biochemistry the study of elements and compounds in living organisms
TRANSCRIPT
BIOCHEMISTRY
The study of Elements and compounds
in living organisms
pH = percent Hydrogen• pH is a scale that measure the amount of H+ ions or OH- ions
• to us…this just means ACIDIC or BASIC (ALKALINE)
• 0-6.9 = acidic
• 7 = neutral
• 7.1-14 = basic
Atom
• The basic unit of matter. • Composed of a nucleus that contains
protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral or no charge), and electrons (negatively charged) that orbit around the nucelus.
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Element • the most basic form of any pure material.
• Example: Hydrogen (H)
• Example: Potassium (K)
CompoundCompound•A combination of two or more elements. Many elements on earth remain bonded to other elements as compounds.
•Examples: H2O, CO2, C6H12O6
MonomerMonomer
A single subunit. Many monomers can be joined to make larger molecules.
PolymerPolymer
A long chain of many (3 or more) monomers.
MacronutrientsMacronutrientselements required in large amounts by living things.elements required in large amounts by living things.
Hydrogen Hydrogen CarbonCarbonOxygen Oxygen NitrogenNitrogen
Micronutrients:Elements needed in SMALL Elements needed in SMALL
quantities (vitamins/minerals)quantities (vitamins/minerals)ZincZinc
SodiumSodiumChlorineChlorine
IronIronPhosphorousPhosphorous
CalciumCalciumMagnesiumMagnesium
IodineIodinePotassiumPotassium
SulfurSulfurEtc…Etc…
Organic Compound
•A compound made by a living organism.
•Organic compounds ALWAYSALWAYS contain C (Carbon) and H (Hydrogen). They often contain O (Oxygen).
FOUR MAJOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
SUBUNIT(monomer)
• Monosaccharide• 3 fatty acids +
glycerol• Amino acids• Nucleotides
COMPOUND(Polymer)
• Carbohydrate• Lipid• Protein• Nucleic Acid
How does this represent monomers & polymers?
PAY ATTENTION!!
This is REALLY important!
Organic Compound ChartOrganic
CompoundMonomer(s) Ways to help you
rememberUses and Examples
PROTEINSElements
•Carbon•Hydrogen•Oxygen•Nitrogen•sometimes Sulfur
Monomer• Amino Acid
• There are 20 different amino acids found in nature.
PROTEINS Examples• Muscles• Cell receptors• Most
hormones• Enzymes• Antibodies
PROTEINS Function
• structure• cell
communication• control chemical
reaction rates• fight diseases
Organic Compound ChartOrganic
CompoundMonomer(s) Ways to help you
rememberUses and Examples
Protein Amino Acids Have C,H,O,N, sometimes S
Enzymes, hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, muscles, body structure
CARBOHYDRATESElements
• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen
• (2 hydrogen:1 oxygen)
Subunit• Monosaccharid
e
NOTE: Ring Shape!
CARBOHYDRATESEXAMPLES
Mono/dissaccharides
• Glucose• Fructose• Lactose• Maltose• Sucrose
Polysaccharides
• Starch• Chitin• Glycogen• Cellulose
CARBOHYDRATESFUNCTION
• Quick Energy• Plant Cell
Walls• Exoskeletons• Animal Starch
Funny Link
Organic Compound ChartOrganic
CompoundMonomer(s) Ways to help you
rememberUses and Examples
Protein Amino Acids Have C,H,O,N, sometimes S
Enzymes, hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, muscles, body structure
Carbohydrate Mono- saccharides
Always a ring shape!! Primary energy source,cell walls (plant cells), starch, chitin (exoskeletons)
LIPIDSElements
• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen• FYI: (3+ : 1
ratio)
Subunit
• 1 glycerol• 3 fatty acids
and
.
This is the HO HO HO molecule!
LIPIDS examples
• Fats, oils, waxes• Myelin sheath• Cell membrane• Steroid hormones
LIPIDS function
• Stored Energy• Insulation• Cushions
Organs• Regulation of
reproductive system
Human adipose cells swollen Human adipose cells swollen with fat!!!!!with fat!!!!!
