bim- pakistan case study

8/9/2019 BIM- Pakistan case study

1/76

i

DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL

OF OEC TOWER G-9/4, ISLAMABAD

By

MUHAMMAD FAIZAN KHAN 2010-BE-CE-101(Group leader)

USAID ADIL 2010-BE-CE-120

FARZAN SOHAIL 2010-BE-CE-43

UZAIR TAHIR 2010-BE-CE-124

RAJA MEHRAN KHAN 2010-BE-CE-146

(2010-NUST-BE-CIVIL)A report submitted in partial fulfillment

ofthe requirements for the degree ofBachelors of Engineering

InCivil Engineering

NUST Institute of Civil Engineering (NICE)

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE)

National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.

(2013)


2/76

ii

This is to certify that theReport entitled

DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL

OF OEC TOWER G-9/4, ISLAMABAD

Submitted by

MUHAMMAD FAIZAN KHAN 2010-BE-CE-101(Group leader)

USAID ADIL 2010-BE-CE-120

FARZAN SUHAIL 2010-BE-CE-43

UZAIR TAHIR 2010-BE-CE-124

RAJA MEHRAN KHAN 2010-BE-CE-146

Has been accepted towards the partial fulfillment

ofthe requirements

forBachelors of Engineering in Civil Engineering

_______________________Engr. Zia Ud Din

Assistant Professor,

Department of Construction Engineering and Management,

National Institute of Transportation (NIT),

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE),

National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.


3/76

iii

DEDICATED

TO

OUR PARENTS


4/76

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTSCONTENTS PAGENO

ACKNOWLDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ IX

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. X

LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................. XI

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. XII

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... XIII

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................. 3

1.2 REASONSANDJUSTIFICATIONS ............................................................................. 3

1.2.1 Market Adoption and Growth ..................................................................................... 3

1.2.2 User Experience .......................................................................................................... 3

1.3 ADVANTAGESANDEDUCATIONALOUTCOMES ............................................... 4

1.3.1 Improved Designs ....................................................................................................... 4

1.3.2 Life Cycle Asset Management .................................................................................... 4

1.3.3 Improved Visualization ............................................................................................... 5

1.3.4 Less Wastage .............................................................................................................. 5

1.3.5 Reduced Safety Requirements .................................................................................... 5

1.3.6 Guidelines for Students ............................................................................................... 5

1.3.7 Personal and Social Advantage ................................................................................... 6

1.3.8 Forensic Analysis ........................................................................................................ 61.3.9 Facility Management .................................................................................................. 6

1.4 AREASOFAPPLICATION........................................................................................... 6

1.4.1 Improved Communication: ......................................................................................... 6

1.4.2 Shop Drawings ............................................................................................................ 7


5/76

v

1.4.3 Cost Estimation ........................................................................................................... 7

1.4.4 Project Scheduling ...................................................................................................... 7

1.4.5 Conflict, Interference and Collision Detection ........................................................... 7

LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................ 92.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 9

2.2 BUILDINGINFORMATIONMODELING .................................................................. 9

2.3 TECHNICALASPECTSOFBIM ................................................................................ 11

2.3.1 Clash Controls ........................................................................................................... 11

2.3.2 Analyses .................................................................................................................... 12

2.3.3 Time Estimation (4D) ............................................................................................... 12

2.3.4 Cost Estimation (5D) ................................................................................................ 13

2.4 BIMLEVELS ............................................................................................................... 13

2.4.1 Level 0Usage of BIM Software ............................................................................ 14

2.4.2 Level 13D Coordination ....................................................................................... 14

2.4.3 Level 2Analyzes, Time and Cost Estimation ........................................................ 14

2.4.4 Level 3Integrated Model ....................................................................................... 14

2.5 TECHNOLOGIESIMPLEMENTEDINBIM ............................................................. 15

2.5.1 CAD Technology ...................................................................................................... 15

2.5.2 Object CAD Technology: ......................................................................................... 16

2.5.3 Parametric Building Modeling .................................................................................. 16

2.6 BIMANDPROJECTMANAGER ............................................................................... 16

2.6.1 Communication Benefits .......................................................................................... 17

2.6.2 Quality Benefits ........................................................................................................ 17

2.7 BIMANDCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT ........................................................ 18

2.7.1 Design Phase ............................................................................................................. 18

2.7.2 Construction Phase.................................................................................................... 192.7.3 Management Phase ................................................................................................... 20

2.8 ADVANTAGESOFBIM ............................................................................................. 20

2.9 BIMIMPLEMENTATIONINREALLIFE ................................................................. 21

2.9.1 Melbourne Stadium ................................................................................................... 21

2.9.2 Water Treatment Plant-Walsh Group ....................................................................... 22


6/76

vi

2.9.3 Krakow Stadium ....................................................................................................... 22

2.10 BIMTOOLS ................................................................................................................. 23

2.10.1 Autodesk Quantity Takeoff................................................................................... 24

2.10.2 Autodesk Revit...................................................................................................... 24

2.10.3 Autodesk Green Building Studio .......................................................................... 25

2.10.4 Autodesk Navisworks ........................................................................................... 26

METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 27

3.1 SELECTIONOFTHETOPIC ...................................................................................... 28

3.2 LITERATURESTUDY ................................................................................................ 28

3.3 SITESELECTION........................................................................................................ 28

3.4 DATACOLLECTION.................................................................................................. 28

3.5 LEARNINGSOFTWARE ............................................................................................ 29

3.6 3-DMODELING .......................................................................................................... 29

3.7 CONSTRUCTIONPROCESSSIMULATION ............................................................ 30

3.8 QUANTITYTAKEOFF ............................................................................................... 30

3.9 CLASHDETECTION .................................................................................................. 32

3.10 ENERGYANALYSIS .................................................................................................. 32

3.11 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 32

3.12 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 32

3.13 PREPARINGREPORTANDPRESENTAION ........................................................... 33

3.13.1 5D Model Submission........................................................................................... 33

3.13.2 Preparation of Presentation ................................................................................... 33

CASE STUDY ............................................................................................................................. 34

4.1 PROJECTINTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 34

4.2 SPECIALFEATURESOFOECTOWER.................................................................... 36

4.3 AREAOFOECTOWER .............................................................................................. 37

4.4 3-DMODEL ................................................................................................................. 37

4.4.1 Architectural Model .................................................................................................. 37

4.4.1.1 Grids .................................................................................................................. 38

4.4.1.2 Levels ................................................................................................................ 38


7/76

vii

4.4.1.3 Plan Views ........................................................................................................ 39

4.4.1.4 Walls ................................................................................................................. 39

4.4.1.5 Floors ................................................................................................................ 39

4.4.1.6 Openings ........................................................................................................... 39

4.4.1.7 Doors and Windows .......................................................................................... 40

4.4.1.8 Ceilings ............................................................................................................. 40

4.4.1.9 Ramps ............................................................................................................... 40

4.4.1.10 Columns ............................................................................................................ 40

4.4.1.11 Other Components ............................................................................................ 41

4.4.2 Structural Model ....................................................................................................... 41

4.4.2.1 Floors Slabs ....................................................................................................... 41

4.4.2.2 Beams ................................................................................................................ 414.4.2.3 Columns ............................................................................................................ 41

4.4.2.4 Walls ................................................................................................................. 41

4.4.2.5 Stairs ................................................................................................................. 42

4.4.2.6 Foundations ....................................................................................................... 42

