biodiversity changes

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The Change inBiodiversity inthe 21stCentury

By Michael Ita,Please ask if spelling mistakes orconfusion. As I was ill over the holidaysand did not get to check properly.Enjoy the 64 pages!

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Human populationgrowth

How is this changing Biodiversity:This is effects the biosphere as when there are morepeople there is a higher demand on the amountresources we need from Biomes so we need more fromthe biomes in sources but also produce more waste sowe are a sink to it. This means we get more food fromfurther away need more homes and burn fossil fuelshaving a detrimental effect on the biosphere. Which inturn has a detrimental affect on biodiversity

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Habitat loss- anthropogenic factors

Desertification

Desertification is happening in the semi-aridSahel region. It is caused by cutting down treesand vegetation as well as grazing on it so lesswater is trapped and given off as transpiration byplants so less rainfall killing more plants to die as

well as over farming meaning it become anincreasingly dry place and we lose savannah

habitat. Statistics: Dry-lands occupy approximately 40

41% of Earths land area,and are home to morethan 2 billion people and is our second mostproductive biome. It has been estimated that

some 1020% of dry-lands are already degradedand beginning to turn into desert, the total areaaffected by desertification being between 6 and12 million square kilometres, that about 16% ofthe inhabitants of dry-lands live in desertifiedareas, and that a billion people are under threatfrom further desertification. This loss of landaffects life as deserts are amongst the least bio

diverse areas on the plane

Conversion of Land toAgriculture

In order to make food wedestroy habitats by removingvegetation and only planting

the vegetation we want so welose habitat and biodiversity inone as we actually narrowbiodiversity range of area byonly having our plants.

In 2008, the world's arable landamounted to 1,380 M ha, out ofa total 4,883 M ha land used foragriculture which means wehave destroyed 3503 M ha ofhabitat to just suit our needs fora food resource.

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Urban sprawl This is the process where a big city expands to a low density urban area

with lots of houses in areas in America called suburbs this is bad for manyreasons especially in las Vegas. The major impact is increased use ofcars here is how it works.

More farmland and wildlife habitats are displaced per resident in suburbs

than any other area. As forest cover is cleared and covered withimpervious surfaces (concrete+ asphalt), so in the suburbs, rainfall is lesseffectively absorbed into under-ground water supplies (aquifers). Thisthreatens both the quantity of water supplies. What affects the quality iswater pollution as rain water picks up gasoline, motor oil, heavy metals,and other pollutants in runoff from parking lots and roads. Sprawlfragments the land, which increases the risk of invasive species spreading

into the remaining forest which is very bad for biodiversity as localspecies may be out competed.

On average, suburban residents generate more per capita pollution andcarbon emissions than in urban areas because of their increased driving,this also decreases air quality.

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Infrastructure This affects habitat by taking up land that was originally free to use before in

similar reasons to Urban sprawl however pipelines and the electrical grid areparticular problems.

This is as pipeline leaks can cause major devastation I mean you just have tolook to the gulf of Mexico spill to see the affects on birds as there wings getcovered in oil and around million died. The sea bed is also a problem as theoil devastated the whole bed where much life is. Another things is that oil hasa lot of methane in as well as contributing to global warming but 23x more pergram of methane compared to CO2. However this is not the only dangermethane can cause dead zones which mean that all life in the sea is dead inthat particular area so no biodiversity this is very bad. These areas can also becaused by rubbish being deposited in the sea and eutrophication.

Gas pipelines are problematic as they leak which releases methane which as Iexplained earlier is bad

The electrical grid causes problems as the electrical field can cause cancer

possibly in animals as well as mess with birds natural compasses to guide themduring migration. They also destroy habitat outside the area that is built, as 50 % animals that live

in rural areas like to be a mile radius away from any infrastructure, in fact only1% animals like urban areas or infrastructure which these days highly limit theareas they can live in. So without accepting the horrible toxins humans givethem as well as facing there fears of humans many animals may die. Alsoinfrastructure can affects key ecology of the area in particular dams.

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Dead zones of the seas

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2007 dead zones


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The Rainforest

Construction settlements Roads andDams

This causes deforestation as roads need land and dams flood. This means

that much habitat is lost which means much biodiversity is lost. This is as thetropical rainforest is the most diverse of all the biomes which means muchbiodiversity is lost. Also the dams of the amazon reduce human culturebiodiversity and force people to move from a way of life their tribes havebeen living for 1000s of years. I mean you only have to look at these picturesto see the impact.

