bioavailability bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active substance is adsorbed...
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CPMP/EWP/QWP/1401/98Note for guidance on the
investigation of bioavailability and bioequivalence
Dr. Monika Johansson
Quintiles AB, Analytical Services
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Bioavailability
Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active substance is adsorbed from a pharmaceutical product and become available at the site of action
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Bioequivalence
Two medical products are bioequivalent if they are pharmaceutical equivalent or pharmaceutical alternatives and if their bioavailabilities after administration in the same molar dose are similar to such degree that their effects, with respect to both efficicy and safety, will be essentially the same
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Design and conduct of studies
The study should be designed in such a way that the formulation effect can be distinguished from other effects.
Most common is a two-period, two-sequence crossover design, if the formulations to be compared is two
Single dose studies
Steady-state studies
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Design and conduct of studies
Adequate wash out periods between treatments Sampling schedule
– to provide an adequate estimation of Cmax
– to cover the plasma concentration time curve long enough, 80% of AUC
– 24 hours cycle at steady state?
– drugs with long half-life?
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Subjects
Healthy volunteers The inclusion/exclusion criteria should be clearly
stated in the protocol Both sex 18-55 years old Normal weight Screened for
– laboratory test– medical history– medical examination– preferable non-smokers and without a history of
alcohol or drug abuse
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Chemical analysis
The bioanalytical part of bioequivalence trials should be conducted according to the applicable principle of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)
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Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)
Test plan (Analytical protocol) Sample traceability Documentation, possible to reconstruct the study Analytical method validation report Analytical report signed by responsible investigator
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Pre-study phase
The method used must be well characterised
– Stability
– Specificity
– Accuracy
– Precision
– Limit of quantitation
– Response function
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Validation objective
To demonstrate that the analytical procedure is suitable for its intended purpose
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Analytical method validationAnalytical Procedure
Selectivity
Accuracy
Precision- within-run- between-run
Recovery
Limit of Quantitation LOQ
Calibration curve
Robustness
Validation
Stability
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Sample Sample preparationpreparation
Sample Sample preparationpreparation Separation Separation Separation Separation DetectionDetectionDetectionDetection
Analytical procedure
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Specificity (selectivity)
Ability of an analytical method to measure only what it is intended to measure
Blank samples from six different subjects Will other drugs, metabolites or endogenous
components interfere in the measurements?
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Accuracy
The closeness of mean test results obtained by the analytical method to the true value (concentration) of the analyte.
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Accuracy
Accuracy should be measured at minimum 3 levels At least 5 determinations per concentration The mean value should be within 15% of the actual
value At the lower limit of quantitation level within 20%
is accepted
xx xx xxxx
xxxx
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Precision
The closeness of individual measurements of an analyte when the procedure is applied repeatedly to multiple aliquotes of a single homogenous volume of biological matrix
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Precision
Precision should be measured at minimum 3 levels At least 5 determinations per concentration The calculated CV should not exceed 15% At the lower limit of quantitation level, CV should
not exceed 20% Subdivided into within-run and between-run
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Precision and Accuracy
Conc.nmol/l
Accuracy(%)
Precision
% %
n
0.76 0.6 5.1 6.1 18
23 3.6 1.7 1.8 18
122 3.9 1.3 1.3 18
Within-run Between-run
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Recovery
The extraction efficiency of an analytical method
Recovery of an analyte need not be 100%
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Lower limit of quantitation
The lowest standard on the calibration curve should be accepted as the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ)
if
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Lower limit of quantification
The analyte responce at LLOQ is at least 5 times the blank response
The peak should be identifiable and discrete Precision within 20% CV Accuracy of 80-120%
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LLOQ (1.50 nmol/l) for morphine
Sample No. nmol/l Accuracy LLOQ 1 1.58 5.3% LLOQ 2 1.61 7.3% LLOQ 3 1.46 -2.6% LLOQ 4 1.44 -4.0% LLOQ 5 1.50 0.0% LLOQ 6 1.49 -0.7% Mean: 1.51 0.9%
SD: 0.067 CV%: 4.5
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Calibration/Standard curve
A calibration curve is the relation between instrument response and known concentrations of the analyte
Should be prepared in the same biological matrix as the samples
Should consist of 6-8 samples covering the expected range Should include LLOQ and a blank sample Should include a zero sample (with internal standard) Same curve fitting, weighting in prestudy and study Any changes should be documented
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Calibration curve
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Sample dilution
Any required sample dilutions should use like matrix
Dilution QC sample should be used
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Robustness
How many samples can be analysed in one run?
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85
90
95
100
105
110
115
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Sample No.
Fo
un
d c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
%
Robustness
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Stability of your substance
In the automatic injectorIn the automatic injector
In plasma during storageIn plasma during storage
In room temperature (4 h)In room temperature (4 h)
In Freeze/Thaw testsIn Freeze/Thaw tests
In stock solutions
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Analytical method validationAnalytical Procedure
Selectivity
Accuracy
Precision- within-run- between-run
Recovery
Limit of Quantitation LOQ
Calibration curve
Robustness
Validation
Stability
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References
1. Guidance for IndustryBioanalytical Method Validation FDA, May 2001
2. Workshop Report: Shah, V.P. Et al., Pharmaceutical Research: 1992; 9:588-592.
3. Workshop Report: Shah, V.P. et al., Pharmaceutical Research: 2000; 17:1551-1557
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Costs
Validation = 130-180.000 SEK Stability = 15-20.000 SEK for each time point QA = 11.000 SEK/study
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The study phase (1)
...in which the validated bioanalytical method is applied to the actual analysis of samples from the biostudy mainly in order to confirm the stability, accuracy and precision.
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The study phase (2)
Calibration curve in each run Six Quality Control samples in each run Pre-stablished SOPs for procedures (method) Acceptance criteria for a run
- accuracy and precision of the calibration curve- accuracy and precision of the QC samples- repeat analysis
It is preferable to analyse all study samples from a subject in a single run
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The study phase (3)
The QC samples should be used to accept or reject the run (2 samples at 3 levels)
Four QC samples out of six should be within 15% of their nominal value
Two QC samples can be outside ±15% but not both at the same concentration
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System suitability test
Signal to noise ratio is above 5 for the substance.
The peak shape is acceptable after visual inspection of the chromatogram
The retention times are within 10% of the previous run.
The lowest calibration sample is injected before each run.
The system is accepted if:
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The analytical report should include
Results for all calibration curves Results for all quality control samples Representative number of chromatograms Should include data from subjects who eventually
dropped-out Reanalysed samples and the reason for reanalyses The analytical validation report The responsible investigator(s) should sign for their
respective section of the report
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Chiral active substances
The bio-analytical method should be enantiomeric Unless
– Both products contain the same stable singel enantiomer
– Both products contain the racemate and both enantiomers show linear pharmacokinetics
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Also guidance for
Reference and test product Data analysis In vitro dissolution comlementary to a
bioequivalence study Reporting of results Application for products containing new active
substances Application for products containing approved
active substances
is given