biodiversity conservation--- policies and...
TRANSCRIPT
BIODIVERSITY conservation---
policies and challenges.
By
Dr Soumana Datta
Dept of Botany
UOR, Jaipur
ICED, Jaipur 2015
• The (CBD)Convention was opened for signature on 5 June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio "Earth Summit"). It remained open for signature until 4 June 1993, by which time it had received 168 signatures. The Convention entered into force on 29 December 1993, which was 90 days after the 30th ratification. The first session of the Conference of the Parties was scheduled
for 28 November – 9 December 1994 in the Bahamas.
National Biodiversity Strategies and
Action Plans (NBSAPs)
• Article 6 of the Convention on General Measures for Conservation and Sustainable Use states that each Contracting Party shall, in accordance with its particular conditions and capabilities:
– Develop national strategies, plans or programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity or adapt for this purpose existing strategies, plans or programmes which shall reflect, inter alia, the measures set out in this Convention relevant to the Contracting Party concerned
– Integrate, as far as possible and as appropriate, the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programmes and policies.
CBD resolutions--Responsibility of
each countryNEPAL
NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY
AND ACTION PLAN
2014-2020
PREPARED BY
GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL
MINISTRY OF FORESTS AND SOIL CONSERVATION
SINGHADURBAR, KATHMANDU, NEPAL
(JULY 2014)
INDIA HAS FORMED NBA, SBBs and VFM/BMC
Why study BIODIVERSITY—a roadmap for OUR COMMON FUTURE
GLOBAL PROTECTED AREAS PROGRAM
• The IUCN World Parks Congress is a
landmark global forum on protected areas
held every ten years. As the world’s most
influential gathering of people involved in
protected area management, it sets the
global agenda for the following decade.
• The next IUCN World Parks Congress took
place on 12 - 19 November 2014 in Sydney,
Australia.
• LOCAL EFFORTS AT CONSERVATION
ENCOURAGED
ORANS --KRAPAVIS, ALWAR
WHAT ARE ORANS?
• 100 kms beyond Alwar in Rajasthan in the Oran, or sacred grove, of Jugrawar Roondh, covering an area of 165 hectares.
• In arid Rajasthan,even at 50°C, Orans provide shade, fuel wood, fodder and even food and livelihood for humans and animals.
• They are controlled by local communities in a complex management system.
• Excellent system of how local communities protected their common resource base and provided food and water for animals in harsh and arid conditions.
2011--Int. year of the forests• Why? To focus the world’s attention on the need to
increase the protection of forests and make sure that
their high importance for biodiversity conservation,
climate stabilization and economic development is
not undervalued.
When forests (hotspots) are lost?
• These forests have all lost 90% or more of their original habitat and each harbor at least 1500 endemic plant species (species found nowhere else in the world). If these forests are lost, those endemic species are also lost forever.
• These forests potentially support the lives of close to one billion people who live in or around them, and directly or indirectly depend on the natural resources forest ecosystems provide.
What do we need to record forests
Biodiversity?• Forests overall cover only 30 percent of our
planet’s area and yet they are home to 80 percent of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity. They also sustain the livelihoods for 1.6 billion people, who directly depend on healthy forests for income.
• The trees, flowers, animals and micro-organisms found in forests form a complex web of life.
• The interactions between the species and the ecosystems in them function as natural factories of some of our most basic needs, like clean air, healthy soils, medicines, crop pollination and fresh water.
Endangered hotspots
• Indo-Burma,
• New Caledonia,
• Sundaland,
• Philippines, Atlantic Forest,
• Mountains of Southwest China,
• California Floristic Province,
• Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa,
• Madagascar & Indian Ocean Islands and
• Eastern Afromontane.
CALIFORNIA FORESTS
• Several large mammal species once found here have gone extinct, including the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), which appears on the flag of California and has been the state symbol for more than 150 years.
• Wilderness destruction caused by commercial farming is a major threat for the region, which generates half of all the agricultural products used by U.S. consumers.
GRIZZLY BEAR
Giant panda---south west China
COFFEE PLANTATIONS—ATLANTIC FORESTS
Where to start? What to do?