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See later for coral bleaching other major factor of habitat loss


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Farming and Plantations

Soya In order to plant soya

beans Lots of area iscut down in a slashand burn farmingtechnique, this meansCO2that was lockedand producing oxygenis now released. Alsothis is a very short termtechnique as this givesthe soil only verylimited nutrients thismeans that more andmore areas need tobe slashed andburned each year.

Palm oil Raising cattle is doubly bad

as it increases the demandfor soya beans which .

The cows themselves alsoproduce methane which isan extremely bad

greenhouse gas in and ofitself. Furthermore cowsproduce 2/3 of the worldsammonia which adds toeutrophication and can beincredibly poisonous towildlife; but the amount ofmethane they produce isfrom 200-500 litres a daywhich is 4-10x the averageamount a car emits in a day.

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Cattle Huge amounts of palm oil are

made each year to go in avariety of products as it is used tomake 40% of vegetable oil in 5%of vegetable farmland andvegetable oil is in everything

from crisps to sweets to popcornto tomatoes to ham. POMEs is afertilizer used which is deadly to arare orang-utan if it drinks it if itsdissolved in water. Also they areproduced on peat bog areaswhich is a huge container ofmethane gas. And anydisturbance to the area can

release gas, Greenpeaceestimate that the peat bogs inIndonesia are already damagedand the benefits of biofuel thatpalm oil it brings are negligible.

Palm oil plantation

lower in development


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DeforestationCommercial Logging

Commercial logging is heavily linked toDeforestation. This is due to road production;however it also brings in $500 billion per annum.

According to WWF most logging is illegal an 12out of the 13 companies broke the law in 2010,also companies dont log sustainably as theygo to quickly and dont replant trees or harvestefficiently, This means for every tree sold 600m2

of canopy is opened up. Once felled the trees have to be transported

by tractor which causes mass erosion whichreduces nutrients and increaseseutrophication, in addition the forest takes lotsof time to regrow providing it isnt taken overby cattle or agriculture like it is 60% of the time.

Unlike in mountain areas the forest does notgrow back quickly once felled as it only

recovers at a rapid rate for 3 years providedthat the forest is not affected by seasonalflooding

Deforestation has such a high impact on soilhealth as when the trees leave there is nomaterial to be broken down. Also we growplants that need lots of nutrients but do notcontribute as much to the cycle. This meansthat the nutrient rich Humus is taken up quickly

and means the soil become unfertile

Mining An example of massdeforestation due to miningthe Grand Carajasprogramme. This is wheremining companies wereallowed to put plants whereoriginally virgin forest was.Deforestation is bad as thenutrients in the soil decreasesand that there is no longer acarbon sink there and there isless area that can act asgreen lungs by giving us theamount of O2we need in

order to survive. moreoverthey have caused even moredeforestation as they cutdown more forest to use asfuel for smelting furnaces.

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Waste increase- Ghana

With our banana culture when it comes to technology, we areincreasingly finding electronics obsolete; especially when bigger, newerand better things come out, but what happens to it all?

Ghana is the biggest receiver of this e-waste, receiving 40% of it. Wealthycountries get away with this waste by saying there second hand goodsbut only 1 in 100 computers may actually work.

This means most of the time they end up in scrapyards where children gothrough the filth to try and extract precious metals with nothing more thana stone. For this little good the environment is heavily polluted with heavymetals, mercury and even bromine flame retardants.

These are all extremely toxic and decrease the air, land and water quality

so animals and humans die alike which is terrible!

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The Ganges sewage problem. In this most sacred river many people in especially built up areas risk their lives

by bathing in the Ganges each year it is estimated that 3 billion litres ofsewage are pumped into the river each day (only a 1/3 is treated in any way)and the sewage causes mass destruction by eutrophication which I will explainhow it affects biodiversity later.

However that is not the only problem due to religious activity many oils from

Hindu lamps are sent down the river each year which can poison both theanimals in the water and those drinking from it even plants can have adverseaffects

Also the human remains that are burnt everyday have similar detrimentalaffects as sewage.

However the use of water in powerstations is also bad as the water is both

depleted making it more toxicallyconcentrated and there is thermalpollution as the water is heated to cool

steam towers, this warming of the watermakes bacteria and their enzymes moreeffective which can lead to eutrophication

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The Average UK waste We are getting better, but as a country we throw out 4.2 million tonnes of

food and drink per annum which would be enough to give each household 6extra meals per weak

With all the food we dont eat we could benefit the planet the same amountas if we took 1 in every 4 cars off the road.

4% of our water footprint comes from waste so we could save resources if wewasted less

The main reason we waste food is we prepare too much food or we forgetabout our leftovers till they spoil.

