biodiversity of marine mollusc from selected locations of andhra...

Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 44(6), June 2015, pp. 842-855

Biodiversity of marine mollusc from selected locations of Andhra Pradesh coast, South eastern India

*S. Monolisha & J.K. Patterson Edward

Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, 44 Beach Road, Tuticorin - 628001, Tamil Nadu, India

*[Email: [email protected]]

Received 12 November 2013; revised 06 January 2014

Study on the diversity of molluscan fauna was carried out in eight locations along Andhra Pradesh coast. 70 species of mollusc including 44 species of Gastropods, 23 species of Bivalves and 3 species of Cephalopods were collected and documented. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') of Gastropods, Bivalves and Cephalopods ranged from 1.36 to 1.47, 1.11 to 1.21 and 1.06 to 1.43 respectively and Pielou’s Evenness index ranged from 0.90 to 0.94, 0.90 to 0.96 and 0.35 to 0.92 respectively. Total percentage varies within the class Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Cephalopoda. Gastropod existed with highest range of 60% followed by Bivalvia with 32 % and the lowest range existed to be the Cephalopods with 8%. Fishers α range varied from 0.44 to 7.22. Brillouin index range varied between 1.06 and 3.42. Among the eight locations, total density was observed higher in Location II (Vadrevu) with 15.12% and least density range in Location 8 (Nellore harbour) with 7.67% as this study site was highly polluted due to anthropogenic activities near harbour. Umbonium vestiarium, Cerithidea cingulata

were observed to be the dominant and maximum in numbers and the bivalves Perna viridis and Donax faba were found to be maximum in diversity.

[Key words: Diversity, Mollusc, Indices, Distribution, Andhra Pradesh]

Introduction In the geological time scale, molluscs

evolved about 600 million years ago and this phyla is a very old monophyletic lineage, dating from before the Cambrian1, and is the second most diverse of all animal phyla 2, 3, occurring in many habitat types 4, 5. Phylum Mollusca constitutes dominant groups of animals and includes a variety of most conspicuous, animals, such as clams, oysters, snails, squids and octopods 6. Mollusca are second only to Arthropoda in numerical abundance 7. The number of species identified under phylum mollusca varies between 80,000 to 1, 00,000 around the world ocean. They are more abundant in the littoral zones of tropical seas.

Mollusc support economically in the fishery sector and the ambiance of our coastal communities are frequently overlooked with diversity of these marine organisms. Molluscan populations as a source of food, ornamental purposes and commercial uses have brought them under the shade of endangered species 7. The gastropods and bivalve fisheries are of sustenance nature and used for edible purpose, source of lime, as decorative shells (or) for industrial purpose. Details on specific aspects of bivalves and gastropods management, biology, aquaculture and their relations to economic, public and ecosystem health are of paramount importance but are at present lacking aspect. Gastropods and bivalves have a significant ecological role to play in the marine ecosystem. The importance of maintaining healthy molluscan population and the type of information needed to

sustain these structural and functional resources cannot be over emphasized 8.

Structurally molluscs are a heterogeneous group of animals with different structural form such as slugs, mussels, octopus and snails. Indian coastline is rich in molluscan diversity. Some literature is available on this diversity, notable among which are the works of Crichton (1941)9, Gravely (1941, 1942) 10, 11. The only comprehensive work on the molluscan fauna of the south eastern coast of India is by Satyamurthi (1952, 1956) 12, 13. Present survey on the mollusc diversity in eight locations along Andhra Pradesh coast is carried out to provide the present status in the study area. Materials and Methods

Current study involves identification and quantitative analysis of mollusc of Andhra pradesh coast, South eastern India. Samples of mollusc were collected from eight locations covering four coastal districts – Guntur, Prakasam, Krishna and Nellore during the period between November 2012 and December 2012. The state of Andhra Pradesh is situated between latitudes 13°40’N and 19°N and longitudes 80°E and 85°E. It is bordered by the Bay of Bengal in the east, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh in the north, Maharashtra in the north-west, Karnataka in the west and south-west, and Tamil Nadu in the south. Sampling locations are illustrated in the Figure 1 and the study area include Location I- Nizampatnam Harbour (15°90´ 24 N,80°66 E), Location II - Vadrevu port (15°81´67 N, 80°35´00 E), Location III - Chirala fishing village (15°82´N, 80°35´ E), Location IV- Machilipatnam (16°25´56

mailto:[email protected]

