bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of energy, aerosols, carbon, h 2 o, organics and nitrogen beachon...
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Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy,Aerosols,Carbon, H2O, Organics and Nitrogen
BEACHON Project
Alex GuentherEarth and Sun Systems Laboratory
National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulder CO USA
Motivation for the BEACHON Project •The earth system is changingThe earth system is changing•Need to predict changes and their Need to predict changes and their
impacts on time scales of months to impacts on time scales of months to
years years •Requires understanding of the Requires understanding of the
coupling of energy, water, carbon and coupling of energy, water, carbon and
biogeochemical cycles in a multi-scale biogeochemical cycles in a multi-scale
framework. framework. •Requires modeling, observations Requires modeling, observations
and process studies and process studies •Sensitivity of water-limited Sensitivity of water-limited
landscapeslandscapes
• is prominent in the NCAR 2006 strategic plan
• is prominent in the NSF-GEO strategic plan and emphasis on Emerging Topics in Biogeochemical Cycles
• is recognized by international scientific organizations including IGBP-iLEAPS and WCRP-GEWEX
The importance of Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics and Nitrogen
There widespread recognition that this research area is important but there are major challenges associated with organizing and funding the efforts that are required to address the key scientific questions
How does the atmosphere respond to changes in the biosphere?
How does the biosphere respond to the atmosphere?
Are there significant interactions and feedbacks?
Water-limited ecosystems:
Greatest response to changes in precipitation
Cover half of the earth’s surface
Fast growing population centers
BEACHON will initially focus on water-limited ecosystems in the Southern Rocky Mountains
Tropical rainforest ecosystems:
High annual precipitation but often have water-limited dry season
High annual biosphere-atmosphere exchange rates
High rates of landcover change
and compare and contrast with other ecosystems
Agriculture
Organic aerosol
processes
Photo-oxidant
processes
Cloud processes
Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics and Nitrogen
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Water & Energy Cycles
Ozone and N deposition
NO/NH3 emission
CO2H2O NOy
NH3
Precipitation and solar radiation
Latent and sensible heat
Biological particles and VOC emissions
Insect outbreaksDisturbances:
Canopy and Boundary Layer Studies: vertical flux and profile
measurements. Models: MALTE (detailed 1D),
LES, WRF-LES
Upscaling and Downscaling modeling techniques
Regional biogeochemical and hydrological field measurements and modeling in water-limited landscapes and other globally important ecosystems
Regional Scale Studies: Observations: aircraft,
satellite, networksModels: WRF-CHEM, NCRM
Leaf and Plant Scale Studies: Quantify response
to temperature, solar radiation, soil moisture
Global Earth System Model
Parameterization Parameterization
BEACHON Approach: A Regional Focus
Within a Multi-scale Framework
Leaf/soil scale: laboratory and chamber observations
Develop model algorithms
Canopy and boundary layer scale: tower, balloon, radar observations
MALTE (1D), LES, WRF-LES modeling
WRF-CHEM modeling
Regional scale
Aircraft, satellite, regional network observations
Global scale:
global network, satellite observations
Global Earth System modeling
bridging to the global scale
BEACHON Regional scale modeling: WRF-CHEM
ChemistryWeather
Biology
Emission and deposition
Hydrology
BEACHON Regional scale measurements
Regional networks of long term measurements:
• Rocky Raccoon network (CO2 measurements)
• Flux towers • Eco-hydrological
observatories
Airborne measurements•Energy, CO2, H2O, trace gas and aerosol
fluxes•Clouds, atmospheric composition
•Landcover characteristics, soil moisture
Satellite measurements•Clouds,
atmospheric composition•Landcover
characteristics, soil moisture
Purdue U. ALAR Duchess twin engine aircraft
Quantifying regional biosphere-atmosphere exchange using airborne platforms
U. Wyoming King Air twin engine aircraft
Duke U. HOP Bell Helicopter
The sampling inlet in front of the helicopter nose is in disturbed airflow when hovering but is in undisturbed airflow when moving forward at > 20 m/s.
Duke HOP currently has CO2, H2O and energy flux measurement systems. BEACHON is supporting the development of VOC, O3, NOy, and particle flux systems
Duke Helicopter Observation Platform (HOP) for quantifying regional biosphere-atmosphere exchange
Disturbed airflow
Disturbed airflow
Avissar et al.