The sink we have on the environment is increasing all the time even thoughdue to the introduction of food recycling we are getting better

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To see big right click and open as

acrobat file or double click


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Going nuclear There is no known way to deal acceptably with our nuclear waste

except to bury it underground or to keep it in a cold swimmingpool for 100s of years.

The former is cheaper so it is more widely used, but who is to saythat this waste wont leak back into the environment or watersupplies which could cause cancer kill off many animals andmaybe even deform them severely so we dont have complexworking life.

However there could be some advantages such as the fact thatmore advantageous mutations could happen which wouldincrease the biodiversity by causing a difference in the species

In addition to all this there are the costs of refining and mining theuranium which just add more emmisions

There is much thermal pollution and the roxby plant in australiauses 150,000m3 of water per day

However here is an interesting fact for you a coal plant release100x more radioactive polltuion than a nuclear plant

But whats the point of all this when renewable is cleaner easier andcheaper as renewables have no emmisions and cost is 0.0006-0.0009/kwh, nuclear is 0.0019/kwh and coal is 0.06/kwh.

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London example Food miles make lots of the eco footprint of London as 81% of food comes from outside the

UK and this adds to climate change which I will explain later how it is bad.

Suburbs and semi rural area make huge part of eco footprint as they have to commute towork every day which means that people in the countryside can actually cause morepollution apart from train commuters they only produce a fraction of the CO2per capitaas many people share trains and they give off half the CO2 of a car per mile.

Around 1.3 million people commute on trains there are around 15 million private vehiclesand 10s of thousands of buses. 36 million people commute to work. And commute

changes as people also go to retail parks outside the city. So less public transport use

Most of the recycling I the UK is sent overseas 10% of newspapers and pamphlets are sentto Malaysia the rest to Indonesia. A fifth of mixed papers are sent to china, only steelaluminium and glass are recycled in the UK which is ridiculous.

Waste: 8% of London's waste ends up in Bedfordshire Shanks and MC Ewan which are big

landfill companies, which account to 50% of there waste.

20% London's waste comes goes to mucking, there are 200 hectares of waste up to 30mdeep. 20% is transported out by ships in the river Thames. Mucking was good as it had nouse as sand and gravel ran out so it could no longer be used for gravel quarry. This isdamaging as waste can leak into Thames and the toxins dumped there killed theneighbouring nature reserve in the village of mucking

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Higher resource demand Higher resource demand encompasses all of what I have

talked about so far, as when population grows we needmore resources and towns. This uses more energy, pollutesmore gets rid of more habitat and makes animals exceptfrom perhaps scavengers and bacterial decomposers canunable to compete/live with us.

It also means we are using up finite resources quicker thanthey can be supplied as fossil fuels are expected to all goin the next century and uranium in the next couple ofcenturies

Particularly in the rainforest this means we can evendestroy medical cures as our lust for lumber made sure

that the periwinkle tree was destroyed which increasedsurvival chances from 20-80%.

If we have a continued exponential increase we couldalso experience a Malthusian natural check which meansmany animals and plants die as there simply isnt enoughfood or energy to sustain us all!!

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Introduction of Alien Species Now Im sure you have heard about the grey squirrel coming to

the UK and out competing the red squirrel in the south of the UKbut this is a minor example compared to the buffalo carp in theUS.

This reduced the numbers of other carp and bass by 30% when itwas introduced and the mirror carp is very endangered in theUS. This is as the Buffalo carp clean up everything, the reason forwhy they were first introduced but it means often there is not

enough food left for anyone else so they die. This is as the buffalocarp was originally in Canada and only active for about 3-4months of the year when it was warm enough and it hibernatedthe rest of the time. However when it was introduced to thesouth of the US mass destruction happened all year round.

This shows just how bad a simple thing can be to a delicateecosystem and we as humans when we meddle with theanimals meddle with the system and lose fish with genes thatmay be needed in the future

This isnt even the most serious example as I'm sure many of youhave heard about the dodo and that we no longer have thisflightless bird.

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CLIMATE CHANGE- the

source of most negativechangeA Negative outlook

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130726112209.htm

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http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130726112209.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130726112209.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130726112209.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130726112209.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130726112209.htm


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Overview Climate change is bad as it makes more

extreme weather so certain biomes can getto much sun or not enough rain as weather ismade more extreme so more droughts andfloods are likely to happen. This is caused byall the world in burning of fossil fuels, using tomuch electricity and cutting down forests. It

also means the earth becomes hotter whichwill lead to places in the Artic and Antarctichaving less land as the ice is melting.

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Thaw of Artic/AntarcticPermafrost and ice This is Dangerous in the Tundra biodiversity area.

