biffa waste services limited proposed small scale energy ......centred at approximate national grid...
TRANSCRIPT
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Biffa Waste Services Limited
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
On Land at Swansea Depot, Clarion Close,
Morriston, Swansea
Air Quality Assessment including Health Impact
Assessment
August 2018
Executive Park, Avalon Way, Anstey, Leicester, LE7 7GR
Tel: +44 (0)116 234 8000
Email: [email protected]
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Document Control
Project: Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
Client: Biffa Waste Services Limited
Job Number: A103857
File Origin: O:\Acoustics Air Quality and Noise\Active Projects
Document Checking:
Prepared by: Zhiyuan Yang Principal Environmental Consultant
Initialled: ZY
Contributor: Rebecca Jeffs
Enviromental Consultant Initialled: RJ
Checked by: Nigel Mann Director
Initialled: NM
Verified by: Nigel Mann
Director Initialled: NM
Issue Date Status
1 21 June 2018 First Issue
2 25 July 2018 Second Issue – inclusive Health Impact Assessment
3 2nd August 2018 Third Issue – Minor Admentments
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Contents Page
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Site Location ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Process Description ............................................................................................................. 1 1.4 Scope of the Air Quality Assessment ..................................................................................... 2 2. Policy, Legislation and Relevant Guidance ..................................................................................... 4 2.1 Documents Consulted .......................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Air Quality Legislation .......................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Planning Context ................................................................................................................. 7 2.4 Natural Resources Wales Regulation and Guidance ............................................................. 12 2.5 Assessment of Air Quality Effects ....................................................................................... 13 3. Baseline Conditions .................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Air Quality Review and Assessment .................................................................................... 15 3.3 Air Quality Monitoring ........................................................................................................ 15 3.4 Sensitive Receptors ........................................................................................................... 20 4. Modelling Methodology ............................................................................................................... 24 4.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 24 4.2 Model Inputs .................................................................................................................... 24 4.3 NOx to NO2 Conversion ...................................................................................................... 27 4.4 Modelling Scenarios ........................................................................................................... 27 4.5 Modelling Parameter and Averaging Period ......................................................................... 28 4.6 Modelling Uncertainty ........................................................................................................ 29 5. Assessment of Traffic Air Impacts to Determine Background Concentrations .................................. 31 5.2 Existing Traffic Flows ......................................................................................................... 31 5.3 Model Verification ............................................................................................................. 32 5.4 Summary of Model Inputs .................................................................................................. 33 5.5 Existing Baseline from Traffic Air Quality Assessment .......................................................... 33 6. Stack Height Analysis ................................................................................................................. 35 7. Modelling Results ....................................................................................................................... 36 7.2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) ...................................................................................................... 36 7.3 Particulate Matter (PM10) ................................................................................................... 40 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) ......................................................................................................................... 42 7.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) ...................................................................................................... 43 7.5 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)........................................................................................................ 45 7.6 Volatile Organic Compounds .............................................................................................. 46 7.7 Hydrogen Chloride ............................................................................................................ 48 7.8 Hydrogen Fluoride ............................................................................................................. 49 7.9 Dioxins and Furans ............................................................................................................ 50 7.10 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) ....................................................................................... 51 7.11 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) ............................................................................. 53 7.12 Heavy Metals .................................................................................................................... 54 7.13 Sensitivity Analysis – Inter-Annual Variability ...................................................................... 76 7.14 Emergency Scenario Emission ............................................................................................ 76 7.15 Habitat Assessment ........................................................................................................... 81 7.16 Plume Visibility .................................................................................................................. 82 7.17 Cumulative Impacts .......................................................................................................... 84 8. Vehicle Emissions ....................................................................................................................... 86 9. Odour Control ............................................................................................................................ 88 9.1 Potential Sources of Odour ................................................................................................ 88 9.2 Major Odour Control and Mitigation Measures ..................................................................... 88 10. Health Impact Assessment .......................................................................................................... 89
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10.1 Introduction of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) ................................................................ 89 10.2 Extant Policy, Legislation and Relevant Agencies for HIA ..................................................... 89 10.3 Health Impact Assessment (HIA) ....................................................................................... 92 10.4 Environmental Benefit for the Proposed Facility ................................................................... 99 11. Summary and Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 101
Figures
Figure 1 Site Locations and Receptor Positions
Figure 2 Modelled building and source positions
Figures 3-5 Mumbles Meteorological Station Wind Rose 2010 to 2012
Appendixes
Appendix A – Air Quality Assessment Criteria
Appendix B – Emission Calculations
Appendix C – Detailed Dispersion Modelling Contour Plot Figures
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
Air Quality Assessment for Planning Application
Land at Swansea Depot, Clarion Close, Morriston Swansea 1 A103857
Biffa Waste Services Limited August 2018
1. Introduction
1.1.1 WYG Environment Planning Transport (WYG) has been commissioned by Biffa Waste Services
Limited (Biffa) to prepare an Air Quality Assessment to support a planning application in respect of
a proposed small-scale energy recovery facility on land at Swansea Depot, Clarion Close, Morriston,
Swansea.
1.1.2 This report presents the approach and findings of an Air Quality Assessment, completed in support
of the planning application for a facility capable of treating up to 21,000 tonnes per annum of
commercial and trade waste currently collected by Biffa.
1.1.3 The objective of the air quality assessment is to determine whether the impacts from facility
emissions meets the required air quality standards (AQSs) or air quality Environmental Assessment
Limits (EALs) for the protection of human health.
1.1.4 The report presents the methodology followed, and provides a review of baseline air quality at the
proposed site and surrounding area. The results of the assessment of the impact of the proposed
development on the baseline conditions are presented, in order to determine the magnitude and
significance of the anticipated impact. A detailed atmospheric dispersion modelling of stack
emissions has been undertaken to ascertain the exact stack height requirement.
1.1.5 The cumulative impacts that result from both (1) the proposed facility and (2) the nearby proposed
development of a short-term operating reserve (STOR) peaking power plant at the site in Unit 13 &
14 Ashmount Business Park, Upper Fforest Way(reference: 2016/1286), Swansea Enterprise Park;
have been assessed.
1.2 Site Location
1.2.1 Biffa currently occupy a site located within the Swansea Enterprise Park in Llansamlet which is
centred at approximate National Grid Reference (NGR) SS 68170 98056.
1.2.2 Access to the site is achieved from Clarion Close which is located to the south of the site. The
immediate surroundings of the site largely comprise an industrial setting with the nearest
residential dwelling located approximately 230m east of the site on Pant-Y-Blawd Road. A stream
(Nant-y-Fendrod) is located approximately 130m east of the site and runs in a north to south
direction.
1.3 Process Description
1.3.1 The proposed development comprises the operation of a small scale thermal treatment plant. The
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
Air Quality Assessment for Planning Application
Land at Swansea Depot, Clarion Close, Morriston Swansea 2 A103857
Biffa Waste Services Limited August 2018
site will bring in up to 21,000 tonnes of waste a year which undergo a variety of treatment
processes i.e. removal of metals, shredding and drying to reduce the moisture content. After drying
has taken place, the resultant material will undergo thermal treatment via the small-scale energy
recovery facility.
1.3.2 The small-scale energy recovery facility will have a maximum throughput of 1.84 tonnes per hour
dry weight (approximately 14,720 tonnes per annum) and will operate for up to 8,000 hours per
year. The plant would serve to thermally treat waste from a number of sources, including municipal
healthcare wastes. It is envisioned that the majority of waste would come from the surrounding
area that Biffa currently contract waste services for. By diverting this material to the Swansea site
for thermal treatment and electricity generation, approximately 21,000 tonnes of waste a year will
be diverted from Landfill which is the current disposal route.
1.3.3 The operation of the plant will allow the generation of heat and electricity, the electricity will be
exported to the grid while the heat will be utilised in the drying activities that will be undertaken on
site.
1.3.4 The facility will have four main waste streams as the primary fuel source, which will consist of
municipal wastes, healthcare wastes, combustible wastes and ‘other wastes’ which will consist of
wood, plastic etc.
1.3.5 In addition, the following Directly Associated Activities will be undertaken:-
• Receipt and storage of non-hazardous waste prior to treatment;
• Treatment of waste in shredders;
• Removal of metals;
• Odour control via the scrubber;
• Treatment in dryers; and
• Storage of ash prior to removal from site.
1.4 Scope of the Air Quality Assessment
1.4.1 A stack height analysis has been undertaken to determine the required stack/flue height in order to
meet the air quality standards. The impacts of the long-term emissions of NO2 at the residential
receptors and other relevant EA guidance have been used for determining the stack height.
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
Air Quality Assessment for Planning Application
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Biffa Waste Services Limited August 2018
1.4.2 The Air Quality Assessment has considered the potential impacts associated with the main 25 m
plant exhaust stack emissions of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM10), sulphur dioxide
(SO2), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the form of Benzene (C6H6), hydrogen chloride (HCl),
hydrogen fluoride (HF), cadmium (Cd), Dioxins and furans, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and all Group 3 metals.
1.4.3 A plume visibility assessment has considered whether the plume will be visible at each downwind
distance from the stack by using the ADMS Plume Visibility Module in ADMS 5.
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
Air Quality Assessment for Planning Application
Land at Swansea Depot, Clarion Close, Morriston Swansea 4 A103857
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2. Policy, Legislation and Relevant Guidance
2.1 Documents Consulted
2.1.1 The following documents were consulted during the undertaking of this assessment:
Legislation and Best Practice Guidance
• The Air Quality Standards Regulations, 2016;
• The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (Volume 1), 2007;
• The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (Volume 2), 2011;
• The Environment Act, 1995;
• Draft Planning Practice Guidance, March 2018;
• Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance LAQM.TG16, DEFRA, February 2018;
• Guidance on Air Emissions Risk Assessment for your Environmental Permit, DEFRA and
Environment Agency, 2 August 2016.
• The Environmental Permitting Regulations (England and Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) 2018
• How to comply with your environmental permit, Additional Guidance for The Incineration of
Waste (EPR5.01), Environment Agency, March 2009;
• Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, Section 3, Part 1, HA 207/07 - Air Quality,
Highways Agency, 2007;
• Development Control: Planning for Air Quality, National Society for Clean Air and Environmental
Protection, 2010;
• The Control of Dust and Emissions from Construction and Demolition – Best Practice Guide,
Greater London Authority and London Councils, 2006;
• Guidance on the Assessment of the Impacts of Construction on Air Quality and the
Determination of their Significance (Institute of Air Quality Management, January 2012); and
• Defra Local Air Quality Management Note on Projecting NO2 concentrations (April 2012).