Hovering
Moving
LE
S an
d 1-D
mo
delin
g
Regional and global earth
system modeling
Satellite observations
Long-term regional observational networks
RADAR/LIDAR observations of clouds/aerosol
Airplane and helicopter observations of fluxes and atmos. composition
Below, within and above canopy observations of energy, aerosols, carbon, water, organics, nitrogen fluxes
Ecological and hydrological observations
Short-term surface-to-cloud scale studies
Driving variables
Model evaluation
Model parameterization
BEACHON integration of modeling and measurements
Atmospheric composition and processes: CO2, clouds, aerosol, reactive gases
Ecosystem structure and processes
Ecohydrological disturbances
Bio-atmosphere
exchanges ofenergy,
aerosols, carbon, water,
organics, nitrogen
Precip
itation
variab
ility
BEACHON Science Themes
BEACHON Field Studies
• May/June 2007: contribution to CHATS (California)
• Feb 2008: contribution to LBA AMAZE (Amazon)
• July-September 2008: BEACHON SRM08 (Colorado)
• Summer 2009 - 2011: long-term measurements, ground and airborne intensives (Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico)
May/June 2007 BEACHON contribution to CHATS(Canopy Horizontal Array Turbulence Study)
NCAR TIIMES/ACD/MMM/EOL, Duke U., WSU, UC Davis participants
Micrometeorology
Chemistry
Biology
MeSA Induces organism-wide enhanced defense against pathogen infections (Park et al. 2007). Scientists had looked for this signal for > 50 years but missed it because it is airborne.MeSA was a major canopy-scale BVOC
emission from this walnut plantation indicating its importance for both the biosphere and the atmosphere. Emissions appear to respond to temperature extremes and drought (Karl et al. Biogeosci. 2008).
Sensing plant stress at the canopy scale
Methyl Salicylate (MeSA): chemical
formula is similar to asprin
BEACHON-CHATS findings: Plant Signaling Compounds
Methyl salicylate emissions respond to water and temperature stress
MeSA is the dominant semi-volatile VOC emission from this canopy and may be a significant source of secondary organic aerosol and could explain some of the “missing” SOA
Daily Maximum Temperature – Daily Minimum Temperature
Irrigation Off
Irrigation On
Karl et al.
BEACHON contributions to LBA-AMAZE: seasonal variations in biogenic VOC emissions
Dry Season
Wet Season(lower LAI, light and temperature)
Isoprene
Monoterpenes
Why are emissions lower in the dry season?
BEACHON contributions to LBA-AMAZE: Trace gas variations with height
Isoprene and monoterpenes are emitted from the canopy
As expected, ozone is deposited to the canopy and NO is emitted from soils
isoprenemonoterpene
sesquiterpeneConcentration (ppb)
Heig
ht
(m)
Sesquiterpenes are emitted at ground level
2. Oxidant and aerosol characteristics and processing
BEACHON SRM08
Manitou Experimental Forest, Colorado
Primary and
secondary particles
Linking biogenic aerosol, clouds and precipitation
1. Tower flux measurements: VOC, NOy and particle flux
(response to precipitation)
3. Release sonde measurements of boundary layer structure
4. RADAR and optical obs. of cloud distributions and characteristics
5. Hydrological and ecological observations of response to precipitation
Over 60 Participants from NCAR TIIMES/ACD/MMM/EOL/RAL, Wash. State U., Colo. State U., Colo. College, U. Colo.-Boulder, U. Colo.-Denver, Texas A&M, U. New Hampshire, U. Minnesota, U. Idaho, Cornell U., Oregon H.S. Univ., US Forest Service, US EPA, Los Alamos NL, Tokyo Metro. Univ. (Japan), U. Innsbruck (Austria), U. Paul Sabatier (France)
BEACHON SRM08
Manitou Experimental Forest, Colorado
Ponderosa Pine Woodland
BEACHON SRM08 Manitou Experimental Forest, Colorado
BEACHON supported long-term infrastructure: • 30 m walk-up tower• 4 mobile laboratories with trace gas and aerosol analyzers• Power: 400 Amps• Broadband internet• K-band radar• eco-hydrological sensors Preliminary findings:• frequent particle formation events• generally remarkably clean air- with occasional pollution events• biogenic VOC emissions respond to precipitation
USFS Manitou Exp. Forest
UNM, UA, LANL Jemez Mtns eco-hydro-atmo observatory
Albuquerque
Santa Fe
Colorado Springs
Denver
Regional Disturbance study and Regional Biogeochemical Cycling study
NEW MEXICO
COLORADO
WYOMING
Laramie
CU Niwot Ridge and Boulder Creek observatories
FoSTER Eco-hydro-atmo observatory proposed by U. Wyo.
USFS Fraser Exp. Forest
Bioaerosol study
Landscape Heterogeneity Study
1. Eco-hydrological Disturbance Study: The impact of eco-hydrological disturbances on the land surface processes controlling regional water and biogeochemical cycles2. Regional Biogeochemical Cycling Study: Constrain regional estimates of water, carbon, nitrogen and energy fluxes across a semi-arid climatic gradient3. Landscape Heterogeneity Study: The role of landscape heterogeneity in regulating the surface-atmosphere exchanges that influence water and biogeochemical cycles4. Bioaerosol Study: The role of biogenic aerosol in regulating biogeochemical and water cycles
2009-2011 BEACHON SRM studies
BEACHON
http://www.tiimes.ucar.edu/beachon/
Transformative Research• Ecohydrological response to precipitation variability• Bioaerosol-Cloud-Water interactions• Carbon-Nitrogen-Water coupling• Ecohydrological disturbances
Integrative• Leaf, canopy, landscape, regional, global scales• Observations and modeling• Education and outreach
Interdisciplinary• Atmospheric Chemistry• Meteorological sciences• Climate sciences• Biological sciences• Hydrological sciences