BiochemistryBiochemistryWhat is organic chemistry?What is organic chemistry?What are carbohydrates?What are carbohydrates?

What are lipids?What are lipids?What are proteins?What are proteins?

What are nucleic acids?What are nucleic acids?

Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

• ORGANICORGANIC means comes from and found means comes from and found in in LIVINGLIVING things things

• ORGANIC molecules ORGANIC molecules mustmust contain contain CARBON (C)CARBON (C) and and HYDROGEN (H)HYDROGEN (H)

• Most organic molecules have aMost organic molecules have a CARBON CARBON BACKBONEBACKBONE (chain) (chain)

C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-CC-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C

• What is What is soso cool about carbon? cool about carbon?– Carbon makes Carbon makes very strongvery strong bonds! bonds!– Likes to Likes to bondbond to to ITSELFITSELF and and other elementsother elements

Which of these molecules is organic?Which of these molecules is organic?

1.1. HH22OO

2.2. CHCH44

3.3. CC66HH1212OO66

4.4. COCO22

5.5. OO22

6.6. CC66HH1414NN22OO22

7.7. CC55HH66NN22OO22

8.8. FeFe22OO33

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

• Means “Means “GiantGiant molecules” molecules”

• ALL BIG THINGS ARE MADE OF SMALLER ALL BIG THINGS ARE MADE OF SMALLER THINGS RIGHT?THINGS RIGHT?

• Four (4) types of Four (4) types of OrganicOrganic Macromolecules:Macromolecules:– CarbohydratesCarbohydrates– LipidsLipids– ProteinsProteins– Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Carbs: The Video ClipCarbs: The Video Clip

Carbohydrates (SUGARS)Carbohydrates (SUGARS)

• Elements Present:Elements Present:– CCarbon, arbon, HHydrogen, ydrogen, OOxygenxygen

• Job (Function) in Living Things:Job (Function) in Living Things:– Main source of Main source of FOOD ENERGYFOOD ENERGY

• Building Blocks (LEGOS!):Building Blocks (LEGOS!):– Called Called Simple sugarsSimple sugars– Linked together to make complex (Linked together to make complex (BIGBIG) sugars) sugars– GlucoseGlucose is a simple sugar is a simple sugar– Many Many glucoseglucose molecules linked together makes molecules linked together makes

STARCHSTARCH– STARCHSTARCH is a complex ( is a complex (BIGBIG) sugar) sugar

Glucose structureGlucose structure

1 molecule of glucose1 molecule of glucose

Starch structure Starch structure

Lipids: The Video ClipLipids: The Video Clip

Lipids (Fats)Lipids (Fats)

• Elements:Elements:– CCarbon, arbon, HHydrogen, ydrogen, OOxygenxygen– Mostly H and CMostly H and C– Building Blocks are fatty acids and glycerolBuilding Blocks are fatty acids and glycerol

• Functions (Jobs) in Living Things:Functions (Jobs) in Living Things:– StoresStores energy energy– Parts of Parts of membranesmembranes– Chemical messengers (Chemical messengers (hormoneshormones))

• Identification:Identification:– OilyOily and and greasygreasy– VERY LONG carbon chainVERY LONG carbon chain– Ex. Butter, oils, waxesEx. Butter, oils, waxes

Lipid Structure

Protein: The Video ClipProtein: The Video Clip

ProteinsProteins

• Elements present:Elements present:– CCarbon, arbon, HHydrogen, ydrogen, OOxygen, and xygen, and NNitrogenitrogen

• Jobs (Functions) in Living Things:Jobs (Functions) in Living Things:– Control rates of reactions (Control rates of reactions (ENZYMESENZYMES))– Help Help formform bones, muscles and other tissues bones, muscles and other tissues– TransportTransport molecules (Hemoglobin in blood) molecules (Hemoglobin in blood)

• Building blocks:Building blocks:– Called Called Amino AcidsAmino Acids

• 2020 different AA’s that can be linked to form a protein! different AA’s that can be linked to form a protein!• Amino AcidsAmino Acids are linked in are linked in anyany order and in order and in anyany number to number to

make endless numbers of proteins!make endless numbers of proteins!

ProteinsIdentification:Identification:

• Have Have AMINOAMINO GROUP that contains GROUP that contains NITROGENNITROGEN (NH2)(NH2)

Ex. Keratin, AmylaseEx. Keratin, Amylase

Amino AcidsAmino Acids

Molecular Structure of ProteinsMolecular Structure of Proteins

Nucleic Acids: The Video ClipNucleic Acids: The Video Clip

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

• Elements present:Elements present:– CCarbon, arbon, HHydrogen, ydrogen, OOxygen, xygen, NNitrogen, itrogen,

PPhosphorushosphorus

• Job (Function) in Living Things:Job (Function) in Living Things:– Store and transmit Store and transmit GENETICGENETIC information information

• Identification:Identification:– HelixHelix-shaped-shaped

• Two types of Nucleic Acids:Two types of Nucleic Acids:– DNA (DNA (DDeoxy-ribo-eoxy-ribo-NNucleic-ucleic-AAcid)cid)– RNA (RNA (RRibo-ibo-NNucleic-ucleic-AAcid)cid)

• Building BlocksBuilding Blocks– Called Called NucleotidesNucleotides or or SubunitsSubunits

Let’s look closer at Let’s look closer at oneone nucleotide nucleotide

• Nucleotides have Nucleotides have 33 parts parts• PhosphatePhosphate• Ribose sugarRibose sugar• Nitrogen Base (1 of 4)Nitrogen Base (1 of 4)

• Each nucleotide is connected Each nucleotide is connected acrossacross to another nucleotide to another nucleotide

• Each nucleotide is also Each nucleotide is also connected to another above and connected to another above and belowbelow

• This forms the This forms the ladder–shapedladder–shaped DNADNA or or RNARNA molecule molecule

Make or Break!!

• LOSING A WATER MOLECULE TO MAKE OR BUILD SOMETHING =

• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

• Synthesis = building/joining

• ADDING WATER MOLECULES TO DIGEST OR BREAK DOWN SOMETHING=

• HYDROLOSIS• Hydrolosis =

digestion/breaking up