Websites Consulted
• Google maps (maps.google.co.uk);
• Defra Background Mapping Data for Local Authorities 2011 – Maps and future predictions
(http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/data/laqm-background-maps?year=2011);
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
Air Quality Assessment for Planning Application
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• Multi-Agency Geographic Information for the Countryside (www.magic.gov.uk);
• Environment Agency (www.environment-agency.gov.uk);
• Air Pollution Information System (www.apis.ac.uk);
• MAGIC (http://magic.defra.gov.uk/); and
• Swansea Council website (https://www.swansea.gov.uk).
Site Specific Reference Documents
• Swansea Local Development Plan 2010-2025: Deposit Plan, Adopted July 2016; and
• Swansea Council 2017 Air Quality Progress Report, November 2017.
2.2 Air Quality Legislation
European Legislation
2.2.1 European air quality legislation is consolidated under Directive 2008/50/EC, which came into force
on 11th June 2008. This Directive consolidates previous legislation which was designed to deal with
specific pollutants in a consistent manner and provides new air quality objectives for fine
particulates. The consolidated Directives include:
• Directive 99/30/EC – the First Air Quality "Daughter" Directive – sets ambient air limit values
for nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, sulphur dioxide, lead and particulate matter;
• Directive 2000/69/EC – the Second Air Quality "Daughter" Directive – sets ambient air limit
values for benzene and carbon monoxide; and,
• Directive 2002/3/EC – the Third Air Quality "Daughter" Directive – seeks to establish long-
term objectives, target values, an alert threshold and an information threshold for
concentrations of ozone in ambient air.
The fourth Daughter Directive was not included within the consolidation and is described as:
• Directive 2004/107/EC – sets health-based limits on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
cadmium, arsenic, nickel and mercury, for which there is a requirement to reduce exposure to
as low as reasonably achievable.
UK Legislation
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
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2.2.2 The Air Quality Standards (Wales) Regulations (2010) seek to simplify air quality regulation and
provide a new transposition of the Air Quality Framework Directive, First, Second and Third
Daughter Directives and transpose the Fourth Daughter Directive within the UK. The Air Quality
Limit Values are transposed into the updated Regulations as Air Quality Standards for Wales, with
attainment dates in line with the European Directives and, under Section 85(5) of the Environment
Act (1995), for the Secretary of State to give directions to Local Authorities (LAs) for the
implementation of these Directives.
2.2.3 The UK Air Quality Strategy is the method for implementation of the air quality limit values in
England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and provides a framework for improving air quality
and protecting human health from the effects of pollution.
2.2.4 For each nominated pollutant, the Air Quality Strategy sets clear, measurable, outdoor air quality
standards and target dates by which these must be achieved; the combined standard and target
date is referred to as the Air Quality Objective (AQO) for that pollutant. Adopted national standards
are based on the recommendations of the Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards (EPAQS) and have
been translated into a set of Statutory Objectives within the Air Quality (Wales) Regulations (2010),
and subsequent amendments.
2.2.5 The AQOs for pollutants included within the Air Quality Strategy and assessed as part of the scope
of this report are presented in Table 2.1 along with European Commission (EC) Directive Limits and
World Health Organisation (WHO) Guidelines.
Environmental Assessment Levels
2.2.6 For many substances which are released to air, AQOs have not been defined. Where the necessary
criteria are absent then the Regulators have adopted interim values known as Environmental
Assessment Levels (EALs). An EAL is defined by the EA and presented as:
“the concentration of a substance which in a particular environmental medium the
Regulators regard as a comparator value to enable a comparison to be made between the
environmental effects of different substances in that medium and between environmental
effects in different media and to enable the summation of those effects.”
2.2.7 Ideally EALs to fulfil this objective would be defined for each pollutant:
• Based on the sensitivity of particular habitats or receptors (in particular three main
types of receptor should be considered, protection of human health, protection of
natural ecosystems and protection of specific sensitive receptors, e.g. materials,
commercial activities requiring a particular environmental quality;
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
Air Quality Assessment for Planning Application
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Biffa Waste Services Limited August 2018
• Be produced according to a standardised protocol to ensure that they are consistent,
reproducible and readily understood;
• Provide similar measure of protection for different receptors both within and between
media; and,
• Take account of habitat specific environmental factors such as pH, nutrient status,
bioaccumulation, transfer and transformation processes where necessary.
2.2.8 EALs are as prescribed in Guidance of “air emissions risk assessment for your environmental
permit” (Defra and Environment Agency, 2 August 2016).
Local Air Quality Management
2.2.9 Under Section 82 of the Environment Act (1995) (Part IV), LAs are required to periodically review
and assess air quality within their area of jurisdiction under the system of LAQM. This review and
assessment of air quality involves assessing present and likely future ambient pollutant
concentrations against AQOs. If it is predicted that levels at the façade of buildings where members
of the public are regularly present (normally residential properties) are likely to be exceeded, the
LA is required to declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA). For each AQMA, the LA is
required to produce an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP), the objective of which is to reduce
pollutants levels in pursuit of the relevant AQOs.
Industrial Pollution Regulation
2.2.10 Atmospheric emissions from industrial processes are controlled in the UK through the
Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations (2010). The proposed new plant will be
classified as a Part B process under the regulations, and as such will be required to operate in
accordance with the conditions of an Environmental Permit. The Permit will include stated emission
limits for various pollutants produced by the process, as well as best practice guidelines for fugitive
dust and odour control. Compliance with these conditions must be demonstrated through
continuous and periodic monitoring requirements in order to limit potential air quality impacts in
the surrounding area to acceptable levels.
2.2.11 The proposed process is also covered by the Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and
of the Council 24 November 2010 on industrial emission.
2.3 Planning Context
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
Air Quality Assessment for Planning Application
Land at Swansea Depot, Clarion Close, Morriston Swansea 8 A103857
Biffa Waste Services Limited August 2018
National Policy
2.3.1 Planning Policy Wales (PPW) outlines the policies and guidance for development within Wales. In
the PPW, Chapter 13 sets out the development management and ways of improving air quality in
Wales, stating that:
‘Development plans are important vehicles for the promotion of environmental protection
and should enable consideration of the effects which proposed developments, and
transport demand associated with them, may have on air or water quality and the effects
which air or water quality may have on proposed developments. Local planning authorities
should take account of such quality objectives when preparing development plans and
should work closely with pollution control authorities in the preparation of these plans and
when determining planning applications.
Development plans should include strategic policies on the location of potentially
polluting developments and should set out criteria by which applications for such
developments will be determined, but they should not exclude provision for such
projects or prohibit all applications to set them up. Plans may set out policies and
proposals to ensure that incompatible uses of land are separated, in order to avoid
potential conflict between different types of development. They should make realistic
provision for the types of industry or facility that may be detrimental to amenity or
conservation interests, or a potential source of pollution, ensuring resilience to
climate change.
The potential for pollution affecting the use of land will be a material consideration
in deciding whether to grant planning permission. Material considerations in
determining applications for potentially polluting development are likely to include:
• location, taking into account such considerations as the reasons for selecting
the chosen site itself;
• impact on health and amenity;
• the risk and impact of potential pollution from the development, insofar as
this might have an effect on the use of other land and the surrounding
environment (the environmental regulatory regime may well have an
interest in these issues, particularly if the development would impact on an
Air Quality Management Area or a SAC);
• prevention of nuisance;
• impact on the road and other transport networks, and in particular on traffic
generation; and
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
Air Quality Assessment for Planning Application
Land at Swansea Depot, Clarion Close, Morriston Swansea 9 A103857
Biffa Waste Services Limited August 2018
• the need, where relevant, and feasibility of restoring the land (and water
resources) to standards sufficient for an appropriate after use. (Powers
under the Pollution Prevention and Control Act 1999 require an operator to
return a site to a satisfactory state on surrender of an Integrated Pollution
Prevention and Control Permit).’
Local Policy
2.3.2 Swansea Council adopted the Swansea Local Development Plan 2010-2025: Deposit Plan in July
2016. The plan aims to outline the City and County of Swansea’s strategic planning context through
strategic planning objectives and policies. The document has been reviewed and the following
policies have been identified as being relevant to the potential air quality impacts of the proposed
development:
“SI 1: Health and Well-being
Health inequalities will be reduced and healthy lifestyles encouraged by ensuring that
development proposals:
i. Reflect the spatial distribution of need for primary and secondary healthcare
provision, ensuring such proposals are accessible by non-car modes and have the
potential to be shared by different service providers;
ii. Create sustainable places that accord with the principles of Placemaking;
iii. Are supported by appropriate social infrastructure and community facilities, with
good interconnectivity between places and land uses;
iv. Maintain and/or enhance the extent, quality and connectivity of the Active Travel
and green infrastructure networks; and
v. Do not result in significant risk to life, human health or well-being, particularly in
respect of air, noise, light, water or land pollution.”
“Rp 1: Safeguarding Public Health and Natural Resources
Development that would result in significant risk to: life; human health and well-being;
property; controlled waters; or the natural and historic environment, will not be permitted,
particularly in respect of:
i. Air, noise or light pollution;
ii. Flood risk;
iii. The quality or quantity of water resources;
iv. Land contamination;
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
Air Quality Assessment for Planning Application
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v. Land instability or subsidence;
vi. Sustainable development of mineral resources; and
vii. Sustainable waste management.
Development judged to have a significant adverse effect on the integrity of any European
Designated Sites, either alone or in combination with other plans or projects, will not be
permitted.”
“RP 2: Air, Noise or Light Pollution
Where development could lead to exposure to a source of air, noise or light pollution it
must be demonstrated that appropriate mitigation measures will be implemented, and
incorporated into the design of the development to minimise the effects on future
occupants.
Noise sensitive developments will not be permitted where exposure to existing noise
generating uses could occur. Development which would cause or result in a significant
increase in levels of environmental noise in an identified Quiet Area, or would have
unacceptable impacts on the characteristics of tranquillity that led to the designation of a
Quiet Area, will not be permitted.”
“RP 7: Sustainable Waste Management
“In order to manage waste within the County in a sustainable manner, the development of
in-building sustainable waste management facilities involving the transfer, treatment, re-
use, recycling, in-vessel composting or energy recovery from waste, will be permitted
within Preferred Areas or areas having the benefit of lawful B2 use, provided that there are
no significant adverse effects in relation to:
i. Adjoining land uses;
ii. Amenity of neighbouring land uses or individual properties, including the effects of
traffic movement and the generation of noise, dust, fumes, vibration and odour;
iii. The highway network;
iv. Visual impact;
v. Natural heritage, cultural and historic environment;
vi. The type, quality and source of waste;
vii. Controlled waters, including water quantity and quality;
viii. Air Quality; and
ix. Public health and well-being.