4.4.3 HVAC Model ............................................................................................................ 42

4.4.3.1 Loading system template................................................................................ 42

4.4.3.2 Linking architectural model .............................................................................. 42

4.4.3.3 Creating work space .......................................................................................... 43

4.4.3.4 Pipes and ducts .................................................................................................. 43

4.4.3.5 Pipe and duct fittings ........................................................................................ 43

4.4.3.6 Mechanical equipment ...................................................................................... 43

4.4.4 Electrical Model ........................................................................................................ 43

4.4.4.1 System template: ............................................................................................... 43

4.4.4.2 Linking Revit architectural model: ................................................................... 44

4.4.4.4 Types of electrical equipment installed ............................................................ 44

4.4.4.5 Creating a circuit system:.................................................................................. 45

4.4.5 Plumbing Model........................................................................................................ 46

4.5 QUANTITYTAKEOFF ............................................................................................... 47

4.6 SCHEDULE .................................................................................................................. 47


8/76

viii

4.7 CLASHDETECTION .................................................................................................. 48

4.8 ENERGYANALYSIS .................................................................................................. 49

4.9 QUANTITYCOMPARISON ....................................................................................... 50

4.10 PROBLEMSFACED ................................................................................................... 50

4.11 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 51

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS ....................................................................... 52

5.1 REVIEWOFOBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 52

5.2 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................... 52

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................. 52

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 53

APPENDIX -1.............................................................................................................................. 55

APPENDIX -2.............................................................................................................................. 56

APPENDIX-3............................................................................................................................... 57

APPENDIX-4............................................................................................................................... 58

APPENDIX-5............................................................................................................................... 59

APPENDIX-6............................................................................................................................... 60

APPENDIX-7............................................................................................................................... 61

APPENDIX-8............................................................................................................................... 62

APPENDIX-9............................................................................................................................... 63


9/76

ix

ACKNOWLDGEMENT

We are thankful to Allah Almighty for bestowing upon us the strength to accomplish this project.

We would like to express our profound sense of reverence and deep regards to our supervisorAssistant Professor Zia Ud Din. His exemplary encouragement and constant guidance was the

driving force behind the successful completion of the project. We are indebted to Consultant

Civil Engineer at PRIMACO Mr. Waqas Ather, for providing us the necessary assistance and

information regarding the project.

Last but not the least we would like to pay our earnest gratitude to our parents and our colleagues

for their incredible support and assistance.


10/76

x

ABSTRACT

Time and cost are major constraints of every construction project. But most of the projects fail to

complete within the estimated budget and schedule. The main reason behind this failure is lackof coordination between different project stakeholders. With the introduction of CAD technology

these hurdles have been minimized. But, still the coordination environment was lacking.

Advancements in technology yielded new approach towards construction known as BIM.

BIM stands for Building Information Modeling. It is a new way of approaching design and

documentation of the building project. It is a comprehensive tool used for designing, initiating,

executing, monitoring, controlling and completing a less time consuming and cost effective

construction project. It encompasses the entire lifecycle of the building including operations. It

provides a 3-D Model that helps in defining and simulating the building, its delivery and

operations with the help of integrated tools. The feature of embedding quantity estimation and

time scheduling together with a 3-D model makes it a 5-D model. In addition to the 5D model

other technical aspects of BIM includes clash detection and energy analysis.

5-d model of a building facility was developed in this project with different features of BIM were

analyzed. The tools used in this project were Autodesk Revit, Autodesk Navisworks, Autodesk

Green Building Studio and Autodesk Quantity Take off for 3-D modeling, scheduling, clash

detection, energy analysis and cost estimation respectively. The project reflected theimprovements in quantities and number of change orders with the use of BIM by comparing the

actual quantities with results obtained from model developed.


11/76

xi

LIST OF ACRONYMS

3D Three Dimensional x,y,z

CAD Computer Aided DrawingBIM Building Information Modeling

2D Two Dimensional x,y

MEP Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing

CMM Capability Maturity Model

4-D Fourth dimension-Scheduling

5-D Fifth dimensionCost Estimation

NBIMS National Building Information ModelingStandards

IT Information Technology

PM Project Manager

OEC Overseas Employees Corporation

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride

IPD

EOBI

Integrated Project Delivery

Employees Old-Age Benefits Institution


12/76

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1.1 CONSTRUCTION AND NON-FARM LABOR PRODUCTIVITY INDEX ........ 2

FIGURE 1.2 AREAS OF APPLICATION OF BIM (DISPENZA, 2010). .................................. 8FIGURE 2.1 FULLY FUNCTIONAL BIM (JIMNEZ ET AL., 2001).................................... 10

FIGURE 2.2 CLASH DETECTION........................................................................................... 12

FIGURE 2.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES (AGC, 2005) ..... 15

FIGURE 2.4 BIM MODELS ...................................................................................................... 19

FIGURE 2.5 BENEFITS OF BIM (YAN & DAMIAN, 2008) .................................................. 21

FIGURE 2.6 KRAKOW STADIUM COMPLEX SPIRAL STRUCTURE ............................... 22

FIGURE 3.1 FLOW CHART OF THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................ 27

FIGURE 3.2 INTEGRATED MODEL....................................................................................... 30

FIGURE 3.3 QUANTITY TAKEOFF WORKING ................................................................... 31

FIGURE 4.1 OEC TOWER SOUTH EAST ARTISTIC VIEW ................................................ 34

FIGURE 4.2 OEC TOWER NORTH WEST VIEW .................................................................. 35

FIGURE 4.3 OEC TOWER UNDER CONSTRUCTION ......................................................... 36

FIGURE 4.4 SCHEDULE SCREENSHOT ............................................................................... 48

FIGURE 4.5 DUCT BEND AND PLUMBING PIPE CLASH ................................................ 49

FIGURE 4.6 HVAC AND PLUMBING PIPES CLASH ........................................................... 49
http://c/Users/Faizan/Documents/fyp%20report%206%20june2014.docx%23_Toc391361062http://c/Users/Faizan/Documents/fyp%20report%206%20june2014.docx%23_Toc391361062


13/76

xiii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 2.1 BIM TOOLS .......................................................................................................... 23

TABLE 4.1 PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS .............................................................................. 35

TABLE 4.2 AREAS OF OEC TOWER .................................................................................... 37

TABLE 4.3 FLOOR LEVELS ................................................................................................... 39

TABLE 4.4 QUANTITY ESTIMATE SUMMARY ................................................................ 47

TABLE 4.5 CLASH DETECTION SUMMARY ..................................................................... 49

TABLE 4.6 QUANTITY COMPARISON ................................................................................ 50


14/76

1

INTRODUCTION

The construction industry in Pakistan has long been criticized all over the world for being

inefficient and resource consuming. The reason behind the criticism is their unorthodox approach

to construction which is much disorganized and utterly uneconomical (N. Azhar, Farooqui, &

Ahmed, 2008). There is a room for improvement in every phase of construction. The

construction industry has been facing an alarming situation in terms of labor productivity which

is on the decrease since 1960, but it is worth noticing that process industries have increased their

labor productivity. Thus, there is a dire need to balance out the situation to prevent wastage and

cost overruns (Teicholz, 2004).

According to a research, poor project site management, delays between design and procurementphases, incorrect methods of cost estimation and improper planning are one of the major reasons

for cost overruns in the construction industry of Pakistan. As it can be seen from the researches

the main factor behind the downfall is the lack of project integration and coordination. Thus,

with the aid of new technology and digitized environment these hurdles can be triumph over (N.