This is because in this all organic matter that dies isfrozen so it is preserved. However bacteria can

reach this eventually and when they do it is usuallyunder the ice. This will then form a methanebubble. After this is formed it is trapped under ice.However due to global warming the permafrost ismelting which means that methane gas is beingreleased which is 23x times as damaging to theenvironment than CO2as it is a very badgreenhouse gas which will then lead to furtherextreme weather which will damage theenvironment.

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Sea level rise+ floods

This is happening due to thermalexpansion and ice sheet melting.

Sea levels are expected to rise by about

1m in the next 100 years or 2m in theGreenland ice melt increases pace.

There are varying impacts but here is anexample about Tuvalu, double click toview fully.

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Heat waves + forest fires- US

You may have heard about the Colorado fires howeverthe Nebraska fires were much more detrimental tobiodiversity and they both happened in 2012

This is as the Colorado fires happened in higherpopulated areas where as the Nebraska fires effectedmore land but less people which is why we never heardof it.

This means that an area where animals are virtually freeto roam, eat and sleep was decimated and habitat losswas catastrophic as about 100 square miles were lostcompare this to Colorado and only about a of theland was affected.

This meant that in the tropical grassland area, oursecond most bio-diverse biome, we lost huge amounts

of insects and habitat Despite short term loss from farmers the greater nutrients

in the soil will now encourage them to move in placelots of chemicals on the land and start as usual and insuch as the us many of the impacts for legal chemicalsis unknown but most are toxic to everything except soyabeans or corn

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Extreme weather Global warming is making the days hotter, rainfall and flooding heavier, hurricanes stronger and droughts

more severe. This intensification of weather is the most tangible impact of global warming in our everyday

lives. It is also causing dangerous changes to the landscape of our world, which adds stress to wildlife speciesand their habitat.

Hurricanes- these will become stronger as more heat energy

needs to be transferred around the globe this means tropical

storms will have 3-31%stronger rainfall and wind speeds 2-11%

higher. Also there will be much higher storm surges, so

flooding is more likely .

Heat Waves- we get more and severer heat waves, this is an

obvious change however it makes habitats more vulnerable as

plants can over respire at night and animals often overheat, this

could be a serious problem and is linked to my next point.Also

warming of night has impact on this see slide 59 for more detail.

Wildfires- it is not bad that we have them as many habitats like

Yellowstone need this to regenerate and carry on the next

generation. However the increased amount of them particularly

in the US and Australia is alarming as they have risen by 20% in the last 8 years and destroyed just over abillion hectares (British billion). This means that more habitat is lost in a relatively short amount of time thattakes years to recover from.Also warming of night affects these see later for details.

Floods- this mainly impacts the coast however in 2009 Omaha flooded which is right in the centre of the US.This was due to high melt from the Rockies due to heavy snowfall that winter. With areas flooded many smallland species die and much land is made unusable, this means animals cant feed and plants cant grow. Suresome water species like algae and pathogens grow like crazy but for some of the less hardy species it can bedetrimental. In fact our coasts have seen over 100 species die out due to the fact they werent hardyenough to survive flooding which is a real shame as who knows what a frog species or any other animal mayteach us.

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Extreme weather Drought- The skimmer and swimmer critters in ponds, when dried

out by drought end up looking the same as each other when thewater returns. Causing a huge decline in biodiversity, according toa new study by Jonathon chase. In worst affected areas this dropcan lead to more serious consequences, such as ecosystemcollapse, this affect the web of life and food that supports all

animals and humans. This is as when he did his experiment to replicate drought conditions

a pond faces; he found that biodiversity decreased by 10% for thatpond. This is as there are the ones who deal with droughteffectively. This means that they recover more quickly and outcompete other animals. This leads to homogenization. However inan area of ponds this is much more serious as biodiversitydecreases by 50% due to the fact that the rarer species that onlylive in specific ponds die and form the 10% loss for one pondhowever they accumulate to a bigger number in more ponds asthat species in now not in entire area.

http://www.livescience.com/4650-drought-destroy-biodiversity.html

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http://www.livescience.com/4650-drought-destroy-biodiversity.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/4650-drought-destroy-biodiversity.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/4650-drought-destroy-biodiversity.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/4650-drought-destroy-biodiversity.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/4650-drought-destroy-biodiversity.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/4650-drought-destroy-biodiversity.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/4650-drought-destroy-biodiversity.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/4650-drought-destroy-biodiversity.html


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Less, unreliable rainfall-Sahel In this semi-arid region much grazable,

arable land is being lost. This is mainly dueto over grazing or poor farming methods.