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
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Development of sustainable waste management facilities in appropriate rural locations,
including composting and anaerobic digestion, will be supported subject to the above
criteria.
Proposals should conform to the principles of the waste hierarchy and have regard to the
nearest appropriate installation concept and self-sufficiency principles where necessary.
Preferred areas for the development of in-building waste management facilities are
identified on the Proposals Map. The co-location of waste management facilities to enable
the development of heat networks will be supported, subject to the above criteria.
Proposals must be supported by an appropriate Waste Management Assessment.”
“RP 11: Sustainable Development of Mineral Resources
The efficient and appropriate use of minerals within the County will be encouraged,
including the re-use and recycling of suitable minerals as an alternative to primary won
aggregates. The extraction of mineral resources will be permitted where they satisfy the
following criteria:
i. It can be demonstrated that there is a requirement for the mineral to meet the
need of society either nationally, regionally or locally, and the need cannot be met
from secondary or recycled materials or existing reserves;
ii. ii. The proposed end use of the mineral resource is appropriate and represents an
efficient use of the resource;
iii. iii. The development would not cause demonstrable harm to the amenities of local
communities, in particular with regard to access, traffic generation, noise,
vibration, dust, air quality and odour;
iv. iv. The proposal would not result in any significant adverse impacts on public
health and well-being;
v. v. There would be no significant adverse impact, including visual impact, on the
landscape, natural heritage, cultural and historic environments;
vi. vi. There would be no significant adverse impact on the quality and quantity of
controlled waters;
vii. vii. It can be demonstrated that no significant danger, damage or disruption would
arise from subsidence or ground instability;
viii. viii. The minerals will be transported by rail or waterways wherever feasible; and,
ix. ix. Appropriate and progressive restoration and aftercare measures have been
submitted, including post closure management of the site and the provision of
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
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other appropriate compensatory enhancements.
Within the Gower AONB mineral development will not be permitted. The Council will not
support the development of land based unconventional oil or gas operations, including the
exploration, appraisal and extraction of oil and gas by unconventional methods (including
the making of exploratory boreholes).
Wharves in Swansea Docks used for the unloading of marine dredged sand and gravel will
be safeguarded.”
2.4 Natural Resources Wales Regulation and Guidance
2.4.1 The operation of the proposed facility will be regulated by Natural Resources Wales under the
Environmental Permitting Regulations (EPR) and their corresponding Regulatory Guidance Notes.
2.4.2 Relevant guidance on the assessment of air quality impact from sites regulated under EPR is
provided by the EU Directive 2010. The guidance produced by EPUK and IAQM in January 2017 is
provided on the use benchmark levels in assessing of the significance of industrial emissions.
2.4.3 Guidance of “air emissions risk assessment for your environmental permit states that emissions
known as process contributions (PC) can be considered insignificant where:
• a Long-term PC ≤ 1% of the long-term environmental standard
• Short-term PC ≤ 10% of the short-term environmental standard
2.4.4 The guidance also states the following with regard to:
“EU Limit Values: further control measures should be considered if the limit is already exceeded or may be
exceeded by the additional contribution from your proposed activity. For IPPC activities, this should take into
account the practicality and reasonableness of going beyond indicative BAT, based on the contribution that
the installation makes toward the problem and the likelihood of remedial action elsewhere. In some cases, it
may be appropriate for you to use control measures that are stricter than suggested in guidance (or
considered to be Best Available Techniques under IPPC) to protect the environment. Where a new installation
would only make a minor contribution to a breach, it will normally be more desirable for Regulators (and Local
Authorities where relevant) to consider controls on other major sources of pollution rather than imposing
excessive costs or refusing a permit.
EU Target Values, National Air Quality Objectives and EALs: there is no explicit requirement to impose
stricter conditions than indicative BAT to comply with these national or non-statutory objectives. However,
they are a benchmark for harm and further controls should be considered, taking account of their costs and
benefits, where the releases constitute a major proportion to one of these standards or objectives. Any
significant contribution to a breach is likely to be unacceptable but will be assessed on a case by case basis
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
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taking account of the costs and benefits of the situation.”
2.5 Assessment of Air Quality Effects
2.5.1 The potential environmental effects from the operation of the proposed facility will be assessed
according to the latest guidance produced by EPUK and IAQM in January 2017.
Determining Significance of the Air Quality Effects
2.5.2 The significance of the effects during the plant operations is based on the latest guidance produced
by EPUK and IAQM in January 2017. The guidance provides a basis for a consistent approach that
could be used by all parties associated with the planning process to professionally judge the overall
significance of the air quality effects based on severity of air quality impacts.
2.5.3 The following rationale is used in determining the severity of the air quality effects at individual
receptors:
1. The change in concentration of air pollutants, air quality effects, are quantified and evaluated
in the context of air quality objectives. The effects are provided as percentage of the Air
Quality Assessment Level (AQAL), which may be an air quality objective, EU limit or target
value, or an Environment Agency ‘Environmental Assessment Level (EAL)’;
2. The absolute concentrations are also considered in terms of the AQAL and are divided into
categories for long term concentrations. The categories are based on the sensitivity of the
individual receptor in terms of harm potential. The degree of potential to change increases as
absolute concentrations are close to or above the AQAL;
3. Severity of the effect is described as qualitative descriptors; negligible, slight, moderate or
substantial, by taking into account in combination the harm potential and air quality effect.
This means that a small increase at a receptor which is already close to or above the AQAL will
have higher severity compared to a relatively large change at a receptor which is significantly
below the AQAL, >75% AQAL.
4. The effects can be adverse when air quality concentration increase or beneficial when
concentration decrease as a result of development; and
5. The judgement of overall significance of the effects is then based on severity of effects on all
the individual receptors considered.
2.5.4 The impact descriptors for individual receptors are presented in Table 2.1
Proposed Small Scale Energy Recovery Facility
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Table 2.1 Impact Descriptors for Individual Receptors
Long term average
concentration at
receptor
in assessment year
% Change in concentration relative to Air Quality Assessment Level (AQAL)
1 2-5 6-10 >10
≤75% of AQAL Negligible Negligible Slight Moderate
76-94% of AQAL Negligible Slight Moderate Moderate
95-102% of AQAL Slight Moderate Moderate Substantial
103-109 of AQAL Moderate Moderate Substantial Substantial
≥110 of AQAL Moderate Substantial Substantial Substantial
2.5.5 Note: In accordance with explanation note 2 of Table 6.3 of the EPUK & IAQM guidance. The Table
is intended to be used by rounding the change in percentage pollutant concentration to whole
numbers, which then makes it clearer which cell the impact falls within. The user is encouraged to
treat the numbers with recognition of their likely accuracy and not assume a false level of
precision. Changes of 0%, i.e. less than 0.5%, will be described as ‘Negligible’.
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3. Baseline Conditions
3.1.1 This section provides a review of the existing air quality in the vicinity of the development site in
order to provide a benchmark against which to assess potential air quality impacts of the proposed
facility.
3.2 Air Quality Review and Assessment
3.2.1 As required under section 82 of the Environment Act 1995, Swansea Council (SC), has conducted
an ongoing exercise to review and assess air quality within its area of jurisdiction.
3.2.2 The assessments have indicated a risk of the Annual Mean and 1-Hour Mean Air Quality Objectives
for NO2, as well as the 24-hour mean for PM10 being exceeded at a number of locations within the
Council’s administrative area. As such, SC have declared the following AQMA within the borough:
• Swansea AQMA - An area mainly on the west bank of the Tawe river covering the Hafod
district, plus Sketty and Fforestfach. The AQMA is locatd approximately 3 km southwest of the
site.
3.3 Air Quality Monitoring
Continuous Monitoring of Nitrogen Dioxide and Particulate Matter
3.3.1 The UK Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) is a country-wide network of air quality
monitoring stations operated on behalf of DEFRA, with monitoring results available from the UK
National Air Quality Archive1. LAs, including SC, also undertake ambient pollutant monitoring as
part of their commitment to LAQM.
3.3.2 The closest automatic monitoring location to the proposed installation is ‘Morriston Groundhog’,
approximately 1km west-southwest of the site. Morriston Groundhog has been operational since
September 2000 and is locate adjacent to the southbound slip road to the busy A4067 dual
carriageway at Morriston Underpass. The latest monitoring data are presented in Table 3.1
1 www.airquality.co.uk.
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Table 3.1 Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations Measured at Morriston Groundhog
Site ID and Name
X Y Site Type
Distance to Kerb of Nearest
Road (m)
2014 Annual Mean
Concentration (μg/m3)
2015 Mean Concentration
(μg/m3)
2016 Mean Concentration
(μg/m3)
CM2 - Morriston
Groundhog 267210 97674 Roadside 4 21.1 20.5 22.3
Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tube Monitoring
3.3.3 SC operated a network of non-automatic air quality monitoring in 2016. The closest diffusion tube
(50) was located approximately 400m from the site. The surrounding diffusion tubes are presented
in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2 Concentrations of NO2 at Diffusion Tubes
Diffusion Tube No.
X Y Site Type Distance to Kerb of Nearest Road (m)
2016 Annual Mean Concentration
(μg/m3)
43 267093 198063 Roadside 2 34.75
50 268530 197419 Roadside 6 38.03
54 268693 197416 Roadside 9 31.26
56 269306 198661 Roadside 2 20.07
55 268789 197420 Roadside 4 31.21
104 268538 197389 Roadside 8 26.76
111 267705 199426 Roadside 17 (M4) 30.61
147 267165 198580 Roadside 2 26.26
151 267192 198518 Roadside 3 26.74
324 269815 197657 Roadside 10 29.24
3.3.4 As the results in Table 3.2 illustrate, there were no monitored exceedances of the relevant AQOs
for NO2 at nearby diffusion tubes in 2016.
Benzene Monitoring
3.3.5 Benzene is measured at two roadside sites in Swansea with Opsis DOAS instruments. Swansea
Council’s 2017 Air Quality Progress Report provides data for 2014 – 2016. The results are
illustrated in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3 Benzene Monitoring Results in Swansea
Site ID Location Within AQMA
Data Capture % Annual Mean Concentrations
(μg/m3)
2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016
5 Hafod DOAS Y 70 73 63 2.01 2.33 2.63
6 St. Thomas DOAS N 74 70 93 2.56 2.20 2.75
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Sulphur Dioxide Monitoring
3.3.6 SO2 was historically monitored at 1 location in Swansea, the St. Thomas DOAS in close proximity of
the Swansea docks, approximately 5km south-south-east of the proposed development site. The
SO2 monitoring results recorded in 2016 at this location are included in Table 3.4.