• Training
• Capacity building
• Refresher courses
• Conferences, seminars, field visits,
workshops
Recording biodiversity- WHERE
TO START?
• Deciding on the study team and locality
Study team and study sites
• 1. Listing of activities linked to natural resources
( done through group discussions)
• Activities of local people
• Activities of outsiders
Who is the user group?
• Delineation and documentation of user
groups: local and external
• (group discussions)
• Local user groups
• External user groups
• Drivers and impact of (Local / External)
user groups
• Recording movement of nomadic groups
Looking for the GYANI
• Identification of knowledgeable individuals
(group discussions)
• Knowledgeable individuals- local
• Knowledgeable individuals- external
LOCATION RECORDING
• Listing of landscape/ waterscape element
types and sub-types, participatory
mapping and recording of code numbers
of significant elements indicated on the
map
(group discussions)
• WETLANDS-- types and subtypes
• Participatory map
MAKING INVENTORIESListing of functional species groups (e.g. fuel-wood, edible fish) selected for further documentation.
(group discussions)
Functional species- groups• Inventory of locally available life forms known to
local community members, and listing of
focal taxa selected for further documentation
(group discussions)
Locally known life-forms
Withania somnifera (Solanaceae)
Diversity in crop plants
Focus of PBR in each area• Documentation of issues that local
community members would like to serve
as the focus of the PBR exercise, and the
associated taxa, functional species groups
and landscape/ waterscape elements
(group discussions)
Key concerns
Conserving water resources
Management status
• Documentation of status, dynamics, and management issues relating to various landscape/ waterscape element types/ sub-types considered as a whole
(group discussions)
• Landscape status
• Landscape management
• Waterscape status and dynamics
• Waterscape management
Flora and fauna survey
• Documentation of status of various focal
taxa and species groups in focal
landscape/ waterscape elements
(field observations)
• Focal taxa abundance, field survey
What are ecosystem services?
• Goods/ bads and services/ disservices are defined with respect to their use-values to an individual, a group of individuals or a community.
• In almost every case, many of the ecosystem goods and services of an area are used by people living outside. They may access these---
• through the market (e.g. a marketed NTFP such as Garcinia fruit),
• by virtue of locational advantages (e.g.
watershed benefits in downstream areas) or
• by physically accessing the ecosystem (e.g. collecting firewood or enjoying scenic beauties).
Ecosystem benefits for large communities
Forests, for example, provide carbon
sequestration benefits to the global
community at large with impacts potentially
reaching a small island nation or a low lying
delta facing threats of submergence
thousands of miles away.
These benefits will typically have no significance
for the local people.
Aerial view of Maldives islands
Ecosystem v/s Industrial goods and
services
• Ecosystem Goods --Locally available medicinal
herb (Relatively little transformation, no
welldefined market, labour-intensive
collection process)
• Industrial goods--Commercially produced drug
capsule (High degree of transformation, well
defined market, capital-intensive
production process)
Bads and disservices
• Ecosystem bads services- Pests, disease
vectors, pathogens
• Industrial services--Persistent organic pollutants
such as DDT.
• Ecosystem Disservices --Landslides, floods,
tsunamis
• Industrial disservices--Destruction of
atmospheric ozone layer as a result of emission
of CFCs from refrigeration processes
Ecosystem services• Evergreen forests are origin of streams
• Evergreen forests are repository of honeybees
• Evergreen forests are aesthetically and often, culturally important (for example, when
certain spots are associated with sacred beliefs).
• Grasslands provide for grazing of livestock
• Flowering of rubber plantations increases availability of honey
• Plantations check soil erosion due to contour formations
• Water streams provide water for irrigation and domestic uses
Honey collection
FORESTS SUPPLY WATER
• Forests have been increasingly important in the provision of fresh water on a global scale.
• Over three quarters of the world’s accessible fresh water comes from forested watersheds and two thirds of all major cities in developing countries depend on surrounding forests for their supply of clean water.
A watershed is a land area that catches water from
precipitation and snowmelt. Water then drains to a
common waterway such as stream/lake/aquifer/wetland
Forest and climate change
• The role of forests in stabilizing the climate must
also be increasingly recognized, as emissions
resulting from deforestation represent
approximately 15% of total greenhouse gas
emissions, and they are superior stores of
carbon.
