Journal of Scienti fic & lndustrial Research Vol. 58, May 1999, pp332-338

Bioactive Botanicals from Basil (Ocimum sp. )

Padma Vasudevan" , Suman Kashyap and Satyawati Sharma Centre for Rural Development & Appropri ate Technology, Indian Institu te of Technology,

New Delhi 110 0 16, Ind ia

The review deals with the efficacy of bioacti ve components of Ocil11 11111 sp. (Tu lsi) relati ng to pesti cidal. fungicidal, bac!ericida l, and medicinal values used since ancient times . Eugenol, methy l chavico l, linalool, isoeugenol, and methyl isoeugenol are the main constituents found wit h acti ve combinati ons against stored grain insects, pests, mosqui toes, many pathogenic fungal , and bacteri al spp. Various med icinal properties of O Cil'l1 l1111 are attributed to its similar bioactive components. Its mUltipu rpose economic uses have applications in ru ral as wel l as urban areas.

Introduction

S ince the advent of syn thet ic chemicals, the use of

natural products in medicinal and pesticidal applications

has reduced . However, the scenario is once agai n c hang­

ing in the li ght of environmenta l and other secondary

effects of synthetic products . Ocil11 l11 l1 i a genus of

aromatic herbs, undershlUbs or shrubs dist ri buted in the

tropical and warm temperate reg ions of the world . Six

spec ies (O.al11eriCaIlUI1I .I'yn, O.callum, O. basilicum,

O.g ratissill1um, O. ki Iill1andscha ri C 11m. O. sa fl C t u 111 ,

O. viride) are com mon in Ind ia. 1 Out of these, O.sal/ctum

and O. basilicum are most extensive ly studied . T he com­

pos ition of the ex tracts fro m different plant parts (leaves ,

inflorescence, roots, seeds e tc .) vary in quality and quan­

tity depending on the species che motype, culti va r, geo­

graphical locati on, agroclimate season of harvesting, etc .

However, there is sufficient analytical data ava il able to

corre late species w ith their characteri sti c constituents.

In thi s paper, work is presented on the bi oacti ve

components re lated to pesti c idal, bacteric idal, fun gic i­

dal , and medic inal values of Ocimul11 sp.

Constituents of Ocimum

T he maj or components in the essenti al oil are the

terpeno ids. Reports are also ava ilable on the fl avonoids

and other constituents which are of importance in nutri­

tion. While in literature the spec ies and plant parts are

not always referred to . Here, an attempt has been made

to separate these data fo r a better compari son.

* Author for correspondence

Ocimum basiliclll1l (French basil)

Griebe l et al.2, in 1948, discussed the taxonomy of the plant, describing the micro and macro stlUcture of the parts. Analys is of 3 bund led samples showed blossom and leaves 53.8-65 per cent, stems 35-46.2 per cent , volat il e o il 0 .2-0.46 ccll 00 g. Much of the volati Ie oi I is lost duri ng grindi ng, as lab grour!d samples yie ld 0 .005-0.08ccl I00g.

In a study on sterol and triterpene content of OCillllllll basiliclIm, the acid ic tri terpenes, ursol ic ac id and ol eanic

acid and ~- s i tos terol were determi ned by co lorimetry at various stages of plant growth and in various organs of the mature plant. T he acid ic tr iterpene was absent from the seeds and was found to inc rease in leaves and flowe rs with increasing maturi ty .3

The French bas il culti vated in Jammu, Indi a, con­ta ined sesqu ite rpe nes , euga no l, gera ni o l, lin a loo l,

methylchavicol, oc imene, euca lypto l, limonene , /),3 -

carene, a-pinene, 1,8 c ineol, and other compounds.4

Essential o il s of two chemotypes of Ocimum basili ­cum (s weet basi l) grown in Israe l were examined . T he content of the o il increased toward s aut umn and reac hed , its maximum as the plant developeJ and reached its full b loom stage.5 Eugenol, linalool, and cineol from fl avour volatiles of three O.basiiicum varieties from Ita ly were analysed by gas chromatography- mass spec trometry (Ge/MS). Lina loo l, eucalypto l and eugenol were the major volatiles of Genovese culti var, cis-3-hexeno l and cis-3-hexenyl acetate were also observed. Napoletano was ri ch in linalool and estrago l but lacked eugenol. Greco bas il did not contain estragole, and linaloo l bu t

euca lypto l and ~-caryophy ll ene were the maj or constitu­ents. Essentia l oi I o f O.basilicum var.canWl1 Sims

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VASUDEVAN el al. : BIOACTIVE BOTANICALS FROM BASIL 333

grown on Aruba was essent iall y the methyl c innamate type.6 Volati le flavour components of O.ho.silicul11 vaL hispidum from Ita ly obtained by steam distil lation were analysed by GC-MS . D ihydrotagetone was the main component (82 per cent) , and for the first time it was reported in 1991?

In studying some important spec ies of Ocil11ul1I , O.basilicum (sweet bas il) were reported to be of three types namely, M e cinnamate, Me chav icol, and eugeno l type. The spec ies and types were studied from various harvests and parts of p lant at d ifferent stages of growth . Morphologica l characters of the plan t and macro and microcharacters of seeds (nutlets) were aL~o studied . The Me-chavico l type termed Ind ian Basil is a commercial crop in India, bein g produced at the level of more than 10 tonnes/y. In studying the basi l flavour in storage of O.basiliclIi11 by freezing, li nalool was seen as the major constituent on freezing immediate ly after harvest (-70°C) after crushi ng and storing at -20uC and eugeno l

was much lower than in fresh leaves. p-coumaric acid , aesculetin , eriodictyol, e riodic tyol 7-gl ucosicle and vicenin-2 were identi fied from different ext rac ts.S

Among various dried German pices, the nutriti ve value of O.basilicul11 was examined .') Essential oils of ten Ital ian cul tivars of basil , analyzeo by GC and GC/MS characterized by a high content of lina loo l, included threechemotypes: linaloo l, linalool, and methy l chavicol ano lina loo l and eugenol. I () Some 30 monoterpenoids, sesqu iterpenoids, and phenylpropanoids were identified f rom 16 accessions of O.b{[siliclIlI/ , the major compo­nents bei ng geranial and neral in O. X ci/riodontm , and linal ool , methyl chavicol , eugenol, methy l eugenol, and

. I ' 0 b ./. II geralllo III . aSI IClIm .

External leaf f1avono ids de tec ted in o.basiliclIli/ showed major fl avo ne aglycones as salvige nin and nevadensin and minor ones were cirsileol , c irs ilineol, eupatorin, apigenin , acacetin, genkwani n, apigenin 7, 4-di methy l ether, c irs imaritin , ladane in and garden in B.12

Ocimum sanctum (Holy basil)

A phytochemical study of the leaves of O.SW/ C/lIl1l

from Suriname reported : ~-carotene , stero ls and fa tty ac ids were identified in the petro l extrac t and urso li c ac id . l E O 13 III t le t2 ex tract.

Among the important species of Ocil11l1l1l in Ind ia, Ocimul11 sallC/lIl1I and O. canllm camphor type, lina lool type and c itral type have been studi ed bes ides O.basili ­CUI11. Essenti al o il s o f O.sanctum in leaf infl orescence and stem were inves ti gated .Eugenol (57-50 per cent),

caryophyllene (22-32 per cent) and methyl eugenol (6-14

per cent) were the major constituents together compris­ing 85 per cent of the o il. Eugenol was highest in leaf,

methyl eugenol in stem, phenyl propane glucosides, and caryophyilene in the inflorescence. Phenolic acids, fla­vones and other consti tuents of O.sanctllm have a lso been reported. 14

Other Species of Ochman

In an exami nati on of the constituents of Ocil1lul11 gratissil1lul17 leaves from Dacca, by petroleum ether ex­traction, ocemol was extracted. 15 The same authors re­

ported ex tracti on of -s itosterol and ocimol from the roots of thi s species. 16 T he composition of essential oils from leaves and intlorescence of Ocimul17 gratissimum were charncterised by retenti on indices. T he leaves had , in per

cent: a -pinenf' (2.6), camphene (4.0), ~-pinene (0.6),

a-terpinene (6.2), p-cy mene ( 16.2), limonene (1 .8),

c amphor (0.6), I inal oo l (0.2), a -terpineol (2.4),

CloH22011 (2.3), thymol (47.6), methyl eugenol (1.7;. and methy l isoeugenol (trace), caryophyllene (2.1), lu­

mul ene (0 .5), ~-se l inene ( 1.6), longfoline (3.0) , and clavene (trace) . The oil f rom fl owers had essent ially the

same composi tion, except that the content of camphene was reduced. I? An examinat ion of the oil of O.gratis ­sillll//11 L.grown on Aruba showed some part being Me

c innnmnte chemotype and the other hav ing sesqui iter­pene and va rying amount of eugenol as another chemo-

6 type.