This means that there ends up being notenough plants. This means there is lesstranspiration and therefore less rainfall.This is bad for biodiversity as we lose awhole range of species who can survivethe hot but not the desert and some ofthem could have been very important toscience.

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Climate changeadvantagesA HIGHLY optimistic outlook.

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Not so much an advantage Mass extinction the result of acid rain and ozone loss!

Widespread rain as acidic as lemon juice and thedestruction of as much as 65% of the ozone layer mayhave played a major role in the largest mass extinctionin the fossil record. This conclusion was reached by aUS team that used geological samples to develop aclimate model that predicted extreme atmosphericeffects that could have been behind the mass

extinction at the end of the Permian. Sometimes called The Great Dying, the mass extinction

event 252 million years ago saw the death of around90% of all living species, including the trilobites, seascorpions and two major groups of coral. Why thishappened has been the subject of considerablescientific debate with the primary suspect large-scalevolcanism in the Siberian Traps

So essentially all the bad stuff we are doing hashappened before without our intervention so are wereally that bad or could it all simply be natural

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Source AS chemistry bulletin see outside presentation for more
http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2013/11/21/G34875.1http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2013/11/21/G34875.1


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Oak Processionary Moth

insect or small animalexample.Numbers expanding due to climate change

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Problems with moth Caterpillars can cause respiratory problems in

humans as their hair contains thaumetopoein

which mostly just irritates the skin but if thehairs are inhaled then it causes many cold likesymptoms.

They are killing our oak trees so we need toreport nests, this is as they are like locusts thecome and strip an oak tree of much of itsbark and leaves which means if they dontdie then, then they will die when a disease ordrought hits them.

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Description

Caterpillar

The caterpillars are recognised by their movementin late spring to summer as well as their processions

(hairs) which go from the front to the back They pretty much exclusively live on oak trees

They build white nests made of silk in the summerbut they become colourless quickly so become

harder to notice as summer goes on They have been known to even encase cars in their

ingenious protective web which stop them gettingeaten

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Description

The moth itself is far less interesting then thecaterpillar it is a brown moth like any other and isvery hard to distinguish

However they only last for three days in this stagebefore they die but they can lay up to 500 eggs inthis time

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Where are they usually found?

Can be found all over theSouth of England

However it thrives mainly

in London and Berkshire

However they have been found asfar north as Leeds and Sheffield

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A Bigger picture in Holland

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As you can see thenumbers greatly increasefrom 2005-2009 as well asthey are moving furthernorth. So its not a verygood outlook for us then isit?

Note keep as PowerPointto see effectiveness ofdisplay


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Why the expansion

The larvae needs very mild temperatures inorder to spawn, however due to Globalwarming an expansion northwards has beenmade possible. This is as in spring in recentyears it has been drier and warmer in order toexpand

This coupled with the lack of predators hereand the reduced resistance of English oaktrees to them has caused mass devastation toour forests.

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When was the problem recognised/

what has been done about it?

This is a fairly recent problem, this is as theywere only found here in 2006 but they have

expanded by 350% since then The Plant health forestry order was amended

in 2008 in order to give the UK rights to checkoak trees coming through customs.

This means they will stop new introductions ofthe species and can try to contain thenumbers we already have.

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Polar bearA large animal example

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Warming up In 2012 the artic experienced the warmest

temperatures on record.

Polar bears rely on sea ice so much thatthe tiniest change to temperature canaffect where the hunt breed and den(live).

Also there is now to much open water asbefore a swim a polar bear could havemade caused 4 to drown in 2004

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Specifics In the winter the polar bears are leaving their sea to den on land

instead, this means they cause havoc on animals in north Russia as theycannot get back to the ice in summer and also for themselves as it

encourages tourists to come up and hunt them. Their new land dens are susceptible to forest fires as the permafrost has

declined. This can also lead to their collapse due to increased springrainfall which can be detrimental as bears are trapped at a key time ofyear when they need to get out and breed.

They also cannot hunt as longer with less sea ice, particularly in theHudson bay which has seen the hunting season grow shorter by abouta month has seen a decrease of 22% in its polar bear population. Aswell as 37% drop in cub survival rates

In the southern Beaufort sea study it shows that this drop in cub survivalrated also has lead to a decline in adult weight and skull size

The main reason this all is due to the fact they cannot reach the sealprey in order to get enough nutrition this affects the whole eco-systemfrom copepods to seals to walruses. This is as when tertiary predatornumbers drop secondary consumers increase which decreases primary

consumer numbers. They then get wiped out so the secondaryconsumers then end up starving. The plants particularly in sea cannotsurvive in high methane atmospheres so they die. This means we areonly left with bacteria.