• The World’s 10 Most Threatened Forest Hotspots store over 25 gigatons of carbon,
helping to clean air and cope with the already
inevitable effects of climate change.
People should save their resources
Forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate to give room to
• pastures,
• agricultural land,
• mineral exploitation and
• sprawling urban areas,
By doing so we are destroying our own capacity to survive.
WHICH SERVICE TO RECORD IN
PBR?• Recording of the status and trends in goods and
services, as well as bads and disservices through field observations, and through interviews would be an important component of PBR activities
• It would be important to record who benefits and who loses from the various goods and services, and bads and disservices.
• Wild pigs may be a bad for members of the user group whose livelihood depends crucially on cultivation, but for the user group comprising landless laborers, the pigs may represent a valued food resource.
Measures for Protection of Habitat
of Medicinal Plants:
• § Not to disturb the existing landscape.
• § Protect the medicinal plants occurring now in the
agricultural lands.
• § Reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and manure.
• § Encourage biological control measures.
Role of villagers/youth in protecting
BD
• Try to acquire some knowledge of the medicinal plants available in their locality, and try to protect them, prevent smuggling, cutting, and destroying the medicinal plants.
• RESEARCH, FIELD TRIPS, DOCUMENTATION,
• MAPPING RESOURCES
• REMOTE SENSING, EDUCATION , AWARENESS BUILDING.
ROLE OF FOREST DEPARTMENT
• Prevent smuggling, theft of some of the
trees like sandal, teak, neem etc.
• Establish nurseries, distribute seedlings
and plants at a low cost
• Encourage farmers to grow economically
valuable trees like sandal, teak, mango,
silver oak by giving protection to them
FORESTERS ROLE
• Joint Village Forestry Committee: A committee
involving both forest department, and village
members should be formed, and it should identify
empty lands near by village where nothing has been
grown, and in those lands try to cultivate medicinal
plants
Agriculture department
• Agricultural department: Establish research centers, nurseries, and medicinal plant gardens where information regarding cultivation of medicinal plants will be available, and medicinal plants will be supplied at nominal cost to the people.
• Establish a center where people can sell their products for a reasonable price.
Dept of Ayurveda
• Agencies preparing Ayurvedic medicines:
• Visit the locality on fixed days and purchase the medicinal plants.
• Encourage people who grow medicinal plants on an extensive scale by giving some incentives, such as loan, and subsidy.
Role of gram panchayat
• Gram Panchayat: Pass a resolution that
people should take permission and
clearance from Gram Panchayat when
collecting medicinal plants and also when
cutting trees like neem, mahua, Pongomia
etc.
PROTECTING FORESTS -----
OUR DUTY
• “During this International Year of Forests, we strongly encourage countries to take a new look
at the long-term value of managing and protecting their natural forests, which are
globally important assets. Healthy forests are an important part of the natural capital and offer us the most cost-effective means of confronting the
many environmental challenges of climate change and increased demand for forest
products.”
----Olivier Langrand, Conservation international policy chief.
POLICIES/DECISIONS TAKEN
• Aichi Biodiversity Targets --In decision X/2, the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, held from 18 to 29 October 2010, in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, adopted a revised and updated Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, for the 2011-2020 period……
• At least halve and, where feasible, bring close to zero the rate of loss of natural habitats, including forests
• Establish a conservation target of 17% of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10% of marine and coastal areas
• Restore at least 15% of degraded areas through conservation and restoration activities
• Make special efforts to reduce the pressures faced by coral reefs
Pollinators are vanishing
Pollination—key ecosystem service
Plant science research auditing
• Funding agencies for research—DBT, DST,
UGC, MoEF,etc.
• JOBS—BSI, CAZRI, AFRI, CSIR LABS
• LOCAL NGOs hiring to study ecosystems
• Organic farming—state govt projects
• Training –State medicinal plant board
• FOREST RESEARCH
CBD—INDIA CONTACT
Additional Secretary
Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan
Jor Bagh Road, Aliganj
+91 11 24695130, +91 11 24695137
E-Mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Valuing Biodiversity—Government and
community efforts in India
Dr Soumana Datta
Plant biodiversity lab
Department of Botany
University of Rajasthan
Jaipur-302001, India.
