biochemistry introductory powerpoint
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BIOCHEMISTRYBIOCHEMISTRYNote Outline
• I can identify the elements commonly found in living things (C, H, O, and N).
• I can describe how atoms bond together to form molecules.
• I can compare the chemical structures of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids by describing how they form and are broken down.
• I can relate the importance of the 4 biomolecules to living things.
• I can describe the function of an enzyme and factors that influence enzyme activity.
I. Learning Targets
A. What is Biology?A. What is Biology?
II. Features of Life
A. What is Biology?A. What is Biology?
1. Definition: the study of the 1. Definition: the study of the
diversity of lifediversity of life
II. Features of Life
A. What is Biology?A. What is Biology?
1. Definition: the study of the 1. Definition: the study of the
diversity of lifediversity of life
2. More specifically, biologists…2. More specifically, biologists…
II. Features of Life
a. Study interactions of the environment
b. Propose solutions to problems
B. What Constitutes Life?B. What Constitutes Life?
The term The term livingliving is not easy to define. is not easy to define.
Living things Living things MUSTMUST contain contain ALLALL 5 of 5 of
the following to be considered alive.the following to be considered alive.
Living things…Living things…
1) Reproduce1) Reproduce
2) Are Organized (Cells)2) Are Organized (Cells)
3) Grow and Develop3) Grow and Develop
4) Use Energy / Evolve4) Use Energy / Evolve
5) Respond to their Surroundings5) Respond to their Surroundings
A. ElementsA. Elements
1. Everything is made of substances
called elements.
III. Atoms and their Interactions
A. ElementsA. Elements
1. Everything is made of substances
called elements.
2. Most common elements are…
CCarbon, HHydrogen, OOxygen,
and NNitrogen
III. Atoms and their Interactions
Comparing the composition of the Earth’s crust to the human body
B. B. AtomsAtoms are the basic building block of are the basic building block of
all matter.all matter.
1. Definition: an atom is the
smallest particle of an element
that has the same characteristics
of that element.
C. Structure of an AtomC. Structure of an Atom
C. Structure of an AtomC. Structure of an Atom
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C. Structure of an AtomC. Structure of an Atom1. 1. NucleusNucleus::
C. Structure of an AtomC. Structure of an Atom1. 1. NucleusNucleus::
a. protons (+ charge)a. protons (+ charge)
C. Structure of an AtomC. Structure of an Atom1. 1. NucleusNucleus::
a. protons (+ charge)a. protons (+ charge)
b. neutrons (0 charge)b. neutrons (0 charge)
C. Structure of an AtomC. Structure of an Atom1. 1. NucleusNucleus::
a. protons (+ charge)a. protons (+ charge)
b. neutrons (0 charge)b. neutrons (0 charge)
c. Overall charge of the c. Overall charge of the nucleus nucleus
= = + charge+ charge
C. Structure of an AtomC. Structure of an Atom1. 1. NucleusNucleus::
a. protons (+ charge)a. protons (+ charge)
b. neutrons (0 charge)b. neutrons (0 charge)
c. Overall charge of the c. Overall charge of the nucleus nucleus
= + charge= + charge
2. 2. Electron CloudElectron Cloud
C. Structure of an AtomC. Structure of an Atom1. 1. NucleusNucleus::
a. protons (+ charge)a. protons (+ charge)
b. neutrons (0 charge)b. neutrons (0 charge)
c. Overall charge of the nucleus c. Overall charge of the nucleus
= + charge= + charge
2. 2. Electron CloudElectron Cloud
a. electrons (- charge and move a. electrons (- charge and move
rapidly)rapidly)
C. Structure of an AtomC. Structure of an AtomNucleusNucleus
Electron cloudElectron cloud
D. Atoms become stable by D. Atoms become stable by bondingbonding
with other atoms.with other atoms.
D. Atoms become stable by D. Atoms become stable by bondingbonding
with other atoms.with other atoms.
1. When atoms bond together, they
form new compounds, which
have different properties than the
individual atoms had.
D. Atoms become stable by D. Atoms become stable by bondingbonding
with other atoms.with other atoms.
1. When atoms bond together, they
form new compounds, which
have different properties than the
individual atoms had.
C + O2 CO2
+
2. Some compounds contain just one
or two atoms (H2O or CO2), whereas
others contain tens, hundreds, or
even thousands of atoms.
2. Some compounds contain just one
or two atoms (H2O or CO2), whereas
others contain tens, hundreds, or
even thousands of atoms.
a. Large molecules = macromoleculesmacromolecules
b. Macromolecules are formed by
bonding together small molecules
to form chains called polymers.
b. Macromolecules are formed by
bonding together small molecules
to form chains called polymers.
poly = many meros = parts
b. Macromolecules are formed by
bonding together small molecules
to form chains called polymers.
poly = many meros = parts
mono = one meros = part
3. Macromolecules chains are controlled
by water.
3. Macromolecules chains are controlled
by water.
a. When H2O is added, hydrolysis
breaks apart chains.
3. Macromolecules chains are controlled
by water.
a. When H2O is added, hydrolysis
breaks apart chains.
3. Macromolecules chains are controlled
by water.
a. When H2O is added, hydrolysis
breaks apart chains.
hydro = water lysis = to split
3. Macromolecules chains are controlled
by water.
a. When H2O is added, hydrolysis
breaks apart chains.
b. When H2O is lost, condensation
forms chains.
