BIN UEDA'S “DECLARATION ・OF INDEPENDENCE” OF ENGLISH STUDIES IN'JAPAN

BIN UEDA'S一 “DECLARATION'OF

INDEPENDENCE”OF ENGL工SHSTUDIE S IN JAPAN

Yoshihiko MUkoyama

．The truth＄et forth by Robert Browning in his tcReverie”thaゼbn6

page ／ Deciphered explains the whole ／Of our common heritage” finds its

veritable illustration in Japap in the fact that ttong・ page”'of Bin・Ueda's

contribution to the development of Browr丘ng study in Japaバdeciphered

explains the whole ，of．our common heritage” in the develgpment of Eng-

lish studies in Japan．

Bin Ueda's epoch-maki'ng book； The SoMnd of the' Tide，（Kaicho On）

（1905）， contains 57 poems by 29'Poets，． of whom 3 are ltalian， 4．English， 7

German， 1 Provencal， 2 Belgian， and 一12 French． Four English poets

contained in The，Sound of the Tide are Browning， Shakespeare，Christina

and D． G． Rossetti． From Browning he tran'slated five shorter poems'：

”Prospice，”／a short・ lyric poem serving as prologue tQ tCThe Two Poets'of

Croisic，” ttAm，ong the Rocks，” t｛Pippa's． Song，” and tCSummum Bopqm．”

It' is generally recegnized that Ueda's translation of EurQpean．verses

in The．Sound of the Tide ． is，not simply a translation from one langUage to

anpther，・ but is almost an independent creative work． But，．eVen so， the

success' 盾?this book of translated verses depends，，to a greater extent， on

his linguistic talent． Ueda's rare command of English is authenticated by

his teacher， Lafcadie Hearn， who praised him as tCthe・ one Japanese stu-

dent'in ten thousand who ml' №??learn'to be himself in English．”i）

In his 6ssay 6ガMy Last Duchess”（written rnost probably as．the

1 ） The'Collected works of Bin

295．96．

Ueda （Tokyo：Kaizosha， 1930）， vol． 7， pp．

一 43 一

BIN UEDA'S “DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE” OF ENGLISH STUDIES IN-JAPAN

work for his graduation thesis）， Ueda made the folowing observations '

about Browr通ng's elaboration in composing this poem二

Like a sketch made by a．master of painting， th6 whole poerh seems

at fir・st sight to be．only a rough draught chiefly consistip90f bold

strokes・of the brush；but on'closer inspection， we are struck by the

loving care which the poet bestowed upon the shading of hjs work，

and also by its exquisite workmanship which only a dramatic genius

of the highest order is capable of．2）

ゆBut his teacher， Lafcadio Hearn， negates this observation， and．tells him

that he does rlot see anY traces of elaboration in this poem： ・

・He 〔Browning〕 is not a． po！isher：he doe，s．not show effort，3nd

probably he very seldom made effort any more than did Shake spear6．

He never attempted to elaborate his work after the fashion of his

contempories、〔sic〕；but seems to have cast his imagination down

upon-flung it down-in one strong impulse when the fancy had

becOme． fully complete and alive in him． It is in want of finish，一

w3nt of studied effort，一that he especially resembles Shqkespeare．

Effort visible is weakness， of course．3｝ '

It is of particular interest to note that， though．negated by Hearn，

Ueda had seen in this-poem ct‘the lovi耳g care'which the poet bestowed

upon the shading of his work，”as this is exactly what can be said of

himseif for his elaboration in hiS own work of translation． However much

he waS talented ln linguistic ability， Ueda'．s translation had gone thro導gh

some revi§ions in travail before finally the finished forms were made to

appear in his famous book，：The Sozand Of the Tide． According to．Yasuo

Y3suda's・investigation，4）46 of the tot310f 57 poems had been once pψli一

2） The Colletedレレ∂グんs 6ゾ'Bii こノ2da，，voL 7， PP．239-46．

3） Lafcadio Hearn， tt To Bin Ueda， 30 June 1897， ｛tClassica JaPonica，

section 6， Lafcadio Hern， Lett6rs I（Nara二Tenri University Press，1975），

pp．41-50． ' ” ． ， 一@ N

4 ）Yasuo Yasuda，CCTraCes of Travail as Seen in the First Appearances of

the Translations in the Periodicals，” Formation and DeveloPment of．Mb一

一 44 一

BIN UEDA'S “DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE” OF ENGLISH STUDIES IN JAPAN