Another thing this unfortunately leads to is cannibalism which furtherreduces numbers but could be said to help make sure the next polarbears are the strongest ones

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Eutrophication and Coral

Bleaching

Monera/Protista example

http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2013/07/03/Study-Climate-change-could-have-impact-on-ocean-food-chain/UPI-75951372888940/

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Coral bleachingGlobal warming, Sedimentation, Blast Fishing Tourism

and hurricanes.

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Global warming

Human activities has resulted in atmospheric CO2concentrations that have increased from approximately 280 to385 parts per million (ppm). The atmospheric concentration ofCO2 is now higher than experienced on Earth for at least thelast 800,000 years and probably over 20 million years, and isexpected to continue to rise at an increasing rate, leading to

significant temperature increases. Also the Ph level of oceans has decreased by 0.1 of a unit

compared to what it normally was. A higher Ph means there isless carbonate ions available needed to make shells or theskeleton for coral. Also the acid makes the cells weaker sowaves are more likely to damage them and they are morevulnerable.

Coral bleaching occurs with temperature rises as they expel

the algae (that live symbiotically with the coral) if they arestressed by being too hot or if they have too much ultravioletradiation. The algae are called zooxanthellae (zoo-zan-THEL-ee) normally provide the coral with up to 80% of its energy. Thismeans that they often die and lose their colour as they algaemakes them have their colour. This is why they are calledbleached corals.

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Sedimentation Industry and town and cities on coasts

can lead to rivers being eroded by

farming, mining, logging andconstruction. This means that they getcovered in sediment or the water getsmurkier so The coral get less sunlight. This

means they cannot get food. Alsomangrove forest destruction and prawnfarms are increasing sediment.

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Blast fishing This blows up the coral. This means that

the reefs the fish live in as well as fish are

destroyed, for the sake of only a few fishthat float to the surface. In addition it alsokills unnecessary fish that dont have to bekilled.

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Careless tourism Sewage released from resorts degrades

the coral. This can be pumped directly or

seeps into the water from poorly designedseptic tanks. Also bad practices on divingand boating can lead to the coral beingtouched and destroyed/killed, aswhenever people grab, kick/walk on, or

stir up sediment in the reefs they die. Theyare also destroyed by anchors andpeople collecting coral.

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Increased hurricane activityCoral reefs can be damaged by natural

events such as hurricanes, cyclones, andtsunamis. Wave activity can break apartcorals, this is especially true as their shellsare becoming weaker. This is happeningmost likely due to climate change,caused by global warming, caused by

the enhanced greenhouse effect. As theextra thermal energy has to be transferredsomehow around the earth

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Affects onbiodiversity ofCoral

bleachingThe destruction of coral and how key a marinehabitat it is.

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HabitatCoral is an incredibly good habitat as it

provides protection for animals behind it

as well as being in warm waters packedfull of nutrients thank to the coralproducing it.

This means that 25% fish species live in

these areas despite being only 5% ofhabitat and 40% of total amount of fish

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Coral itselfCoral are one of the biggest contributors

in oxygen production of the sea so

destroying them increases climatechange

Also the coral are used to make lots ofjewellery that is biologically friendly with

them dead we will pollute even more.

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EutrophicationCauses + affects as well as statistics, getting mildlybetter in developed countries which were the onlyones which allowed researcher to create a map likethe one above.

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20002010

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Causes + affects By either an increase of dead content due to

methane killing animals or an increase in algae todue warming temperatures or chemicals theprocess is almost always the same.

First the key factor happens which I have thenexplained above

Then algae and zooplankton begin to grow like

crazy until they block out the sunlight This means that other plants cannot create

oxygen below or photosynthesise so they die This then means the animals have no oxygen or

anything to feed on so eventually they die The water becomes oxygen-less and even the

algae begin to die The bacteria feed of all the dead matter and

produce co2 and methane which kills the oceanfurther and adds to global warming.

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Statistics This has made around 5% of our oceans

dead

3% increase throughout the world ofEutrophied waters.

This is the second biggest cause of marinebiodiversity loss

These dead zones could mean that in 20-60 years there will be no fish in waterswithin 30 miles of the coast

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Thumbs up for Climate

Change, Thumbs Downfor habitat lossFungae example

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Not much information

We now that the saproxylic species (ones that liveof dead wood) have reduces by 90% to humanclearing of paths and the forest floor

However in respect to other species it is muchharder to tell, however around 45% of species live

in 1% of land if you want to know more look here: http://www.helsinki.fi/~ihanski/Articles/Oikos%2020

06%20Penttila%20et%20al.pdf

The reason I did not summarise this is that it is longwinded and a little confusing for me. However it

does show that that unless we manage forests thehabitat loss could cause us to have much less rarespecies of fungus only growing in specific areas.

