biochemistry by: amber tharpe. ph scale goes from 0-14 a ph of 7 is neutral and an example is water...
TRANSCRIPT
• pH scale goes from 0-14
• A pH of 7 is neutral and an example is water
• Acids have a low pH (less than 7)
• Bases have a high pH (greater than 7)
•Solute- substance that gets dissolved
•Solvent- liquid that dissolves the solute–Found in a greater amount in the solution
Water is Polar
•Polar- having a slightly positive end and a negative end
•H is a little + and O is a little -
Hydrogen Bonding
• Bond between the partially – O and the partially + H of another water molecule
• Relatively weak bond• Caused by polarity• Drawn by a dotted
line• http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/
animations/hydrogenbonds.html
Adhesion
• Water sticks to something else
• Due to H-bonding
• Reason for meniscus
• Reason for capillary action– Water can go up through
plants roots to their leaves– Blood can move up from
the feet back to the heart
Why is Carbon so Important?
• Can form 4 covalent bonds–One on each side
–Which produces a lot of complex molecules
Carbohydrates
•Commonly know as sugars and starches
•Ex: glucose, fructose, lactose, glycogen
•Primary source of energy
Lipids
• Commonly known as fats, oils, and waxes
• Nonpolar and insoluble• Store energy for long-term and
used for protection and water proofing
• Ex: Fatty acids
Proteins• Contain C, H, O, and N• Amino acid monomers• Linked together with peptide bonds• Proteins fold into specific 3-D structure
–Won’t work properly without this• Used for building structures, regulating
reactions, and transporting materials
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotide monomers
• Stores genetic information in a code for making proteins
• Ex:–DNA- stores genetic information
–RNA- used to make proteins
• Reactants
–Substances you start with
–The arrow points away from these
• Products
–Substances you end up with
–The arrow points towards these
• Catalyst–Substance that speeds up a reaction by decreasing the activation energy without being used up
–Not changed in a reaction
Why are Enzymes so Important?
• Helps reactions occur fast enough for organisms to maintain homeostasis
• Most are so important we can’t live without them
• Substrate
–Specific reactants that an enzyme binds to and acts on
–Must fit exactly into the enzyme’s active site
–Lock and key- complimentary fit
•The substrate and enzyme have a shape that allows them to fit tightly together to react
4 Things that affect rxn rates:
1. Temperature
2. pH
3. Concentration of enzyme
4. Concentration of substrate
Temperature
• Increasing temp usually speeds up a reaction, up until a point when the enzyme gets denatured
• Denature
–When certain bonds in a protein break, causing it to lose its 3-D shape