biodiversity and functioning of a subtropical coastal

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"Biodiversity and functioning of a subtropical coastal ecosystem:

subsidies for integrated management“ (BIOTA/FAPESP-Araçá)

"Biodiversity and functioning of a subtropical coastal ecosystem: subsidies

for integrated management“ (BIOTA/FAPESP-Araçá)

75 researchers (14 overseas)

39 graduate students (7 FAPESP; 11 CNPq; 19 CAPES; 2 FINEP)

22 undergrad students

6 postdocs (FAPESP)

18 technical assistants TT-3 (5 FAPESP; 1 UFABC)

21 contributors

179 total number of participants

35 institutions (9 overseas)

"Biodiversity and functioning of a subtropical coastal ecosystem: subsidies

for integrated management“ (BIOTA/FAPESP-Araçá)

Institutions: 35

IB/UNICAMPZUEC/UNICAMPNEPAM/UNICAMPIOUSPCEBIMAR/USPIB/USPMZUSPEACH/USPFE/USP

UNESP – S. VicenteUFRNUFALIP/APTA – UbatubaIP/APTA – S. SebastiãoIP/APTA – IlhabelaIP/APTA – SantosJ. Botânico – RJFund. SOS Mata Atlântica

IEE/USPUFRJIB/UFRJMN/UFRJIMar/UNIFESPCCNH/UFABCCCB/PUC-RIOUFPR - PalotinaUFSCar

Economic Analysis Branch, US Coast Guard, Department of Homeland SecurityGlobal Branch Division, International Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of InteriorMarine Biological Section, University of CopenhagenNatural History Museum of Denmark, University of CopenhagenNational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstituteUniversitá di SassaríUniversity of Massachusetts LowellUniversiteit Hasselt, Centre for Environmental Sciences

Araçá Bay

Neighbors

Varadouro

Topolândia

Port of São Sebastião

BIOTA/FAPESP-Araçá

Knowledge areas

How many organisms live

in the bay?

What are the local

biodiversity?

How those organisms

interact?

What are the

characteristics of water

and sediment?


in the bay?

What are the local

biodiversity?

How those organisms

interact?

What are the perceptions, transformations

and environmental impacts on the bay?

Who uses Araça? For what?

What are the


and sediment?


in the bay?

What are the local

biodiversity?

How those organisms

interact?




What are the


and sediment?


in the bay?

What are the local

biodiversity?

How those organisms

interact?

Do assemblages vary across space and/or time?

What are the effects of possible impacts, natural

or anthropic, on these assemblages?

Which sociocultural and

economic factors influence the

ecosystem health?







What are the


and sediment?


in the bay?

What are the local

biodiversity?

How those organisms

interact?

How to ensure sustainable,

long-term use of natural

resources?

What are the socio-cultural and

economic importance of the

ecosystem services provided by

the bay?

Which sociocultural and

economic factors influence the

ecosystem health?




What are the


and sediment?


in the bay?

What are the local

biodiversity?

How those organisms

interact?




Main questions – BIOTA/FAPESP-Araçá

1. Which physical, biological and human elements characterize Araçá

Bay?

2. How important is Araçá for mankind and also for the biosphere?

3. How to promote a sustainable development of the region based on

resources and ecosystem services?

The role of BIOTA/FAPESP-Araçá project

• Provide information so that future decisions about the Bay can be balanced considering environmental, social, economic and cultural aspects

• Propose an integrated way to study and plan the use of the environment, pursuing social, economic, political and cultural relevance

Leading Researchers

A. Cecília Z. Amaral, IB/UNICAMP (coordinator)

Alexander Turra, IO/USP

Aurea M. Ciotti, CEBIMar/USP

Carmen L.D.B. Rossi Wongtschowski, IO/USP

Yara Schaeffer Novelli, IO/USP

Module Coordinators

M1- Planktonic SystemAurea M. Ciotti, CEBIMar/USP

M2- Nektonic SystemCarmen L.D.B Rossi-Wongtschowski, IO/USP

M3- Benthic SystemA. Cecilia Z. Amaral, IB/UNICAMP

M4- Mangrove SystemYara Schaeffer Novelly, IO/USP

M7- Trophic InteractionsLucy S.H. Soares, IO/USP

M5- HydrodynamicsEduardo Siegle, IO/USP

M6- Sediment DynamycsJavier Alcantara, IO/USP

Module Coordinators

M8- Diagnóstico PesqueiroAntônio Olinto S. Silva, IP/APTA-Santos

M9- Identification and Valuation of Ecosystem ServicesPaulo A.A. Sinisgalli, EACH/USP