Table 3.4 SO2 Monitoring Results in Swansea in 2016
Location Within AQMA? Data Capture for
Monitoring Period (%)
Number of Exceedances in 2016
15-minute objective
1-hour Objective 24-hour objective
St. Thomas DOAS (CM5)
N 91.29 0 0 0
Heavy Metals
3.3.7 Monitoring of heavy metals is carried out by DEFRA at 24 urban and industrial sites throughout the
UK. The closest monitoring location to the proposed development is ‘Swansea Morriston
Information’, located approximately 1.1km from the application site. The monitoring data from this
site for 2016 is included in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5 Monitored Background Data for Metals at Swansea Morriston Station, 2016
Results Monitored Concentration (µg/m3)
As Cd Cr Co Cu Fe Hg*
Average 0.00074 0.00032 0.0028 0.00030 0.027 0.58 0.0035
Minimum 0.000074 0.000040 0.00060 0.000059 0.0072 0.28 0.001
Maximum 0.0028 0.0017 0.011 0.0013 0.10 2.3 0.007
Results Monitored Concentration (µg/m3)
Pb Mn Ni Se V Zn -
Average 0.011 0.0073 0.0059 0.0014 0.00094 0.020 -
Minimum 0.0014 0.0030 0.00074 0.00099 0.00032 0.0060 -
Maximum 0.055 0.034 0.022 0.0023 0.0028 0.10 -
*Monitoring is not undertaken at Swansea Morriston Station for Mercury (Hg). Therefore, the monitoring data from Cwmystwyth between 23/01/2013 and 02/01/2014 has been used. A total of 12 measurements were utilised.
3.3.8 Monitoring is not undertaken at the Swansea Morriston Station for antimony (Sb), therefore, the
monitoring data from Penallt site in 2014 have been used. Antimony and its compounds (Sb) was
15 µg/m3.
Acid Gases
3.3.9 Concentrations of HCl are measured throughout the UK as part of the Nitric Acid Monitoring
Network. The closest site to the development is Narberth, which is located approximately 56km
west-north-west of the proposed site. Although there is significant distance between the two
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locations, this source of data has been reviewed in lieu of closer monitoring sites. Monitoring
results for 2015, the most recent year with data available, is detailed within Table 3.6.
Table 3.6 Monitored Background Data for Hydrogen Chloride (HCl), 2015
Location Average Value
(µg/m3) Minimum Value
(µg/m3) Maximum Value
(µg/m3) Remarks
Narberth 0.212 0.070 0.370 A total of 12 measurements
available in 2015
3.3.10 HF is not routinely monitored within the UK. However, based on ambient measurements taken in
the vicinity of industrial sites, the Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards (EPAQS) suggests that
background levels have been in the range 0.034 µg/m3 to 2.35 µg/m3 [2].
Dioxins and Furans Monitoring
3.3.11 Dioxins and Furans are a family of toxic substances with similar structures, the primary sources of
which include herbicide production, coal combustion, steel production and the pulp and paper
industry. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-Dioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzo Furans (PCDFs)
are considered to be toxic, with one dioxin, 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD identified as a definite carcinogen.
3.3.12 Monitoring of PCDD/Fs is undertaken at monitoring stations in the UK as part of the Toxic Organic
Micropollutants (TOMPS) network. The most recent available monitoring results across the network
recorded throughout is from 2010, are displayed in Table below.
3.3.13 The maximum measured concentration has been used in this assessment to produce the worst
case assessment.
Table 3.7 Monitored Dioxins and Furans
Location 2010 Annual Mean Concentration (fg/m3 I-TEQ)
Manchester 48.70
Hazelrigg 8.00
London 38.60
High Muffles 2.76
Auchencorth 5.01
Weymouth 2.49
3.3.14 It should be noted that raw monitoring results for each PCDD/F congener has been multiplied by
the associated WHO toxic equivalence factor to give a total PCDD/F concentration in compliance
2 EPAQS. Guidelines for Halogens and Hydrocarbon Halides in Ambient Air for Protecting Human Health against Acute Irritancy Effects
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with the I-TEQ reporting convention. This allows a comparison between the modelled concentration
and the monitored concentration to be made.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Monitoring
3.3.15 Monitoring of PCBs is undertaken at monitoring stations in the UK as part of the Toxic Organic
Micropollutants (TOMPS) network. The most recent available quarterly monitoring results across
the network recorded throughout is from 2010, are displayed in below. Those data are the sum of
all monitored congeners for worst case assessment. Furthermore the maximum concentration
among the 6 stations has been used in this assessment to produce the worst case assessment.
Table 3.8 PCBs Monitoring Data 2010
Location 2009 Annual Mean Concentration of PCBs (pg/m3)
Manchester 209.36
Hazelrigg 138.2
London 270.6
High Muffles 187.7
Auchencorth 50.7
Weymouth 23.9
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) monitoring
3.3.16 Monitoring of PAH (benzo[a]pyrene) has been carried out by DEFRA at a number of monitoring
sites. The closest monitoring location to the site is Swansea Cwm Level Park monitoring site, which
is located approximately 3.3km south-east of the site. The relevant monitoring data from 2016 was
statistically analysed and are presented in Table 3.9. The maximum measured concentration has
been used in this assessment to produce the worst case assessment.
Table 3.9 Monitored Background Data for PAH, 2016
Location Average Value
(ng/m3) Minimum Value
(ng/m3) Maximum Value
(ng/m3) Remarks
Swansea Cwm Level Park
0.40 0.12 0.85 Monthly data in 2016
Background Pollutant Mapping
3.3.17 Background pollutant concentration data on a 1km x 1km spatial resolution are provided by the UK
National Air Quality Archive and are routinely used to support LAQM and Air Quality Assessments
where local pollutant monitoring has not been undertaken.
3.3.18 The background mapping data have been obtained from the UK National Air Quality Information
Archive database based on the National Grid Co-ordinates of 1 x 1 km grid squares nearest to the
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development site. In November 2017, DEFRA issued revised the 2015 based background maps for
NOX, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 which incorporate updates to the input data used for modelling. The
updated background mapping data/concentrations relevant to the site and nearest receptors for
2016, are summarised in Table 3.10 below. Predicted SO2 and C6H6 concentrations are based on
2001 emissions data.
Table 3.10 Background Mapping Data - Annual Mean Background Concentrations (µg/m3)
National Grid Reference NO2 NOx PM10 PM2.5 SO2 CO C6H6
Easting Northing
266500 199500 13.49 18.23 13.14 8.68 4.18 110 0.43
267500 199500 15.03 20.53 13.96 9.21 3.12 113 0.44
268500 199500 13.73 18.64 12.86 8.39 2.69 113 0.44
269500 199500 9.38 12.37 11.32 7.44 2.49 109 0.43
266500 198500 10.59 14.08 13.05 8.90 3.06 114 0.46
267500 198500 13.54 18.44 12.83 8.60 3.54 116 0.46
268500 198500 11.41 15.29 12.12 8.02 2.83 114 0.45
269500 198500 14.14 19.22 13.12 8.47 2.63 110 0.43
266500 197500 11.39 15.25 13.64 9.38 3.00 117 0.48
267500 197500 13.14 17.83 12.80 8.53 4.72 118 0.47
268500 197500 12.85 17.46 12.18 8.03 4.32 114 0.45
269500 197500 13.29 18.10 12.36 8.12 3.44 109 0.42
266500 196500 14.58 20.09 13.97 9.58 2.84 112 0.46
267500 196500 13.86 19.08 12.33 8.17 3.73 112 0.45
268500 196500 12.10 16.36 12.32 8.20 3.55 108 0.42
269500 196500 9.73 12.89 11.74 7.82 3.18 105 0.51
Mean 12.64 17.12 12.73 8.47 3.33 112 0.45
Min 9.38 12.37 11.32 7.44 2.49 105 0.42
Max 15.03 20.53 13.97 9.58 4.72 118 0.51
3.3.19 Table 3.10 indicates that background levels are significantly below the relevant AQOs within the
vicinity of the proposed facility during 2016.
3.3.20 However, a detailed traffic air quality assessment has been undertaken to determine the NO2
concentrations at the identified receptor locations. The traffic assessment determined NO2
concentrations have been used as background concentrations, which represents the actual
backgrounds after taking into account of the road traffic contributions.
3.4 Sensitive Receptors
3.4.1 Receptors that are considered as part of the air quality assessment are primarily the nearest
existing receptors that may be susceptible to exposure to emissions from the proposed facility.
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3.4.2 The discrete sensitive receptors identified for the purposes of this assessment are contained in
Table 3.11.
Table 3.11 Modelled Sensitive Receptors
Discrete Sensitive Receptor Receptor Type UK NGR (m)
X Y
D1 Fairfield Court Residential 268533.9 197534
D2 35 Church Road Residential 268595.8 197557.8
D3 59 Plough & Harrow, Church Road Residential 268582.8 197693.5
D4 2 Church Road Residential 268580.6 197859.6
D5 14 Clos y Fendrod Residential 268454.3 197890.9
D6 25 Panlyblawd Road Residential 268490.9 197950
D7 Panlyblawd Road Residential 268464.5 197979.9
D8 30 Nant y Creyr Residential 268622.7 197948.8
D9 79 Walters Road Residential 268695.1 197924.2
D10 91 Walters Road Residential 268753.5 197993.1
D11 158 Walters Road Residential 268889.2 198052.8
D12 4 Cwrt y Fedwen Residential 268664.9 198245.5
D13 11 Cwrt y Fedwen Residential 268617.8 198268
D14 5 Cwrt y Fedwen Residential 268593.9 198284.2
D15 Riverside Holiday Park Residential 268051.8 198994.6
D16 12 Axis Court Residential 267925.2 198415.3
D17 1 Glyn Himant Residential 267485.1 199048.4
D18 161 Clydach Road Residential 267363.7 198730.9
D19 4 Cwm Arian Residential 267445.2 198587.1
D20 28 Cwrt Cllmeri Residential 267434 198475.2
D21 45 Cwrt Llwyn Fedwen Residential 267422 198402.5
D22 57 Cwrt Llwyn Fedwen Residential 267406.1 198344.9
D23 31 Bush Road Residential 267342.9 198135.5
D24 80 Clase Road Residential 267175.9 197990.5
D25 Morriston Primary School School 267187 197747.8
D26 14 Tawe Street Residential 267316.7 197613.8
D27 45 Wychtree Street Residential 267156.4 197473.7
D28 Coronet Way Residential 267311.7 197065.2
D29 Mowbray House Residential 267886.2 196742.5
D30 420 Jersey Road Residential 268242.8 196607
D31 Unit 3 Chamwood Court Residential 268524 196935.8
D32 8 Midland Road Residential 268623.3 197412.3
D33 88 Samlet Road Residential 268350.1 197526.4
D34 Samlet Road Residential 268230.7 197567.8
D35 Six Pit, Swansea Vale and White Rock,
SSSI SSSI 268198 196897
D36 Crymlyn Bog - Ramsar/SAC/SSSI Ramsar/SAC/SSSI 269498 195520
D37 Heol Y Celyn Receptors for Cumulative Impact Assessment only (from (1) the proposed facility and
(2) the proposed development of a short-term operating
reserve (STOR) peaking power
268589 198279
D38 Maes Y Deri 268746 198399
D39 10 Cwrt Llwyn Fwdwen 267334 198475
D40 51 Cwrt Llwyn Fwdwen 267427 198403
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Discrete Sensitive Receptor Receptor Type UK NGR (m)
X Y
D41 41 Bush Road plan) 267351 198188
D42 Travellers 267668 198245
3.4.3 Reference should be made to Figure 1 for a graphical representation of the identified receptor
locations.
