BIOCHEMISTRYMacromolecules

- Only one type of element- Cannot be chemically separated

- More than one type of element chemically bonded together- Can only be chemically separated into elements

Glucose

C6H12O6

CO2

H2H2OFePb

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

•Compounds that contain carbon.

•Usually associated with living (BIOTIC) things.

C

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• Compounds that DO NOT contain

carbon.• These are

usually linked with non-living (ABIOTIC) things!

C

POLYMER• A giant

molecule made of many smaller molecules (monomers)

FOUR GROUPSthat make up

ALL LIVING THINGS:

•Carbohydrates•Lipids•Proteins•Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

CARBOHYDRATES• Examples: Sugars,

starches, cellulose (fiber)

• FUNCTION:

break down molecules to release energy & provide shape

CARBOHYDRATES

• Made up of :

–Carbon

–Hydrogen

–Oxygen

CARBOHYDRATES cont.

Monomer1. monosaccharide –

single sugar molecules ex. glucose

CARBOHYDRATES cont.

Polymers

Disaccharides – double sugar molecules

ex. Fructose (fruit sugar)

Polysaccharides – many sugar molecules

ex: starch

Monosaccharide

Disaccharide

Cellulose

LIPIDSElements:

1. Carbon

2. Hydrogen

3. Oxygen

Monomer: Fatty acid, glycerol

Polymer: 3 Fatty acids, 1 glycerol

LIPIDSExamples: Fats, waxes,

oils, phospholipids, steroids

FUNCTION: • Fats & oils – long term

energy storage ex: Whales & blubber• Insulate & repel water

PROTEIN• Elements…

1. CARBON

2. HYDROGEN

3. OXYGEN

4. NITROGENExample: Enzymes – proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions

PROTEIN• Monomers = 1 amino acid

• Polymers = made of many amino acids (20).

Functions:

• Build & repair tissue.

• Movement

• Structure

• Transport

• Defense

• Regulation

Protein

NUCLEIC ACIDS • Monomer = nucleotides (a 5-

carbon sugar + a nitrogenous base + a phosphate group).

• Polymer = many nucleotides

• Elements = C, H, O, N & P

Functions • Contain genetic information-DNA

• Control the activities of cells.

NUCLEIC ACIDS

• Examples:– DNA (carries the

instructions to control the activities of a cell)

– RNA (carries the instructions to make proteins)

Nucleotide

Nucleic Acid

Testing for Nutrients

Benedict Test – a test for monosaccharides; simple sugars like glucose or fructose (fruit sugar). In contact with monosaccharides, the Benedict solution turns from blue to green/orange/red.

Testing for NutrientsBenedict Test

Testing for Nutrients

Biuret Test – uses a solution of potassium hydroxide and copper sulfate to test for protein. The Biuret solution turns pink/purple when proteins are present.

Testing for NutrientsBiuret Test

Testing for Nutrients

Iodine – can be used to test for starch, a polysaccharide (complex sugar). Iodine turns dark purple in the presence of starch.

Testing for NutrientsIodine Test

No Starch Starch