MONOLISHA et al.: DIVERSITY OF MARINE MOLLUSC OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST

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N, 82°14´23 E), Location V - Bandar Harbour (16°18´43 N, 81°13´49 E), Location VI - Dumalapenta (14°90´20 N, 80°06´60 E) , Location VII - Isakapalli (15°00´12 N, 79°31´87E) and Location VIII - Nellore harbour (14°43´N, 79°97´E). This coastline was represented with thick patches of mangroves in deltaic regions of Krishna, Guntur and Nellore and the coastline represents estuaries, tidal creeks and channels, tidal flats, mudflats and sandy shores along the study area in all four districts.

Visits were planned by considering the tidal activity. Samples were also collected from the bycatch obtained from trawl fishing nets. Quantitative analyses of the samples were carried out by collecting the specimens by the method of hand picking in transect of known area or using a quadrate of known size. At the same time the foulers like mussels and oysters were collected by scrapping those using knives or spatula from a known unit area either using a quadrate. Further, the in faunal bivalves were collected by hand digging the substratum or by hand picking in different places of each sampling regions 14. Specimens were brought to laboratory, cleaned and identified using appropriate monographs. Data’s were collected fortnightly throughout the study period. Information was reported mainly in form of still photographs and few empty molluscs were collected for identification purpose. This was to prevent undue killing of fauna. The number of species for a particular region was utilized to determine the Shannon Wiener index. Shannon Wiener index value is then used to determine the diversity nature of Andhra pradesh coast and the level up to which the study area is free from the ever growing problem of pollution. Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, H, was calculated using the equation H = -Σ Pi lnPi where Pi is the proportion of each species in the sample 15.

Fig. 1: Map showing Locations I-VIII of Andhra Pradesh coast

Results The present study was aimed on to assess

the biodiversity of molluscan fauna in Andhra pradesh coast. The results have confirmed the presence of 44 species of Gastropods, 23 species of bivalves and 3 species of Cephalopods (Table 1). Most of the species are commonly found in all the

locations (I-VIII). Shannon-Wiener diversity of Molluscan

fauna in Andhra Pradesh coast is illustrated in the following figure -2. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') of Gastropods ranged from 1.36 to 1.47 ind.m-2 in Locations I to VIII, showing minimum range in Isakapalli (Location VII) and maximum range observed in Bandhar (Location V). In bivalves, Diversity index ranged from 1.11 to 1.21 ind.m-2 revealing minimum range in Isakapalli (Location VIII) and maximum range in Vadrevu port (Location II). Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') of Cephalopods ranged from 1.06 to 1.43 ind.m-2 with minimum range observed in Machilipatnam (Location IV) and maximum

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diversity range observed in Dumalapenta (Location VI).

Fig.2: Shannon-Wiener diversity index of molluscan fauna in Andhra Pradesh coast

Pielou’s Evenness index (Figure 3) of molluscan fauna was carried out, Evenness index ranged from 0.90 to 0.94 ind.m-2 in gastropods, with maximum range observed in Nizampatnam (Location I) and minimum range observed in Nellore Harbour (Location VIII), the Pielou’s index of bivalves ranged from 0.90 to 0.96 ind.m-2, maximum value was observed in Nizampatnam (Location I) and minimum range observed in Bandhar, Dumalapenta and Iskapalli (Location V, VI and VII). Pielou’s index of Cephalopods ranged from 0.35 to 0.92 ind.m-2, maximum range observed in Nizampatnam (Location I) and minimum range observed in (Bandhar Location V).

