biobutanol ppt
TRANSCRIPT
BIOBUTANOL
AS AN
ALTERNATE FUEL
Assignment 1
Submitted by:Rahul Sharma(08109045)
Tarun Kumar(08109062)
Rahul Sharma(08110014)
Ankur Kejriwal(08113007)
1
INTRODUCTION
•Earlier bioethanol is mainly used as alternative fuel
•But now days biobutanol is replacing bioethanol due to
its various advantages over it:-
It is non-hygroscopic in nature
Doesn’t cause corrosion
It has more calorific value than ethanol
•Biobutanol is basically a alcohal with four carbon atom
•Also sometimes called biogasoline.
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HOW IT IS PREPARED
• Biobutanol can be produce by both petrochemical and
fermentative process but it is mainly produced by
fermentation of biomass by the A.B.E. process
• The feedstocks are the same as for ethanol: energy crops
such as sugar beets, sugar cane, corn grain, wheat and
cassava
• Microbes, specifically of the Clostridium
acetobutylicum, are introduced to the sugars produced
from the biomass.
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FERMENTATION
• The Butanol fermentation process feeds fundamentally has
similar process as an ethanol process
• Butanol fermentation, also referred to as alcoholic
fermentation, is a biological process in which sugars such
as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular
energy.
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REACTIONS INVOLVED
• C12H22O11 +H2O + invertase →2 C6H12O6
• C6H12O6 + Zymase → C4H9OH + 2CO2 + H2O
• Before fermentation takes place, one glucose molecule
is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. This is
known as glycolysis
• Glycolysis is summarized by the chemical equation
• C6H12O6 + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ →
2CH3COCOO− + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H2O + 2H+
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PROPERTIES
• Octane rating: The octane rating of n-butanol is similar to that of
gasoline but lower than that of ethanol and methanol.
n-Butanol has a RON (Research Octane number) of 96 and a MON (Motor
octane number) of 78
• Air-fuel ratio:Alcohol fuels are partially oxidized and therefore need to
run at richer mixtures than gasoline
• Specific energy:The net energy released per cycle is higher for butanol
than ethanol or methanol and about 10% higher than for gasoline
• Viscosity: The kinematic viscosity of butanol is several times higher
than that of gasoline and about as viscous as high quality diesel fuel
• Heat of vaporization: Heat of vaporization of butanol is less than half
of that of ethanol.
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COMPARISION WITH OTHER FUELS
Fuel Energy
density
MJ/L
Air-fuel
ratio
Specifi
c
energy
MJ/KG
air
Heat of
vaporiz
ation
MJ/KG
RON MON
Gasoline 32 15 2.9 0.36 95 90
Ethanol 19.6 9 3 0.92 107 89
Methanol 16 7 3.1 1.2 106 92
Bio-
Butanol
30 12 3.2 0.43 96 78
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ADVANTAGES
• Reduces carbon emission
• Higher octane no. than gasoline
• Vehicles require less or no modification to use it
• Biobutanol is good for global farmers
• Can be easily added to conventional gasoline, due
to its low vapour pressure
• It is less corrosive than ethanol.8
DISADVANTAGES
• Butanol is toxic at a rate of 20g per liter
• Biodiversity – A large amount of arable land is required to
grow crops. This could see some natural habitats destroyed
including rainforests
•Alcohol based fuel are not compatible with some fuel
system component.
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APPLICATION
•As a solvent in paint-and-varnish industry
• In the production of resins and plastifiers
•As in the synthesis of multiple organic compounds
• Used as a component of traditional fuels or individually as
a fuel for transportation vehicles.
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BIOBUTANOL
AS AN
ALTERNATE FUEL
Assignment 2
Submitted by:Rahul Sharma(08109045)
Tarun Kumar(08109062)
Rahul Sharma(08110014)
Ankur Kejriwal(08113007)
11
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CONTENTS
• Determination of stoichiometric Air-Fuel ratio
• Modification in IC engine along with comparing it with
gasoline.