shed in journals or magazines befgre they were finally collected in his

boQk in their final forms， and many of theSe 46 translations， when their

first published forms are compared with the final ones in the book， show

the traces of “｛the loving care” which Ueda bestoWed upon the shading of

his translations． Out of the five poems of Browning， the following three

poems， CDCoippa's Song，” the． short lyric serving as the prologue to ttThe twQ

poets of Croisic，” arid ｛‘Summum Bonum'1 had been once published before

they were finally亡ollected in the book．“Pippa's Song”was first pub二

lished in．・the December 1902 issue of Mannengtzsa， a literary j oUrnal'， and

the two Qthers had made their first appearance in the February 1903 issue

of' 狽??same journal．' According to Yasuda， there． is little revision made

between the first and final versions of 'CPippa's SQng．” There is no revision

in the other two． As to'the remamirig two poems， ‘CAmong the Rocks”

and C‘Pfospice，” it has been considered uncertain whether 'or not they had

been once publi，shed before they were finally collected'in his book． Pre-

vious articles have not revealed any clue leading'to the discovery of the

possible first appearances of these two poems． But the first published

translation of tCAmong the Rocks” is in a j ournal， The English Miscellany

（Eibungaku Soshi）， compiled by the English Literary Association （Eibun-

gakkai） in Tokyo lmperial University， published in 1904， voL 1， pp． 9-10．5）

The translation was subscribed by Ueda's real name， and the trans-

lated title of the poem， CCAmong the Rocksj' was giVen as tCTeaching of

Autumn” （Aki no Oshie）， while the final version in the book bears the

dern Poetry （Kindai Shi no Seiritsu to Tenkai）， compiled by Kenzo Nakajima

and Hojin Yano （Tokyo： Yuseido， 1969）， pp． 134-40．

5 ）As for Ueda's possible fitst translation of the fifth poe，rp“tProspice，”I

have contacted the Nationnal Diet Library of Japan in a hope if it． can be

located in any one of the subsequent issues of The English Miscellany，

but the reply from the Library stated that there was no iss．u．e of this

journal being held there． Later I lea'rn，ed that this journal was discon-

tinued after the pubication of the first issue． See the related discussion

about'this journal toward the end of the preserit article．

一 45 一

BIN UEDA'S “DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE” OF．ENGLISH STUDIES‘IN JAPAN

original title given by Browning． When the two versions of “Among the

尽ocks”are compared， thete are「seen numerous， careful revisions．．The

most noticeable is the omission of the one line in the first version． which '

is apparently due to a typographical error．， There is no explanatory note

for this poem or about its author；there is only the translation of the poem

'itself． Among the fifteen translations contributed to this journal，一The

English Miscellany， there is， beside Bin Ueda's translation of Browning'S

poem， tCAmbng the．Rocks；' a translation of， James Fotheringham's essay

on Browning's tCAbt Vogler．” This translatibn is bY Motoi Kurihara． Prof．

'Tamotsu Sone included this'translation of Fotheringham's ｛tAbt Vogler”

'by Kurihara in his t（Japanese Bibliography，” compiled ih 1931 for hiS Robert

Brownin． g． lt is probable that Prof． Sone failed to notice'Ueda's transla-

tion of・ ｛tAmong the Rocks” included in this same journal， perhaps due to

the misleading change of the t'itle' of the poem to tiTeaching of Autumn．”

The change of the． title of the poem ttAmong the Rocks” to ttTeaching

of Auturnn”． may be due to the'main idea of the／poem as he found it

expressed in it， but ailLother instance of conversion pf title by Ueda is

found in The Sound of the Tide in his translation of Christina Rossetti's

“｛Consider the Lilies of the Field” which he changed to '｛（Teaching of

Flower．” His changed title with the use of the word．of CCTeaching” in these

two cases is interesting because it is indicative either of his consciousness

of his self-irriposed t（mission” to be a ｛tteacher” for the advancement of the

poetry of his country， or of his unconscious predilection for the traditional

'・use of the idea of teaching the virtue and chastising the vice in the o'ld

literature of the Edo Period under the dominating moral coricept of

Confucianism． lt is also to be noted in this connection that Lafcadio

Hearn-endorsed him in his desire to be the leader of the new poetry of

Japan with his word of encoUragement that he ttmay become'a great

influence in future years．”6）

Of' the twenty-nine poets'chosen for The Sound'of lhe Tide， only ten

へ

6）Lafacadio Hearn， tcTo Bin Ueda，30 June l897，cc Class ica Japonica，

section 6， Lafcadio Hearr1， Let仁ers I， pp，41-50．

一 46 一

BI，N UEDA'S “DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE” OF'ENGLISH STUDIES IN JAPAN．

