biochemistry chapter 3. water section 2.3 structure of water most abundant molecule held together...
TRANSCRIPT
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Water
Section 2.3
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Structure of Water
Most abundant molecule Held together by covalent bonds 2 atoms of H, 1 atom of O
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Water is a Polar Molecule
Definition: a molecule with an uneven distribution of charge but a net charge of zero
Water bonds at an angle
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Water’s ability to dissolve
“Like Dissolves Like”
Polar substances can dissolve polar substances, nonpolar substances can dissolve nonpolar substances
“Universal solvent”
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Questions:
Why don’t oil and water mix?
Why can water dissolve sugar or salt?
How does water dissolve a polar substance?
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Answer:
The + end of water attracts to the – ion of the substance
The – end of water attracts to the + ion of the substance
This breaks the ionic bond of the substance thus dissolving it
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Water’s special bond:
Hydrogen Bond: a weak chemical bond that exists between the H atoms and a – charged part of a different molecule
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Water’s special properties:
Due to H-bonds:1. Water can cling to itself and other
substances
2. Water is able to absorb large amounts of energy without changing temperatures quickly
(high boiling point)
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Cohesion: When like molecules are attracted
to each other Ex) surface tension in water
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Adhesion:
Definition: the attractive forces between unlike substances
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Capillarity:
Definition: cohesion and adhesion working together to move water molecules up a narrow tube against the force of gravity
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Homeostasis?
1. The H-bonds in water are the first bonds to break when an increase in energy (temp) is applied
2. It takes a LARGE amount of energy to break/move water molecules
3. Thus, the temperature of water stays fairly constant in a cell even though there might be a drastic temperature change outside
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Carbon Compounds
SECTION 3.1
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Organic Compounds
Organic compounds contain carbon atoms
Form covalent bonds with other C atoms or to other elements - N, H, and O.
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Carbon Bonding
C readily covalently bonds (a bond forms when electrons are shared)
Each C forms 4 covalent bonds
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Large Carbon Molecules
Polymers are made up of many small, repeating molecules called monomers.
Macromolecules- large polymers
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Condensation Reaction A chemical reaction that links
monomers to form polymers One water molecule is produced A.k.a. dehydration synthesis
Ex) Glucose and Fructose combine to make Sucrose, table sugar
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Condensation Reaction:
The formation of larger molecules by removing a H+ from one monomer and a OH- from the other monomer.
The H+ and the OH- combine to form the bi-product H2O.
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Hydrolysis
A chemical reaction that breaks down polymers
Reversal of condensation reaction
Usually done by adding water
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ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate
All of life’s functions require energy Energy compounds found in cells
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Biochemistry
The stuff life is made of!
Section 3.3
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The Four Molecules of Life
1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids
All of your body is made up of these four types of molecules!
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The Building Blocks
Each type of molecules is made up of smaller parts called monomers.
When 3 or more monomers are linked together, they form a polymer.
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How to make a macromolecule.
How do you make a polymer from many monomers?
CONDENSATION REACTION!
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What will break up a large molecule?
The opposite reaction of condensation……
HYDROLYSIS REACTION!
The use of water to break apart polymers back into monomers.
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Monomers of the 4 Life Molecules
1. Carbohydrates - Monosaccharide 2. Proteins – Amino Acids 3. Lipids – Fatty Acids 4. Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides
How do you make macromolecules of each monomer?
CONDENSATION REACTION
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1. Carbohydrates Used for “fuel” and structural material Monosaccharide = monomer, simple
sugar, ex) fructose, galactose, & glucose C6H12O6
Disaccharide = 2 monomers, double sugarex) sucrose (table sugar)
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Examples)
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Polysaccharide = too many to countex) starch & cellulose (in plants)
glycogen (in animals)
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2. Protein Amino Acid = monomer, 20
different types
Peptide bond holds amino acids together
Polypeptide = chains of amino acids Protein = the final functional form, 1
or more polypeptides
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Most DIVERSE group of molecules:• structures such as antibodies, hormones, muscles,
skin, hair, and biological catalysts (enzymes) are made of proteins.
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Enzymes Protein molecules that catalyze
(increase the rate of) biochemical reactions
How Do Enzymes Work? Animation: How Enzymes Work
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3. Lipids
Fatty Acids = monomer
• Hydrophilic carboxyl head - polar
• Hydrophobic fatty acid tail – nonpolar, not soluble in water
Ex) saturated (solid) and unsaturated (liquid)
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Complex Lipids Triglycerides (fats)
Ex) butter Phospholipids
Ex) cell membrane Waxes
Ex) earwax Steroids
Ex) testosterone, cholesterol
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4. Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide = monomer
Found in the genetic material DNA & RNA
carries out all of the functions of the cell