltown City Council. The length of river within the City of Tea Tree Gully is approximately 5 km and prior to European settlement would have consisted of River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis var.


camaldulensis) woodland with South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon) woodland on the upper slopes. Revegetation is the main biodiversity activity occurring on the site.

The features known as ‘the Escarpments’ comprise gullies and open space located at the northern and western edges of the City of Tea Tree Gully, adjacent to the suburbs of Greenwith, Wynn Vale, Para Hills and Gulf View Heights. Together with the open space within the City of Salisbury these escarpments create an important corridor that link the hills to the foothills and then to the plains. Reserves within the escarpments are Para Valley Reserve, Immanuel Reserve, Marengo Reserve, McIntosh Reserve, Verdant Reserve, Horama Reserve and Para Hills Reserve. Weed control, including the control of Coolatai Grass (Hyparrhenia hirta), is the main biodiversity activity occurring on these sites although a Bushcare site was recently established at McIntosh Reserve to manage significantremnantvegetation.

Sherwood, Riverside and Stevens reserves are all linked and lie adjacent to a tributary of Dry Creek. Revegetation has occurred in all reserves under an existing overstorey of Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis) and Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon).

The open channel aqueduct at Highbury, dating back to 1870, was replaced by the Torrens pipelinein2010.Thenowin-filledaqueduct

and associated land is 58 hectares in size and includes a remnant Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon) vegetation community of approximately four hectares. A diversity of species was surveyed at this site by SA Water. The aqueduct land is currently state government-owned. A staged handover of the land to TTG Council may occur as the state government completes agreed works at the site, including the construction of paths. The intention is to eventually link the aqueduct land with the River Torrens Linear Park.

Several roadside conservation sites (not included on map) containing remnant vegetation, and identifiedon-siteusingtheroadsidemarkersystem, exist within the Hills Face Zone of the City of Tea Tree Gully. A number of these reserves are Bushcare sites actively managed by volunteers. The native vegetation within the council area is dominated by woodlands/forests of Eucalyptus goniocalyx ssp. goniocalyx (Long-leaf Box) Woodland, Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis (Red Gum), or Eucalyptus leucoxylon spp. leucoxylon (Blue Gum). Exotic grasslands and shrublands are typical under native overstorey. The ‘City of Tea Tree Gully Roadside Vegetation Management Plan 2008’ includes guidelines for the management and protection of roadside reserves.

Other linking reserves on the map include Gifford Reserve, Lyons/Willowbrook Creekline and Dalaston Reserve.


Our biodiversity programsThe following descriptions provide an overview of the City of Tea Tree Gully biodiversity

programs.

Pest Plant and Disease ManagementDeclared pest plants and other problematic plants are abundant within the City and currently require considerable resources to manage. Declared plants are those species that must be controlled by law as outlined in the Natural Resources Management Act 2004. Contractors, council staff and, to a lesser degree, volunteers are involved in managing and undertaking the control of these weeds. In addition to council resources other organisations such as the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board assist in the management of declared plants and animals by providing advice and grants as well as the servicesof apart-timeAuthorisedOfficer.Thisofficerisacouncilemployeewhoisdelegatedthepowersof anAuthorisedOfficer.

The ‘Pest Plant Management in Creeks and Waterways Policy’ formalises Council’s responsibility for the management of pest plants in creeks and waterways and to highlight those plants that should be targeted. The policy was created in 2004 and is regularly updated.

In 2003 Phytophthora citricolawasidentifiedin a number of reserves within the City. Phytophthora is a fungus like organism that

attacks the roots of plants, preventing the uptake of water and nutrients and leading eventually to the death of the plants. Some plant species are more susceptible then others. Phytophthoraisdifficulttomanageandmethods for the eradication of the disease are unknown. The University of Adelaide has undertaken research to better understand this disease. The City of Tea Tree Gully as well as other affected councils and agencies have contributedfinanciallytothisproject.