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http://www.helsinki.fi/~ihanski/Articles/Oikos%202006%20Penttila%20et%20al.pdfhttp://www.helsinki.fi/~ihanski/Articles/Oikos%202006%20Penttila%20et%20al.pdfhttp://www.helsinki.fi/~ihanski/Articles/Oikos%202006%20Penttila%20et%20al.pdfhttp://www.helsinki.fi/~ihanski/Articles/Oikos%202006%20Penttila%20et%20al.pdfhttp://www.helsinki.fi/~ihanski/Articles/Oikos%202006%20Penttila%20et%20al.pdf


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The warming of the nightPlantae example but affects a bit more

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Causes and pests

This is as we all know the earth is getting warmer, but whenseparating day and night you find something interesting. The normalaverage temperature for days rose by 50% for 1961-90 however inthe same period nights temperatures rose by 70%. This is asgreenhouse gases have a larger affect on night temperatures.

Warming also means increased evaporation which means that there

are more clouds which makes it warmer at night and cooler in day.

However it is not just due to CO2; it is also due to with: increased heatwaste from homes and concrete radiating solar heat after dark.

A specific reason in North America where this has an impact is due tothe fact more pests can survive if there are fewer frosts so pine

beetles are chewing through forests at a rate of knots.

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Plants dying of exhaustion

Warming up means that the respiration of plants atnight is higher than it would have been previously.Although this tends to help plants in drier areas like thegrasslands of china it hinders animals in wetter areaslike Japan and north-western USA. This has a greatimpact on biodiversity as it gives some species a boostand is hurting others. A long term study in Costa Ricaconcluded that growth in tropical rainforests may bestumped by the warming of the night.

This has a negative impact on human food supply as a1C increase in night temperatures in the Philippineshas led to 10% decrease in night time temperaturesthere.

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Animal threats of night warmingAlso in Costa Rica due to increased cloudiness

has helped the frog-killing chytrid fungus growand rapidly decrease the numbers of some ofthe rarest amphibians on our planet.

Ultimately more damaging though would be a

rise in malaria, Andrew Dobson an infectiousdisease ecologist at Princeton university says:What we worry about a lot is mosquitoes beingmore active at night Being warmer for longeris likely to speed up the life cycle of pathogenslike malaria, which means it can infect morepeople.

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Wildfires and heat waves

It will make fires easier as less dew will settle on potential fuel andkindling with a warmer night. This may not affect so much once theinferno is roaring however what is needed to cause it to start couldgo from deliberately throwing gasoline everywhere and lighting it, toigniting when a small cigarette drops. This effect is particularly hard tomeasure against the affect of global warming as a whole. Whichshows how subtle and unnoticeable to us the warming of the nights

are. Heat waves on the other hand are easy to tell, as many are

determined by highest minimums not maximums. In 2012 in the US25% weather stations recorded a hotter night time in June, July andAugust than at any time since records began (1895). In Europe a heatwave which struck us in 2003 and killed 21,000 people linked towarmer nights.

Hot nights mean that bodies stress more as in the day animals canfind more shade wind and relax in the water. However at night wehave to go to our shelters which are generally warmer and animalsbodies who arent used to heat cant cope anymore.

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Mild upside However in California they can now grow

more as well as more varied grapes due

to the fact there are less frosts. This meansit is good for biodiversity and Californianwine makers. In fact the number of typesof grapes could increase by 60% in theregion.

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ConclusionWhat will happen to our earth by the 22ndcentury?

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The hope During the dinosaur times there was 5 times as much co2 in the air as thereis now, and 55 million years ago in the Palaeocene epoch the rise of

mammals came due to a methane burp causing temporarily hightemperatures so they could get bigger. This means in the history of theworld our actions may cause damage, however life will change adapt andmove on.

On the other hand this change is happening very quickly and some animalsmay not adapt. Furthermore today we need agriculture and coolertemperatures for technology and if these go down with hotter temperaturesthen we are doomed.

However does that really matter? I mean what I one species among many,if we destroy our numbers vastly by our own actions that may actually bereally good for every other living creature on the planet.

In fact by us killing a minority of things would likely increase biodiversity by20%, however somehow we always find a way to survive.

This means we have to hope that species that like the warm expand andevolve so the gene pool remains large and who know by this and mutationscaused by nuclear waste we may actually create a new breed ofdinosaurs or other reptiles or even another Family of animals completely.

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The negative Despite the slide before, from all that I have shown you a

trend emerges; it seems that even if some of what we dohas a mild benefit to biodiversity, then something else we doalmost certainly does not.