are given explanatory notes． The note given to Browning is the longest

and most elaborate， a fact which indicates the deep interest Ueda found

・in Browning's poetry． This can also be borne． out by the fact that of the

total of 57 poems by 29 poets， the greatest number of poems chosen from

any one poet．is 6（from Emile Verhaeren）， and the next is 5 from Brown二

ing and Baudelaire equally．

ln view of ．the fact that Bin Ueda'＄ unique position as the ｛“father of

modern' iapanese poetrY” and as the introducer of Browning has many

significant' ?≠モ狽盾窒?to consider for the relationship Ueda bears to Hearn in

their common ihterest in the wider outlook on European literatu're， espe-

cially in their common interes口n French literature。 It must be．noted

that 一the overwhelmingly greater number of poets chosen for The Sound of

the Tide are French．

U．eda's airri in presenting these French poems ・Was mainly to intro-

duce．the latest French poetry qf the symbolist school． ln the tCPreface”

to his book， Ueda'explains'that although his temperamental nature finds．．

its congenial sympathy not with the symbolist．poetry， but rather with the

poetry of Parnassiens， he has ventured to present the latest symbolist

poetry from his desire to show to his countrymep， the latest new devel-

opment in Western poetry． ln this connection， it should be noted that

Browning and Rossetti were 'chosen to the exclusion of such poets as

Tennyson or Keats， a fact which inclicates that Ueda was realizing that．

the 'Japariese people were at that time already prepared，to leave the

simple， straight-forward romanticisrp and receive the refracted， complex

romanticiSm of more recent developmentL

Ueda thought it was his mission to lead the advancement of Japanese

poetry by introducing the latest poetry of the Western world．・ This sense

of responsibility is the remarkable characteristic Commonly shared by the

leaders of Meiji Japan． The title of Ueda's earlier' book of translations of

Western prose' literature， Channel Markings （Mio．tsukushi）， （1901）， is itself

indicative．of his aim in publishing this book． lt must be remembered

once more in this connection that Lafcadio Hearn was the only foreign

teacher who taught the Japanese students emphasizing the importance to

一 47 一

BIN UEDA'S “DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE” OF ENGLISH STUDIES IN JAPAN

learn the Western literature for the purpose of enriching their native

literature． ・Many other foreign teachers in Japan did not take this atti-

tude of putting emphasis on this point． This is one of the best legacies

Hearn left to the Japanese students of literature， and on this accourit

Hearn is to'be considered the father' of comparative literature ii'n Japan．

Ueda's unique position as the ｛Cteacher” leading the foremost van-

guard ' 盾?the advancement'of English literature in Japan is' indeed

symbolically exhibited in'his change of the，original title of Browning's

tt`mong the Rocks” to ｛｛Teaching of Autumn” in his' translation first

published in The English ／Miscellany This．self-imposed ．and self-acknowl-

edged “teacher” consciousness is the clue to the truth of Ueda's position

in the history of．the development of English studies in Jap4n． ，

One of the most ．significant of his' achievements as the ““teacher” for

the advancement-of new literatute in Japan is the ・establishment of the

Kyoto University school of Engiish literature as the embodiment of what

is considered by' orofessor Kazumi Yano as the literary ideals represented

by Lafcadio Hearn in conceiving the true life of the study of literature as

the unification of what have been called by Prof． Yano as Crsentir” and

'C唐≠魔盾奄秩D ”7）

In citing the successful unification of ttsentir” and tCSavoir” achieved

bY such pioneers as ShoYo Tsubouchi， Lafcadio Hearn， Soseki Natsume，

Bin Ueda， and Tokuboku Hirata'， Prof． Yano claims the tradition， embodied

in． those pioneers， as the tCorthodox” school of English lite' 窒≠狽浮窒?in Japan

as against what he calls the ｛“academism of・・Japan”．which， in Prof． Yano's

view， has tak：en the wrong wayもy placing too much weight oバsavoir．”

Prof． YanQ has pointed out further that the ，t｛orthodox'1 school was， best

represe．nted in ．Hearn， and developed by his studepts， Bin Ueda and

Hakuson Kuriyagawa． lf one・agrees with・Prof． Yano on this point of view，

Ueda， as the ．successor to Hearn， should be accorded tbe distinguished

position in the history of the development． of ．the．ttort．hodox” school of

7）．See a series of controversy between Professors Kazumi Yano and

Takeshi Saito in The Rising Generation， vol．108， nos．'2，3，4，5． ．．

一 48 一

］

BIN UEDA'S “DECLARATIQN OF INDEPENDENCE” OF ENGLISH STUDIES IN JAPAN

English literature study in Japan． Whether one can or cannot agree with

Prof． Yano on this point bf view depends on his concept of literature and on

hi＄ understanding 6f the naty're of the his．tprlgra．1 development of English

literature study in Japap， but it is the belief of this writer that no impartial

observer shouid 'fail to accprd this preeminent' @position to Bin Ueda as the

leader of the new literature bf Japan． Prof．Yano， in explaining his basis

of argument for the ttorthodoxy，” has said that ttin the early years of Meiji，

frbm the days of． the activities of Literary World group to the time of

Hearh's death， the unification of sensibility （unification of ｛｛sen-tir” and

（‘

唐≠魔盾奄秩h） was maintained， even though unconsciously．”8） But it must be

pointed out that so far as Ueda is concerned， the ttunification” was main-

tained， not unconsciously， as Prof．'Yano has said it was， but rather with'