RevegetationReintroducinglocalnativeflorabywayof Council’s revegetation program is an ongoing initiative that involves schools, volunteer groups, council staff and contractors. During the planting months of May to September, hundreds of people participate in National Tree Day, World Environment Day and other planting events, in a bid to provide habitat for native fauna and to create aesthetically pleasing landscapes. In addition these natural landscapes allow us to reduce traditional maintenance requirements and expenses, including mowing, and watering.

Bushcare‘Bushcare’ is a highly skilled activity requiring training in minimal disturbance biodiversity management techniques. Programs and budgets are in place for the bringing in of contractors and other staff to undertake bushcare work on


sitesandreservesof conservationsignificanceas well as for the installation of fencing and other infrastructure to better protect these areas. Budgets are also in place for the support of volunteers and organisations such as Trees For Life through its Bush For Life program that trains and supports volunteers to rehabilitate remnant vegetation on council-owned land.

Planning Appendix A lists the biodiversity-related management plans that have been created since the year 2000. These plans (often entitled vegetation management plans) are generallypreparedbyqualifiedandexperiencedconsultants who can provide a level of expertise beyond the scope of council staff resources. These plans are vital in assessing the biodiversity values, needs and management options for our reserves and eventually it is hoped that allreservesintheCitywillhavespecificplansto ensure that their biodiversity values are understood and preserved.

As with other councils, staff at the operational level of the City of Tea Tree Gully saw an urgent need for the protection and enhancement of specificbiodiversityassetsandthemanagement of biodiversity threats. This has seen a’ bottom-up’ approach to biodiversity protection and enhancement to date, whereby staff have advised management of the need for action, and resources have been allocated based on improved general knowledge and best practice guidelines set by the wider natural

resources management community.

Native Vegetation Marker SchemeThe Native Vegetation Marker Scheme (NVMS) was developed in 2009 to highlight patches of local native plants in urban Adelaide. The presence of a standard blue marker or stencil with leaf symbol means the site contains plants and animals that require specialised management.


Kingfisher Reserve, Modbury Heights


Appendix AList of strategies, agreements, Acts, policies and plansInternational, national, state and regional strategies and agreements

• Japan–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (1974)

• China–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (1986)

• International Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)

• Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Plan

• National Local Government Biodiversity Strategy

• National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia’s Biological Diversity (1996)

• Regional Environmental Plan 2008–2013

• River Torrens Linear Park Management Plan – Eastern Section (Draft)

• South Australia’s Strategic Plan 2011

• State Biodiversity Strategy — No Species Loss: A Biodiversity Strategy for South Australia 2006–2016

• State Government Greenhouse Strategy 2007–2020

• State Natural Resources Management Plan

• Local Government Biodiversity Strategy

• Australian State of the Environment Report 2001

• Native Vegetation Act 1991

Acts

• Development Act 1993

• Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

• Local Government Act 1999

• Natural Resources Management Act 2004

City of Tea Tree Gully policies and plans

• Asset Management Plan

• StrategicBushfireManagementPlan(2010)

• Community Land Management Plans

• Development Plan

• Ecological Mapping of the City of Tea Tree Gully Report

• Environmental Policy

• Urban Landscape Master Plan

• Open Space Strategy 2011–2030

• Pest Plants in Waterways Policy

• Strategic Plan 2011–2015

• Tree Management Policy

• Upper Cobbler Creek Corridor Action Plan


City of Tea Tree Gully surveys and vegetation management plans

The following is a list of plans and similar documents produced over recent years to assist Council’s biodiversity team.