Azhar et al., 2008).

Impact of technology on construction industry has been positive. The transformation from

manual drafting to computer aided drafting was huge step up in construction industry. It

revolutionized the whole construction industry the design issues were reduced and 2-D CAD

environment provided the user friendly environment to the users to design the building

components. It yielded better results and fewer conflicts than the manual drafting (Hergunsel,

2011).

As manual drafting was hectic, user was more prone to errors and to edit these drawings required

them to be redrawn. The remedy in the shape of CAD environment was perfect at that time.

These 2-D CAD drawings mimic the manual hand drafting in digitized platform which allows

the user to edit them, make revisions and to minimize the complexity of drawings with use oflayer features. But, as the process industries progressed by leaps and bounds with an aid of

modern technology as shown in the figure where we can see that Non-Farm productivity is

increasing with the time. CAD could not keep pace with the process industries in the modern era

as it can be seen from the figure 1.1 that construction productivity did not progressed and the

Chapter 1


15/76

2

new technology was required to keep pace with the other industries related to the construction

industry (Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks, & Liston, 2008).

Figure 1.1 Construction and Non-Farm Labor Productivity Index (Hergunsel, 2011)

To minimize the wastage, cost overrun, inefficiency and conflicts. There was need of a fullycoordinated and digitized environment to overcome the limitations of CAD technologies and to

increase the labor productivity. Thus, Building information approach was formulated to cater for

these limitations and is the remedy for modern era construction issues.

Today BIM has revolutionized the construction industry .It is the latest technology which is

being widely accepted around the globe. A Building Information Model is a data-rich, object-

oriented 3-D representation of the building project, from which appropriate data as per user

requirement can be extracted to generate information that can be helpful to make decisions and

improve the process of delivering the project (AGC, 2005).

Since the introduction of BIM technology, the potential of software in construction management

has profoundly increased. A Building Information Model contains as much information related

to the building project as can be incorporated. This information can include performance


16/76

3

information obtained throughout the lifecycle of the project, the buildings features and

characteristics and functions of the building (Yan & Damian, 2008).

1.1 OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of this research were:

I. To develop a 3D Model of a facility using Autodesk Revit for virtual representation of

the real Project.

II. To develop a simulated schedule of the project with the help of Autodesk Navisworks.

III. To perform material takeoff of the project using Autodesk Quantity Takeoff software.

IV. To perform clash detection between different models using Autodesk Navisworks.

V. To perform energy analysis of the model using Autodesk Green Building Studio.

1.2

REASONS AND JUSTIFICATIONS

The reasons and justifications for selection of the project are:

1.2.1 Market Adoption and Growth

Many experienced users are realizing the benefits of BIM modeling such as better

communication, improved productivity, and greater chances of winning over the client. This is

because of the fact that BIM helps in improving coordination between different departments inthe project team due to increased overlapping and integration. This helps in further improving

productivity, enhancing quality control andstrengthening communication systems. A survey has

shown that out of a 100 BIM experts, 82 experts have responded that BIM usage has been very

beneficial in improving the productivity of their firm. BIM usage is not only increasing in the

construction industry but many new firms are starting to adopt this technology (Dobson, 2004).

1.2.2 User Experience

The increasing use of BIM corresponds with a wholly pragmatic assessment of the general

impact on the BIM users business practices. As users begin to see its vast benefits, they deepen

their involvement with BIM. More than half of the users claim that BIM has had a very positive

impact on their respective firms.

A recent survey shows that in Construction Industry:
http://thesaurus.com/browse/strengthenhttp://thesaurus.com/browse/correspondhttp://thesaurus.com/browse/correspondhttp://thesaurus.com/browse/strengthen


17/76

4

I. 61% of Contractors believe that BIM is good for their Company.

II. Many architects see BIM has been helpful in improving their businesses.

III. Every 4 Clients out of 10 have reported that BIM has been productive for their projects

IV. Furthermore, it has been found, that expert users are:

V. More than three times likely to claim that BIM has resulted in improved efficiency for

their internal activities (Dobson, 2004).

VI. More than Four times likely to claim that BIM has resulted in improved efficiency for

their peripheral activities (Dobson, 2004).

The ability of a user to perform data analysis and extract information comes with skill and

experience in using BIM tools. More experts are shown to use BIM tools for quantity takeoff of

materials, scheduling of activities and cost estimation of the project as compared to beginners.

1.3

ADVANTAGES AND EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES

Building Information Modeling will be the lightening beacon in the future construction industry.

The advantages of BIM are numerous as it covered every field of the construction from concept

to conclusion. It has made a lot of complexities simple and has lightened the burden of drafting,

documentation etc. The software evolution and new technologies in construction has been a very

helpful tool in promoting BIM (Young, Jones, & Bernstein, 2008).

Following are more useful benefits of BIM as discussed in Building Information Modeling byMcGraw Hill construction (Young et al., 2008):

1.3.1 Improved Designs

Building proposals can be analyzed on basis of cost and quality comparison, design efficiency as

well as real time simulations can be performed. Further changes can be made to the already

chalked out plans to improve performance and create a better design for the building.

1.3.2 Life Cycle Asset Management

Life cycle of a building is defined as the life of a building from its conception to its construction,

maintenance and finally demolition. Building Information models provide the necessary

Building information codes to help the user in different activities related to the life cycle of the

facility.


18/76

5

1.3.3 Improved Visualization

BIM produces models that are far superior in quality as well as in the quantity of data stored in

them. For students and clients, BIM is an excellent starting point in helping visualize the

physical features and characteristics of a project. This makes communicating the complex

aspects of the building design to the new user very easy.

1.3.4 Less Wastage

BIM facilitate in calculating the precise amount of material quantity from the model through

quantity takeoff so that neither an excessive order is placed for the materials nor is there any

storage problem caused on the project site. The schedule also provides the user with an idea of

when the equipments and materials should be brought on site to avoid any delays and also

minimize the chance of any damage caused to the materials due to weather or other factors. This

in turn results in less material wastage as well as efficient use of labor force and equipment.

1.3.5 Reduced Safety Requirements

Many special features of BIM make the facilities more hazard proof such as a process known as

Fire Protection Modeling. This process ensures that the design can be re evaluated for public

safety and the best possible steps can be taken in order to make the facility more safe for theoccupants in case of a fire breakout. Safety risks can also be evaluated before the construction

phase even begins. The project manager is free to review the project complex tasks and activities

beforehand in order to reduce the risks for any potential injury or damage.

1.3.6 Guidelines for Students

The projects being done on BIM will provide a guideline to newcomers. If you want to

understand today, you have to search yesterday (Pearl S. Buck). Newcomers need not to face allthe problems that are currently being faced. The guideline will include the daily life construction

processes etc.


19/76

6

1.3.7 Personal and Social Advantage

The projects on BIM will be an exposure to the latest technology being used in modern

construction industry. This would help the students to work on more productive disciplines rather

than textbook disciplines which would pave way for new construction era.

1.3.8 Forensic Analysis

Forensic analysis is the science of analyzing the results obtained after investigating a happened

incident and then documenting the causes based on evidences. Forensic analysis can be

facilitated significantly using building information modeling as BIM graphically visualizes the

potential damages, leaks and evacuation plans (S. Azhar, Hein, & Sketo, 2008).