• Variation with specific heat
• Effect on performance
DETERMINATION OF
STOICHIOMETRIC AIR-FUEL RATIO
• C4H9OH (Bio Butanol)-Molar Mass is equal to 74 units
• O2 (Oxygen)-Molar Mass is equal to 32 units
• Molar Mass of Carbon in Bio Butanol is equal to 48 units
• Molar Mass of Oxygen in Bio Butanol is equal to 16 units
C4H9OH + 6O2 → 4CO2 +5H2O - - - - ---(i)
4C + 4O2 → 4CO2 - - - - ---(ii)
5H2 + 5/2O2 → 5H2O - - - - ---(iii)
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Consider 74 kg of fuel(Bio Butanol)
• In 74 kg of bio- butanol, amount of carbon is 48 kg
• By reaction (ii) we can see for combustion of 48 kg of carbon
128kg of oxygen is needed
• By reaction (iii),we can see for 10 kg of hydrogen ,80 kg oxygen is
needed
• 16 kg of oxygen is already present in 74 kg of fuel
Therefore amount of total oxygen needed for complete combustion of
fuel is (80+128-16) is equal to 192 kg
• Now according to the gravemetric analysis oxygen present in air at
STP is 23%
Therefore for 192 kg of oxygen, air required is equal to 834.78 kg
For 74 kg of fuel → 834.78 kg of air
For 1 kg of fuel → 11.28 kg of air
Therefore Air-Fuel ratio → 11.28
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CALCULATIONS
48 kg of Carbon required → 128 kg of O2 required
1 kg of Carbon required → 128/48 kg of O2 required
10 kg of hydrogen required → 80 kg of O2 required
1 kg of hydrogen required → 8 kg of O2 required
Total amount of Oxygen = 5/2*32+4*32-16
=192 kg of O2 required
Amount of O2 required at STP = 192*100/23
=834.748
Thus 74 kg of fuel → 834.78
1 kg of fuel → 834.78/74 =11.28
Therefore stoichiometric Air-Fuel ratio is 11.28
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MODIFICATION IN GASOLINE
ENGINE
Based on stoichiometric air fuel ratio
• Stoichiometric air fuel ratio of Bio-Butanol :- 11.28
• Stoichiometric air fuel ratio of Gasoline :- 14.7
Conclusion : Less amount of air is required per kg of
fuel burnt
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• Changes in intake and exhaust manifold
(a) Decrease the diameter of intake and exhaust manifold and inlet valve
(b) Increment in length of intake manifold
MODIFICATIONS
• Size of turbocharger or supercharger(if installed) could be reduced
• Changes in carburetor
(a) Increase the diameter of main fuel metering and idling nozzles
(b)Increase the level of fuel in the float chamber
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Based on Flash Point and Ignition temperature
• Flash Point of Bio-Butanol :- 95 °F
• Flash Point of Gasoline :- -45°F
• Ignition temperature of gasoline = 300°C
• Ignition temperature of bio butanol = 343°C
• A higher flash point and ignition temperature makes biobutanol much
safer and less explosive
• Requires higher temperature to explode
Conclusion:
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MODIFICATIONS
• Spark plug needed should be able to synchronize with higher ignition
temperature and higher flash point
• No need to modify fuel tank safety system
•A pre heater of air fuel mixture may be required to heat the air fuel
mixture to the flash point
•A pre heater is a device which is used to raise the temperature of air
fuel mixture before sending it to the combustion chamber
• Instead of using external energy consumption device, heat of exhaust
gas can be used to raise the temperature of air fuel mixture
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Based on energy content
• Energy content of Bio-Butanol : 30 MJ/L
• Energy content of Gasoline : 32 MJ/L
Conclusion : One liter of bio butanol will give slightly lesser
amount of energy than 1 liter of gasoline
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MODIFICATIONS
• No need to increase the size of fuel tank as heat content of both the fuel is
almost same
• No considerable variation on mileage of the vehicle on replacing the fuel
• Indicated power will be decreased by a small negligible amount
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Based on Density
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.8
0.81
0.82
0.83
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Scale: X-axis- temperature (°C)
Y-axis- Density (gm/cm3)
Yellow line- gasoline and brown line-
biobutanol
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MODIFICATIONS
• Due to lesser density atomization of fuel in the combustion chamber will
be easier. So homogeneity of air fuel ratio will increase
• Ignition lag will be minimized in case of liquid fuel injection
So ignition delay can be reduced
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2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
100 120 140 160 180 200
220
Scale :-
X-axis= temperature(°C)
Y-axis= specific heat( KJ/kg-°C)
VARIATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT
EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE
• Reduction in knocking, hence increase in engine life
• Lesser power output
• Lesser efficiency at high speed
• Lower toxic level in emission
• Better performance at high altitude
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REFERENCES
• www.wikipedia.org
• IC engine book by V GANESHAN
• Journal published by Avinash kumar Aggarwal
• Bionomicfuel.com