Cartesian Receptor
3.4.4 A Cartesian receptor grid was used in the model in order to produce the concentration contour
lines. The Cartesian receptor grid consists of receptors indentified by their x (East-west) and y
(north-south) coordinates. The grid was constructed with grid spacing (x, y) of 50m x 50m over an
area covering 3500m by 3500m with south-west corner UK NGR (m) of 266400,196200.
Ecological Receptors
3.4.5 Air quality impacts associated with the proposed development have the potential to impact on
receptors of ecological sensitivity within the vicinity of the site. The Conservation of Habitats and
Species Regulations (2017) require competent authorities to review planning applications and
consents that have the potential to impact on European designated sites (e.g. Special Protection
Areas).
3.4.6 The ecological receptors (the conservation sites) need to be considered where they fall within set
distances of the site as below:
• Special Protection Area (SPAs), Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) or Ramsar site within 10
km of the installation;
• Sites of special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), National Nature Reserves (NNRs), Local Nature
Reserves (LNRs), local wildlife sites and ancient woodland within 2 km of the location of the
installation;
• SINC – Swansea Vale / Fenrod NR (adjacent -eastern boundary) designated for its habitat
interest; and
• SINC – Fendrod Lake and Nant y Fendrod (5m south of the site) designated for its habitat
interest.
3.4.7 A study was undertaken to identify any statutory designated sites of ecological or nature
conservation importance within the extents of the dispersion modelling assessment. This was
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completed using the Multi-Agency Geographic Information for the Countryside (MAGIC) web-based
interactive mapping service.
3.4.8 There are one SSSI of ‘Six Pit, Swansea Vale and White Rock’ located approximately 1 km south of
the installation and one Ramsar/SAC/SSSI of Crymlyn Bog located approximately 2.5 km southeast
of the installation. Those identified ecological sites have been assessed as discrete receptors within
the assessment.
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4. Modelling Methodology
4.1 Methodology
4.1.1 The following sections outline the methodology and inputs used for the dispersion modelling
assessment. Dispersion modelling was undertaken using the Breeze version of AERMOD, the
approved model as used by the USEPA. The model is well validated and is accepted by the
Environment Agency and DEFRA as a tool for the visualisation of plume dispersion and the
assessment of impact.
4.1.2 The model utilises hourly meteorological data to define conditions for plume rise, transport and
diffusion. It estimates the concentration for each source and receptor combination for each hour of
input meteorology, and calculates user-selected long-term and short-term averages.
4.1.3 Emissions associated with the thermal treatment processes on site have the potential to impact on
air quality in the vicinity of the site. Pollutant concentrations have been predicted. Full colour
isopleth plots of predicted ground level concentrations are presented in Appendix C. The predicted
concentrations have been compared to the relevant AQO. A summary of the modelling inputs and
results is contained in the following sections.
4.2 Model Inputs
Source and Emissions Data
4.2.1 Inputs utilised for each scenario run by the dispersion modelling are presented in Table 4.1 below
and the detailed emission calculations are presented in Appendix B. The stack has been modelled
as a single point source and its location is illustrated by Figure 2.
4.2.2 It should be noted that the short-term (15-minute, hourly, 8-hourly, and 24-hourly) impacts
assessment have been based on the 30-minute emission limit values (ELVs) detailed in Part 3 of
Annex VI of the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED). This approach is to produce the worst case
short-term assessment.
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Table 4.1 Operational Source and Emissions Data
Parameter Unit Value per Stack
Stack Height m 25
Stack Diameter(b) m 0.85
Stack Location UK NGR (m) 268263, 197914
Flue Gas Exit Velocity(b) m/s 16.07
Stack Volumetric Flow Rate(b) m3/s 9.12
Exhaust Gas Temperature oC 190
Flue gas Oxygen Content %v/v (dry) 6.40
Flue gas Moisture Content %v/v 11.80
Pollutant Emission Limit Values(ELVs) and Daily Average Values (mg/m3)(a)
Emission Rate per Stack (g/s) For Long-Term Impact Assessment
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as NO2) 200 1.387
Particulate Matter (PM10) 10 0.069
Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 10 0.069
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 50 0.347
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 50 0.347
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) 10 0.069
Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) 1 0.00693
VOCs 10 0.069
Cadmium and its compounds (Cd) 0.05 0.00035
Mercury and its compounds (Hg) 0.05 0.00035
Antimony and its compounds (Sb)
Total 0.5
Total 0.00347
Arsenic and its compounds (As)
Lead and its compounds (Pb)
Chromium and its compounds (Cr)
Cobalt and its compounds (Co)
Copper and its compounds (Cu)
Manganese and its compounds (Mn)
Nickel and its compounds (Ni)
Vanadium and its compounds (V)
Dioxins and furans 1 x 10-7 6.933 x 10-10
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 8.74 x 10-5 1.195 x 10-7
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)(b) 9.20 x 10-9 6.379 x 10-11
Pollutant Emission Limit Value and Half-
Hourly average Values (mg/m3) Emission Rate per Stack (g/s)
For Short-Term Impact Assessment
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as NO2) 400 1.387 (Daily ELVs) x 2 = 2.773
Particulate Matter (PM10) 30 0.069 (Daily ELVs) x 3 = 0.208
Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 30 0.069 (Daily ELVs) x 3 = 0.208
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 200 0.347 (Daily ELVs) x 4 = 1.387
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 100 0.069 (Daily ELVs) x 2 = 0.693
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) 60 0.069 (Daily ELVs) x 6 = 0.416
Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) 4 0.007 (Daily ELVs) x 4 = 0.028
VOCs 20 0.069 (Daily ELVs) x 2 = 0.139
Note:
(a) All concentrations are expressed at reference conditions taken from IED (dry gas, 11% oxygen, 273oK, 101.3kPa), all emission rates corrected in air dispersion modelling to actual flue gas conditions; and
(b) Client provided data.
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Meteorological Data
4.2.3 Meteorological data used in this assessment was taken from the Mumbles Head meteorological
station, which is considered to be representative of conditions within the vicinity of the application
site. Reference should be made to Figures 3 - 5 for wind roses for this site. Three years’
meteorological data from the Mumbles meteorological station have now been used in the air quality
assessment, from 2010 to 2012 inclusive, to assess the inter-annual variances.
Building Downwash
4.2.4 The integrated Building Profile Input Programme (BPIP) module within AERMOD was used to
assess the potential impact of building downwash upon predicted dispersion characteristics.
Building downwash occurs when turbulence, induced by nearby structures, causes pollutants
emitted from an elevated source to be displaced and dispersed rapidly towards the ground,
resulting in elevated ground level concentrations.
4.2.5 Modelling that includes data inputs for building downwash provides a more accurate representation
of pollutant dispersion than modelling that omits this consideration. Tests have indicated that when
building downwash is not accounted for, erroneous predicted concentrations may be produced.
Building downwash should always be considered for buildings that have a maximum height
equivalent to at least 40% of the emission height, and which within a distance defined as five times
the lesser of the height or maximum projected width of the building.
4.2.6 All on-site structures were inputted into the BPIP Building Downwash pre-processor, with building
dimensions based on floor plans and elevations of the proposed facility.
Modelled Domain and Grid Spacing for Gridded Receptors.
4.2.7 The modelled domain, centred on the site, extends more than 10km east-west and north–south.
Two grids have been set up within the modelled domain at increasing node spacing as the distance
from the site becomes greater. In the area directly surrounding the site, the grid has a spacing of
50m. This increases to 100m with increasing distance from the site.
Treatment of Terrain
4.2.8 The presence of steep terrain can influence the dispersion of emissions and the resulting pollutant
concentrations. Digital terrain data as NTF format for the site have been converted into AERMOD
readable DEM terrain files for the modelling.
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4.3 NOx to NO2 Conversion
4.3.1 Emissions of NOx from combustion processes, such as incinerators, are predominantly in the form
of NO. Excess oxygen in the combustion gases and further atmospheric reactions cause the
oxidation of NO to NO2. Given the short travel time to the areas of maximum concentration and the
rate of reaction to convert NO to NO2, it is unlikely that more than 30% of the NOx is present at
ground level as NO2. This conversion factor is based on comparison of ambient NO and NO2
continuous measurements evaluated over recent years.
4.3.2 Ground level NOx concentrations have been predicted through dispersion modelling. NO2
concentrations reported in the results section assume 70% conversion from NOx to NO2 for annual
means and a 35% conversion for short-term (hourly) concentrations, based upon the EA
recommended methodology.
4.4 Modelling Scenarios
4.4.1 The scenarios considered within the Dispersion Modelling Assessment are detailed as below.
Normal Operation Scenario
4.4.2 Scenario 1: Normal operation with the emission rates presented in Section 4.2. The long-term
emission assessment is based on daily average emission limit values and the short-term emission
assessment is based on half-hourly average emission limit values.
Emergency/Abnormal Scenario
4.4.3 Scenario 2 - Emergency/abnormal scenarios: the facility has a number of proposed abatement
systems should one or more abatement fail. During a system failure, the proposed facility would
have higher than the permitted pollutant emission levels. Industrial Emission directive (IED) sets
out the requirement during those abnormal operation situations. This IED’s requirements include
(1) the energy recovery plant shall under no circumstances continue to incinerate waste for period
of more than 4 hours uninterrupted where emission limit values are exceeded; and (2) the
cumulative duration of operation in such conditions over 1 year shall not exceed 60 hours. Only
short-term impacts from the abnormal operations have been assessed.