1.3.9

Facility Management

Facility management is the vast field which includes the coordination of buildings, office blocks,

schools, shopping centers, hotels and hospitals in a way to achieve maximum efficient system.

BIM in this field is used for the operations of renovation, space planning and maintenance (S.

Azhar et al., 2008).

1.4 AREAS OF APPLICATION

Almost every area of construction industry is covered by BIM. Its influence is on every fieldincluding the design phase, construction phase and management phase. It provides a platform for

the digitized construction which would be very useful in reducing change orders and schedule

delays. Areas of application of BIM can be seen from the figure 1.2. The results of this project

can be applied for:

1.4.1 Improved Communication:

BIM can greatly improve the cross department communication as well as between different

parties like clients, financers etc that are attached to the project and helps to remove any

confusions held by the parties. One of the main reasons why project managers and contractors

prefer to use BIM over other 3D software is that the 3D model obtained through BIM is a much

realistic conception and therefore helps the client in deciding what kind of a facility they want to

build.


20/76

7

1.4.2 Shop Drawings

BIM helps in generating high quality shop drawings for various building systems and features.

The shop drawing produced for the building can be anything from a detailed isometric image of

the Plumbing lines in the facility to the site layout. An example is that once the building model

design is complete; one can easily produce the MEP (Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing) shop

drawings. These shop drawings can be used by the contractors to visualize different components

of the building.

1.4.3 Cost Estimation

BIM Software often includes a very useful cost estimation feature. The quantity of all the

materials used the facility are estimated by the estimation tool and costs are calculated based on a

set standard of prices for each material. The software calculates the costs for all materials andadds them up in the end to give the total cost estimate. The number of labors and their working

hours can be used to calculate the total estimate of the project.

1.4.4 Project Scheduling

Project scheduling tool allows the user to link up different sets of activities with the

corresponding elements in the BIM model. By linking these activities, the user is able to obtain a

bar chart of the project schedule which helps the project managers to find out any conflicts

between different activities and plan a clash free schedule. By comparing the planned and real

schedules, the project manager is able to better plan the course and speed of activities.BIM also

provides the construction project simulation which aids in visualizing the actual construction

project.

1.4.5 Conflict, Interference and Collision Detection

BIM models are made in 3-D space so every single object created is visually accessible.

Therefore any clash and interference among pipes, beams, columns and electrical wiring can

easily be detected (Jimnez, Thomas, & Torras, 2001).

These detections help in saving a lot of time and money. This is possible when there are reduced

numbers of change orders and the clashes can be easily visualized.


21/76

8

All the applications of BIM can be seen in figure 1.2

Figure 1.2 Areas of application of BIM (Dispenza, 2010).


22/76

9

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 BACKGROUND

The development of the country is very much influenced by the advancement in its constructionindustry. There is a dire need of infrastructure and buildings in every underdeveloped country in

order to pave way for the economic growth of the country.Building construction progress has

been hampered by the economic losses and decreased labor productivity. The economic losses

were caused by the defects in the design due to which the prefabricated components of the

building are not suitable thus the whole component has to be replaced when there is a design

failure such as constructability issues during the construction.

In 1974 Chuck Eastman and five other authors presented a paper in which they explained the

chief means of communication used in building design and construction processes which were

drawings, including notes and specifications. They mentioned few problems which were

i. In 2D drawings at least two drawings are required for understanding the structure thus

one dimension is shown twice. 2D drawings also become redundant as different items are

shown in two different drawings at different scale. All this means if a change is to be

done in any drawing it has to be changed in all drawings.

ii. Large efforts are required to keep the design up-to-date. But even with all this hard work

there is a possibility that information somewhere is obsolete and non-consistent.iii. For analysis of construction, information has to be taken manually from drawings which

is laborious work

They also suggested a solution, that is to create a computer system that could save and control

design information at great detail. This was named as building description system (Eastman et

al., 2008).

The solution to the above mentioned problems is BIM and it plays an important role in

developing a proper model of a building which represents every aspect and runs the analysis of

the building.

2.2

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING

The construction industry has been facing a dramatic change to (I) increase; efficiency,

productivity, infrastructure value, quality and sustainability, (ii) reduce; lifecycle costs, lead

Chapter 2


23/76

10

times and duplications, via effective collaboration and communication of stakeholders. Digital

construction seeks to integrate processes throughout the entire lifecycle by utilizing building

information modeling (BIM) systems as it can be seen in figure 2.1 (S. Azhar et al., 2008).

Figure 2.1 Fully Functional BIM (Jimnez et al., 2001).

BIM stands for building information modeling. It is anew and revolutionary approach for the

designing, construction and management of buildings.BIM is viewed in this proposal according to the following definition of BIM. According to the

White paper published by Autodesk BIM is defined as:-

Building information modeling is an approach to building design, construction, and

management. It supports the continuous and immediate availability of project design scope,

schedule, and cost information that is high quality, reliable, integrated, and fully coordinated.

Though it is not itself a technology, it is supported to varying degrees by different technologies

(autodesk, 2003).

The main function of BIM is to create a 3-D model in digital form which depicts the real life

environments .It provides the features to run the maintenance program after the completion of

the building. In order to have maximum control over the project there is a need of different

models including Architectural, Structural, MEP, resource management and others including a


24/76

11

detailed schedule. So, BIM is referred to a combined model where models from different

disciplines are merged (Lahdou & Zetterman, 2011).

The purpose of the building construction is achieved when the building is functional. Building is

functional when purpose of the facility completely or partly serves. Thus, BIM is a digital

depiction of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. It is a shared information

resource about a facility forming consistent basis for decisions during its life-cycle (NBIMS,

2007).

BIM provides the focal point for the project stakeholders. All the data required by any type of

stakeholder will be available through BIM. The project location and the environmental impact on

the project is a new feature of BIM. The building location provides the information about the

impact of natural surroundings, temperature and effect of sunlight. So, building information

model describe the geometry, geographic information spatial relationships, quantities andcharacteristics of building elements, material inventories, cost estimates and schedule of

performance. This model can be used to express the entire building life cycle (Bazjanac, 2006).

2.3 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF BIM

Different BIM functions are explained which are attached to each BIM level support.

2.3.1 Clash Controls

BIM model of different disciplines can be checked at same moment for any type of geometrical

design errors. Those areas where these models overlap each other when they are brought together

can easily be altered and can be made error free(Eastman et al., 2008).

To perform clash controls in BIM Autodesk provides a tool named Autodesk Navisworks. The

reports can be generated to identify these clashes and there affects on the structure. The

alternatives are also suggested in order to get out of these critical situations with relative ease.

Controlling clashes helps in minimizing change orders and redesigns (Eastman et al., 2008).

This feature has been very effective as it identifies clashes before construction unlike the manualdrafting where the clashes were identified during the construction which caused costly delays

and the projects could not be completed within budget. Clash detection feature is shown in

figure 2.2.


25/76

12

Figure 2.2 Clash detection

2.3.2 Analyses

Analyses on energy usage can be done by synchronizing a BIM model to those tools which

determine the isolating ability of a structure and it can analyze total usage for heating and

cooling for that structure in extreme conditions. This makes the structure more energy efficient

and cost economical. (Eastman et al., 2008).

