Bio  Lab  Major  Quiz  3  Study  Guide  +  Additional  stuff    Section  1  –  Immunology  

1. Immune  responses  a. Primary  response  involves  B  cells  producing  antibodies  

i. After  response  clones  of  B  cells  formed  into  either  memory  or  plasma  cells  ii. Memory  cells  cause  quicker  response  in  future  presence  of  antigen  

2. Hemagglutination  and  complement-­‐induced  hemolysis  a. Antigens  that  are  part  of  cells  cross-­‐link  with  antigens  on  other  cells  in  presence  of  antibodies  b. Agglutination  results  in  complement  system  

i. Complement  cascade  involves  complement  proteins  activating  each  other  to  form  a  membrane  attack  complex,  creating  a  trans-­‐membrane  channel  lysing  the  cells  

ii. After  cascade  activates,  it  is  fixed  because  it  can’t  be  affected  by  any  more  antigen-­‐antibody  complexes  –  very  sensitive  system  

3. Blood,  plasma,  serum,  antiserum  a. Blood:  total  circulatory  fluid  composed  of  all  the  material  b. Plasma::  the  liquid  part  of  the  blood  without  any  blood  cells  c. Serum:  remaining  liquid  after  blood  is  allowed  to  clot  d. Antiserum:  serum  from  an  animal’s  blood  that  was  presented  with  antigens  

i. Immune  system  responds  by  producing  antibodies  specific  to  the  antigen    

Section  2  –  Protists  Memory  Keyword  

Kingdom/  Phylum   Genus   Locomotory  Structures  

Feeding  Structures   Other  Distinguishing  Features  

Gloop   Rhizopoda   Amoeba   Pseudopodia   Pseudopodium   Food  vacuoles  in  endoplasm  

Sea  Urchin   Actinopoda   Actinosphaerium   None   Axopodia   Spiky  exterior,  axopodia  increases  buoyancy  

termite   Parabasala   Trichonympha   Flagella   Phagocytosis   Hundreds  of  flagella,  tear-­‐shaped  

ugly   Euglenozoa   Euglena   Flagella   Chloroplasts/  nutrient  absorption  

Eyespot,  stripes,  green  

Cool  one   Euglenozoa   Peranema   Flagella   Endocytosis,  food  vacuole  

Twists  and  flips,  flagellum  head  

Walnut   Dinoflagellata   Peridinium   Flagella   Chloroplast   Cellulose  plates  Slipper   Ciliophora   Paramecium   Ciliated   Oral  groove   Trichocysts,  

macro/micro  nuclei  Vortex  mouth   Ciliophora   Stentor   Cilia,  anchored   Membranelles  at  

peristome  edges  Fingerprint-­‐like  pattern,  green  

Cirri  with  Mohawk  

Ciliophora   Euplotes   Cirri  for  swimming/  crawling  

Membranelles  at  peristome  edges  

Macro/micro  nuclei  

Flincher   Ciliophora   Vorticella   Contractile  stalk   Peristomal  funnel  w/  cilia  

Contractile  stalk  

Colonies   Chlorophyta   Volvox   Two  flagella   Chloroplasts   Spherical  colonies  of  different  cells  

Cool  yellow  thing  

Mycetozoa   Physarum   Pseudopodia*   Pseudopodia   Cytoplasmic  streaming  

*Physarum  does  not  in  fact  move  with  pseudopodia  –  plasmodium  grows  out  while  rest  of  organism  stays  in  place.    

1. Protozoa:  animal-­‐like  (heterotrophic)  unicellular  protists  2. Contractile  vacuole:  part  of  the  cell  which  pumps  out  water  from  the  cell  in  freshwater  conditions  to  prevent  lysis  3. Coenocyte:  a  single  mass  of  cytoplasm  that  contains  many  nuclei  and  is  bounded  by  a  single  plasma  membrane,  i.e.  physarum    

Section  3:  Invertebrates  

 Difference  between  Protostomes  and  Deuterostomes:  