M10- Integrated ManagementAlexander Turra, IO/USP

M11- Ecological ModelingRonaldo Angelini, UFRN

M12- Spatial Data and Metadata Management de DadosLuis Américo Conti, EACH/USP

Module Coordinators

BIOTA/FAPESP-Araçá

Subsídios para Gestão Integrada

Processo de aprendizagem da equipeProcesso de aprendizagem social

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M1 - Planktonic SystemAccomplished and future goals

Phytoplankton biomass and water quality are significantly different in the Araçá Bay independently of the season. Overall, fall and winter months showed higher concentration of nutrients. Nutrients seem to increase variability in phytoplankton species composition as a function of precipitation rates and wind speed and direction.

91

93

95

97

99

101

103

105

107

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Sa

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(%

)

Irradiância integrada - 2h

Baía do Araça Araçá Bay respond to solar irradiance by increasing saturation levels of dissolved oxygen in scale of hours, suggesting that primary production within the bay exceeds respiration.

Ichthyofauna

- Species dominance change among habitats and seasonally

- Dominance of small, juveniles andimmature individuals

- Six Trophic Groups:1 Piscivorous2 Penaeid shrimp and fish eaters3 Decapod eaters4 Decapod and peracarid eaters5 Peracarid and Polychaeta eaters6 Bivalve eaters

Low-tide (Tide Pools)16 Teleostei

High-tide111 species5 Elasmobranchii106 Teleostei

High Biodiversity

Dominant Species (98%):

IUCN Red List21 species, 5 being threatened

M2 - Nektonic System

36 species(11 Orders e 22 Families)

Birds

53% Terrestrian38% Freshwater9% Marine

Most resident in Brazil

Seasonal Visitant (Northern Hemisphere)

Caradrius semipalmatus

Feeding Area

Roosting area (migratory route)

Green Sea Turtle Chelonia mydas

76 individuals in 20 hours of observation

Feeding area

Cetaceans

Data gathering is in progressHigh level of noise interference from ships and port activity

Hydrophone

M2 - Nektonic System

M3 – Benthic SystemSoft bottom

Macrofauna Abundance

Intertidal Subtidal

Number of individuals 10842 778

Number of species 74 108

Exclusive species 31 66

Shared species 43 43

Microphytobenthos: evaluation of photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a and phaeopigments.Values were higher in the intertidal and shallow subtidalregion. Feo values were higher than the cl a.

Metals: the elements analyzed are below the limit values. The highest values were obtained for the subtidal

Meiofauna

12 higher groups, 182 morphotypes of Nematoda

Abundance ranged between 87 and 4,247 / sample point

Richness values of morphospeciesin each of the three types of algae

M3 – Benthic SystemRocky shore, algaeMacrofauna and Meiofauna

Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) showing the difference between the fouling community and the communities of the three zones of the intertidal substratum.

191 morpho-species

M4 – Mangrove System

M5 - Hydrodynamics

- Oceanographic mooring- ADCP – current profiler/waves- CT’s – salinity and temperature

- Numerical modeling- Hydrodynamics/waves

~ 1 year of measured data

Wave propagation modeling

Hydrodynamic modeling

01/07/13 01/10/13 01/01/14 01/04/14 01/07/140

0.5

1

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Vel. m

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(m

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01/07/13 01/10/13 01/01/14 01/04/14 01/07/1420

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Salin

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01/07/13 01/10/13 01/01/14 01/04/14 01/07/1410

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30

40

Tem

p.

(°C

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Distribution of the average grain diameter (phy)

M6 - Sediment Dynamics

Aliphatic hydrocarbons - hydrocarbons from oil and derivatives are introduced into themarine environment through urban drainage, domestic and industrial effluents, wateractivities, spills etc. - Hydrocarbons from natural sources including terrestrial plants,animals, bacteria, microalgae and macroalgae

Chromatogram, which

is assigned the name

of Unresolved

Complex Mixture

(Mistura Complexa

não Resolvida -

MCNR) - oil

FID1 A, (E:\ARACA13\ARA_AH6.D)

Tet

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(PI)

C14

C15

Hex

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(PI)

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C17

Pris

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C19

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I) C

20

C21

C22 C

23

C24

C25

C26

C27

C28

C29

C30

C31

C32 C

33

C34

C35

M6 - Sediment Dynamics

Fringed flounder

Horse-eye jack

HerringsJamaica weakfish

MojarrasPolychaetes

Detritus

Tanaid

Crab

ShrimpsPerchs

Grunts

Amphipods

Thalassinidean shrimp

Bluewing searobin

SPM

West Indianpointed venus

Mullet

Whitemouthcroaker

Inshore lizardfish

Caribbean ocellated moray

Feeding interactions of fish and invertebrates

M7 - Trophic Interactions

Araçá Bay is important to fisheries because of the catches it provides and its use as fishing

port and market. Inside the bay and nearby fishermen catch Anomalocardia brasiliana,

crabs and several fish species as Mugil curema and Centropomus parallelus. Around

Ilhabela they catch, e.g., Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, Opisthonema oglinum and Micropogonias

furnieri. To take the catches they use gillnets, small trawl nets, hooks and lines, traps and

manual extraction. At least 35 fishermen use the bay frequently for different purposes.