2.3.3

Time Estimation (4D)

The time estimation tool, more commonly known as 4D, links the objects present in the

information of a building with plan of time. This link then helps in visualizing the projects

schedule. Moreover, it can be used by users to simulate the building location and construction at

random time frames. Such project modeling provides important data and helps the user in

foreseeing errors which rear their ugly head later on creating a problem for the user. Autodesk

provide the perfect platform to provide this feature in Autodesk Navisworks. The simulation of

construction in real world is run in this tool which makes it easy to communicate and sequence

different activities .Schedule from Primavera can be imported into the project (Eastman et al.,

2008).

Clash betweenpipes


26/76

13

2.3.4 Cost Estimation (5D)

The cost estimation tool (also known as 5D) allows all the elements in the 3D design to be

connected with a set price list for all the materials. Although, price lists are mostly based on the

volume cost of materials but it can also include the cost of the laborers and equipment cost. This

provides the user with a more detailed cost estimate of the project. Such as detailed cost estimate

in the early design phases creates a better understanding of the financial implications in terms of

design changes and therefore, decisions regarding materials and construction can be evaluated

from an economical standpoint. Autodesk provide this feature in Autodesk Quantity Takeoff

(Eastman et al., 2008).

2.4

BIM LEVELS

The capability maturity model (CMM), which was developed by NIBMS, defined the

organizational level of a model and provided the users with an opportunity to evaluate their

procedures based on a wider array of technical objectives.

The basic aim of using CMM is to create a tool for calculating the level of maturity in a building

information model by analyzing it against an established criterion and provide that information

to the project stakeholders. The term maturity depicts that to which extent the features of BIM

are implemented. On the horizontal axis of the matrix there are eleven spheres of concern, for

example: data richness, life-cycle views and roles or disciplines. The vertical axis on the otherhand contains ten levels of maturity. Ten is considered to be the greatest level of maturity from

the Appendix-1.

Different communities form their own criteria to calculate the level of maturity regarding the

utilization of BIM. The maturity regarding utilization of BIM in Ramboll is described by levels

ranging from 0 to 3, where 0 is the lowest and 3 is the highest level of progression. The parts of

BIM which are included in BIM levels are specified. What parts of BIM which are included in

each BIM level is specified. This proves to be the driving force behind the task managers to

progress to next BIM level which makes the projects successful. The task mangers can expedite

their projects for some monetary advantages by moving up to next BIM levels. Utilization of

BIM is very effective for most of the communities so most communities tend rate their success

on the basis of BIM levels (Teicholz, 2004).


27/76

14

BIM levels are as follows:

2.4.1 Level 0Usage of BIM Software

During this level 3D model is only used in the design phase and there is no coordinated

integration with other parametric models or fulfils requirements regarding documenting of all

information exchange that takes place i.e. the concept of 5D model is not implemented (S. Azhar,

Carlton, Olsen, & Ahmad, 2011)

2.4.2 Level 13D Coordination

For BIM Level 1, a satisfactory level of coordination of functions between the different

disciplines (civil, electrical and mechanical disciplines and project hierarchy) is achieved. Clash

controls are performed as models of all the disciplines are integrated (S. Azhar et al., 2011)

At this level of BIM information flow within the project team is structured and identified tomake common goals which would be achieved later on which would help to achieve the main

objective of the project.

2.4.3 Level 2Analyzes, Time and Cost Estimation

At level 2 in BIM, level 1 and more additional BIM services which requires multi disciplinary

data input are provided. In this level certain services are available which include energy

analyzers and basic variant of time and cost estimation (S. Azhar et al., 2011).

In this level schedule development and cost estimation are performed with the inclusion of

effects due to the building orientation, water harvesting techniques due to which building water

consumption will be less and sustainable materials which helps in reduction of materials used.

Thus, paving way for energy efficient building (Hergunsel, 2011).

2.4.4 Level 3Integrated Model

At level 3, a simpleton model is not enough and further complex models are needed to operate.

Services from both level one and two are provided with an extremely well coordinated and

integrated model between many disciplines. This level integrates all the data including 5-D

model and energy analyzing data, This level needs high level of effort as data needs to be

updated periodically so that maintenance program can be run effectively (S. Azhar et al., 2011)


28/76

15

2.5 TECHNOLOGIES IMPLEMENTED IN BIM

BIM is an approach not a technology so it does requires suitable technologies to implement

effectively. Figure 2.3 describe the comparison between different technologies. These

technologies are:

Figure 2.3 Comparison between different technologies (AGC, 2005)

2.5.1 CAD Technology

This technology supports drafting automation effectively but modern construction requires high

level of competence. Using this software can demand high level of effort by maintainingstandards such as layers and naming standards. This requires the user to be efficient, highly

skilled and disciplined, due to which high level programmers are required to do this job.


29/76

16

2.5.2 Object CAD Technology:

It aims to replicate the building components in CAD drawing, by focusing on the 3D dimensions

and geometry of the building facility, the generation of documentation from that 3D drawing and

by extracting object data from the building components in order to be able to generate

information about object parameters and quantities. (AGC, 2005)

In object CAD the 3D geometry is used but this becomes really complex for larger projects as

more than one floors are made it also requires a lot discipline and care should be taken while

using this technology, not much liberty is provided to make plans with ease. As the manual

correction is required in CAD technology it also requires the same pattern to implement the

corrections.

2.5.3

Parametric Building Modeling

Parametric building modeling corresponds to the decision support system in the Financial

Community. This provides an integrated system that can be used to simulate the behavior of a

real-world system. These systems blend a Data model (geometry and lengths) with a Behavioral

model (change management). In this technology basically the building model is fully coordinated

throughout the model i.e. every building component is related to each other. If there is a change

in one component then the consequences of the change is applied throughout the related

components such as if the door height is to be altered then automatically the wall above it will be

altered accordingly. This provides the basic interrelated information which lessens the work

effort. Autodesk Revit is an efficient tool which provides the platform to implement this

technology (AGC, 2005).

2.6

BIM AND PROJECT MANAGERA

Can BIM be used for Project Management? How Project Managers are influenced by BIM?

These are some questions which arise in ones mind. But after the thorough study of literature it

was concluded that the benefits found in projects using BIM are more than the challenges,

moreover the benefits found are aligned with the function of a Project Manager.

The literature showed that there is a dire need for integration of Project teams and collaboration

of all parties.BIM could be used effectively for the integration of Project teams and collaboration

of all Parties. The Project can be performed in a combined manner to save Cost, time and to


30/76

17

work within the scope. A survey was carried out to understand the influence of BIM on the role

of project manager and it states that 50% of the response showed that project manager should be

proficient in BIM and 24% response was that project manager should be in charge of BIM-

management. Many studies have shown that BIM is a tool that goes far beyond its designed

functions. Therefore, the Project Manager should always lead in BIM Management just like he

has to lead in all other departments of IT systems in Complex Projects. Although there are some

difficulties and challenges faced in the implementation phase of BIM technology but this can be

overcome by investing for the sufficient training of Staff in the use of BIM (Jimnez et al.,

2001).

Another challenge was the existence of certain Software related issues which did not allow the

unleashing of full potential of BIM. The research suggested that the PM must contribute towards

solving these issues rather than considering it as an excuse to not use BIM (Jimnez et al., 2001).But the main question arises how BIM can benefit the project manager. The task of the project

manager is to deliver a successful project. A successful project can be defined as the Project

delivered on time, within budget and within the scope.