emphatically deelared consciousness． lt is Ctdeclared” in the tCPreface” he

wrote to The English Miscellany （Eibungaku Soshi）， ．in which， it must be

recalled， Ueda's first translation of Browning's CCAmong the・Rocks，” was

published， as already pointed out earlier in the pres'ent article．

This' journal， The English Miscellany， vol． 1， was published in 22

February 1904 by th6 English Literary Association， perhaps the first offi-

cial organization of the English Department of Tokyo lmperial University，

established' ?盾?the Purp6se of providing its members with opportunities

・for a，wide range of academic activities in English literature． lt．was pub-

lished only twelve' days after the outbreak of the' Russo-Japanese War

which was so crucial， in its resulting effects， to decide the subsequent

course'of Japan in her domestic pQlicies to be purs'ued， but more impor-

tanL， in her relationghip with the Western countries． lt was pub｝ished

seven months before the death of Lafcadio Hearn in September of the

same year． lt was published the year after Bin Ueda had assumed the

chair of English at the University． Among its contributors was Soseki

-Natsume， who had assumed the chair of English， along with Bin Ueda， as

the first native faculty members at the Eriglish Department． lt must be．

noticed that the compiler of this journal was Katsuichiro Ando， one'of

8） The Rising Generat・tofa， vol． 109， no． 11， pp． 646-47．

／

一 49 一

BIN UEIDA'S LLDECLARATION OF 王NDEPENDENCE”OF ENGLISH STUDIES IN'JAPAN

Hearn's former students，． and that almost ・all of thirteen contributors were

'Hearn's former stUdents， among whom was Hakuson Kuriyagawa9） who，

though then a student in his undergraduate s' ?獅奄盾?year，・ was destined to

succeed Bin Ueda・at Kyoto University．

． For these circumstances in which this journal waS born， and the

substance of what Ueda asserts in its ｛CPreface，” it is so important and

si' №獅奄?奄モ≠獅?that 'if Ueda's ttPreface” to his The Sozahad of the Tide i＄ consid-

ered as the first cry of the symbolism pbetry in Japan， this tCPreface”

written by him to the first issue，of this journal， The English Miscellany，

cah be called the tCDeclaration of the Naissance of English'Li'terature in

Japan” or it・may・ be called the C‘Declar4tion of lndependence of English

Literature in Japan．” For its historical significances it deserves full quota-

tlon ：

We， who are devoted to the study of ．Eriglish ．literature at our

Alma Mater，・ the College of Arts and・Sciences of Tokyo lmperial

University， had previously organzed， after having deliberated on the

plan， our English Literary Association， through・which we have since

then been actively engaged for many months already in promoting

our study'of English literature by opening lecture meetings，．by

publishin'g critical-studies， and by holding our group discussions，

bringing in， we believe， not a small amount of benefit to the study Of

English literature． ln taking one more step ・for the furtherance of

the aim of our Association， we have decided to compile the first issue

of this journal by collecting the highly一 wrought translations of verse

and prose of English literature by the members of our Association．

The original w'ork，of each t．ranslatiqn has long since．been deeply

appreciated by its translator， and has been． rendered with the best

9） Kuriyagawa contributed to this jour．nal his-trarislations of Addison's

two works， t｛Ende avours of Mankind to Get Rid of Their Burdens， a'

Dream” D and ttOn Ghosts and Apparitions．” So far as 1 know these two

Kuriyagawa's trans！aton．s of Addison's Works h4ve never been noticed by

scholars．

一 50 一

BIN UEDA'S “DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE” OF ENGLISH STUDIES IN JAPAN