• City of Tea Tree Gully Botanical Survey, R. Taplin, August 2003

• Additional plant species surveyed by R.Taplin, October 2003

• Coolatai Grass (Hyparrhenia hirta) Management Plan for the Northern Adelaide Region, April 2005

• Doxiadis, Kaplan and Mumford Reserves Vegetation Management Plan, May 2005

• Martindale (Slate Creek) Reserve Vegetation Management Plan, March 2006

• Restoring Riparian Vegetation Action Plan for Callitris Reserve, February 2000

• Roadside Vegetation Management Plan 2008

• Restoring Riparian Vegetation Action Plan for Abercrombie Reserve, February 2000

• Restoring Riparian Vegetation Action Plan for Gunda Reserve, February 2000

• Restoring Riparian Vegetation Action Plan for Taworri Flora and Fauna Reserve, February 2000

• Protecting Banksia Woodland Action Plan for Player Reserve Bush For Life Site

• Protecting Banksia Woodland Action Plan for Range Road North Site

• Dry Creek Vegetation Management Plan 2009

• River Torrens Management Plan Stage 1

• River Torrens Management Plan Stage 2

• River Torrens Weed Management Plan, October 2004

• Cobbler Creek West Reserve Vegetation Management Plan, May 2005

• Cobbler Creek East Reserve Vegetation Management Plan, February 2006


Appendix BThe importance of habitat connectivityBiodiversity is threatened across the globe by habitat loss and fragmentation (19). Within the Adelaide region, native species have decreased in all groups except the amphibians. Native plant species numbers have decreased by 7.5%, mammals by 50%, birds by 7.0%, and reptiles by 3.5% (25).

Even when remnant vegetation is preserved within developing urban landscapes, such as those of the City of Tea Tree Gully, the eventual outcome can be fragmented habitat vulnerable to urban pressures and isolated from other populations of plants and animals. Garden et al. (2006) explained that habitat fragmentation increases the susceptibility of bushland to deterioration of ecosystem processes, loss of species diversity and the invasion of pest plant species.

Without the ability to connect these fragmented habitats, populations of plants and animals are put at risk due to ineffective seed dispersal and restricted wildlife movements (21, 22). The greater the number of viable habitat patches, and the closer these patches are together, the greater the likelihood of colonisation (12). Connecting fragmented landscapes also allows species to better adapt to changing conditions, such as those associated with climate change. Ironically, scientists now think that the dynamic nature of

cities creates and maintains a complex mosaic of habitat niches, (many of which are unique to urban areas), which in turn support a high diversity of fauna species, including rare and threatened species (14, 11).

‘Connectivity’ in landscape terms therefore refers to linkages of habitat that may include reserve corridors (in particular riparian corridors that support more birds than other open space (2,10)), features that can be stepping stones (such as isolated reserves and remnant trees) and streetscapes. The ability of wildlife to use the various components of the connectivity mosaic will depend on the species’ mobility and mode of movement. Relatively mobile species, such as birds, bats and insects, can thrive even in an urban environment where continuous stretches of habitat cannot be re-created, if there are ‘stepping stone’ linkages that can be utilised. (17). Terrestrial mammal species and, to a lesser extent, gliding species, have a lower probability of survival in urban environments due to their limited locomotion and dispersal abilities. Individuals dispersing between remnant vegetation patches face barriers such as walls, fences and roads, as well as increased risk of predation from introduced and domestic species (7).

Climate change has the potential to further exacerbate the loss of diversity in fragmented landscapes. The Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Plan


suggests a number of climate change response options with regards to biodiversity including:

• identifying key biophysical and ecological components of biological communities that are vulnerable to climate change

• creating mosaics, linkages and buffer zones across the landscape

• supporting the protection of relatively undisturbed and connected ecosystems byextending,redefiningandpossiblysupplementing reserves

• furtherdevelopingflexible,integratedpest management and risk management approaches to compensate for climate change effects.

The overall aim for the provision of habitat should be to create a mosaic of suitable, connected landscapes throughout a region. This would connect high-quality remnants with other patches of vegetation and exploit a range of different habitats, including riparian strips, linear bushland, streetscape vegetation, parks and suburban gardens (17).


