biochemistry - west shore school district

5/16/14 1

Biochemistry The study of the chemistry of living

things.

Biochemistry.ppt

5/16/14 biochemistry L1.ppt 2 5/16/14 2

1. The nature of matter!

a)  Proton, neutron, electron b)  Bonds: ionic (transfer), covalent (share) c)  Hydrogen “bond” (strong electrostatic

attraction, but weaker than a bond) d)  Compound Hank green on bonds: http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_572528&feature=iv&index=1&list=UUX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q&src_vid=QnQe0xW_JY4&v=QnQe0xW_JY4

Hey, check this out…

•  http://www.dhmo.org

5/16/14 biochemistry L1.ppt 3


2. Importance of water!

a)  Heats slowly/ retains heat longer- stores heat

efficiently (high specific heat) b)  Many organisms release heat through water

evaporation-(evaporation = liquid to gas state) c)  Excellent solvent an important medium for

reactions


2. Importance of water!

d)  Lower density when frozen that’s why it

expands (acts like insulation on a lake)

dense Not so much http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVT3Y3_gHGg&list=UUX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q

Hank Green:


3. Cohesion and Adhesion!

a)  Cohesion - attraction between same substances

--surface tension, for example b)  Adhesion- attraction between different

substances—water clinging to glass c)  Capillary action- plant drinking- a form of

cohesion, but also adhesion (how?)

Visual Concept


4. Water - made up of" Hydrogen ions (H+) and Hydroxide ions (OH-)!

a)  Acids are high in hydrogen ions/ (H+ )pH <7

(FYI, these hydrogen ions form H30 or Hydronium ions which is REALLY what the pH scale measures)!

b)  Bases high in hydroxide ions/ OH- ions pH>7 (lots of H2O, one H short)!

Visual Concept



5. Carbon- an organism can combine it with any or all: H,N,O,P,S to form just about everything needed to sustain life! a)  Organic- contain carbon (An exception is

CO2.) b)  Inorganic- no carbon. c)  Carbon can forms chains, rings or

branches – covalent bonds with other C, makes a wide diversity of molecules!


6. Macromolecules- built around a carbon skeleton

a)  Monomers- small simple units that build macromolecules (ex: aa�s to proteins)

b)  Polymers- monomers joined together Building up= dehydration synthesis: water released also called condensation reaction!

c)  Polymer broken down= hydrolysis reaction: water needed!

d)  Four macromolecules


Question: Is this molecule organic?

Yes…it contains carbon!


7. Carbohydrates -key source of energy.

a)  Elements: CHO glucose -> C6H12O6 ratio of H:O is 2:1

b)  monosaccharide /single sugar •  Ex. Glucose, galactose

c)  Disaccharides/double sugar •  Ex. Sucrose- table sugar- glucose plus fructose

(what is the molecular formula?) d)  Polysaccharides/ 3 or more sugars


e) Important Polysaccharides

!  Starch -energy storage in plants !  Glycogen -energy storage in animals. !  Cellulose - cell walls of plants.

Visual Concept

Question: Where do disaccharides get the energy to form polysaccharides? (It�s NOT monosaccharides.)


8. Lipids- nonpolar molecules not soluble in water!

a)  4 types- fats (triglycerides) long term energy, phospholipids(build cell membranes), waxes, steroids

b)  Fats = 3 Fatty acids & 1 glycerol c)  Saturated fats- solid at room temp/animal

sources!d)  Unsaturated fats – liquid at room temp/plant

sources!e)  Ratio of H: O > 2:1!


Saturated and Unsaturated fats!


9. Proteins - made up of amino acids (aa). a)  Uniquely suited to catalyze reactions * b)  DNA provides instructions on how to assemble

the aa's. c)  Proteins have many functions in your body:

"  Antibodies, hormones, enzymes*, hair, horns

d)  aa�s contain an amino group -NH2 and a carboxyl group COOH

Visual Concept

Review of first 3 Macromolecules - Hank Green


http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_618980&feature=iv&src_vid=HVT3Y3_gHGg&v=H8WJ2KENlK0


10. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

One Nucleotide

Chains of nucleotides


11. Activation energy -�push� needed to start a chemical reaction. !

No need to write: Even a decomposition reaction needs energy to get it going.

Example: A boulder rolling down a hill and releasing energy as it goes, still needed a push to get started.


12. Chemical reaction- one or more substances change to produce something different

a.  One arrow, reaction goes 1 way Reactants------------------>products (reactants on left, products on right)

b.  Two arrows, both directions


13. Catalyst- reduce the activation energy of a chemical reaction



Example: Carbonic Anhydrase

!

CO2 + !H2O !---------> H2CO3 (200 rxns/hour)

No Enzyme

CO2 + !H2O !---------> !H2CO3 (1,000,000/sec )!

carbonic anhydrase

Carbon dioxide must be converted into carbonic acid for passage through the blood stream and into the lungs for release.

With the enzyme, the reaction occurs 1 million times faster!


14. Enzymes - natural catalyst usually a protein ending in -ase, that affects only specific substances. a)  Substrate- Molecule that an enzyme acts on !b)  Products- formed from the reaction c)  Active Site- "pocket" where substrate meets

enzyme Fyi When the enzyme squeezes the substrate,

the change in shape causes a reaction and products that come from the substrate!

Visual Concept


The action of an enzyme


15. Activity affected by:

a)  pH (too low or high)* b)  temperature (too high or too low not

good!)*!c)  Concentration, however, enzymes are not

consumed (used up) in a reaction.!d)  Enzyme can be denatured (destroyed

beyond repair) by pH or temperature because it changes the enzymes shape!!

Fyi, the same factors that would affect ANY chemical reaction! !

!

biochemistry - west shore school district

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