possible care in an effort to transmit the true shade of meaning and

the distinctive styl．e of the otiginal．

There seem to have been two different ・traditional lines followed

by the scholars in their study of English literature． Orie is the type

of the research work that is based on philological study， and the other

is the kind of training to be carried on with due 一regard to art． The

f6rmer line has been taken by the men of profound learning at t'he

universities in Europe'and America in their lifelong pursUit． The

range bf their study is so wide and deep that it starts from the study

．of Primitive lndo-European Language， or from the study of Gothic，

through the particularlY emphatic study of Old and Middle English，

down to the， study of the philology of modern times． The latter line

is' advocated・alSo at the universities in the Western world， having

．been pursiued by a host of talented'and．Iearned men， who aim ，to

estabiish， mainly through their ・endeavors in critiCal and interpretative

wQrks， their own theories on the process o．f the development of litera-

ture． Accordingly， the former direct their endeavors to the analytical

study of the prbcess of the change of the languages， while the latter

direct their observations to the interesting subjects in the compara-

tive study of literatures． Each of these two s chools has 一its own

m' ?窒奄?in its purpose of p' 浮窒唐浮奄煤C and， therefore， it is not a matter to

admit any ・hasty comparison against each other for superiority in

pufpose． Each schoQl is engaged in the study of literature in its own

way bf careful research from the different'standpoint． There is no

reason to blame a scholar for・ taking eithe'r line， for it is to be decided

solely by the kind of talent possessed by each scholar． 一It is my

ardent desire that there may come out such a different kind of

scho｝ars in the English Depart'inent of our Univetsity．

With all・these prevailing situations of the two different schools，

however， the most important thing for the study of English literature

is its final purpose and the object'of'its study． We don't study the

collected works of literary men of successive ages as the specimens

for the linguistic study of the English language． We don't trace back

一 51 一

BIN UEDA'S “DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE” OF ENGLISH STUDIES IN JAPAN，