A chemical exami nati on of the infl orescence of Ocil11ul11 kilil11andschariculIl indicated 0.04 per cent

camphor, 0 .02 per cent ~- s i tosterol, 0 .86 per cent oleano­lic acid and 0 . 18 per cent ursolic acid . 18 The volatiles of O.kili l11andscharicUI/1 , in Indian a were anal ysed by GC/MS. The essential oil content varied be tween the leaves (0.77-1 . 12 per cellt d ry weight basis) , and flowers

( 1.96-2.8 per cent dry we ig ht bas is). Seventeen constitu ­ents were identi fied . O il compos ition was simi lar be­tween leaves and fl owers w ith lina lool as the maj or constituent (leaves 4 1.94 per cent and f lowers 58 .85 per ce nt). O th e r maj o r constitu e nts inc lu ded camphor (leaves 17 .02 per cent and fl owers 15.82 per cent) and 1,8-ci neo l (leaves 10.1 8 per cent and fl owers 6.38 per cent) . A lina lool ca mph or c he motYl)e was al so re-

19 1

ported.

In a study on the chemical compos iti on of green and condi ment pl ants used in nu tri tion, Ocil11ul17 pro/issimul11 cult. grown in Nakhichevan ASSR region was examined. The maximum vitamin C content occured at the begin-

334 J SC11ND RES VOL 58 MAY 1999

ning of the plant stooling, while carotene and other ingredients showed insignificant correlation with plant phase.20

In a research for new aroma chemicals from Ocimum species, the essential oil of American species O.carno­sum LK et Otto. was analysed. Elemecin useful in cos­metics and pharmaceuticals and methyl eugenol were the main constituents in percentage of 38.5-59.2 and 29.2, respectively. In a study of flavonoid aglycons from leaf surface of some species of Labiatae 5,7,dihydroxy-6-8-dimethoxy f1avones were found to be characteristic of Ocimum besides other f1avonoids. 21 The surface fla­vonoid profile of O.citriodorum was very similar to those of O.basilicul11, but that of O.minimum detected 4/-methyl ethers of apigenin in comgarison to apigenin 7,4/- dimethyl ether in O.basilicum.

Pesticidal Activity

Stored Grain Insects Pesticide

A typical insect repellent with oil of sweet basil (O.basilicum) mixed with other oils was reported as earlier in 1949. Deshpande and Tiphis22 separated ocimene, cinecle, linalool, Me cinnamate, and methyl­chavicol by TLC of essential oil of O.basilicum and tested for insecticidal activity against stored grain insects (Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae, Stagobium paniceum, and Bruchus chinensis) . Out of these, last two of above compounds were found to be most effective22 . Some insect juvenile harmones were isolated and iden­tified in O.basilicum as juvocimenes I and 2 with 2 more active than I against last instar nymphs of the milkweed bug (Ollcopeltus fasciatus)23,24. Also, O.basi/icum es­sential oil caused mortality and induced repellency in adult females of the carmine spider mite Tetrallychus cinnabarinus at 1.4 per cent.25 The significantly repel­lent activity of O.basilicum essential oil was tested against Aliacophora foveicoliis insects by Dube et at. 26

Insecticidal activity of Ocimum sanctum was studied in Malaysii7 and major components were isolated and characterized by GC, GC-mass spectrometry and NMR. Ocimum sp., in combination with other medicinal plants

also inhibit the activity of enzyme ~-D-galactosidase of adult filarial nematode, Setaria digitata.28 Watery ex­tract of o.sanctum leaves showed nematocidal activity

. I . M l 'd . . 29 against p ant parasIte, e 01 ogyne mcogntta. O.suave leaves and Eugenia caryophyllata cloves

were used as weevil repellent in East Africa from the time immemorial. Current research found eugenol to be the main repellent which is a common constituent of two,

i.e., O. suave and Eugenia caryophyliata. Hassanali et at. 30 confirmed repellent activity of foliar oil of O.suave against Sitophilus zeamis (maize weevil) . Simi­larly, research was done for finding efficacy of using O.canum for the protection against loss due to insects in the traditional food storage systems of Rwanda. The activity of linalool was found to be at 8.6+0.9 mg/g in dried leaves of O.canum. Direct exposure of adults of Zabrotes subfasciatus to milled, dried o.canum leaves resulted in lOOper cent mortality of males and 80 per cent mortality offemales after 48h. Results indicated that increase in concentration of LC50 values from 250 m to 750 g/cm2, representing a tripling of dosage, spanned the 10-100 per cent response mortalitr for all species of stored grain insects of Coleoptera. 3