The only species that will truly grow is bacteria however dueto our killing of the deadly ones that is even limited.

It appears to me that unless we drop birth rates dramaticallyand allow only so much care for the elderly (sad and wrongI know) we will not drop our population enough. This meanswe need ever more resources and power which will destroyhabitats and cause climate change.

This means I think that biodiversity will drop hugely over the

coming century, however what will happen in the next as Isaid more sceptical. But we may loose pole species likepenguins and polar bears forever and who knows howmany in the rainforest. As the world is likely to be drier inthese areas in the future.

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www.hantsmoths.org.uk

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction#Impact_on_human_population

http://www.fastcompany.com/1674335/dead-zone-deconfusinator-oil-not-only-problem-gulf-mexico-nasa-study-shows

New Scientist Magazine November 30thissue (pg. 51-52 for warming of night)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication#Decreased_biodiversity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef_fish

www.eea.europa.eu

http://www.seos-project.eu/modules/coralreefs/coralreefs-c04-p01.html

Personal GCSE geography books

http://science.howstuffworks.com/zoology/methane-cow.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil#Environmental_issues By Michael Ita

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Bibliography www.bbc.co.uk

www.internationalrivers.org

http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2008_08/014301.php

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http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276

AS Chemistry December bulletin

http://england.lovefoodhatewaste.com/node/2472

http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011

http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/nuclear/problems

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power#Radioactive_waste

River monsters

http://climate.nasa.gov/effects

http://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Rise

http://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspx

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http://dinosaurs.about.com/od/dinosaurcontroversies/a/Dinosaurs-Global-Warming.htm

By Michael Ita
http://www.internationalrivers.org/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2008_08/014301.phphttp://www.hindustantimes.com/http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://england.lovefoodhatewaste.com/node/2472http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/nuclear/problemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_powerhttp://climate.nasa.gov/effectshttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.polarbearsinternational.org/about-polar-bears/essentials/climate-changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polar_Bear_Habitat.pngvhttp://www.helsinki.fi/~ihanski/Articles/Oikos%202006%20Penttila%20et%20al.pdfhttp://dinosaurs.about.com/od/dinosaurcontroversies/a/Dinosaurs-Global-Warming.htmhttp://dinosaurs.about.com/od/dinosaurcontroversies/a/Dinosaurs-Global-Warming.htmhttp://dinosaurs.about.com/od/dinosaurcontroversies/a/Dinosaurs-Global-Warming.htmhttp://dinosaurs.about.com/od/dinosaurcontroversies/a/Dinosaurs-Global-Warming.htmhttp://dinosaurs.about.com/od/dinosaurcontroversies/a/Dinosaurs-Global-Warming.htmhttp://dinosaurs.about.com/od/dinosaurcontroversies/a/Dinosaurs-Global-Warming.htmhttp://dinosaurs.about.com/od/dinosaurcontroversies/a/Dinosaurs-Global-Warming.htmhttp://www.helsinki.fi/~ihanski/Articles/Oikos%202006%20Penttila%20et%20al.pdfhttp://www.helsinki.fi/~ihanski/Articles/Oikos%202006%20Penttila%20et%20al.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polar_Bear_Habitat.pngvhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polar_Bear_Habitat.pngvhttp://www.polarbearsinternational.org/about-polar-bears/essentials/climate-changehttp://www.polarbearsinternational.org/about-polar-bears/essentials/climate-changehttp://www.polarbearsinternational.org/about-polar-bears/essentials/climate-changehttp://www.polarbearsinternational.org/about-polar-bears/essentials/climate-changehttp://www.polarbearsinternational.org/about-polar-bears/essentials/climate-changehttp://www.polarbearsinternational.org/about-polar-bears/essentials/climate-changehttp://www.polarbearsinternational.org/about-polar-bears/essentials/climate-changehttp://www.polarbearsinternational.org/about-polar-bears/essentials/climate-changehttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Causing-Extreme-Weather.aspxhttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://www.serdp.org/Featured-Initiatives/Climate-Change-and-Impacts-of-Sea-Level-Risehttp://climate.nasa.gov/effectshttp://climate.nasa.gov/effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_powerhttp://www.greenpeace.org.uk/nuclear/problemshttp://www.greenpeace.org.uk/nuclear/problemshttp://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/estimates-household-food-and-drink-waste-uk-2011http://england.lovefoodhatewaste.com/node/2472http://england.lovefoodhatewaste.com/node/2472http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276http://www.hindustantimes.com/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2008_08/014301.phphttp://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2008_08/014301.phphttp://www.internationalrivers.org/

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