Hydrolysis (water is Hydrolysis (water is addedadded))
Hydrolysis (water is Hydrolysis (water is addedadded))
Condensation (water is Condensation (water is lostlost))
Condensation (water is Condensation (water is lostlost))
Hydrolysis vs. Condensation
Hydrolysis vs. Condensation
Water added,Water added, Chain breaksChain breaks
Hydrolysis vs. Condensation
Water added,Water added, Chain breaksChain breaks
Hydrolysis vs. Condensation
Water added,Water added, Chain breaksChain breaks
Water lost,Water lost, Chain formsChain forms
A. You are what you eat!A. You are what you eat!
IV. Organic Biomolecules
1. Food Pyramid
2. The foods we consume have carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and proteins in them.
2. The foods we consume have carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and proteins in them.
a. Carbohydrates give us energy
(ex. sugar, apples, potatoes, pasta…)
2. The foods we consume have carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and proteins in them.
a. Carbohydrates give us energy
(ex. sugar, apples, potatoes, pasta…)
b. Fats are related to weight gain
(ex. oils, butter, whole milk…)
2. The foods we consume have carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and proteins in them.
a. Carbohydrates give us energy
(ex. sugar, apples, potatoes, pasta…)
b. Fats are related to weight gain
(ex. oils, butter, whole milk…)
c. Proteins help build muscles
(ex. fish, beef, eggs, cheese, nuts…)
3. A healthy diet of foods containing 3. A healthy diet of foods containing eacheach of these macromolecules of these macromolecules insures insures proper proper function of all the function of all the body’s cells, tissues, organs, and body’s cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. If one or more are organ systems. If one or more are lacking, the body cannot function lacking, the body cannot function to provide us with all of our to provide us with all of our necessary needsnecessary needs. .
B. Carbohydrates
1. Purpose: store and release energy
B. Carbohydrates
1. Purpose: store and release energy
2. Compound structure:
a. Composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen
B. Carbohydrates
1. Purpose: store and release energy
2. Compound structure:
a. Composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen
b. 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)
B. Carbohydrates
3. Monomer subunits:
a. MonosaccharideMonosaccharide: one sugar molecule
(ex. glucose or fructose)
B. Carbohydrates
3. Monomer subunits:
a. MonosaccharideMonosaccharide: one sugar molecule
(ex. glucose or fructose)
B. Carbohydrates
CC66HH1212OO66
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b. DisaccharideDisaccharide: two sugar molecules
combined (ex. glucose + fructose =
sucrose “table sugar”)
B. Carbohydrates
c. PolysaccharidePolysaccharide: many sugars
combine to form the molecule
(ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose)
B. Carbohydrates
C. Lipids
1. Purpose: energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings
C. Lipids
1. Purpose: energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings
2. Compound structure:
a. Composed of C, H, and O with a
larger proportion of C-H bonds than
carbohydrates (have less O’s)
C. Lipids
1. Purpose: energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings
2. Compound structure:
a. Composed of C, H, and O with a
larger proportion of C-H bonds than
carbohydrates (have less O’s)
(ex. lipids in beef fat: C57H110O6)
C. Lipids
2. 2. Structure: b. Insoluble in water (doesn’t dissolve)b. Insoluble in water (doesn’t dissolve)
C. LipidsC. Lipids
2. 2. Structure: b. Insoluble in water (doesn’t dissolve)b. Insoluble in water (doesn’t dissolve)
C. LipidsC. Lipids
3. Insoluble in 3. Insoluble in waterwater
C. LipidsC. Lipids
3. Insoluble in 3. Insoluble in waterwater
C. LipidsC. Lipids
Water-loving
Water-fearing
2. 2. Structure: b. Insoluble in water (doesn’t dissolve)b. Insoluble in water (doesn’t dissolve)
3. Monomer subunit:3. Monomer subunit:a. a. Fatty acidsFatty acids and a and a glycerolglycerol
C. LipidsC. Lipids
Creation of a fat molecule
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Creation of a fat molecule
Creation of a fat molecule
4. Forms: a. Saturated fatSaturated fat: no double bonds
between carbons, solid at room temperature, found mostly in
animals
C. Lipids
4. Forms: b. Unsaturated fatUnsaturated fat: double bonds
between some of the carbons, liquid at room temperature, found mostly in
plants
C. Lipids
Comparing Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
D. Proteins
1. Purpose: provide structure, motion, and immunity
D. Proteins
1. Purpose: provide structure, motion, and immunitya. Enzyme = catalyst to speed up chemical reactions
D. Proteins
1. Purpose: provide structure, motion, and immunitya. Enzyme = catalyst to speed up chemical reactions
2. Compound structure: a. Composed of C, H, O, nitrogen (N),
and sulfur (S)
D. Proteins
D. Proteins
3. Monomer subunit:a. Amino acid = Basic building block of
protein
D. Proteins
3. Monomer subunit:a. Amino acid = Basic building block of
protein• 20 total amino acids• Our body naturally makes 11, but we
have to eat the other 9 (they must be present in our diet)
D. Proteins
b. Many amino acids bond together in a
chain using peptide bonds and form a
protein
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D. Nucleic Acids
1. Purpose: store genetic information in the form of a code
D. Nucleic Acids
1. Purpose: store genetic information in the form of a code
2. Compound structure: a. Composed of C, H, O,
N, and phosphorus (P)
D. Nucleic Acids
3. Monomer subunit: a. Arranged as a nitrogen base, sugar,
and a phosphate group
D. Nucleic Acids
4. Forms: a. DNADNA: contains instructions to form all
of an organism’s enzymes and structural proteins
b. RNARNA: copy of DNA used when making proteins
D. Nucleic Acids
DNA versus RNA
V. Revisions to the Food Pyramid
A. Observations:A. Observations:
B. Facts:B. Facts: