bio project v2

8/4/2019 Bio Project V2

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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT LUCKNOW

A Project Report

On

Creativity in Personality Analysis

As part of final project (June 2011-Aug 2011) for

Behavior in Organization

Anup Abhipsit PGP27205

B Praveen PGP27211

Manish Bhatt PGP27220

Manish Verma PGP27221

Prasoon Kumar PGP27236R. Manika Rajan PGP27239

Gaurav Somwanshi PGP27254


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Abstract

The study of creativity and its relationship with human personality has always fascinated

researchers in the field of psychology and organizational behavior. It is very important for the

human resource managers to identify creative persons for crucial positions in the organization.Different researchers like M. Batey, A. Furnham and T. M. Amabile have done significant

work on this field.

Our project aims at examining the contribution of fluid intelligence Big Five Personality

traits in predicting four indices of creativity:Divergent Thinking (DT) fluency, Rated DT, Creative

Achievement and Self-Rated creativity and a combined Total Creativity variable.

We have used Eysenck Personality Questionnaire to quantify the personality traits of

different respondents and Guilford Alternative Uses Taskto measure and quantify the

creativeness of the respondents. These two methods are widely accepted methods to measurepersonality and creativity and are being used since long.

Finally we have analyzed the data usingANOVA method to compare the variables and

displayed the results using regression analysis of the required two sets of data.


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Table of Contents

Acknowledgement 1

Abstracts 2

What is Creativity? 4

What Is the Mechanism Behind Creativity? 4

What Are the Personality Bases for Creativity? 5

Scoring 6

Theory behind Questionnaires 10

Summary 15

Appendix 16

Bibliography 18


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What is Creativity?

An act of turning new and imaginative ideas into reality.

Creativity involves two processes: thinking, then producing. Innovation is the production or

implementation of an idea. If you have ideas, but don't act on them, you are imaginative but

not creative.

"Creativity is the process of bringing something new into being...creativity requires passion and

commitment. Out of the creative act is born symbols and myths. It brings to our awareness

what was previously hidden and points to new life. The experience is one of heightened

consciousness-ecstasy."

- Rollo May, The Courage to Create

"A product is creative when it is (a) novel and (b) appropriate. A novel product is original not

predictable. The bigger the concept and the more the product stimulates further work and

ideas, the more the product is creative."

- Sternberg & Lubart, Defying the Crowd

What Is the Mechanism Behind Creativity?

Humankind has always wondered why some individuals are more creative than others, and the

five major theories of creativity provide possible explanations.

The Psychoanalytical Theory of Creativity

The main proponents of this theory include Freud, Jung, Kris, Rank, Adler, and Hammer; and the

general argument is that people become creative in reaction to difficult circumstances or

repressed emotions. For example, as Freud maintained, people repress memories of traumatic

episodes or events, and the emotions related to these events are released through creative

outlets

The Mental Illness Theory of Creativity

The proponents of this theory include Briggs, Eisenman, Goodwin, Jamison, Richards, and

Martindale; and the major tenet is that some type of mental illness is actually necessary in

order for people to be creative, even if that illness is exceptionally mild.


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Eysencks Theory ofPsychoticism

The main proponent of this theory was the late Hans Eysenck, who argued that highly creative

individuals possessed a quality termed "psychoticism" a disposition for psychotic tendencies.

Eysenck also maintained that these psychotic tendencies were the foundation for creativepersonalities, and he developed a word-association test to measure a persons psychoticism,

with results correlated to form a continuum, ranging from psychotic through average and from

conventional to highly social to altruistic.

The Addiction Theory of Creativity

The main proponents of this theory are Lapp, Collins, Izzo, Norlander, Gustafson, and Wallas;

and its major tenet is that addiction, for example, to drugs and/or alcohol, contributes to and

even causes creativity.

The Humanistic Theory of Creativity

The main supporters of this theory include Maslow, Rogers, and Fromm, though the theory is

based mainly upon Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, a theory he developed, which maintains that

humans have six basic needs that must be met in order for them to thrive and reach maximum

potential.

What Are the Personality Bases for Creativity?

There is a great deal of debate for what makes someone creative or not. Because of the

mystery surrounding creativity, people were uncertain about what underlying traits made some

people highly creative and others not.

Researchers have predicted and substantiated with experiments various personality traits are

responsible for creativity.

- Eysenck (1995) proposed that psychoticism caused creativity.

-Rawlings, Twomey, Burns, and Morris (1998) found a relationship between creativity,

psychoticism, and openness to experience.

-Martindale and Dailey (1996) found that creativity is linked to psychoticism and

extraversion.


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- Sternberg (2001) proposed that there is a dialectical relationship between creativity

and intelligence and wisdom.

However, our primary focus would be on Eysencks Theory of Psychoticism.

Hans Eysenck's theory is based primarily on physiology and genetics. Although he was abehaviorist who considered learned habits of great importance, he considers personality

differences as growing out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore, primarily interested in

what is usually called temperament. Temperament is that aspect of our personalities that is

genetically based, inborn, there from birth or even before. That does not mean that a

temperament theory says we don't also have aspects of our personality that are learned, it's

just that Eysenck focused on "nature," and left "nurture" to other theorists.

Scoring

(i) Eysenck Personality QuestionnaireWhen you fill out the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, you get four scores

E stands for Extrovert personality trait

P stands for Psychotic personality trait

N stands for Neurotic personality trait

L stands for Social Desirable

So different scoring regions will be as such

E Score:- Out of 16 and measures how much of an extrovert you are

P Score:- Out of 11 and measures how psychotic you are

N Score:- Out of 7 and measures how neurotic you are

L score:- Out of 3 and measures how socially desirable you are being

(Note: - L score not taken into consideration while evaluating the relationship

between personality and creativity in our report)


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Evaluation of the scores: -

(I) E Score: -

Check through the responses to the questions mentioned below. If the responses match

to the given below answers, place an E in front of the question.

Questions Answers

Do you stop to think things over before doing anything? NO

Are you a talkative person? YES

Do you lock your apartment carefully for night-time? NO

Are you rather lively? YES

Would you enjoy skydiving? YES

Can you usually let yourself go and enjoy yourself at a lively party? YES

Do you enjoy meeting new people? YES

Do you tend to keep in the background on social occasions? NO

Do you prefer reading to meeting people? NO

Do you have many friends? YES

Would you call yourself happy-go-lucky? YES

Do you throw trashes on the floor if trash can is not available? YES

Do people who drive carefully irritate you? YES

Do you like telling jokes and funny stories to your friends? YES

Do you like doing things in which you have to act quickly? YES

Do you often take on more activities than you have time for? YES


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(II) P Score: -


to the given below answers, place a P in front of the question.

Questions Answers

Would being in debt worry you? NO

Would it upset you a lot to see a child or an animal suffer? NO

Is making insurance policies a good idea? NO

Do you enjoy hurting people you love? YES

Do you sometimes talk about things you know nothing about? YES

Do you have enemies who want to harm you? YES

Do you always apologize, if you have been rude? NO

Do good manners and cleanliness matter much to you? NOHave you ever said anything bad or nasty about anyone? YES

Do you like to arrive at appointments in plenty of time? NO

Have you ever taken advantage of someone? YES

(III) N Score: -


to the given below answers, place a N in front of the question.

QuestionsAnswer

s

Does your mood often go up and down? YES

Do you ever feel 'just miserable' for no reason? YES

Do you often worry about things you should not have done or said? YES

Would you call yourself a nervous person? YES

Would you call yourself tense or 'highly-strung'? YES

Does it worry you if you know there are mistakes in your work? YES

Do you suffer from sleeplessness? YES

(IV) L Score: -


to the given below answers, place a L in front of the question.


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Questions Answers

Are all your habits good and desirable ones? YES

As a child were you ever cheeky to your parents? NO

Have you ever cheated at a game? NO

Finally, add the number of Es, Ns, Ps and Ls to get the respective scores.

(ii) Guilford Alternative Uses TaskIn Guilfords Alternative Uses Task (1967) examinees are asked to list as many

possible uses for a common house hold item (such as s brick, a paperclip, a

newspaper)

Example

Name all the uses for a brick:

a paperweight

a doorstop

a mock coffin at a Barbie funeral

to throw threw a window

to use as a weapon

to hit my sister on the head with

Scoring

Scoring is comprised of four components: -

Originality - each response it compared to the total amount of responses from

all of the people you gave the test to. Reponses that were given by only

5% of your group are unusual (1 point), responses that were given by only 1% ofyour group are unique - 2 points). Total all the point. Higher scores indicate

creativity*

Fluency - total. Just add up all the responses. In this example it is 6.

Flexibility or different categories - In this case there are five different categories

(weapon and hit sister are from the same general idea of weapon)

Elaboration - amount of detail (for Example "a doorstop" = 0 whereas "a door


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stop to prevent a door slamming shut in a strong wind" = 2 (one for explanation

of door slamming, two for further detail about the wind).

Theory behind Questionnaires

(i) Eysenck Personality QuestionnaireEysencks theory is based primarily on physiology and genetics. Although he is a

behaviorist who considers learned habits of great importance, he considers

personality differences as growing out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore,

primarily interested in what is usually called temperament.

Eysenck is also primarily a research psychologist. His methods involve a statistical

technique called factor analysis. This technique extracts a number of dimensions

from large masses of data. For example, if you give long lists of adjectives to a large

number of people for them to rate themselves on, you have prime raw material for

factor analysis.

Imagine, for example, a test that included words like shy, introverted, outgoing,

wild, and so on. Obviously, shy people are likely to rate themselves high on the first

two words, and low on the second two. Outgoing people are likely to do the reverse.

Factor analysis extracts dimensions -- factors -- such as shy-outgoing from the mass of

information. The researcher then examines the data and gives the factor a name such

as introversion-extraversion. There are other techniques that will find the best fitof the data to various possible dimensions, and others still that will find higher level

dimensions -- factors that organize the factors, like big headings organize little

headings.

Eysenck initially conceptualized personality as two, biologically-based independent

dimensions of temperament:

(a)Neuroticism is the name Eysenck gave to a dimension that ranges from normal,

fairly calm and collected people to ones that tend to be quite nervous.

(b)His second dimension is extraversion-introversion. Eysenck hypothesized that

extraversion-introversion is a matter of the balance of inhibition and excitation

in the brain itself.

Further research demonstrated the need for a third category of temperament:


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(c) Psychotism, the third dimension, is associated not only with the liability to have a

psychotic episode (or break with reality), but also with aggression.

(ii) Guilfords Alternative Task UsesThe ability to generate many different possible solutions to a problem is an important

aspect of creative thinking and has been specifically addressed in the psychometric

tradition by means of divergent thinking tests. Divergent thinking is related to

creativity, as usually conceptualized in that both involve the production of a variety of

new, original solutions to a problem. Divergent thinking is therefore useful for solving

problems that do not have a single, objectively correct solution but rather have

several potentially workable solutions whose originality or other kind of value can be

assessed. Greater originality is expected if the production of ideas is fluent (many

ideas are produced) and flexible (several categories of ideas are produced).

Methodology Used:-

For collection of data we used different methodologies as

1. Face to face interview of persons belonging to different gender, social background and

working in different designations in different organizations.

2. Telephonic interview with different people across different part of the country to bring

cultural aspect in to consideration.

3. We created a web page so that different people can enter the data by answering thequestions whenever they feel convenient about it. The link and look and feel of the web

page is given below

https://spreadsheets.google.com/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dDM5WmZ5MHpKS2VRS2d

fMzc1QTRwNmc6MQ
https://spreadsheets.google.com/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dDM5WmZ5MHpKS2VRS2dfMzc1QTRwNmc6MQhttps://spreadsheets.google.com/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dDM5WmZ5MHpKS2VRS2dfMzc1QTRwNmc6MQhttps://spreadsheets.google.com/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dDM5WmZ5MHpKS2VRS2dfMzc1QTRwNmc6MQhttps://spreadsheets.google.com/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dDM5WmZ5MHpKS2VRS2dfMzc1QTRwNmc6MQhttps://spreadsheets.google.com/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dDM5WmZ5MHpKS2VRS2dfMzc1QTRwNmc6MQ


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Results:-

Plot of Total Personality Score versus Total Creativity Score

Here we can see that the extrovert, psychotic and Neurotic personality trait have

positive relation with creativity. By studying data collected from 62 different peoplewe can see that total personality score and total creativity score are related as they

follow each other. As personality traits change their value the creativity also

changes.

The methodology used to analyze the data is Statistical Regression and ANOVA. The summary

of data collected from 62 persons is given in appendix.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1 3 5 7 9 1113151719212325272931333537394143454749515355575961

Total Personality Score

Total Creativity Score


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SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.92

R Square 0.8464

Adjusted R

Square0.93

Standard

Error7.05E-16

Observations 61

ANOVA

df SS MS FSignificance

F

Regression 1 65.1642 65.1642 1.31E+32 0

Residual 59 2.94E-29 4.98E-31

Total 60 65.1642

CoefficientsStandard

Errort Stat P-value Lower 95%

Upper

95%

Lower

95.0%

Upper

95.0%

Intercept -1.8E-15 5.19E-16 -3.42322 0.001131 -2.8E-15

-7.4E-

16

-2.8E-

15

-7.4E-

16

Total

Personality

Score

1.2 1.05E-16 1.14E+16 0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

In statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models, and their

associated procedures, in which the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into

components attributable to different sources of variation. In its simplest form ANOVA provides

a statistical test of whether or not the means of several groups are all equal, and therefore

generalizes t-test to more than two groups. Doing multiple two-sample t-tests would result in

an increased chance of committing a type I error. For this reason, ANOVAs are useful in

comparing two, three or more means.


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In this project we have used this method as we can study the different personality traits

in one step, using one graph only. The result table of this analysis is shown here, the regression

elements are total personality score and total creativity score. As Coefficient of determination

is very close to 1 we can state that the both groups under consideration are strongly correlated.

The groups follow the trend and residual is also too low.


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Summary

- A total of 61 respondents were given the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Guilford

Alternative Uses Task and asked to provide their responses.

- Conscious effort was taken to diversify the respondents with varied educational,occupational, socio-cultural backgrounds and varied age and gender.

- The responses were then quantified and an absolute score for each parameter as

explained earlier was arrived at.

- Regression analysis and ANOVA analysis were used to compare these two sets of data.

- The findings were plotted in the graph showing the relationship between evaluated

personality traits and the creativity index.

The analysis of the dataset for the two types of variables showed the following results:

- Regression coefficient was found to be 0.92; it denotes a strong correlation between the

selected personality attributes and creativity index.

- The findings are supported by the initial observations by behavior analysts Adrian

Furnham and Mark Batey.

The creativity index was found to be positively and significantly related to E-Score and N-Score

partially confirming the findings by Furnham and Batey. Self-reported creative achievements

and self-rated creativity were found to be unrelated to Social skills. Total creativity also

demonstrated positive trend to the observed results by Furnhams study.

Before considering the implications of the this study, it is important to note that care should be

taken when generalizing from the results, because the respondent sample was small and the

measure of personality was very brief. However, the study did demonstrate that when

creativity is assessed by a performance measure like DT, that intellectual variables are most

heavily involved. However, when creativity is assessed by self-report measures (creative

achievement and self-rating), cognitive variables are unrelated, whilst personality variables

explain the most variance.


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Appendix

Data collected from 62 people are given below,

E Score P ScoreN

ScoreL Score

Total Personality

Score Total Creativity

12 5 7 1 6.34469697 7.34469697

4 1 5 2 4.30465368 5.30465368

7 3 5 1 4.394615801 5.394615801

10 4 5 1 5.090638528 6.090638528

13 2 2 2 4.866747835 5.866747835

10 4 4 1 4.733495671 5.733495671

5 5 5 1 4.536661255 5.536661255

6 2 6 2 5.201569264 6.201569264

14 2 4 1 4.903950216 5.903950216

9 1 7 1 4.966856061 5.966856061

12 2 3 1 4.234307359 5.234307359

12 6 6 2 7.048160173 8.048160173

11 2 2 1 3.720914502 4.720914502

10 5 1 1 3.889339827 4.889339827

8 6 5 1 5.232683983 6.232683983

9 3 3 2 4.82616342 5.82616342

9 2 1 3 4.717938312 5.717938312

10 5 4 2 5.794101732 6.794101732

8 1 4 2 4.572510823 5.572510823

13 4 2 1 4.487959957 5.487959957

12 4 1 2 4.807900433 5.807900433

8 2 5 3 5.99025974 6.99025974

9 1 5 3 5.919237013 6.919237013

12 2 5 1 4.948593074 5.948593074

15 4 3 1 5.157602814 6.157602814

9 5 2 2 4.923566017 5.923566017

10 2 4 2 5.11228355 6.11228355

11 7 3 2 6.047754329 7.047754329

10 3 3 0 3.315746753 4.315746753

13 3 5 2 6.165449134 7.165449134

7 5 2 1 3.777732684 4.777732684


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12 1 1 1 3.292748918 4.292748918