Mosquito LarvicidelAdulticide

Hassanali et al. 30 have reported repe llent acti vity of foliar oil of O.suave against third instar mosquito (Aedes aegypti) . Here, eugenol was found to be more repellent than isoeugenol. LC50 values of plumbagin, jug lone, 2-methy I-I ,4-napthoquinone, 1,4-napthoquinone (I) , 2,3-epoxsy 1,4-napthoquinone, 2-hydroxy-I ,4-naptho­quinone, 1,4-benzoquinone and 1,2-napthoquinone for third instar mosquito (Aedes aegypti) larvae were found to be 0.60, 0.70, 1.15, 1.82,2.20, 13.1, 16and 17M120ml, respectively.

The mixture of essential oils of O.sanctum (0.1 per cent), O.basilicum (0.02 per cent) and Eucalyptus globu­Ius (0.02 per cent) are reported to show lOOper cent mosquito larvicidal activity . Individually also, these show 100 per cent larvicidal activity at higher concen­trations.29 The insecticidal and larvicidal activity of Ocimum sp. against mosquito have been reported by several researchers . Morphogenetic aberrations and growth regulatory effects of O.sanctum leaves against fourth instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi was studied in India?2 Extract at 200mg completely halted the post­embryonic development of larvae. The bioassays test revealed that the essential oil of O.basilicum and its major constituent, methyl-chavicol are more effective as compared to O.sanctum. Dosages of 0.003 ml/43.0 cm2

of essential oil and 0.00 I m1/43.0 cm2 of methyl chavicol extracted from O.basilicum induced 100 per cent mor­tality in Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus, the three species of mosquito in 10 to 25 min. In comparison to the major constituent, eugenol of O.sanctum induced 100 per cent mortality at dosage of 0.003 ml/43.0 cm2 in 30-35 min?3

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VASUDEVAN e/ al. : BIOACTIVE BOTANICALS FROM BASIL 335

Toxic effect of O.sanctum on pupae of Aedes aegypti showed its insecticidal activity with production of mor­phological aberrations in adults?4

Fungicidal Activity

The toxicity of essential oil of Ocimum and its com­pounds has also been assessed against food destroying fungi . O.sanctum extract showed strong inhibitory ac­tion against fungi Alternaria tenuis, Helminthosporium sp . and CU1'Vularia penniseti? 5 Eugenol and methyleugenol analysed by GC analysis of leaf oil of O.sanctum showed antimicrobial activity against six fungal strains .36 Oil of O.sanctum was found to be effective against pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic fungi. 37 Various fruit rot diseases due to fungal patho­gens are also reported to be controlled by O.sanctum leaf extract by inhibiting polyamine biosynthesis in the fungi like Botryodiplodia theobromae and Rhizophus ar­rhizus.38 Ethanol extract and essential oil activity of O.sanctum leaves were studied against Aspergillus niger and Aflavus causing collar rot and yellow rot diseases of ground nut respectively. Essential oil at 0.1 per cent treatment reduced both A.niger (8.4 ± 4.8 per cent) and A.flavus (17 .6 ± 4.8 per cent) over the 0.05 per cent treatment. However, ethanol extract was found to be more effective than essential oil.39

The O.basilicum emanations suppress the germina­tion of spores of Fusarium moniliforme, F.oxysporum and F.semitectum.40 The essential oil of O.basilicum at a dose of 1.5 mIll completely inhibited the mycelial growth of 22 spp of fungi including mycotoxin produc­ing strains of Aspergillus flavus and A.parasiticus.26

The components of essential oil of O.americanum, eugenol acetate (93-28-7) and geraniol acetate (105-87-3) were found to be active against the growth of Kerati­nophilic fungi.41 Dubey et al.42 have reported the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oil of O.canum leaves which was 3000 ppm against Aspergil­lus flavus and A. versicolor.42 The extract of O.adscell­dens leaves was found to be suitable for fungi control in food stores as the oil showed its broad range antifungal activity at minimum inhibitory concentration.43

The constituents of O.gratissimum essential oil were tested for their antimycotic activity, in vitro. Results revealed the order of activity as phenol> isoeugenol > pyrocatechol> eugenol. It was also found that OH group had the greatest effect on the activity of eugenols and methoxy and allyl groups showed no antimycotic activ­ity .44 The leaf extracts of O.gratissimum exhibited ab­solute toxicity against Aspergillus flavus and A.niger.

The minimum inhibitory concentration of the essential oil was found to be 900 ppm againstA.niger and 100 ppm against AJlavus. The oil showed fungicidal charac­teristics at higher concentrations . It also exhibited a broad fungitoxic spectrum inhibiting 50 out of 52 storage fungi tested and thus the O.gratissimun oil may possibly be exploited as botanical fungitoxicant. 45

Bactericidal Activity

Like other medicinal plants, Ocimum also possesses bactericidal activity and thus serves as antibiotic. Oil obtained from O.sanctum by ether extraction inhibited Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causing tuberculosis) and Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, in vitro at 10 and

I OO~ml, respectively .46 Efficacy of fixed oil of a .sanc­tum possessing antimicrobial activity against Staphylo­coccus aureus causing bovine mastitis in buffaloes was

47 reported. Eugenol and methyl eugenol separated by GC analysis from essential oil of a.sanctum had antimi­crobial activity against four bacterial strains.36 Extracts from Malaysian a.sanctum and its components are also found to be antibacterial.27 a.thyrsiflorum oil was found to be bactericidal against certain gram -ve and gram +ve bacteria. Out of these, the most susceptible were Staphy­lococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.48 Similarly, es­sential oil from O.kilimandscharicum exhibited antibacterial activity against ten bacterial strains (both

gram +ve and gram _ve) .49 O.canum essence also

showed microbicidal effects on both gram +ve as well as

gram -ve microorganisms. Antimicrobial agents are also found to be present in O.basilicum essential oil.50

Medicinal Activity

Various medicinal properties of Ocimum as stoma­chic, diuretic, anthelmintic, diaphoretic, expectorant, al­exipharmic, antipyretic , etc ., are described in Ayurveda. Also its antiallergic, antiulcerogenic, anticarcinogenic, antifertility functions are attributed to its active compo­nents. Recently, the most efficacious herbomineral Ayurvedic drug Tribhuwankirti Rosa against coryza, cough and cold was standardised with main constituents of a.sanctum and four more plants.51 In Nigeria, O.gra­tissimum extract was found to be effective against haem­orrhoids.52 Summer viral diseases like herpes zoster, measles, and mumps were well treated with leaf paste of a .sanctum and its oral administration.53 a.canun and four more plants have been reported for treatment of . d' 54 Jaun Ice.

336 J SCIIND RES VOL 58 MAY 1999

Ursolic acid is a major const ituent isolated from leaves of O.sancfum with an antia llergic potential. Urso­I ic acid ( I , I 0, 100mg/ml) pretreatment produced a con­ce nt rati o n depen de nt inhi b iti on of co mpound 48/80-induced degranulation of mesenteric mast ce ll s.55

O.sallcfum and eugenol (an act ive const. of Ocimul11 sp.) lowered restraint stress induced cholesterol level and

. , I b I ' . tOt' 56 enzyme actIvIty t lere y s lowIng antI-st ress e ects . The flavonoid glycos ides of O.basilicLlI1I decreased the ulcer index and the outputs of gastric acid and pepsin, but increased glucosamines showing antiulcerogenic ef­fec ts in alb ino rats. 57 Complete inhibition of all types of tumours and promoti ve stages of carcinogenesis in ex­perimental mi ce by constituents of eleven test med ic inal plants including O.sancful1l was observed in Philip­pines .58 On the other hand , anticarcinogenic effects arc I b · 0 I . . . S9 S· f S lo wn y .sancfum eaves 111 SW ISS mIce: Ize 0

urinary cryst:1 ls are reduced by extracts of O.sallctulIl

along with other medi ci nal plants.60 O.soll cfum was fo und to protect th e rats fro m hepa totoxic act ion of par aceta mol. 6 1 S igni fi cant decrease in sexual behav­ioural score of male rats was shown when O.sallCfllll1

extract dose given to them at 400 mg/kg62 Oral admin­stration of alcoholic extract of leaves of O.SOIlCl/lf1J led to marked lowering of blood sugar level in normal glu ­cos.e fed h~,.perglyce mic and streptozotocin induced dia­betIc rats ..