Emergency/abnormal scenarios consider the situation when any of the following abatement
systems fails:
• The ceramic filters with the CEMS system failure;;
• Sodium bicarbonate powder, system failure; and
• Activated Carbon system failure.
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4.4.4 The details of abnormal scenarios and the associated pollutant emission rates are presented in
Table 4.2.
Table 4.2 Emergency/Abnormal Scenarios
Scenario Pollutant Assessed
Emission Limit Value and Half-Hourly average
Values (mg/m3) with
Abatement System Working
Reduction Efficiency of the
Abatement System
(%)
Abnormal Emission Limit Value and
Half-Hourly average Values (mg/m3) when
System Fails
Abnormal Emission Rate per Stack
(g/s)
The ceramic filters with the CEMS system failure
PM10 30 80% to 90% 30 (1 + 90%) = 57 0.208 x (1 + 90%) =
0.187
Sodium bicarbonate powder system Failure
SO2 200 50% to 70% 200 (1 + 70%) = 340 1.387 (1 + 70%) =
2.357
Activated Carbon Failure
Dioxins and furans
1 x 10-7 57% to 84% 1 x 10-7 (1 + 84%) =
1.84 x 10-7 6.38 x 10-11 (1 +
84%) = 1.17 x 10-10
It is assumed that the half-hourly (30-minute) average emission limit values for pollutants, e.g.,
SO2, will be achieved during the normal operation when proposed abatement system works
properly. Each abatement system has a range of reduction efficiency, e.g., 50 % to 70% for a
sodium bicarbonate powder system. Under the abnormal condition, however, it is assumed that the
system reduction efficiency will become zero, resulting in an increased emission rates for those
abnormal scenarios, e.g., 50 % to 70% above of 200 mg/m3 of the half-hourly SO2 emission limit
values for the sodium bicarbonate powder failure.
4.5 Modelling Parameter and Averaging Period
4.5.1 The dispersion modelling has assessed the cumulative impact of emissions from the neighbouring
facility taking into consideration of the operation of the proposed installation.
4.5.2 The same averaging period has been used for comparison of emissions against environmental
standards. For example, most long-term standards are expressed as an annual mean and many
short-term standards as an hourly mean. Note that there are certain exceptions to this which are
important when considering compliance with statutory EQS. The averaging period associated with
the relevant pollutant modelled are detailed in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3 Modelling Parameter and Averaging Period
Parameter Measured as
Short-Term Long-Term
NO2 99.79th %ile 1-hour mean Annual mean
NOX - Annual mean(1)
PM as PM10 90.41th %ile 24-hour Mean Annual mean
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Parameter Measured as
Short-Term Long-Term
PM as PM2.5 - Annual mean
SO2 99.18th %ile 24-hour 99.73rd %ile 1-hour
15min (99.90%ile 1-hour) -
CO Maximum 8-hour rolling mean
1-hour Mean -
VOC (as C6H6) - Annual mean
Heavy metals 1-hour Mean
(Hg, Sb, Cr, Cu, Mn, and V) Annual mean
(Cd, Hg, Sb, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and V)
PAH - Annual mean
Dioxins & Furans - Annual mean
4.6 Modelling Uncertainty
4.6.1 Uncertainty in dispersion modelling predictions can be associated with a variety of factors,
including:
• Model uncertainty - due to model limitations;
• Data uncertainty - due to errors in input data, including emission estimates, operational
procedures, land use characteristics and meteorology; and,
• Variability - randomness of measurements used.
4.6.2 Potential uncertainties in model results have been minimised as far as practicable and worst-case
inputs used in order to provide a robust assessment. This included the following:
• Choice of model - AERMOD is a commonly used atmospheric dispersion model and results
have been verified through a number of studies to ensure predictions are as accurate as
possible;
• Meteorological data - Modelling was previously undertaken using three years of
meteorological data from the closest observation site to the facility and the worst case year
selected for the assessment;
• Plant operating conditions - Operational parameters were supplied by the process engineer
for a similar facility, based on the anticipated fuel and plant size. The permitted limit values
for both daily ELVs and 30-minute ELVs have been used for the emissions from the site and
therefore the figures are considered to be a worst case representation of likely operating
conditions;
• Background concentrations and existing baseline conditions - Obtained from the DEFRA
mapping study and national monitoring networks. The maximum available background
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concentrations have been used in this assessment to produce the worst case assessment;
• Variability - All model inputs are as accurate as possible and worst-case conditions have
been considered where necessary in order to ensure a robust assessment of potential
pollutant concentrations.
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5. Assessment of Traffic Air Impacts to Determine Background
Concentrations
5.1.1 ADMS Roads has been used to undertake verified baseline modelling to determine baseline
pollutant levels (background concentrations) at roadside receptor locations to take into account
emissions from traffic.
5.1.2 The existing traffic phase assessment therefore consists of the quantified predictions of the change
in NO2 and PM10 for the existing traffic movement. Predictions of air quality at the site have been
undertaken using ADMS Roads.
5.1.3 The traffic data are sourced from the Department for Transport (DfT) website for the year of 2012
(existing and baseline conditions).
5.2 Existing Traffic Flows
5.2.1 Baseline 2012 data was downloaded from the Department for Transport (DfT) website in the form
of Annual Average Daily Traffic figures (AADT).
5.2.2 Emission factors for the 2012 baseline have been calculated using the Emission Factor Toolkit.
5.2.3 For the purposes of the air quality assessment, only roads predicted to experience significant
changes in flows have been included in the air quality model. These represent the primary access
routes to the proposed development site. Where unavailable, traffic speeds have been estimated
based on site observations and national speed limits.
5.2.4 A 50m 20km/hr slow down phase is included on each link at every junction and roundabout within
the assessment. All the roads within the dispersion model are illustrated in Table 5.1. Detailed
traffic figures are provided in the Table 5.1.
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Table 5.1 Traffic Data
Link Speed (km/h)
2012
AADT HGV %
A48 (West) 48 8951 1.7
A48 (Central) 48 10563 3.6
A48 (East) 48 20577 2.5
M4 (East) 112 61567 6.6
M4 (West) 112 63911 6.2
A4217 48 20802 1.3
A4067 80 39468 2.7
B4809 (Sway Road) 48 9291 0.7
5.3 Model Verification
5.3.1 Model verification involves the comparison of modelled data to monitored data in order to gain the
best possible representation of current pollutant concentrations for the assessment years. The
verification process is in general accordance with that contained in Section 7 of the TG16 guidance
note and uses the most recently available diffusion tube monitoring data to best represent this.
5.3.2 The verification process consists of using the monitoring data and the published background air
quality data in the UK National Air Quality Information Archive to calculate the road traffic
contribution of NOx at the monitoring locations. Outputs from the ADMS Roads model are provided
as predicted road traffic contribution NOX emissions. These are converted into predicted roadside
contribution NO2 exposure at the relevant receptor locations based on the updated approach to
deriving NO2 from NOx for road traffic sources published in Local Air Quality Management TG16.
The calculation was derived using the NOx to NO2 worksheet in the online LAQM tools website
hosted by Defra. Table 5.2 summarises the final model/monitored data correlation following the
application of the model correction factor.
Table 5.2 Comparison of Roadside Modelling & Monitoring Results for NO2
Tube location NO2 µg/m3
Monitored NO2 Modelled NO2 Difference (%)
43 38.01 36.78 -3.24
50 33.84 31.31 -7.47
54 34.66 32.49 -6.26
55 33.36 32.07 -3.87
56 22.30 22.70 1.81
104 28.24 29.22 3.47
111 30.38 33.34 9.74
147 28.97 30.16 4.09
151 27.14 29.53 8.80
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5.3.3 The final model produced data at the monitoring locations to within 10% of the monitoring results,
as the requirement by TG16 guidance.
5.3.4 The final verification model correlation coefficient (representing the model uncertainty) is 1.003.
This figure demonstrates that the model predictions were in line with the road traffic emissions at
the monitoring locations.
5.3.5 The ‘ideal value’ correlation coefficient recommended in Box 7.17 of TG16 is 1.00. The model is
therefore considered to be verified and suitably representative of local emissions and exposures.
5.4 Summary of Model Inputs
Table 5.3 Summary of ADMS Roads Model Inputs
Parameter Description Input Value
Chemistry A facility within ADMS-Roads to calculate the chemical reactions in the atmosphere between Nitric Oxide (NO), NO2, Ozone (O3) and Volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
No atmospheric chemistry parameters included
Meteorology Representative meteorological data from a local source Robin Hood Station, hourly sequential data
Surface Roughness
A setting to define the surface roughness of the model area based upon its location.
1m representing a typical surface roughness for Cities.
Latitude Allows the location of the model area to be set United Kingdom = 51.66
Monin-Obukhov Length
This allows a measure of the stability of the atmosphere within the model area to be specified depending upon its character.
Cities and Large Towns = 30m.
Elevation of Road
Allows the height of the road link above ground level to be specified.
All road links were set at ground level = 0m.
Road Width Allows the width of the road link to be specified. Road width used depended on data obtained from OS map data for the specific road link
Topography This enables complex terrain data to be included within the model in order to account for turbulence and plume spread effects of topography
No topographical information used
Time Varied Emissions
This enables daily, weekly or monthly variations in emissions to be applied to road sources
No time varied emissions used
Road Type Allows the effect of different types of roads to be assessed. Urban (Not London) settings were used for the relevant links
Road Speeds Enables individual road speeds to be added for each road link Based on national speed limits
Canyon Height Allows the model to take account turbulent flow patterns occurring inside a street with relatively tall buildings on both sides, known as a “street canyon”.
No canyons used within the model
Road Source Emissions
Road source emission rates are calculated from traffic flow data using the in-built EfT database of traffic emission factors.
The EFT Version 6.0.2 (November 2014) dataset was used.
Year Predicted EfT emissions rates depend on the year of emission.
2012 data for verification and baseline operational phase assessment
5.5 Existing Baseline from Traffic Air Quality Assessment
Table 5.4 presents a summary of the baseline 2012 NO2 and PM10 concentrations at relevant receptor
locations from traffic air quality assessment.
3 This was achieved by applying a model correction factor of 3.52 to roadside predicted NOX concentrations before converting to NO2
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Table 5.4 Modelled Sensitive Receptors
Receptor NO2 (µg/m3) PM10 (µg/m3)
Baseline 2012
D1 Fairfield Court 21.80 14.16
D2 35 Church Road 20.64 13.95
D3 59 Plough & Harrow, Church Road 19.46 13.76
D4 2 Church Road 19.16 13.71
D5 14 Clos y Fendrod 19.17 13.71
D6 25 Panlyblawd Road 19.12 13.70
D7 Panlyblawd Road 19.11 13.70
D8 30 Nant y Creyr 19.10 13.70
D9 79 Walters Road 19.11 13.70
D10 91 Walters Road 19.12 13.70
D11 158 Walters Road 18.27 13.75
D12 4 Cwrt y Fedwen 18.25 13.75
D13 11 Cwrt y Fedwen 18.25 13.75
D14 5 Cwrt y Fedwen 18.25 13.75
D15 Riverside Holiday Park 20.19 14.04
D16 12 Axis Court 20.18 14.06
D17 1 Glyn Himant 24.65 15.54
D18 161 Clydach Road 23.25 14.66
D19 4 Cwm Arian 25.19 15.06
D20 28 Cwrt Cllmeri 24.42 14.90
D21 45 Cwrt Llwyn Fedwen 24.27 14.87
D22 57 Cwrt Llwyn Fedwen 23.94 14.81
D23 31 Bush Road 24.78 14.97
D24 80 Clase Road 25.27 15.09
D25 Morriston Primary School 21.05 14.32
D26 14 Tawe Street 20.73 14.26
D27 45 Wychtree Street 20.37 14.21
D28 Coronet Way 20.17 14.18
D29 Mowbray House 21.30 13.92
D30 420 Jersey Road 20.80 13.77
D31 Unit 3 Chamwood Court 21.17 13.82
D32 8 Midland Road 26.04 14.74
D33 88 Samlet Road 26.54 15.04
D34 Samlet Road 25.49 14.84
D35 Six Pit, Swansea Vale and White Rock,
SSSI 21.00 13.80
D36 Crymlyn Bog - Ramsar/SAC/SSSI 12.62 12.25
D37 Fairfield Court 18.25 13.75
D38 35 Church Road 18.47 13.78
D39 59 Plough & Harrow, Church Road 21.19 14.27
D40 2 Church Road 24.85 14.99
D41 14 Clos y Fendrod 23.45 14.70
D42 25 Panlyblawd Road 20.75 14.18
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6. Stack Height Analysis
6.1.1 A stack height analysis has been undertaken to determine the required stack/flue height in order to
meet the air quality standards. The impacts of the long-term emissions of NO2 at the residential
receptors and other relevant Natural Resources Wales guidance have been used for determining
the stack height.
6.1.2 The stack height assessment has considered a number of potential stack heights of 17m, 20m,
25m, 30m, and 35m. The long-term emissions of NO2 from the stack have been assessed using 3
years of meteorological data. The worst impact meteorological year with a stack height of 25 m has
been identified as 2012.
6.1.3 The maximum PCs and PECs and their significance of changes associated with the operations of the
facility operations with respect to annual mean NO2 exposure have been assessed with reference to
the criteria in Section 3. The maximum PC location for the existing receptors has been identified at
the residential receptor D7 (Panlyblawd Road). The outcomes of the assessment are summarised in
Table 6.1.
Table 6.1 The Long-Term (Annual Mean) Concentrations of NO2 and Significance of Effects at
Panlyblawd Road Residential Receptor at Different Stack Heights
Stack
Height
(m)
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) – 2012 Met Data, and NO2 Significance Impacts at Receptors
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
PEC as %age of AQO
PEC as %age of AQO
Significance
17 5.79 14.47 24.90 62.25 <75% of AQAL Moderate
20 4.74 11.85 23.85 59.63 <75% of AQAL Moderate
25 3.01 7.52 22.12 55.30 <75% of AQAL Slight
30 1.75 4.37 20.86 52.15 <75% of AQAL Negligible
35 1.06 2.65 20.17 50.43 <75% of AQAL Negligible
AQOs 40
Note:
(a) Inclusive of modelled verified road traffic concentration of 19.11µg/m3.
6.1.4 From Tables 6.1 the percentage changes in process concentrations relative to the AQAL as a result
of the facility operations at the maximum residential receptor location, with respect to NO2
exposure, are determined to be 2.65% to 14.47% at different stack heights. The significance of the
impacts are determined to be (1) ‘Moderate’ for stack heights of 17 m and 20m; (2) ‘slight’ for a
stack height of 25m; and (3) ‘negligible’ for stack height of 30m or higher.
6.1.5 Therefore, the stack height analysis concludes that the required stack height will be 25 m above
the ground level.
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7. Modelling Results
7.1.1 The detailed modelling assessment of process emissions was undertaken using the input
parameters detailed in Section 4.
7.1.2 All predicted concentrations using the stack height of 25 m have been compared to the relevant
environmental assessment criteria, as detailed in Section 2.
7.2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Long-Tem Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
7.2.1 Predicted ground level of NO2 concentrations for both Process Contribution (PC) and Predicted
Environmental concentration (PEC) were assessed against the relevant AQOs. The results of the
model predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of background, using 2010 to 2012 met data
are summarised in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1 Summary of Predicted Long-Term NO2 Concentrations
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean (µg/m3)
2010 Met Data 2011 Met Data 2012 Met Data
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PC as %age
of AQO
PEC(a) (PC
+Background)
Process Contrib’t
n (PC)
PC as %age of
AQO
PEC(a) (PC
+Backgroun
d
Process Contrib’t
n (PC)
PC as %age of
AQO
PEC(a) (PC
+Background
D1 1.82 4.56 22.43 0.35 0.88 22.15 0.50 1.24 22.30
D2 1.02 2.55 21.19 0.35 0.87 20.99 0.48 1.19 21.12
D3 0.77 1.93 20.11 0.51 1.27 19.97 0.62 1.56 20.08
D4 0.73 1.83 19.95 1.01 2.53 20.17 1.10 2.75 20.26
D5 0.49 1.23 20.27 1.53 3.83 20.70 1.62 4.05 20.79
D6 0.51 1.28 20.66 2.38 5.95 21.50 2.54 6.36 21.66
D7 0.50 1.25 20.93 2.85 7.14 21.96 3.01 7.52 22.12
D8 0.48 1.21 20.12 1.48 3.69 20.58 1.59 3.97 20.69
D9 0.08 0.20 19.88 1.08 2.70 20.19 1.17 2.92 20.28
D10 0.20 0.51 19.85 1.03 2.58 20.15 1.11 2.77 20.23
D11 0.05 0.11 18.76 0.68 1.70 18.95 0.73 1.82 19.00
D12 0.06 0.14 18.76 0.70 1.74 18.95 0.63 1.57 18.88
D13 0.07 0.19 18.75 0.68 1.69 18.93 0.59 1.47 18.84
D14 0.09 0.22 18.73 0.65 1.62 18.90 0.55 1.38 18.80
D15 0.09 0.23 20.27 0.08 0.19 20.27 0.07 0.17 20.26
D16 0.10 0.25 20.38 0.20 0.51 20.38 0.16 0.41 20.34
D17 0.11 0.28 24.70 0.05 0.11 24.70 0.04 0.09 24.69
D18 0.10 0.26 23.31 0.06 0.15 23.31 0.05 0.12 23.30
D19 0.13 0.32 25.26 0.08 0.20 25.27 0.06 0.16 25.25
D20 0.15 0.37 24.51 0.09 0.23 24.51 0.08 0.19 24.50
D21 0.11 0.27 24.36 0.10 0.25 24.37 0.09 0.21 24.36
D22 0.14 0.34 24.04 0.11 0.27 24.05 0.09 0.23 24.03
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Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean (µg/m3)
2010 Met Data 2011 Met Data 2012 Met Data
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PC as %age
of AQO
PEC(a) (PC
+Background)
Process Contrib’t
n (PC)
PC as %age of
AQO
PEC(a) (PC
+Backgroun
d
Process Contrib’t
n (PC)
PC as %age of
AQO
PEC(a) (PC
+Background
D23 0.18 0.44 24.89 0.12 0.31 24.90 0.12 0.31 24.90
D24 0.13 0.32 25.37 0.12 0.29 25.39 0.12 0.31 25.39
D25 0.19 0.47 21.18 0.14 0.35 21.19 0.15 0.37 21.20
D26 0.40 1.00 20.88 0.14 0.36 20.87 0.16 0.39 20.89
D27 0.77 1.92 20.48 0.09 0.23 20.46 0.11 0.27 20.48
D28 0.79 1.97 20.31 0.08 0.21 20.25 0.12 0.31 20.29
D29 0.19 0.47 21.48 0.11 0.27 21.41 0.08 0.20 21.38
D30 0.05 0.11 20.93 0.07 0.19 20.87 0.07 0.18 20.87
D31 1.82 4.56 21.36 0.09 0.23 21.26 0.11 0.28 21.28
D32 1.02 2.55 26.44 0.22 0.56 26.26 0.32 0.80 26.36
D33 0.77 1.93 27.31 0.37 0.93 26.91 0.46 1.14 27.00
D34 0.73 1.83 26.28 0.40 1.00 25.89 0.37 0.94 25.86
D35 0.49 1.23 21.19 0.11 0.27 21.11 0.09 0.23 21.09
D36 0.51 1.28 12.67 0.02 0.06 12.64 0.03 0.08 12.65
AQOs = 40 µg/m3
Note:
(a) Inclusive of traffic assessment determined Background concentration.
7.2.2 As indicated in Table 7.1, the predicted process contributions (PC) at receptors ranges from 0.05 to
1.82 µg/m3 when using 2010 met data. Predicted process contributions (PC) at receptors ranges
from 0.02 to 2.85 µg/m3 when using 2011 met data and predicted process contributions (PC) at
receptors ranges from 0.03 to 3.01 µg/m3 when using 2012 met data.
7.2.3 The maximum PEC of long-term NO2 emissions for 3 years of meteorological data assessed (2010 –
2012 inclusive) is 27.00µg/m3, which does not exceed the relevant long-term AQS of 40 µg/m3.
Therefore, the long-term PECs of NO2 at all discrete receptors are below the relevant long-term
AQS for the protection of human health, using all three year met data.
7.2.4 From the meteorological dataset the year resulting in maximum long-term NO2 PC concentration
was identified as 2012 met data. Consequently, meteorological data for this year was used to
assess all other long-term pollutant concentrations.
7.2.5 The significance of changes associated with the operations of the facility with respect to annual
mean NO2 exposure using 2012 met data has been assessed with reference to the assessment
criteria. The outcomes of the assessment are summarised in Table 7.2.