Challenges for the world
While the main priority for Western nations is to secure tough
targets for protecting plants and animals and the habitat they
need, developing countries are in general more concerned about
international finance, and about an agreement on fair and
equitable access to the Earth’s natural genetic resources.
Such an agreement – known as access and benefit sharing (ABS) –
was prescribed when the CBD came into existence 18 years ago,
but successive attempts to negotiate it have failed.
Developing nations – where most of the
planet’s unexplored genetic resources lie –
want an equitable share in the profits
generated when Western companies develop
drugs or other products from plants or anything
else that came from their territory.
DUTIES OF THE CENTRAL AND THE STATE
GOVERNMENTS—BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
BILL 2000
36. Central Government to develop National strategies,
plans etc., for conservation, etc., of biological diversity.
37. Biodiversity Heritage sites.
38. Power of Central Government to notify threatened
species.
39. Power of Central Government to designate
repositories.
40. Power of Central Government to exempt certain
biological resources.
Panchayat and Govt efforts
● Micro-enterprise development at the village level--
---SMSE
● Watershed management---MoEF
● Building ponds,dams,afforestation—MNREGA
● Biodiversity gardens/parks—SBB
● Livestock management,Orans—An Husbandry
● Urban biodiversity---Local bodies
● Urban gardens---JDA
● Auditing municipality budgets and green spending
Monitoring CSR in BD management
● Projects covered, to be audited by ???
● SCHOOL BD GARDENS, AFFORESTATION AREAS
● RAINWATER HARVESTING, PONDS AND SMALL
DAMS
● LIVELIHOODS FOR FOREST DWELLERS,RURAL
WOMEN, SHGs,
● FOOD AND M ILK PROCESSING
● CITY GARDENS, HYDROPONICS, POLLINATOR AND
INSECT HOTELS/PARKS
● ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
● BD EDUCATION, AGROINDUSTRIES, etc.
● CONSERVATION—FLORA AND FAUNA
WHY URBAN BIODIVERSITY IS REQUIRED???
The range of benefits is very diverse,
Environmental benefits---stormwater mitigation, air purification, nutrient recycling, urban cooling etc.
Social benefits---food security, education, recreation, physical activity, improvement in healthy eating, improved social cohesion etc.
Economical benefits---income generation, added real estate value,
Orissa basket weavers
School vegetable gardens—combating
malnutrition
Sahariya tribe -Baran district
Contribution of Sahariyas to economy of
Rajasthan
● Conserving trees like--
● Mahua, for oil used in soap industries
● Beedi patta, for rolling beedis
● Chironji---valuable spice in gulab jamun
● Kattha- for paan industry
● CHALLENGES----
● No market except weekly haats, selling to private
businesses
● Rampant malnutrition,poor health indicators.
Development of Sahariyas
● Indira Gandhi Awaas Yojna---how many homes
made?
● Toilets?
● No medical facilities used by them—cultural
practice of going to healers
● Recording of indigenous medicines used by
Sahariyas---SBB to encourage PBR making
● Growing vegetables and fruit trees to enhance their
nutritional status---CSR projects
● Conservation Project—Forest dept—SITAMATA
WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
● Location: Kotra DistrictArea:492.68 sq.km
● Unique Fauna:Leopard, Hyena, Chinkara, Wild boar,
Four-horned Antelope, Flying squirrel, Pangolin and 120
species of Birds
● Accessibility:Udaipur-Kotva via Panarva -120 Kms
● Conservation interests--Four horned Antelope,
Pangolin, Flying Squirrel, Deer species
Four horned antelope, Chinkara
MEDICINAL PLANTS
●1. Commiphora wightii
●2. Withania somniferum
●3. Rauvolfia serpentina
●4. Oroxylon spp.
●5. Gymnemma sylvestris
●6. Pterospermum spp.
Grown and conserved by communities in southern
Rajasthan for livelihood generation
THE BIODIVERSITY BILL
2000—establish NBA
APPROVALS BY THE NATIONAL
BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
CLAUSES
19. Approval by National
Biodiversity Authority for
undertaking certain activities.