BIM provides certain benefits which would help the project manager to deliver a successful

project, the benefits are:

2.6.1

Communication BenefitsThe communication between different stakeholders improves with the help of BIM. The main

reason behind it is the development of a 3-D model which is easy to understand unlike a 2-D

Model which has to be imagined to visualize it in reality and not enough information can be

included in such models.BIM allows for less costly and time consuming visualizations which are

impossible using traditional modeling. The clarity and depiction of real world model helps to

communicate with different stakeholders (Lahdou & Zetterman, 2011).

2.6.2

Quality Benefits

The quality of a project can be improved with the help of a 3-D model which helps all the

stakeholders involved to understand their roles and their objectives. The data need to be entered

once in the BIM unlike traditional models which makes cumbersome and complex computations.

The process of documentations is also improved. Reports can be generated in any format and can

include the required data. The clashes can be controlled in a Project as all the models are


31/76

18

integrated in one model and clashes are detected and can be corrected. The model includes the

input of different stakeholders which provides s[specific information to the respective

stakeholders (Lahdou & Zetterman, 2011).

The benefits above can create mutual understanding between client and the project manager

because of the clear goals and objectives. This takes both client and the project manager on same

page. BIM utilized in design phase helps in creating schedules. This helps in calculating the

budget. BIM linked with time helps in planning the construction execution process .It provides

better control over the project. Cost estimates provides better control of economic aspects of

BIM and can optimize the value a client can obtain from the investment (Lahdou & Zetterman,

2011).

2.7

BIM AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

There are three major areas of Construction Management which are as follows:

2.7.1 Design Phase

It is a duty of an architect to balance the scope, cost and schedule of the Project. If there are ill-

timed changes then it will adversely affect relations between client and the consultant. Using

BIM all the data is available straight away and in updated form so that project related decisionscan be taken swiftly and effectively.

BIM allows project team to make changes in designs during design phase without any

backbreaking and manual checking work because when there is a correction to be made in design

while not using BIM, the correction needs to be implemented to every related component

manually in order to make the design ready. The check and balance is also required to see if all

the related areas are corrected but in BIM the change is coordinated throughout the related

components and less time will be consumed. All the design and documentation work can be done

concurrently rather than one after the other.

BIM coordinates the change and its consequences made in the certain point of project throughout

the project lifecycle automatically. The design team can deliver the work faster. BIM eliminated

the coordination mistakes and improve the quality of work. The three different models are shown

in figure 2.4.


32/76

19

Figure 2.4 BIM models

The four thorough Case Studies of BIM implementation for precast concrete design by mid-sized

structural engineering firms, reported by Kaner, Sacks, Kassian and Quitt revealed that the

designs were error free which improved the labor productivity with the help of BIM (Eastman et

al., 2008).

2.7.2 Construction Phase

BIM makes available concurrent information on Building quality, schedule and cost. Builder can

speed up quantification for estimation, production of updated estimates and construction

planning. The consequences of procured products can be studied using BIM by using a virtualconstruction tool of BIM which helps in locating the defects in the building before physical

construction is even started, so corrected procured products (e.g. prefabricated beams) can be

ordered and plans can be prepared quickly. BIM ensures less time and money is spent on process

and administration issues because of high document quality and better construction planning.

The digitized nature of BIM releases the complexity of manual documentation process by

automatic generation of reports.

In a large health care project due to BIM/VDC (software) there were zero-conflicts and 100%

prefabrication and maximum labor productivity with zero accident in the field. With 6 months

savings on schedule and $9 million on the cost (Eastman et al., 2008).


33/76

20

2.7.3 Management Phase

BIM provides digital record of renovation and improve move planning and management. It

accelerates the adaption of standard building sample to site conditions for businesses. Physical

information about the building is also available such as financial data and furniture inventory etc.

Consistent access to this information improves both revenue and cost management in the

operation of the build.

2.8

ADVANTAGES OF BIM

Building information modeling supports the continuous and immediate availability of project,

design scope, schedule, and cost information that is high quality, reliable, integrated, and fully

coordinated (AGC, 2005).

The advantages are:

I. Better Coordination

II. High quality work

III. Low cost

IV. Time saving

V. High labor productivity

VI. Environmental Impact

VII. Safety provisionsVIII. Pre-fabrication

IX. Less work force

X. Less conflicts

XI. Visual aids

XII. Record Data

XIII. Maintenance Program

XIV. Less changes

A research at the Stanford University research center on BIM revealed that

i. Up to 40% elimination of unbudgeted change.

ii. Cost estimation accuracy 3%.

iii. 80% reduction in time taken for cost estimation

iv. 7% reduction in project time


34/76

21

v. 10% clash detection which saves the budget.

In many projects millions of dollars have been save by using BIM. Time delays have been

provided. Designs have been corrected with the help of contractors services and BIM. This

all is done in a coordinated way so that no time is wasted correcting the remaining of the

project. Digital process helps in getting work done without a lot of manpower just few

technicians are required to operate this software. The figure 2.5 shows the acknowledgement

about BIM from the top eight construction companies in UK and USA.

Figure 2.5 Benefits of BIM (Yan & Damian, 2008)

2.9

BIM IMPLEMENTATION IN REAL LIFE

Some of the examples of implementation of BIM in real life are:

2.9.1 Melbourne Stadium

Studies have shown that use of BIM on Projects has resulted in a 500% return on investment,

while the use of Bentley structural for scheduling and documenting yielded only a 200%

return. Final optimization results through BIM have shown a 10% savings in roof tonnage in the

steel members with an ideal roof profile.

This was possible only due to the optimization studies (time and money saving designs) and the

function of BIM to compare different structures which proved helpful in eliminating the errors.


35/76

22

2.9.2 Water Treatment Plant-Walsh Group

Using Bentley Structures 20 conflicts in the design and construction phase were discovered. This

helped the organization to save $90,000 and 7 weeks of delay due to the comprehensive 3D

model of BIM which was easy to understand and revealed minor details which were very

effective as a truss was designed incorrectly as it was overlapping a steel beam by 6-inches.

2.9.3 Krakow Stadium

Generative component is an efficient BIM tool provided Bentley systems. A highly complex

spiral structure was designed for the stadium within little amount of time and avoided time

delays with the ability of BIM software Generative components to design complex geometry

without reworking the documentation process allowed them analyze different spiral geometric

structures as shown in figure 2.6.

Figure 2. 6 Krakow Stadium complex spiral structure


36/76


37/76

24

The tools used in the current project are Autodesk Revit, Autodesk quantity takeoff, Autodesk

Navisworks and Autodesk Green building studio. These software are user friendly and are easily

accessible. The tools used in this project are:

2.10.1 Autodesk Quantity Takeoff

Autodesk quantity takeoff helps to calculate and estimate materials more swiftly, accurately and

easily. Cost estimators can create synchronized, comprehensive project views that combine

important information from building information modeling (BIM) tools such as Revit

Architecture, Revit Structure, and Revit MEP with images geometry and data from other tools.

It can also calculate areas and count the building components manually or automatically and can

export them to Excel and to create DWF format.

i. Take-off in minutes automaticallyPerform a take-off on an entire building

information model (BIM) in just minutes through integration of 2D and 3D design data.

ii. Greater flexibility than typical databases or spread sheetsPerform interactive

examination of 3D models for material cost estimating purposes.

iii. Dynamic countingCount and quantify design data quickly and easily.

iv. More efficient manual take-offsupports the take-off of JPG, TIF, PDF, and other no

intelligent image formats.

v. Share, query, and clarifyGenerate quantities linked to specific objects. Mark up and

round-trip your comments.

vi. Faster and more insightful quantity reportsCreate summaries and detailed quantity

surveying reports quickly and easily.