the changes of life and society， which are reVealed‘to， us in English．

literatur．e， as the exPlahation for， the history of England． Our final

aim is but to experience the pure taste of the glory of art， and there-

by． to have the fullness of the glory of life．．Because of this final

aim， we should rather have other supplementary fields of learning to

serve us as the maid-servant in our study of English literature．' To

say this in another analogy， it is like a construction of a huge temple

building． Many honest and diligent workmen must． be directed in

their works， in placing the supporting walls， in making the dome，

main hall， and golden lette' 窒??spire， in installing the conduits deco-

rated with monstrous forms， and in planting the beautiful roses looking

into the 'round windows． Are all these works in construction not

unlike the works of textual explication， or the investigations for histo-

rical verifications of the facts， or the study of languages， or the s'tudy

of history， serving for our help in our study of English literature？

Indeed，一the grandeur of the finished building must surely be in the

mind of an architect in a completed design before the ac'tual・con-

strUction work begins．

It has already been pronounced that' pur final aiin for the study of

English literature is the meticulous一 and exact comprehension of its

verse and prose． ， Under the directipn of this aim， we， as students of

EngliSh literature， must be stimulated to the cultivation of our own

creative talent．・ And as a natural consequence of setting up this aim，

an ardent desire will be awakened in us to contribute to the develop-

ment of the literature of our country． To say more on this-just as

it is true that'if one desires tb have the wealth of lndia， he must

possess it in his hand， so it is also true・that he， who wants to taste the

beauty． of the literature of 一〇ther countriesi mpst be， first of qll， well

versed in the beauty of the literature of his own country， and mqst

himself be experienced to a certain extent in' @the painful labor of

creative work． From all this，・1 am cdvinced that・ the work of trans-

lation is one of the importa' 獅?purposes for us． ln believing that it is

not the 'responsibility of the University to bring up such talent as to

一 52 一

、

BIN UEDA'S “DECLARATION QF INDEPENDENCE” OF ENGLISH STUDIES IN JAPAN

be・an interpret，er， and that．there misst be some other people whQ

are more ．fit than we ate at the University to teach the elementary

English， we are， though harboring no intention at all of abandoning

the scholarship in the philological explication of texts， not satisfied

with prevailing manners only picking up the crumbs of lifeless learn-

ings． We shall take the attitude which is legitimate' for thosg'who are

to epgage in the stqdy of English literature by assuming the task of

translation and of critical 'interpretatiQri， all 'because of our desire， on

one hand， for our own improvement by devoting ourselves to the・true

accomplishments in literature， and， on the other， for the improvement

of our nation by contributing something to the development of our

Japanese literature． By whose handS the flQrescence of the glorious

Elizabethan literature was nursed ？ Was it not by the hands of those

who were called ‘Cthe University Wits？” Should our enterprise of

publishing this journa｝ ever serve as the ｛｛Flourishing prelude to，the

Grand Age” of the Japanese literature in the years to come， it will be

the honp．r not only of our College of Arts and Sciences of the lmperial

University of Tokyo．

This “Preface，” though so well wrought， is not subscribed・by the

author's name， But the author＄hip of・Bin Ueda can be clearly verified，

not only from its overall points of'≠唐唐?窒狽奄盾?aiming at the establishment of

the “tlegitimate” school ．by unifying the two different schools， but rpore

precisely by means of identifying the folldwing particular words and-

Phrases used in it with the same， almost identical， ones used by Ueda

elseWhere in his other essayS． 〆ノ

（1） 'His Somewhat'disparagihg remark on the purpose of English educa-

tion only for the practical uses is also，foUnd toward the end of his essay，

tStudy of English Poetry” （Eishi no Kenkyu）．

（2） The same tone of emphasis on the importance of translation in study

of European literature is expressed in his essay， （｛Meticulous and Exact

Comprehension in the Study of Literature” （Saishin Seichi no Gakufu）．

（3） The same point of assertion that CCanyone wh6 wants to taste the

beauty of the literatures of other countries must be， first of all， well し

一 53 一

BIN UEDA'S “DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE” OF ENGLISH STUDIES IN JAPAN

versed in the beaUty of the hterature of his own countrY”is repeatedly．

expressed all through Ueda3s essay， tcTaste of Art”（Geij“tsu no Shumi）．

（4） The idea'of separating Philology frorn literature is alsσstrongly

eMphasized in Ueda's lecture to his students， recorded and published in

his Collected，レレb7々s， vo1．7， PP．9-10， and in the last paragraph of his essay，

｛〈eresh Thought and Tone”‘ iSeishin no Shiso Seicho）．

（5） The uSe of the phraseヒヒlifeless learning”referring to mere philological

．study for explication of texts finds its identical use in his essay， ttFresh

Thought and Tone．”

（6）The use of the word ttphilology．”The Japanese counterpart Qf which，

t“aunke ngaku，”was fifst coined．by UOda・ himself．10）

（7）．The use of the word璽｛contribution．”The Japane＄e counterpart of

which，璽くkoken，”was also coined by Ueda himself．11） ・ 、

（8）The iden七ical Japanese term， ctkunko／ kosho”ぐくexplic4tion of texts）is

u3ed in his lecture on Enghsh literature at Kyoto U垣versity．12＞

（g）、'The宙ordく璽shifU”for Alma Mat6r， used in this？refaごe”to the exclu

sion of other-comrnonly used Japanese wgrds for it， is also used by Ueda

in his essay，｛璽Taste in Art”（Geilhtsu no Shumi）．

（10）The phraseくヒmeticulous and exact『comprehension of literature”（Sei一

ノchi naru Kansh6）i＄so particularly Uedanian ih its characteristic us寧that-

it h・・al・eady been．mad・厨・t・・i…eP・e・enting th・t・aditi・n・f th・Ky・tg

University school．of English literature Which he founded Vnder this slogan．

（1D One particular dictum that“it is not a matter to admit any hasty

comparisorl against each．other for superiority．in purpose'｝has its 'alm6st

identica｝exやression in his essay，更Meticulous and Exact Comprehension in

the Study of］しiterature．”In putting forth his observation， in that essay， as

to the possible way to establish a true comparative study o．f mythology by

unifying the opposing schools of Friedrich Max Muller and AndreW Lang，

10） The Collectedレレリ嬬s， vol 7， P．10．

11） CtTopics of Ryuson， ttLiterary Studies， （Bungei Kenkyu）， vOL 1， no． 2

（1 June 1928） ， p． 51．

12） The Collected lxVorks，'yol．7， p．10． ' ・

T 54 一

BIN UEDA'S“DECLARATION・OF INDEPENDENCE” OF ENGLISH STUDIES IN JAPAN

Ueda says t（． ．．si'nce each of these two schools・has its own good ground，

it is not a matter to admit any hasty comparison against' each other for

legitimacy in method．”

（12） The idea of t“if one wants to have the wealth of lndia， he must possess

'it in his' hand” finds its exactly identical expression in two places， one in． 一

his essay ，tCStudy of English Poetry” and the other in “（The Relation of

LiteratUre tQ Society” （Bungei Seun no Kanren）．

（13） tCFIourishing prelude．to the Grand Agei' has its almost identical use in

his essay ttStudy of English Pbetry，” in his eulogy of Chaucer as the

'tflourishing prelude to the Grand Age of Elizabethan literature．”

From the foregoing verificatiops， it can fairly be justified to ascribe

the authorship of this C｛Prefacei3 to Bin Ueda， and if so， this CCPreface”．has

many histQrical significances． lt can be called the C｛Declaration ．of lnde-

pendence of English Liter-ature in．Japan” in that it wa＄ written by Ueda as

one of the first two riative scholars to assume the chair of English at the

Imperial UniversitY of Tokyo， and that it was written in 1904， the year of

Lafcadio Hearn's death， and the year before the publication o'f his epoch-

making book， The Sound of lhe・Tide and that it was written almost

simultaneousiy． with the Declaration of'．War upon Russia which， in its

resuking effectsl made Japan ttindependent” ．in her subsequent relation-

ship with the Western Powers．． Or it can be called the “iDeclaration of

the Naissance of the Orthodox School of English Literature in Japan'1 in

that it was the first to Set forth・the 'theory・ of the unification of the two

main different schools， the unification bf the critical appreciation qf litera-

ture with the schplarship ip bibliography and・philology． lt must be noted

'that his prophec，y for the advent and development of the two different

schools was to come true soon with the establishment of John Lawrence

school at the U niversity after Ueda had gone to Kyoto to establish his

school there．

Ueda's uniqtie position is indeed characteristically represented in this

，“tPrefa． ce” as the foremost vanguard of the advancement of English liter-

ature in Japan with his hoisted standard declaring the ideal form' of

unification of the critical talent in literature with the scholarship in philol一

一一@55 一

BIN UEDA'S “DECLARATION OF ・INDEPENDENCE” OF ENGLISH STUDIES IN JAPAN

ogy and bibliography．

“The Declaration oflthe Naissance of Orthodox school ol一' English

Literature ip Japan” of Bin Ueda's ttPrefaee” to The English A4isce14any，

written in the 37th year of the Meiji Era（1904） signifies the remarkable

progress of ”unglish study in Japan． The next eight years to the end

of the Era in 1912 saw the successive publication of'books of historical

importance．

In 1905， the year following the t｛Declaration，” Bin Ueda's epochLmak-

ing book，・ The Sound of the Tide was published． ln 1907， Sose ki Natsu-

me' ?famous book， On'Li-terature （Bungaku-Ron）， was published， followed

by the．same author's equally meritoriouS book， Eighteenth Cen tury English

'Literature （Bungaku-Hyoron）， in-1909． ln the 45th year'of the Era，

1912' C Hakuson Kuriyagawa's famous book， Ten Lectures on ．Modern．Liter一

'ature （Kindai Bungaku Jikko） appeared as if to symbolize the Successful

con' モ撃浮唐奄盾?of． the progress of English study during the Meiji． Era．．'In／the

same year， but according tg the一 J'apanese calendar， the first year of the

following Taisho Era， Sanki lchikawa's The Study of English Gram mar

（Eibumpo Kenkyu） was published and became the first．cry for the scien-

tific study of the'English， language in Japan．

In the field of Browning study in Japan， Ueda's good prophecy for the

ideal．unificatiop of literature and philology came true in the following

Taisho Era when Rinshiro lshikawa （1879-1939）， also a student of Lafcadio

Hearn， published in 1925 an epoch-making book， Select Poems of Robert・

Brotening， with lntroduction and Notes （Kenkyusha English Classics Series），

as the result of his successful synthesis of his lifelong devotion to the

poet and his profound scholarship in the English language and in Brown-

ing bibliography．i3） lt is no exaggeration to say that lshikawa's bQok'haS

since become the Bible bf Browning study for'those who want to read

Browning's poetrY in Japan． Professor Rintaro ，Fukuhara， lshikawals for一

13） lshikawais first，book， A G，arland of Flower-Poems， publiShed in 1906，

was dedica'ted tQ his teaCher， Lafcadio Hearn． See， Chigahei Kobayashi，

（t` Biographical Sketch of Prbfessor Rinshiro lshikawa，” The Rising

Generation， vol． 82， no． 3， p． 82． '

一 56 一

1

BIN UEDA'S “DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE” OF ENGLISH STUDIES IN JAPAN

mer student who later succeeded him to the℃hair Qf English at Tokyo

Bunrika Uniyersity， the nation's ．highest University for traming teache'rs

for higher education， has described him in the following terms：

PrQf． 1．shikawa is one of the students・of LafcadiQ Hearn． Contrary to

the general impressions that most of thbse who studied under Hearn

were lover＄ of the literature of romantic spirit， there are in fact many

ゼWho were rather directed to the irlterest in，the Study of English

lariguage． Prof． lshikawa gre w up under the balanced influence

from Hearri for his interest both in literature and language． This

balanced influence， coUpled with his temperainental quality of exacti-

tude，． has contributed to his development of his talent for accurate

reading of the texts of literary works． His unique position in English，

literature in Japan'is characterized by his insatiable research in phi-

lological study and in the natural things of England as the aid to the

study of English literature． As for his taste in academic fashion， he

had a'dislike to Bradley， while'showing his whole hearted devotion

to Kittredge． lt may be partly because he studied．under him when

L he went to study at Hatvard， but it is more by the characteristic

elements he had in common with Kittredge．i‘）

In this view of hi， s accompli＄hment in Browning ＄tudy which was made

possible thrQugh the successful unification of t‘sentir” and' ttsavoir，” Prof．'