-­‐ Both  develop  a  pore  during  embryonic  development  

Phylum   Body  Symmetry  

Tissue  Layers   Coelom  Status   Digestion  &  Excretion  

Circulation   Gas  Exchange  

Nervous  &  Sensory  

Skeleton  &  Locomotion  

Cnidaria   Radial   Epidermis,  gastrodermis,  mesoglea  

Acoelomate   Gastrovascular  Cavity  

None   Diffusion   Nerve  Net   Basal  disk  

Platyhelminthes   Bilateral   Ectoderm,  mesoderm,  endoderm  

Acoelomate   GV  cavity,  Flame  cells  

None   Diffusion   Brain,  nerve  cords  

Muscles  in  mesoderm,  eyespot  in  planaria  

Nematoda   Bilateral   Ectoderm,  pseudocoelom,  GV  caavity  

Pseudocoelomate   Complete,  Flame  cells  

None   Diffusion   Ganglia   Hydrostatic  skeleton,  muscles  

Rotifera   Bilateral   Ectoderm,  pseudocoelom,  GV  cavity  

Pseudocoelomate   Complete,  Flame  cells  

None   Diffusion   Ganglia   Cilia,  foot,  muscles  for  bending  

Mollusca   Bilateral   Ectoderm,  mesoderm,  endoderm    

Coelomate   Complete,  kidneys   Open  circulation  

Gills   Ganglia,  eyes  

Shell,  locomotion  varies  

Annelida   Bilateral   Ectoderm,  coelom,  digestive  tract  

Coelomate   Complete,  Nephridia  

Closed  circulation  

Diffusion   Ventral  nerve  cord  w/  segmented  ganglia  

Hydrostatic  skeleton,  muscles  

Arthropoda   Bilateral   Chitinous  exoskeleton,  musculature,  coelom,  GV  cavity  

Coelomate   Malpigian  tubule   Open  circulation  

Gills/  trachea  

Ventral  nerve  chord  w/  segmental  ganglia,  antennae  

Legs,  muscles  

Echinodermata   Bilateral   Ectoderm,  mesoderm,  endoderm  

Ceolomate   Complete   Water  vascular  system/  closed  system  

WVS   Nerve  ring  &  radial  nerve  cords  

Tubular  feet  of  podium  &  ampulla,  endoskeleton  

o Protostomes  make  this  pore  the  mouth  o Duterostomes  make  it  the  anus/  develop  second  pore  for  mouth  o Both  are  divisions  of  coelomate  phyla  

Reproductive/Excretory  systems  of  Earthworms  and  Cuttlefish  -­‐ Earthworms  

o Have  both  testis  and  ovary  –  hermaphrodites   Sperm  duct  ends  at  segment  15   Oviduct  releases  eggs  from  ovary   Clitellum  secretes  mucus  to  hold  eggs   Sperm  receptacle  holds  received  sperm  to  fertilize  eggs  in  mucus  

o Excretory  system  –  pair  of  nephridia  at  each  segment   Leads  to  bladder  

Parts  of  Cuttlefish  

   Nidamental  glands  (two  white  seed-­‐like  things),  accessory  glands,  gills,  ink  sac,  funnel  parts    

 Systemic  and  right  branchial  hearts  visible,  cecum  and  stomach  visible,  pancreas  is  white  dots,  kidney  is  yellow  mash    

   Male  Cuttlefish  –  Penis  underneath  ink  sac    

Molluscs  1. Gastropodia  

a. Single,  spiral  shells  b. Cephalization  c. Muscular  foot  for  locomotion  d. E.g.  slugs  and  land  snails  e. Gas  exchange  along  lining  of  mantle  cavity  

2. Bivalvia  a. E.g.  oysters,  clams,  mussels  b. Shell  pair  c. Gills  forgas  exchange  d. Crystalline  style  in  stomachto  pull  in  mucus-­‐food  complex/release  enzymes  

3. Cephalopoda  a. E.g.  squid,  octopus  b. Highly  developed  invertebrates  c. Funnel  propels  for  swimming  d. Sensory  tentacles  e. Closed  circulatory  system  

C.  elegans  1. 959  cells  exactly  2. 2n  (diploid)=  12  chromosomes  3. DNA  mass  =  fragment  bp  (conc.  DNA)(vol.  DNA)/total  DNA  bp  4. When  destroying  C.  elegans,  65°  C  step  degrades  the  DNAses  using  enzyme  proteinase  K  5. Then  95°C  step  deactivates  proteinase  K  6. Ladder  DNA  uses  known  fragment  sizes  to  estimate  unknown  DNA  fragment  sizes  in  gel  electrophoresis