During the study, 3184 gastropod and 1669 bivalve samples were counted in eight sampling Locations, highest density of gastropod and bivalve (15.1 %, 16.1 %) was observed in Location II – Vadrevu port and least density (6.9%, 7.7%) was observed in Location VIII – Nellore. Among the 3184 gastropod samples studied, the most abundant species includes Umbonium vestiarium (7.69%), Cerithidea cingulata (5.81%), Cerithidea duplicata (5.75%), Onchidium tigrinum (5.06%), Clithon

oualaniensis (4.96%), Babylonia spirata (4.93%), Babylonia zeylanica (4.81%), Euchelus asper (4.43%), etc. Cerithidea cingulata, Cerithidea

duplicate and Onchidium tiger were abundant due to rich patchy mangroves as study Locations in Krishna and Prakasam district, and Clithon

oualaniensis was found rich in near shore regions of estuarine areas of Krishna and Paderu River. From eight locations,

Fig.3: Pielou’s Evenness index of molluscan fauna in Andhra Pradesh coast

about 1669 species were collected and the most abundant species includes Perna viridis (11.50%), Donax faba (8.69%), Isognomon isognomon

(8.15%), Anadara rhombea (7.85%), Tellina

coarctata (7.61%), Sunetta meroe (5.93%), etc. High abundance of Perna viridis was noticed in ferro-cemented bridges near harbours, and

Isognomon sp., was observed attached to the barks of mangroves as substratum. 400 samples of Cephalopods were counted and the most abundant species includes Sepiella inermis (40.5%), Loligo

duvuaceili (34.5%) and Sepia pharaonis (25%). In the present study, 44 species of

gastropods, 23 species of bivalves and 3 species of cephalopod was recorded from eight Locations of four districts from Andhra Pradesh coast. Umbonium vestiarium, Cerithidea cingulata were observed to be the dominant and maximum in numbers and the bivalves Perna viridis and Donax

faba were found to be maximum in numbers of diversity.

In Figure 4, Location wise total density was analysed, Location II, III, V and I was highly diverse with 15.12%, 14.53%, 13.52% and 13.31 %, respectively. Density of gastropod was rich in Location II, Location III and Location V with 15.1%, 15 and 14%. Bivalvia existed with range of 16.1% and 14.4% in Location II and Location I respectively. Cephalopods were found with density of 15.8, 15 and 14.3 % in Location III, IV and V respectively.

Total percentage variation in Gastropods, Bivalves and Cephalopods were illustrated in the Figure 5. Overall study states that total percentage varies within class Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Cephalopoda, and Gastropod existed with highest range of 60% followed by Bivalvia with 32 % and the lowest range existed to be Cephalopods with 8%.

The common mollusc species recorded are given in Figs. 6 to Figure 12.

Diversity indices of the mollusc were illustrated in the table-2 and the study area showed greater (D) diversity of gastropods (5.331), Bivalves (1.669) and Cephalopods (0.3338). Pielou’s Evenness (J') ranged from 0.91 to 0.98 ind.m-2. Values of H' ranged from 1.08 to 3.461 ind.m-2, the highest range was observed in gastropods with 3.461 ind.m-2 and cephalopods with lowest range of about 1.08 ind.m-2. Fishers α ranged from 0.44 to 7.22 ind.m-2 with least range observed in cephalopods and highest range observed in gastropods. Brillouin index ranged from 1.06 to


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Gastropoda60%

Bivalvia32%

Cephalopoda8%

3.42 ind.m-2, the highest range was observed with gastropods (3.32) and least range (1.06) in Cephalopods. These diversity indices reveal that the study areas are highly diversified with significant variations. Fig. 4: Total Density of molluscan fauna (Location-wise) in

Andhra Pradesh coast

Fig.5: Percentage variation in class gastropoda, bivalvia and cephalopoda at Andhra Pradesh coast

Table.1 List of mollusc identified in Andhra Pradesh coast (Locations I-VIII)