8 4 6 2 5.968614719 6.968614719

7 5 6 1 5.206304113 6.206304113

7 1 4 2 4.416260823 5.416260823

10 7 3 1 5.058170996 6.05817099611 5 1 1 4.045589827 5.045589827

8 4 3 2 4.897186147 5.897186147

14 7 3 3 7.349837662 8.349837662

8 4 3 1 4.063852814 5.063852814

13 3 2 2 5.094020563 6.094020563

10 3 6 2 6.053841991 7.053841991

7 4 4 1 4.264745671 5.264745671

11 4 4 1 4.889745671 5.889745671

8 2 1 1 2.895021645 3.895021645

13 2 3 1 4.390557359 5.390557359

13 4 3 2 5.678436147 6.678436147

10 4 3 1 4.376352814 5.376352814

8 3 5 1 4.550865801 5.550865801

7 4 3 1 3.907602814 4.907602814

12 4 4 2 5.879329004 6.879329004

9 2 7 1 5.194128788 6.194128788

10 1 4 2 4.885010823 5.885010823

11 2 5 2 5.625676407 6.625676407

10 3 5 1 4.863365801 5.863365801

8 4 4 1 4.420995671 5.420995671

10 2 2 1 3.564664502 4.564664502

11 5 4 1 5.117018398 6.117018398

8 1 4 1 3.739177489 4.739177489

10 4 4 1 4.733495671 5.733495671

11 5 3 1 4.759875541 5.759875541


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Bibliography

Books:

1. Intelligence, general knowledge and personality as predictors of creativity

Journals:

1. www.elsevier.com

Webliography:

http://www.creativityatwork.com/blog/2008/09/04/interview/

http://creativity-leadership.com/tag/innovation/

http://www.ratamatata.com/creativity-innovation-whole-brain-thinking/

http://routergenie.xanga.com/577192968/what-is-creativity/

http://www.suite101.com/content/the-five-major-theories-of-creativity-a157568

http://thereversedprocess.blogspot.com/2010_10_01_archive.html

http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/dickhut.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysenck_Personality_Questionnaire

http://www.indiana.edu/~bobweb/Handout/d1.uses.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity

(The judging process is given as in the weblink

http://www.indiana.edu/~bobweb/Handout/d1.uses.htm)

https://spreadsheets.google.com/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dDM5WmZ5MHpKS

2VRS2dfMzc1QTRwNmc6MQ
http://www.creativityatwork.com/blog/2008/09/04/interview/http://www.creativityatwork.com/blog/2008/09/04/interview/http://creativity-leadership.com/tag/innovation/http://creativity-leadership.com/tag/innovation/http://www.ratamatata.com/creativity-innovation-whole-brain-thinking/http://www.ratamatata.com/creativity-innovation-whole-brain-thinking/http://routergenie.xanga.com/577192968/what-is-creativity/http://routergenie.xanga.com/577192968/what-is-creativity/http://www.suite101.com/content/the-five-major-theories-of-creativity-a157568http://www.suite101.com/content/the-five-major-theories-of-creativity-a157568http://thereversedprocess.blogspot.com/2010_10_01_archive.htmlhttp://thereversedprocess.blogspot.com/2010_10_01_archive.htmlhttp://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/dickhut.htmlhttp://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/dickhut.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysenck_Personality_Questionnairehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysenck_Personality_Questionnairehttp://www.indiana.edu/~bobweb/Handout/d1.uses.htmhttp://www.indiana.edu/~bobweb/Handout/d1.uses.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativityhttp://www.indiana.edu/~bobweb/Handout/d1.uses.htmhttp://www.indiana.edu/~bobweb/Handout/d1.uses.htmhttps://spreadsheets.google.com/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dDM5WmZ5MHpKS2VRS2dfMzc1QTRwNmc6MQhttps://spreadsheets.google.com/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dDM5WmZ5MHpKS2VRS2dfMzc1QTRwNmc6MQhttps://spreadsheets.google.com/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dDM5WmZ5MHpKS2VRS2dfMzc1QTRwNmc6MQhttps://spreadsheets.google.com/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dDM5WmZ5MHpKS2VRS2dfMzc1QTRwNmc6MQhttps://spreadsheets.google.com/spreadsheet/viewform?formkey=dDM5WmZ5MHpKS2VRS2dfMzc1QTRwNmc6MQhttp://www.indiana.edu/~bobweb/Handout/d1.uses.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativityhttp://www.indiana.edu/~bobweb/Handout/d1.uses.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysenck_Personality_Questionnairehttp://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/dickhut.htmlhttp://thereversedprocess.blogspot.com/2010_10_01_archive.htmlhttp://www.suite101.com/content/the-five-major-theories-of-creativity-a157568http://routergenie.xanga.com/577192968/what-is-creativity/http://www.ratamatata.com/creativity-innovation-whole-brain-thinking/http://creativity-leadership.com/tag/innovation/http://www.creativityatwork.com/blog/2008/09/04/interview/

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