During 2012 and 2013 a total of 237 landings were registered in Araçá Bay. These landings

summed 4,560 kg of 43 categories of fishes, mollusks and crustaceans. Half caught in the

Bay.

M8 - Fishing Diagnosis

Goals

Identify the ecosystem services from Araça Bay Value the ecosystem services

A list of possible services provided by the Araçá Bay was made based on a bibliographical review. This list was validated by experts and local community members. They attributed degrees of importance from a local perspective, concerning to the contribution of the services to the welfare of the Bay users.

• For the food provision the value was from R$ 100.00 to 1000.00 per month per person. • For shelter for boats, a preliminary calculation resulted in a value around R$ 312,000.00

annually.

M9 - Identification and Valuation of Ecosystem Services

Aims

Phase 1

- Identification of uses and stakeholders;

- Diagnostic of conflicts, synergies, vulnerabilities and

potentialities;

- Understand the process of territory formation;

- Integrated analysis of the public policies in the region.

M10 - Integrated Management

M10 - Integrated Management

Aims

Phase 2

- Advertise, mobilize and interact with stakeholders;

- Provide a participatory process to discuss the

importance and functioning of the region;

- Communicate and discuss the scientific information

with stakeholders;

- Support the discussion and elaboration of a Local Plan

of Sustainable Development.

M11 – Ecological Modeling

M12 - Spatial Data and Metadata Management

- Aggregate, organize, normalize , store and manage all the spatial data and information related to the project.- Establish a Spatial data infrastructure and ontologies rules to connect different modules.

- Metadata catalog with search and cross reference tools- Web Based Atlas (Geoportal) allowing users to get and access to datasets in a public and restricted manner- Create correlating modeling tools between modules datasets (geoprocessing)

Module 12 - Framework

ESRI Geoportal

GEOPORTAL – PROJETO ARAÇÁhttp://araca.maps.arcgis.com/home/

Summary of Results

• Spatial and temporal variability recorded in Araçá

• Higher variability in phytoplankton species composition during

fall and winter months

• Fish assemblages change between habitats and seasons

• Sediment characteristics and hydrodynamics also vary

throughout the year

• Benthic assemblages change due to environmental variability

• Importance – Ecosystem services

• Biodiversity: • More than 1000 species registered so far. Approximately 600

new records for the bay and 40 new species to science

• Biodiversity hotspot?

Only 50% of thematerial have been

processed so far

Last 50 years15 records/year

BIOTA/FAPESP-Araçá673 records/year

Total Novas Ameaçadas Total Novas Ameaçadas

Polychaeta 207 17 2 133 2 2

Mollusca 179 1 127

Crustacea 112 9 42

Rhodophyta 46 8

Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) 40 22 1 fam. + 1 gen. + 9 sp.

Cnidaria 32 18

Chlorophyta 23 5

Echinodermata 18 24

Ascidiacea 18 1 5 21 5

Phaeophyta 13

Porifera 12 1 16

Sipuncula 10 *

Ciliophora 6

Magnoliophyta 4 1 3

Kamptozoa 4 2

Enteropneusta 4 1 2 * 2

Echiura 3 1 *

Nemertea 1 *

Pycnogonida 1 *

Nematoda 249

Peixes 100

Ochrophyta 97

Myzozoa 50

Aves 29

Acoelomorpha 26 2

Plathyhelminthes 12 2 gen. + 5 sp.

Kynorhyncha 10 2 gen. + 10 sp.

Haptophyta 4

Cyanobacteria 4

Euglenozoa 3

Gastrotricha 2 1

Gnathostomulida 2

Tardigrada 2 1

Heterokontophyta 1

Priapulida *

Oligochaeta *

Total Geral 733 34 9 1010 1 fam. + 5 gen. + 30 sp. 9

até 2010 BIOTA/FAPESP-AraçáTáxons

591 new records

Summary of Results

Biodiversity

biodiversity and functioning of a subtropical coastal

Documents