The efficacy of O.sall cfllm in reducing the increased blood sugar level in immobi lized stress condition in albino rats had been determined. The ex trac t, though had insignificant effect on normal glucose level but induced significant reduction of hyperglycemic state due to

64 stress. Effect of O.SOIlCtl lll1 leaf extract on glucose utiliza­

tion and glycogen deposition by isolated rat hemidia­phragm was studied. O.sall cfumleaf extract had no direct insulin like effect which cou ld enhance the peripheral utili zati on of glucose. It neither ~otenti a ted nor inhib ited the acti vity of insu lin , ill vifm .6

O.sallctUII1 fixed oil and linoleni c ac id were fou nd to possess signi ficant anti inflammatory ac ti vity against Prostaglandin E2, leukotriene, and arachidonic acid in­duced paw edema. The linolenic ac id present in this oil had the capacity to block both the cyc looxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonate metaboli sm and could be responsibl e for the antiinflammatory acti vit y of the oil.66 The .fixed oil also show~d anti~1 reti~ , anal ge­SIC, anl1arthntlc, and antIulcer actI vItIes. A slg1l1flcant anti -arth riti c act ivity and anti-edema act.i vity agai nst

turpentine oil-induced joi nt edema in rats was screened by fixed oil of O .sallctum seeds.68

Ethanol extract of leaves of 0. sanctum prevenled the changes in plasma corticosterone level of rats induced by exposure to both acute and chron ic noise st ress, ind icating the antistressor property of the plant against

. 69 nOIse.

O.sallclum leaf extract showed a signi ficant effect on testicular funct ion of rats. Testicular sperm cou nt sign i fi­cant ly decreased (p<O.OO I ) 48 h after inj ect ion of O.san.ctllll7 extract. Also, extract reduced spermatogene­sis by retardin~6he sertoli cel l activity without affecting t he germ ce II S.

The curative effect of fixed oil of O.sanctwll alone and in combination wi th cloxacillin sodium on bovine mastitis were studied after intramammary inject ion in buffaloes. A cure rate of 100 per cent in buffaloes was obtained on the basis of quarters treated with 3.0 ml of fi xed oil alone and in combination wth 200 mg of clox­ac illin sod ium .47

Chemopreventi ve activity of ethanul leaf extract of O. sancfUlI1 on DMBA-induced papil lomagenesis in the ski n of male swiss albino mice was reported. Oral treat­ment with the leaf extract for 15d resulted in significant elevat ion of glutathione S-transferase acti vity in hepatic - ~ (p<O.O 1) and extrahepatic (p<O.O I) tissues. The results suggested the potential antitumour act ivity of crude ex-

f'O 7 1 tract 0 .sallctUII7.

Hyaluronidase inhibitors we re ext racted from O.sanctum and six mo re plants for manufacturing cos­metics or for therapeutic use which were found to pre­ven t age-related degradation of hyaluronic aci d. The effect of IMMU-2 1 (extracts of plants. viz. O.S({Iu..:{1I1I1

and Withollio so/l1lli/era ), as an ti -stress, adaptogen and immunomodulator was investigated on host immune system in di ffe rent laboratory animal s. It s effect on host immune system at higher dose leve l was slightly sup-

.. 64 presslve 111 nature.

Other Applications of Ocimul1l Components

Toxicity of components of OCilllUIlI is being appl ied in several other areas.

B iohcrhicides - The growth of a novel isolate of Cltlore lla (an uni cellular green alga) is bei ng retarded hy roxic concentration of OCi l11 l1111 in combination with 60ppm chlori ne, 6ppm NH3, I Oppm nonyl11~heno l- 9-e th ­

y lene ox ide condensate and 10ppm H 202 . £. The ex tract of o. cal1uf11 was found to be toxic aga inst ou rple nu t

71 . sedge, Cyperus ro!ltIu/lis . "

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VASU DEVAN et al. : BIOACTIVE BOTANICALS FROM BASIL 337

As Solvent ill Histological Staillillg- a .gratissimum oil may be substituted for clove oi l as a solvent for stains . h' 1 . I .. 74 111 IstO oglca sta1l1111g.

Due to its multipurpose use, it is being emphasised that thi s plant expec ially a .sanctum appl ied in herbal medici ne industries should be cu lti vated in large scale.75

Conclusions

The review gives the importance of reevaluating the efficacy of traditional methods in biocidal and medica l applications. The terpenoids of the Ocimuf1l sp. widel y used in indigenous cultures for different purposes seem to be the bioactive components. Especially, eugenol, methl chavi col, linalool , isoeugenol, and methyl isoeugenol are seen to be active natural combinations being more potent. Further studies are needed for more effective use of this natural source.

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