Humans can grow more fat cells, but can never get rid of them!!
As we gain and lose weight, they just swell and shrink.
…Makes you think twice about those French fries!!!
Organic Compound ChartOrganic
CompoundMonomer(s) Ways to help you
rememberUses and Examples
Protein Amino Acids Have C,H,O,N, sometimes S
Enzymes, hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, muscles, body structure
Carbohydrate Mono- saccharides
Always a ring shape!! Primary energy source,cell walls (plant cells), starch, chitin (exoskeletons)
Lipids 3 Fatty Acids & 1 Gylcerol
Has a long chain of C and H
Back-up energy source, cell membranes, insulation, cushion organs
Fats, oils & waxes
NUCLEIC ACIDSElements
• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen• Nitrogen• Phosphorous
Monomer• Nucleotide
Phosphate
Nitrogenous
base
Sugar (5C)
NUCLEIC ACIDSExamples
DNA• Deoxyribonucleic
acid
RNA• Ribonucleic acid
NUCLEIC ACIDSFunction
• Instructions for:– Traits– Protein
synthesis– Enzymes
Organic Compound ChartOrganic
CompoundMonomer(s) Ways to help you
rememberUses and Examples
Protein Amino Acids Have C,H,O,N, sometimes S
Enzymes, hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, muscles, body structure.
Carbohydrate Mono- saccharides
Always a ring shape!! Primary energy source,cell walls (plant cells), starch, chitin (exoskeletons).
Lipids 3 Fatty Acids & 1 Gylcerol
Has a long chain of C and H
Back-up energy source, cell membranes, insulation, cushion organs.
Fats, oils & waxes.
Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Only two…DNA and RNA
Control traits, protein production.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
Dehydrate: to remove _________.
Synthesis: to combine two or more __________ compounds to
create a more ___________ one.
SOO….
Dehydration Synthesis means to ________ molecules by removing _________.
+
WATER
SIMPLECOMPLEX
JOINWATER
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
An H and an OH are taken from the molecules that are being joined.
The H and OH combine to form ________.water
The other result is two The other result is two monomers joined monomers joined together. This forms a together. This forms a _____________._____________.polymer
Clip Clip 2
Explain: a) process b) molecule formedc) molecule removed
Explain:a) Process
b) Molecules joined
c) Name of bond formed
d) Molecule removed
HYDROLYSISHydro: means __________
Lysis: means to ________
So…Hydrolysis means to add
__________ and ________ molecules apart!
WATER
SPLIT
WATER SPLIT
A) What process is occurring?
B) What molecule did we start with?
C) What molecules do we have at the end?
CATALYST
A ______________ is a chemical that ____________ chemical reactions
WITHOUT being __________ by that reaction.
CATALYST
SPEEDS UPCHANGED
ENZYMES
- Enzymes ARE protein catalysts!
- So…Enzymes SPEED UP chemical reactions in our bodies WITHOUT being changed in that reaction!
- Enzymes are reused many times before the body gets rid of them.
- Enzymes can join together or break apart molecules.
There are
OODLES
of Enzymes!!
Each
ENZYME
is
specific
to its
SUBSTRATE.
Most Most enzyme enzyme
names end names end in –ase!in –ase!
Enzyme VocabEnzyme: a protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed by that reaction.
Substrate: the molecule(s) the enzyme is working on.
Product: the molecule(s) created by the enzyme. NOTE* enzymes can JOIN molecules or SPLIT them!!
Enzyme Activity
Called the enzyme-substrate complex
Enzyme Action…again
Denature:Extreme conditions can cause enzymes to
denature, or change shape.
Based on what you know about enzyme function, how does this change of shape impact
how enzymes work?
Normal Denatured
Factors affecting Enzymes:
1. too HIGH or too LOW pH denature enzymes
2. too HIGH of a temperature will denature enzymes
**too LOW of a temperature will ONLY SLOW DOWN their function…NOTNOT denature them!**
Enzyme Substrate Concentration
Enzyme
Substrate
Product (produced immediately)
For the example below, we are showing HYDROLYSIS!
Now…Graph your Product production as your substate increases!
BIOCHEMISTRY!!