2.10.2 Autodesk Revit

Revit software is specifically developed for building information modeling (BIM), enabling

design and construction professionals to take ideas from concept to construction with

coordinated and consistent model-based approach. Revit is single software that includes features

for architectural design, MEP and structural engineering. Its model can be imported into other

BIM tools in order to perform other BIM functions such as clash detection, energy analysis and

scheduling etc.


38/76

25

Some of the features of REVIT are:

i. Bidirectional associabilityany change in one aspect of a model is reflected throughout

the model.

ii. Parametric componentsit uses intelligent building components to improve design

accuracy.

iii. BIM platformprovides a platform for building information modeling by exporting the

model to other tools to perform other functions.

iv. Realistic Modelthe 3D model obtained depicts the realistic model with an ability to be

edited.

v. Flexibilitythe software provides an environment where every designer can work

including an Architect, MEE and structural designer.

vi. Work sharingprovides an environment where a single Project model can be accessedby different users and changes can be made in

certain areas by the respective users. .

vii. Energy Analysissupport sustainable design decision making.

viii. Improved schedulesSchedule enhancements with Parameters, Filter & Grand Totals.

2.10.3 Autodesk Green Building Studio

It is energy analysis software which helps designers and architects to perform energy analysis,

optimize energy consumptions and work toward carbon neutral building designs during the early

processes of the construction project. It is cloud based software. The concept of Green building

can be achieved through this software as it allows analyzing buildings and provides the

alternative materials to develop a sustainable model. Some of its features are:

I. Building energy analyseswhole building energy analyses calculates total energy use

and carbon emission of a building on annual, monthly and daily basis using global

database of weather information

II. Weather Datait gives user the access to numerous weather stations which arecompiled from many trusted sources.

III. Water usageestimates water usage inside and outside of the building.

IV. Solar radiationvisualizes incident solar radiation on window surfaces over any period.

V. Day lightingReceive qualification for LEED day lighting credit.


39/76

26

VI. Shadows and reflectiongives the shadows and reflection data with respect to sun

path.

2.10.4 Autodesk Navisworks

Navisworks features enable coordination, construction simulation, and project analysis for

integrated project review. It provides users advanced tools to simulate scheduling and perform

clash detection. It enables coordination, construction simulation and project analysis for

integrated projects.

I. Clash detection and interference checkingforesee and avoid possible clash and

interference problems before construction, reducing change orders and delays.

II. Model file and data aggregationModel publishing and data and model aggregation

tools enable user to integrate design and construction data into a single integrated model.III. 5D project scheduling includes time and costSimulate construction project

scheduling in 5D to visually analyze project activities and reduce delays and sequencing

problems regarding the project.

IV. Photorealistic model renderingUse photorealistic model rendering capabilities to

develop animations in 3D and images.


40/76

27

METHODOLOGY

In order to meet the pre-defined objective, this chapter presents the research methodology

adopted. The sequence by which this particular project will be progressed is presented in a flowdiagram shown below:

Figure 3.1 Flow Chart of the research methodology

Chapter 3


41/76

28

The steps followed are explained below:-

3.1

SELECTION OF THE TOPIC

In order to carry out the project BIM was selected as BIM provides the modern tools for

construction and allows the user to maintain the focus on other important issues.

3.2

LITERATURE STUDY

In previous chapter some important terminologies were mentioned and discussed which proved

helpful in studying BIM and its uses including better visual effects, prefabrication, project

planning and management and cost control. Literature study was facilitated by attending lectures

and presentation more over official website of Autodesk and thesis were studied, case studies

including Krakow stadium, Marina bay front pedestrian bridge, Melbourne Stadium and research

books related to BIM were consulted. This helped to understand and gain the required

information about BIM.

3.3

SITE SELECTION

Literature study and site selection were performed simultaneously. For the quest of building site

different buildings were visited in Islamabad including MARI Petroleum Ltd. (G-10), State Life

Tower (Blue Area), Grand Hyatt Hotel (Constitution Avenue) and OEC Tower, (G-9/4). OECTower G-9/4, Islamabad was a suitable site and feasible in all aspects. Thus, with the aid

National University of Science and Technology and PRIMACO officials the building was

formally selected.

3.4 DATA COLLECTION

Data collection and understanding is very important in order to process the data into very useful

in information. Thus, Architectural drawings were provided by the site officials to kick start theproject and with the passage of time structural and MEP drawings were provided as per

requirements. But data collection requires some official permits to share some confidential data.

But still there are some aspects of data which are left to be desired.


42/76

29

3.5 LEARNING SOFTWARE

The Project progress depends on a certain tool. Thus, Autodesk Revit , Autodesk Quantity

Takeoff, Autodesk Navisworks and Autodesk Green Building Studio were selected tools for

modeling, material take off, scheduling and energy analysis respectively. The reasons behind

selecting these tools were there availability and special access for students to these tools with the

help of student licenses. Different tutorials were used for the process of learning. The main

sources for these tutorials were youtube.com, Lynda.com, Autodesk and NUST provided certain

resources to learn the software.

3.6

3-D MODELING

3-D modeling can only be performed when the user is familiar with the software. A 3D model is

a three dimensional model of three different disciplines of construction i.e. Architecture,

Structure, MEP (Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing). Modeling of these three different models

was done separately and with the feature of Revit 2013 these three models were linked together.

Using copy monitor feature these three models were coordinated. Architectural model consists of

basic walls, flooring, finishes openings doors and other architecture components. This model was

made with the aid of architectural template available in the internet. The different views of the

model can be seen in the Appendix section.

Structure model consist of beams, columns, reinforced walls and structural items.Reinforcements were given to the framing components and structural analysis was performed in

order to verify the design.

MEP model consist of fittings, fixtures, HVAC, electrical and mechanical components which

aided for mechanical purposes. A general integrated 3D model can be seen in the figure given

below. Plumbing model consists of fire pipes, water pipes, joints, water sprinklers, bends and

drainage pipes etc. The HVAC consist of ventilation system of the building and cooling and

heating systems of the building with temperature sensors. Electrical systems include electrical

wiring, lighting fixtures and sockets etc.

All these models were created with a help of manual 2D drawings. A general integrated model is

shown in figure 3.2.


43/76

30

Figure 3.2 Integrated model

3.7 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS SIMULATION

Scheduling is important in order to take note of the time. Autodesk Navisworks Manage was

used for scheduling purpose. The integrated 3-D model was exported from Autodesk Revit in a

NWC format. The model NWC format file was imported into Autodesk Navisworks Manage.

The schedule was imported from Primavera P6 into the model in Navisworks. The activities and

building components were linked together to create a simulation using a tool called timeliner.

Different project elements were assigned the related activities to form a simulated schedule. The

construction process could be visualized over the span of time.

3.8 QUANTITY TAKEOFF

Much BIM software have integrated Cost estimation tools which can easily extract material

quantities from the BIM 3-D Model and then use the unit price method to calculate the total cost

of all materials.By using the cost estimation tool in BIM construction materials, equipment and labor force

needed for work can be co-related with the resources available on the project. For example, for

laying the foundation, a concrete Mixer is required, several skilled labors as well as many

reinforcement bars and bags of concrete, along with the usual concrete checks and safety


44/76

31

precautions needed on the sight etc. BIM can be used to breakdown each work package into

smaller units and analyze step by step all the related tasks. This helps the user to optimize the

work flow and the quantity of equipment, materials and labor needed for each task such as

number of laborers needed for a specific task, which in turn results in greater optimization of the

entire construction phase.

There are two main fundamentals of cost estimation in BIM, one is pricing and the other is

quantity takeoff. The quantity takeoff tool analyzes the 3D BIM model and extracts the

quantities of all the materials into a database such as a MS Excel file. A cost estimator needs to

have extensive estimation skills and knowledge in order to extract accurate information from the

model, even to the point of breaking down of an activity into several components in order to get

a better estimation.

Once the estimations are extracted from the model, the estimator has to input the unit prices ofall different materials, labor hours etc. In this way, the estimation tool can multiply the estimated

quantities with the unit prices to produce a highly accurate cost of the project.

The other tool used efficiently in BIM is Autodesk Quantity Takeoff. This tool performs the

quantity takeoff directly from the 3-D model made in compatible modeling tool. The cost, labor

hours and productivity are calculated with the factors added into the software. The working of

Autodesk quantity estimation can be seen from the figure 3.3:

Figure 3.3 Quantity Takeoff working


45/76

32

3.9 CLASH DETECTION

Every Project has design issues. The main design issue is the clash of designs of different

disciplines e.g. clash between MEP and structure design. These issues can be costly as they cause

delays and costly change orders. The main reason behind these clashes is the lack of coordination

between personnel of different disciplines.BIM provides certain tools to minimize these clashes

in the design phase. But still a lot has been left to be desired. So another feature BIM provides to

identify clashes between different disciplines after the designs have been completed. Thus

Autodesk Navisworks was used in this project to identify clashes. Models form different

disciplines were imported into Navisworks and process was run in order to identify clashes. The

reports of the clashes detected were generated which could be useful to send to other

stakeholders to make changes to their design respectively.

3.10

ENERGY ANALYSIS

Nowadays a lot of emphasis is laid on sustainable design and green building. In order to run the

energy analysis of the project Autodesk Green building studio was used. The integrated 3-D

model was imported in to the software. The location of the building was entered, data period was

entered and the energy results were obtained. The heating and cooling loads were identified. The

shadow data, water usage and carbon emission data was resulted.

3.11

ANALYSIS

By the end of estimating costs, the aim of having 5D model was achieved. At that stage there

was a requirement of checking all the work that was done so far so that errors and omissions

could be traced and eliminated. In final review the data obtained from models was checked. The

data obtained from the 5-D model was then compared to original site data which yielded the

impact of BIM on a certain facility.

3.12

CONCLUSION

After analyzing the project it was crystal clear impact of BIM in managing the project and then

the conclusions were drawn about the methods that could be deployed for having a better

management and control over the project.


46/76

33

3.13 PREPARING REPORT AND PRESENTAION

The final phase of the project included:

3.13.1 5D Model Submission

5D Model of the building was submitted in form of softcopy.

3.13.2 Preparation of Presentation

Presentation for the final defense was prepared and the project was presented and demonstrated.


47/76

34

CASE STUDY

4.1

PROJECT INTRODUCTION

All phases of BIM are to be implemented in the Government Project of Employees Old age

Benefit Institution (EOBI) in G-9/4 sector, Islamabad named as Overseas Employees

Corporation (OEC) Tower. The total

covered area of the project is 190,000 square

feet. The plot size of the project is 120 X

300. Floor area ratio of the building is 1:3.

The build floors consist of two basements,

one ground floor and nine floors. Builders

Associates is the firm contracted to build the

project. This was designed by Sohail A.

Khan Associates (SAKA). Pakistan Real

Estate Investment & Management Company

(PRIMACO) is a firm which represents theclient (EOBI) and handles the queries

regarding construction. The MEP

consultants of the projects are Fahim, Nanji

and desouza pvt. Ltd. The project was

started in April, 2012 and was to be

completed by November, 2013.But due to

some reasons the project was not completed

at the targeted date but the latest date proposed for its completion is 20 November, 2014. The

detail about the stakeholders can be extracted from table 4.1.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 OEC Tower South East Artistic view


48/76

35

Stakeholder Role Information

EOBI Client www.eobi.gov.pk

PRIMACO Construction Manager www.primaco.com

SAKA Consultant saka.net.pk

Builders Associates Contractor www.buildersltd.com

Fahim, Nanji & desouza Pvt.

Ltd.MEP consultant www.fnd.com.pk

Table 4.1 Project stakeholders

The site can be seen from the following figure 4.2 and figure 4.3.

Figure 4.2 OEC Tower North West view


49/76

36

Figure 4.3 OEC Tower under construction

4.2

SPECIAL FEATURES OF OEC TOWERA few distinct and sustainable features of the building which make it different from other

building are:

Vertical Plantations

Solar Panels at the roof

Rain water storage and harvesting

Re-use of building waste water for external irrigation

Drip irrigation Impulse Ventilation system for car park area

Smoke management system

Water based Fire Suppression system including fire sprinkler system

Dedicated fire water storage to provide 60 minutes of fire suppression capability

Supervision and Monitoring of fire suppression system at fire alarm panel

Waste Management system

Emergency exit tunnel Storm water drainage system for roof and plot.


50/76

37

4.3 AREA OF OEC TOWER

Initially at the time of tender, in June 2011, the project was supposed to be a 10+3 story building.

Consisting of 10 floors of office building and below it had to be 3 basements for parking

facilities etc. at that time the total covered area was estimated to be 220,000 sft. But due to lack

of funds, the scope of project was changed and a basement was removed from the scope of

project leaving behind 190,000 sft covered area divided upon a 10+2 story building.

Areas of the floor can be seen from table 4.2.

AREAS OF OEC TOWER

AREA DESCRIPTION DIMENSIONS (Ft) APPROX. AREA

TOTAL PLOT AREA 120X300 36,000 sft

BUILT UP AREA-

(Covered area of building & lawns etc)200,000 sft

COVERED AREA-

(Building area)190,000 sft

Table 4.2 Areas of OEC Tower

4.4 3-D MODEL

Project yielded a 3-D Model of a Building facility. Using conventional methods, architects are

only able to draw a Two-Dimensional Model of the facility whether by Manual Drafting or by

using AutoCAD. The end product i.e. the integrated 3D model of the building was of the exact

same dimensions and features. Autodesk Revit was used for this task. Models from different

disciplines were integrated to develop an integrated 3-D model. The integrated model was used

for material takeoff which was used in estimating costs. The clashes between different models

were also detected. So the integrated 3-D model was essential for other features of BIM. The

integrated 3-D model consisted of following models:

4.4.1 Architectural Model

During the project the architectural model was developed initially. In the process of developing

of architectural model different components of the building were involved including walls,


51/76

38

floors, stairs, roof, elevators, openings, doors, columns and curtain wall etc. The 3-D views, plan

views, section views, the elevations and legends of the architecture model can be seen in

appendix-2, the components involved in the model are as follows:

4.4.1.1Grids

First of all the grids were drawn in order to provide reference to other building components. The

vertical grids were given the notation in the form of numbers whereas the horizontal grids were

given the notation in the form of alphabets. The same grid was used for other building models.

4.4.1.2Levels

The levels were drawn in the model after the drafting of grids. Levels depict the elevations of

different building floors. Every level was given a specific elevation as provided in the buildingdrawings. The levels were handful