Appendix CThe importance of remnant vegetationRemnant vegetation refers to plants and plant communities that have existed in a natural state since European settlement. The plants have either survived since prior to settlement, or they are the progeny of plants that would have existed in the area at that time. The genetic makeup of this vegetation is therefore unique to the area and well adapted to a particular set of climate, soil type and other local conditions. In the City of Tea Tree Gully remnant vegetation can be found on roadsides, in bushland reserves, in open spaces that have retained some natural character and on private land. Remnant vegetation is an essential component of vegetation corridors; it is invaluable as habitat and as a source of seed and propagation material.

Complex vegetation communities, single trees orevensmallgroupsof grassesareallclassifiedas ‘remnant vegetation’ within the City of Tea Tree Gully. In most urban environments (including the City) vegetation that has retained the complexities of vegetation structure and composition is rare. Sewell and Catterall (1998) suggest that remnant native vegetation as habitat is central to the successful recovery and maintenance of insectivorous bird species in urban areas — more so than replanting of native plant species.

The use of local seed and propagation material

for revegetation activities is considered best

practice by the natural resources restoration

industry. The use of local seed is important

to ensure that progeny are well adapted to the

local conditions; that introduced seed do not

pollute the local gene pool; and to maximise

the genetic diversity of a species (4). In the City

of Tea Tree Gully maintaining a seed source

requires that remnant vegetation is protected

and appropriately managed.

Urban pressures which negatively impact on

remnant vegetation in cities include pest plants

andanimals,pollution,fireandvandalism.

Often city reserves are relatively small or narrow

and cannot adequately buffer these external

pressures. Without adequate intervention from

land managers the degradation of vegetation

communities and the loss of habitat typically

results. Maintaining as many local species as

possible is important and even the loss of rare

species in a native ecosystem can unbalance

the local ecology, increasing the systems

susceptibility to invasion by pest plants and

animals, resulting in the accelerated loss of

entire groups of plants (26).


In addition to providing wildlife habitat, the peace and inherent beauty of remnant vegetation provides the opportunity for city people to begin to understand and appreciate the natural environment.

The exotic vegetation that replaces indigenous plant communities in urbanising regions disassociates us from the rhythms and diversity of the native landscape and a sense of the place; and we are the poorer because of it. Michael Hough, Professor of Landscape Architecture, York University, Canada


Appendix DThe importance of pest plants, animal and disease control programsPest Plants and animals are a major cause of land degradation and the loss of biodiversity. TheWorldWideFundforNatureidentifiedpest plants and animals as some of the biggest threats to Australia’s biodiversity. It is estimated that the cost to the Australian economy from the impact of weeds on agriculture is in the vicinity of $4 billion per annum (24). Weeds can harbour pests and diseases, displace native plant speciesandcreatefuelloadsforfire (24). Weeds therefore affect the structure and function of ecosystems, and impact negatively on fauna and flora(3).

Climate change may alter the potential range of some pest plants. This is particularly worrying for the southern regions of Australia where tropical weed species may extend further south and summer-growing species become more prevalent (24).

Landholders, including councils, are responsible for controlling all declared pests listed under the Natural Resources Management Act 2004 that are present on their land and these must be controlled by and at the expense of the

landholder. Councils may also control other pest plant species on public land that are not declared if they are problematic in that area. The Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board is responsible for controlling declared pest plants on roadsides, but should adjacent landholders wish to undertake weed control on roadsides, councils have a role through the Local Government Act 1999 for giving permission.

The Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan for the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region prepared by the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges NRM Board outlines recommendations for the management of pest plants and animals.

This plan will be a guiding document for pest management in the City of Tea Tree Gully and future revisions of the City’s Biodiversity Strategy2011–2015willseektoreflecttherecommendations of this document.

An effective pest plant policy, supporting pest plant and pest animal programs and linked to state and regional polices, will return a long-term cost saving to council and will see improved biodiversity outcomes.