Gastropoda

Family - Terebridae 46 Anadara granosa

Family - Trochidae 24 Terebra subulata 47 Brachidontes ustulatus

1 Trochus stellatus 25 Euterebra capensis 48 Perna viridis

2 Euchelus asper 26 Myurella affinis 49 Modiolus metcalfei

3 Umbonium vestiarium 27 Terebra crenulata 50 Andara inequivalvis

4 Euchelus tricarinatus 28 Terebra maculata 51 Arca decussata

Family - Turbinidae

Family - Turridae

Family - Osteriidae

5 Turbo brunneus 29 Lophiotoma indica 52 Crassosstrea madrasensis

Family - Architectonidae

Family - Buccinidae

Family - Donacidae

6 Architectonica laevigata 30 Babylonia spirata 53 Donax faba

Family - Strombidae 31 Babylonia zeylanica

Family - Veneridae

7 Tibia curta

Family - Olividae 54 Paphia textile

8 Tibia delicatula 32 Agaronia gibbosa 55 Meretrix casta

Family - Tonnidae

Family - Nassariidae 56 Meretrix meretrix

9 Tonna dolium 33 Niotha conoidalis 57 Sunetta scripta

Family - Ficidae 34 Nassarius dorsatus 58 Sunetta meroe

10 Ficus gracilis 35 Nassarius luridus

Family - Isognomiidae

Family - Bursidae 36 Bullia lineolata 59 Isognomon isognomon

11 Biplex spinosa

Family - Bullidae 60 Isognomon bicolor

12 Bufonaria echinata 37 Bulla ampulla

Family - Mactridae

Family - Naticidae

Family - Littorinidae 61 Mactra eximia

13 Notocochlis tigrina 38 Clithon oualaniensis 62 Lutaria planta

Family - Cerethiidae 39 Littoraria glabrata

Family - Solenidae

14 Cerithidea cingulata

Family - Onchidiidae 63 Solen lamarckii

15 Cerithidea duplicata 40 Onchidium tigrinum 64 Siliqua radiata

Family - Muricidae

Family - Marginellidae

Family - Tellinidae

16 Murex tribulus 41 Marginella angustata 65 Tellina coarctata

17 Chicoreus ramosus

Family - Crepidulidae

Family - Pholadidae

18 Chicoreus virgineus 42 Crucibulum sp. 66 Pholas orientalis

19 Raphana bulbosa

Family - Calliostomidae Family - Psammobiidae

20 Chicorius brunneus 43 Calliostoma tranquebarica 67 Gari radiata

21 Raphana rapiformis

Family - Drillidae

Cephalopoda

22 Thaisella lacera 44 Clavus crassa

Family - Sepiidae


Family - Conidae

Bivalvia 68 Sepiella inermis

23 Conus figulinus

Family - Arcidae 69 Sepia pharaonis

45 Anadara rhombea

Family - Loliginidae

70 Loligo duvauceili

Table 2: Diversity indices of molluscan fauna at Andhra Pradesh coast

Diversity index Shannon-Weiner Index Sample S N D J' Brillouin Fishers α H'(loge) H'(log2) H'(log10) 1-Lambda'

Gastropods 44 3184 5.331 0.9146 3.423 7.224 3.461 4.993 1.503 0.9622 Bivalves 23 1669 2.965 0.9191 2.845 3.774 2.882 4.158 1.252 0.9368 Cephalopod 3 400 0.3338 0.9829 1.064 0.4404 1.08 1.558 0.4689 0.6561

* S – Number of Species, N – Number of Samples, D- Diversity index, J' – Pielou’s Eveness


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Fig. 6: Common gastropod species recorded in the study area

1. Bufonaria echinata (A.Dorsal & B.Ventral), 2. Cerithidea cingulata (A&B), 3. Architectonica laevigata

(A&B), 4. Telescopium telescopium (A&B), 5. Lophiotoma indica (A&B). 6. Conus figulinus (A&B).


Fig. 7: Common gastropod species recorded in the study area

13. Marginella angustata (A&B), 14. Chicoreus virgineus (A&B), 15. Chicoreus ramosus (A&B), 16.

Notocochlis tigrina (A&B), 17. Calliostoma tranquebaricum (A&B), 18. Trochus stellatus (A&B)


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Figure 8: Common gastropod species recorded in the study area

19. Terebra subulata (A&B), 20. Clithon oualaniensis (A&B), 21. Onchidium tigrinum (A&B), 22.

Umbonium vestiarium (A&B), 23. Crucibulum extinctorium (A&B), 24. Biplex spinosa (A&B).