20. Transfer of biological resource-or
knowledge.
21. Determination of equitable
benefit -haring by National
Biodiversity Authority.
STATE BIODIVERSITY BOARD
FUNCTIONS
● 22. Establishment, of State Biodiversity Board.
● 23. Functions of State Biodiversity Board.
● 24. Power of State Biodiversity Board to restrict
certain activities violating the objectives of
conservation, etc.
● 25. Provisions of sections 9 to 17 to apply with
modifications to State Biodiversity Board.
FINANCE, ACCOUNTS AND
AUDIT OF NATIONAL
BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
26. National Biodiversity Fund.
27. Application of National
Biodiversity Fund.
28. Annual report of National
Biodiversity Authority.
29. Budget, accounts and audit.
30. Annual report to be laid before
Parliament
32. State Biodiversity Fund...how to use??
(1) There shall be constituted a Fund to be called the State Biodiversity Fund and there
shall be credited thereto-
(a) any grants and loans made to the State Biodiversity board under section 3 1;
(b) any grants or loans made by the National
Biodiversity Authority;
(c) all sums received by the State Biodiversity Board from such other
sources as may be decided upon by the State Government.
(2) The State Biodiversity Fund shall be applied for
(a) the management and conservation of heritage sites;
(b) compensating Or rehabilitating any section of the people
economically affected by restriction imposed under section 37;
(c) conservation of biological resources-,
(d) socio-economic development of such biological resources or knowledge associated thereto has been accessed subject
to any approval granted under section 24, in consultation
with the local bodies concerned.
(e) meeting the expenses incurred for purposes authorized by this Act.
Rajasthan SBB—what have we done??
STATE BD BOARD FORMED IN 2010FUNDS REMAIN UNUTILISED SINCE 2010
BMC formation---- 26 TILL DATETRAINING OF BMCs ---nonePBR writing –nilEducation on BD---PAMPHLETS, SEMINARS, in schools and colleges, BD train
PBR training----none
ROLE OF TEACHERS, STUDENTS AND COMMUNITIES—ROLE MODEL KERALA
COLLEGE/UNIV STUDENTS IN JAIPUR MOTIVATING FOR BMC IN KOTPUTLI, JHUNJHUNU, SIKAR
HOW TO MAKE PEOPLES BIODIVERSITY REGISTERS?
Biological Diversity Act.
This Act provides for the establishment of Biodiversity
Management Committees in all local bodies, whether
Panchayats or Municipalities throughout the country.
It stipulates that “the main function of the BMC is to prepare
People's Biodiversity Register in consultation with local
people. The Register shall contain comprehensive
information on availability and knowledge of local
biological resources, their medicinal or any other use or any
other traditional knowledge associated with them.”
Preparation of “People's Biodiversity Registers (PBR)” will
be a rather unusual scientific activity. But it will be an activity
that is very much appropriate to our biodiversity rich country,
and very much timely in the current era of rapid technological
developments.
PBR making--THE AGHAPUR STORY—1996-97
PBR STUDIES WERE UNDERTAKEN IN VILLAGE.VETIVER GRASS TUBERS CANNOT BE DUG OUT BY COMMUNITIES RESULTING IN SOIL IMPACTION
NO FOOD AVAILABILITY FOR SIBERIAN CRANES AS THEY COULD NOT DIG OUT CORMS AND TUBERS FROM SOIL.
Climate change and its impact on wetlands—
Wetlands are most affected by changes in temperature and precipitation. Climate change has led to sea level rise, warmer temperatures, altered precipitation patterns and increased frequency of some extreme weather events.Droughts affect wetlands that are most vulnerable to changes in precipitation, such as bogs.
CLIMATE CHANGE PATTERNS ALSO ALTERS SPECIES OF FLORA AND FAUNA
The major threats to wetlands are:
•river regulation and water diversion
•development and catchment
disturbance
•introduction of weeds and pest animals
•climate change.
(COMMUNITIES RECORD VARIOUS CHANGES IN
WETLANDS IN PBR—LAPORIYA DUDU VILLAGE)