Appendix EVegetation communities in the City of Tea Tree GullyMallee Box Woodland (Eucalyptus porosa)

Mallee Box Woodland was the most widespread vegetation type on the Adelaide Plains, extending into the lower slopes at Golden Grove, Greenwith, Wynn Vale, Modbury North, Modbury Heights, Valley View and Holden Hill. Little of this vegetation association exists on the plains due to extensive clearance. The Mallee Box is a small tree, often contorted in shape, and found as a relatively sparse overstorey together with other small tree species such as Golden Wattle, Drooping Sheoak and Native Apricot. The middle layer includes such species as Kangaroo Thorn whilst the ground layer can have a diverse mixture of grasses, saltbush and annual and perennial herbs. Remnants of Mallee Box Woodland of varying quality can be found in Cobbler Creek West Reserve (Greenwith), Marengo Reserve (Greenwith), Immanuel Reserve (Salisbury Heights), McIntosh Reserve, Verdant Reserve, Kempson and Horama Reserves (Wynn Vale) and Para Hills Reserve (Gulf View Heights).

Pink Gum / Long Leaf Box Woodland (Eucalyptus fasciculosa / Eucalyptus goniocalyx)

Pink Gum Woodland exists into the Hills Face Zone extending down to the interface with the metropolitan area of the City and once would have existed in parts of Yatala Vale,

Banksia Park and Fairview Park. Pink Gum is a small, often contorted tree with a pale trunk, susceptible to attack by lerps. Gunda Reserve (Banksia Park) and Taworri Reserve (Fairview Park) have the few examples of Pink Gum vegetation that still exist within the metropolitan areas of the City. A small pocket of Pink Gum Woodland together with Long Leaf Box exists in Fairview Park / Yatala Vale. This association can be viewed at Taworri Reserve. Large stands of Pink Gum Woodland can be viewed at Anstey Hill Recreation Park, associated at times with Long Leaf Box.

River Red Gum / SA Blue Gum Woodland (Eucalyptus camaldulensis / Eucalyptus leucoxylon)

Majestic River Red Gums adjacent to waterways are an important feature that set the City of Tea Tree Gully apart from other Adelaide council areas. The understorey is varied, in many instances dominated by exotic species such as Kikuyu grass and woody weed species such as European Olive. Where native understorey still exists, species can vary from thickets of Kangaroo Thorn to grassy swathes. River Red Gum Woodland with some native understorey still present can be seen at Cobbler Creek West Reserve (Greenwith) and small sections of Dry Creek. SA Blue Gum can often be found together with River Red Gum as open forest. Examples can be seen at Kaplan Reserve (St Agnes) and Player Reserve (Fairview Park). Both these reserves still exhibit some intact


native understorey. SA Blue Gum Woodland was common in suburbs such as Redwood Park, Ridgehaven, Modbury and Hope Valley prior to European settlement. Examples of this vegetation association can be seen at Abercrombie Reserve (St Agnes) and Callitris Reserve (Tea Tree Gully). Remnant trees of this species can be seen dotted across the skyline of City of Tea Tree Gully and they contribute considerably to the natural look of the City.

Native Pine / Drooping Sheoak / Silver Banksia Woodland (Callitris gracilis / Allocasuarina verticillata / Banksia marginata)

Golden Grove, Yatala Vale, Fairview Park

and St Agnes were home to these vegetation associations on varying soil types. The heaths of Golden Grove, Fairview Park and Banksia Park have sandy soils and this heath would have been florallymagnificent,particularlyduringspring.Silver Banksia can now only be seen at Player Reserve (Fairview Park) and unfortunately the trees growing here are coming to the end of their life. Some examples of Silver Banksia woodland can also be seen on Range Rd. North and Seaview Road in the hills above Fairview Park. Native Pine Woodland can be seen at Gunda Reserve (Banksia Park) and Abercrombie Reserve (St Agnes) with Drooping Sheoak scattered throughout.


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City of Tea Tree Gully571 Montague Road, Modbury SA 5092PO Box 571, Modbury SA 5092Telephone 08 8397 7444www.teatreegully.sa.gov.au

biodiversity strategy 2011 - 2015

Documents

biodiversity programs

biodiversity strategies

biodiversity important

city master plan

pest plan management

vegetation management

strategic plan

open space strategy