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Fig.9: Common bivalve species recorded in the study area

7. Crassosstrea madrasensis (A&B), 8. Perna viridis (A&B), 9. Isognomon isognomum (A&B) , 10.

Isognomon bicolor (A&B), 11. Modiolus metcalfei (A&B). 25. Anadara rhombea (A.Ventral &B.Dorsal)


Fig. 10: Common bivalve species recorded in the study area

26. Pholas orientalis (A&B), 27. Solen lamarcki (A&B), 28. Sunetta meroe (A&B), 29. Sunetta sripta (A&B), 30. Donax faba (A&B), 31. Mactra eximia (A&B).


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Fig. 11: Common bivalve species recorded in the study area

32. Paphia textile (A&B), 33. Siliqua radiata (A&B)

Fig.12: Common cephalopod species in the study area

12. Sepiella inermis (A&B), 34. Sepia pharaonis (A&B)


Discussion

In the Phylum – Mollusc, about 3270 species have been reported from India belonging to 220 families and 591 genera. Among these the Bivalves are the most diverse (1100 species) followed by Gastropods (190 species). Presently over 1, 00,000 tonnes of Bivalves and nearby 20,000 tonnes of Gastropods are exploited from Indian waters 16.

The biodiversity study of marine molluscs

of Thanjavur district in Tamil Nadu, observed about 20 species of class Gastropoda and 20 species of class Bivalvia 17. 41 species of Gastropods and 5 species of Bivalves were reported in intertidal beaches of Mumbai coast 18. Thirty species of gastropods from Cuddalore coast was recorded in the year 1998 19 and among them Babylonia spirata

is the maximum numbers in the coastline. Macrobenthic fauna of Loni reservoir 20, benthos of Powar Lake 21 reported many species of mollusc. The utility of molluscs in primary classification of the lake in their various trophic stages was reported and reported mollusc as indicators for oligotrophic lakes based on their distribution and relative abundance was recorded 22, 23. A total of 51 species of molluscs were associated with corals in Gulf of Mannar and Gastropods represented the numerically dominant group with 34 species 24. In the current study, 70 species of Mollusc were identified which includes 44 species of gastropods, 23 species of bivalves and 3 species of Cephalopods from eight Locations of Andhra pradesh coast. 21 species each of gastropods and bivalves were reported from Coringa mangroves, Kakinad bay of Andhra Pradesh coast 25.

In the Pazhayar back canal region Nerita

(Dostia) crepidularia, Littorina sp, Cerithidea sp, were observed to the mud banks, mud flats, mangrove forest, sandy muddy area swamps, prop-roots and pneumatophores 26. And in the Present study, two species of Cerithidea with 5.81% and 5.75% were found to be dominant as these species were highly found in the mangrove regions of Krishna and Prakasam districts (i.e.) in Location 5, Location 2 and Location 3.

Shannon-Wiener diversity Index between 3.0 and 4.5 indicates slight pollution in the surrounding ecosystem 27. Since the calculated Shannon-Wiener diversity Index lies between 3.0 and 4.5, this indicates that the surrounding ecosystem of the Rangoan beach of Vasai is slightly polluted and the Shannon-Wiener diversity Index was 3.27, 3.27 and 3.31 during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon period respectively.

Average Shannon-Wiener diversity Index of all the three season comes out to be 3.28 in rangoan beach 8. Here, in the study Shannon – Weiner index of molluscan diversity ranged from 1.08 to 3.461.

The 67% gastropod species and 33% bivalve species found from the selected study localities of Raigad district coast. Bivalve species were found higher at Revdanda estuary while gastropods species were higher at Korlai probably due to habitat differences 28. Conservation of biological diversity is considered to be one of the major goals for sustainable management of marine renewable resources. The species diversity has a good relationship with species richness and evenness and diversity index is maximum with high number of species and minimum with low number of species 29. In the present study, total percentage of gastropods (60%) was higher than bivalves (32%) and cephalopods (8%). The study provides detailed information on biodiversity of mollusc in four districts of Andhra pradesh coast and the information would assist the researchers and conservation managers to better study and manage the resources for sustainable utilization. Acknowledgement

Authors are thankful to Department of Biotechnology, Government of India for financial support and Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute for the facilities. References

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