Ishikawa can be considered as the culmination of Browning study in the

field of academic pursuit．

Any attempt at the historical survey of the development of Browning

study in Japan will find it ju＄tifiable to set， forth a proposition that the

most importanゼton6 page”of tねe history of the'development of Browning

＄tudy in Japan should be given to the contribution ．made by the Hearnian

school at Kyoto UniversitY which was founded and represented bY Bin

Ueda who wqs attracted to Browning for his holding'of the ideal of strong

individuality． This line of tradition of acceptance of Brownirig for his

14） Quoted by Takanobu Otsuka， in his tClntroduction” to Rinshiro lshika-

wa， Selections from Modern English Poetry （Tokyo：Sanseido， 1941）， p． 1．

一 57 一

BIN UEDA'S ‘tDECLA・RATION OF INDEPENDENCE” OF ENGL・ISH'STUDIES IN JAPAN

idea of strong individuality was sitcceeded by Hakuson Kuriyagawa， and

reached to its culminating point in the creative． literature of Ryunosuke

Akutagawa who wrQte many short stories under the s廿ong influence of

Browning's idea of strong individuality as it was explained and propagated

by the scholars who belonged to the Hearnian tradition．

Aktitagawa， as the culmination of Browning study in Japan， accepted

Browning for his idea of一 strong individuality as the inspirational source．of

his creative power in his dedicated task for the modernization of Japanese

literature． Akutagawa studied under Jphn Lawrence， while his sympa一・

thy was with the line of traditiQn of Lafcadio Hearn's school of English

literature． lt is significant that these two dominant forces in the history

of English studies in Japan played an important role in foste血g Akuta．』

gawa's literary spirit to become the culrninating point・of Browning stuqy

in Japan and， at the same time， to become the culminating point of the

modernization of Japanese literature，

“ ．In his article．CtSoseki at the Time of Russe-Japanese War，” in The

Rising G' ?獅?窒≠狽奄盾氏C vol． 112， no．． 7， p． 458， Prof． Kochi Doi says he first．

becam' ?acquainted with the name of Soseki' Natsume in 1904 when this

jourrtal， The English Miscellany， came off the press and discovered in it

NatsUMe'S beautiful tran'slation of CCThe Song of．'Selma” in'Ossinn of

Macpherson． Prof．．'Doi further admits that he decided to go to Tokyo

Univetsity to study English literature as the re．sult of the charming influ-

ence of this jou'rnal． When he came over to Tokyo University three years

later， however，．he foUnd that Soseki had already gone from the University

，to devote himsel（ to his new'career as a novelist， and Bin Ueda was

leaving to Kyoto University in December of the same year， thus， Prof． Doi

ad pits， bringing in the disruption of the romantic tradition一 of Tokyo

University school ef English literature since Lafcadio Hearn． Prof． Doi

studied under'John Lawrence and became one of the prominent scholars

in．the， line of the Lawrencian tradition in English'studies in Japan． Ac-

cording to Prof． Doi， the first numbe r of this journal，The English Miscellany，

was published only 12 days after tne Declaration of War with Russia and

that its second issue was never published probably because of the coun一

一 58 一 '

BIN・UEDA'S “DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE” OF ENGLISH STUDIES IN JAPAN

try's war-time conditions． Thus， Prof， Doi says， it has become the last

monument of the' romantic litetary movement of Meiji Japan． Prof． Doi

further explains that it was when he was a high school Student that he

ordered a．copy of this journal when he read a leaflet advertisement of the

forthcoming issue of this new journaL． For its historical interest，． the

．photo-copy‘of this．advertisement is exhibited on the following page，

together．with．the copy of the title．pages of this joμrnal．

In concl廿ding， it may・be said that it has been proved that璽bne pag6”

of The English〃2'scellanダ｛deciphered explains the whole of oμr common

heritage”in the history gf the development of耳nglish studies in Japan．

t

一 59 一

JAPANINSTUDIESENGL互SHOFINDEPENDENCEOFUEDA'S “DECLARATIONBIN

'

見を（語英學中）は節の文注卿う依に告廣此ム乞を記附御旨る1

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本書11、．斯道専門家が細心続級なろ研學の絵F成ろ。彫一耕11†文學士三大學生が｝李籍の蔽雑面蟻注し、㎝三一．句の微乏桝目もピざる睦酷なろ

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本書の内容．

羅驕大セルマの歌微カリタスゥラの詩欝諺難塑離航難鮎…墓詣駒鞭簿挙国の教季

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一 61 一

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BIN． UEDA・S“DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE”～OF ENGI王SH STUDIES IN JAPAN

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