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Table 7.2 The Long-Term (Annual Mean) Concentrations of NO2 and Significance of Effects at
Receptors
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) – 2012 Met Data, and NO2 Significance Impacts at Receptors
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PC as %age of
AQO Background
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
PEC as %age of AQO
PEC as %age of AQO
Significance
D1 0.50 1.24 21.80 22.30 55.74 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D2 0.48 1.19 20.64 21.12 52.79 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D3 0.62 1.56 19.46 20.08 50.21 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D4 1.10 2.75 19.16 20.26 50.65 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D5 1.62 4.05 19.17 20.79 51.97 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D6 2.54 6.36 19.12 21.66 54.16 <75% of AQAL Slight
D7 3.01 7.52 19.11 22.12 55.30 <75% of AQAL Sight
D8 1.59 3.97 19.10 20.69 51.72 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D9 1.17 2.92 19.11 20.28 50.70 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D10 1.11 2.77 19.12 20.23 50.57 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D11 0.73 1.82 18.27 19.00 47.49 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D12 0.63 1.57 18.25 18.88 47.19 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D13 0.59 1.47 18.25 18.84 47.09 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D14 0.55 1.38 18.25 18.80 47.01 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D15 0.07 0.17 20.19 20.26 50.64 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D16 0.16 0.41 20.18 20.34 50.86 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D17 0.04 0.09 24.65 24.69 61.72 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D18 0.05 0.12 23.25 23.30 58.24 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D19 0.06 0.16 25.19 25.25 63.14 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D20 0.08 0.19 24.42 24.50 61.24 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D21 0.09 0.21 24.27 24.36 60.89 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D22 0.09 0.23 23.94 24.03 60.08 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D23 0.12 0.31 24.78 24.90 62.26 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D24 0.12 0.31 25.27 25.39 63.49 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D25 0.15 0.37 21.05 21.20 53.00 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D26 0.16 0.39 20.73 20.89 52.22 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D27 0.11 0.27 20.37 20.48 51.19 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D28 0.12 0.31 20.17 20.29 50.73 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D29 0.08 0.20 21.30 21.38 53.45 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D30 0.07 0.18 20.80 20.87 52.18 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D31 0.11 0.28 21.17 21.28 53.21 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D32 0.32 0.80 26.04 26.36 65.90 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D33 0.46 1.14 26.54 27.00 67.49 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D34 0.37 0.94 25.49 25.86 64.66 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D35 0.09 0.23 21.00 21.09 52.73 <75% of AQAL Negligible
D36 0.03 0.08 12.62 12.65 31.63 <75% of AQAL Negligible
AQOs 40
7.2.6 The percentage change in process concentrations relative to the AQAL as a result of the facility
operations at all receptor locations, with respect to NO2 exposure, are determined to be 7.52% or
less for the existing receptors. The significance is determined to be ‘negligible’ to ‘slight’ for all
receptors.
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7.2.7 The predicted long-term NO2 process contributions (PC) at Swansea AQMA is 0.04 µg/m3, which is
0.1 % of AQAL (which is much less than 1% of the AQAL). Therefore, the impact on the AQMA is
negligible.
Short-Term Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
7.2.8 Predicted ground level short-term NO2 concentrations were assessed against the relevant AQOs.
The results of the model predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of background, using 2010
to 2012 met data are summarised in Table 7.3.
Table 7.3 Summary of Predicted Short-Term NO2 Concentrations
Receptor
Predicted 1-hour Mean (99.79th Percentile) Concentration (µg/m3)
2010 Met Data 2011 Met Data 2012 Met Data
Process
Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as
%age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC
+Background)
Process c
Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as
%age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC
+Background
Process
Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as
%age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC
+Background
D1 6.08 3.04 44.13 5.55 2.78 49.15 6.17 3.09 49.77
D2 5.95 2.97 45.88 5.67 2.83 46.95 5.85 2.92 47.13
D3 6.23 3.11 45.93 5.87 2.93 44.79 6.12 3.06 45.04
D4 5.81 2.90 46.17 5.74 2.87 44.06 5.75 2.88 44.07
D5 7.54 3.77 43.98 7.70 3.85 46.04 7.88 3.94 46.22
D6 7.69 3.84 43.20 7.78 3.89 46.02 7.72 3.86 45.96
D7 7.95 3.98 42.79 8.10 4.05 46.32 8.10 4.05 46.32
D8 5.78 2.89 40.09 5.81 2.91 44.01 5.88 2.94 44.08
D9 4.98 2.49 39.60 5.05 2.53 43.27 5.02 2.51 43.24
D10 4.55 2.28 39.85 4.50 2.25 42.74 4.49 2.24 42.73
D11 3.55 1.78 39.76 3.53 1.77 40.07 3.47 1.74 40.01
D12 3.10 1.55 41.68 3.70 1.85 40.20 3.32 1.66 39.82
D13 3.35 1.68 43.08 3.57 1.79 40.07 2.99 1.50 39.49
D14 3.26 1.63 50.10 3.57 1.78 40.07 2.87 1.44 39.37
D15 1.30 0.65 47.47 1.15 0.58 41.53 1.02 0.51 41.40
D16 2.72 1.36 51.60 2.96 1.48 43.32 2.54 1.27 42.90
D17 0.80 0.40 50.24 0.96 0.48 50.26 0.73 0.37 50.03
D18 0.97 0.49 50.03 1.01 0.51 47.51 0.83 0.42 47.33
D19 1.22 0.61 49.45 1.20 0.60 51.58 1.05 0.52 51.43
D20 1.40 0.70 51.26 1.32 0.66 50.16 1.24 0.62 50.08
D21 1.49 0.75 52.12 1.36 0.68 49.90 1.31 0.65 49.85
D22 1.57 0.78 44.23 1.30 0.65 49.18 1.27 0.63 49.15
D23 1.70 0.85 43.69 1.34 0.67 50.90 1.31 0.66 50.87
D24 1.58 0.79 42.63 1.49 0.74 52.03 1.47 0.74 52.01
D25 2.13 1.07 42.21 2.10 1.05 44.20 2.00 1.00 44.10
D26 2.23 1.11 44.59 2.09 1.05 43.55 2.08 1.04 43.54
D27 1.89 0.94 43.55 1.70 0.85 42.44 1.69 0.85 42.43
D28 1.87 0.94 44.44 1.77 0.88 42.11 1.84 0.92 42.18
D29 1.99 1.00 56.31 2.01 1.01 44.61 1.90 0.95 44.50
D30 1.95 0.98 58.89 1.92 0.96 43.52 1.89 0.94 43.49
D31 2.10 1.05 57.80 2.08 1.04 44.42 2.02 1.01 44.36
D32 4.23 2.12 44.35 3.89 1.95 55.97 4.29 2.14 56.37
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Receptor
Predicted 1-hour Mean (99.79th Percentile) Concentration (µg/m3)
2010 Met Data 2011 Met Data 2012 Met Data
Process
Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as
%age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC
+Background)
Process c
Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as
%age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC
+Background
Process
Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as
%age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC
+Background
D33 5.81 2.91 26.08 5.69 2.85 58.77 5.63 2.82 58.71
D34 6.82 3.41 44.13 6.07 3.03 57.05 6.33 3.17 57.31
D35 2.35 1.18 45.88 2.27 1.13 44.27 2.09 1.05 44.09
D36 0.84 0.42 45.93 0.66 0.33 25.90 0.77 0.38 26.01
AQOs = 200 µg/m3
Note:
(a) Inclusive of Traffic Assessment determined Background concentrations.
7.2.9 As indicated in Table 7.3, the predicted short-term NO2 process contributions (PC) at receptors
ranges from 0.80 to 7.95 µg/m3 when using 2010 met data. Predicted process contributions (PC)
at receptors ranges from 0.66 to 8.09µg/m3 when using 2011 met data and the predicted process
contributions (PC) at receptors ranges from 0.73 to 8.10 µg/m3 when using 2012 met data.
7.2.10 The maximum PEC of short-term NO2 emissions for 2012 meteorological data assessed is
58.71 µg/m3, which does not exceed the relevant short-term AQS of 200 µg/m3. Therefore, the
short-term PECs of NO2 at all discrete receptors are below the relevant short-term AQS for the
protection of human health, using all three year met data.
7.2.11 From the meteorological dataset the year resulting in maximum short-term NO2 PC concentration
was identified as 2012 met data. Consequently, meteorological data for this year was used to
assess all other short-term pollutant concentrations.
7.2.12 The contour plots of the predicted long-term and short-term ground level PCs of NO2 for all
receptors, including discrete and grid receptors are presented in Appendix C. The contour plots
show that the predicted maximum concentrations occur adjacent to the emission source, with a
predicted decrease in concentration with the increased distance from the stack.
7.3 Particulate Matter (PM10)
7.3.1 Predicted ground level long-term and short-term PM10 concentrations were assessed against the
relevant AQOs using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum long-term PC concentration).
The results of the model predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of background, are
summarised in Table 7.4.
Table 7.4 Summary of Predicted PM10 Concentrations
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) Predicted 24-hour Mean (90.41th Percentile)
Concentration (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
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Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) Predicted 24-hour Mean (90.41th Percentile)
Concentration (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
D1 0.035 0.09 14.20 0.38 0.76 25.57
D2 0.034 0.08 13.98 0.37 0.74 25.56
D3 0.044 0.11 13.80 0.40 0.80 25.59
D4 0.078 0.20 13.79 0.67 1.34 25.86
D5 0.115 0.29 13.83 0.91 1.83 26.11
D6 0.181 0.45 13.88 1.46 2.91 26.65
D7 0.214 0.53 13.91 1.65 3.29 26.84
D8 0.113 0.28 13.81 0.95 1.90 26.14
D9 0.083 0.21 13.78 0.69 1.39 25.89
D10 0.079 0.20 13.78 0.65 1.29 25.84
D11 0.052 0.13 13.80 0.41 0.82 25.60
D12 0.045 0.11 13.79 0.32 0.63 25.51
D13 0.042 0.10 13.79 0.32 0.63 25.51
D14 0.039 0.10 13.79 0.30 0.60 25.49
D15 0.005 0.01 14.04 0.04 0.08 25.23
D16 0.012 0.03 14.07 0.10 0.20 25.29
D17 0.003 0.01 15.54 0.02 0.05 25.22
D18 0.003 0.01 14.66 0.03 0.06 25.22
D19 0.005 0.01 15.06 0.04 0.08 25.24
D20 0.005 0.01 14.91 0.05 0.10 25.24
D21 0.006 0.02 14.88 0.06 0.11 25.25
D22 0.007 0.02 14.82 0.07 0.13 25.26
D23 0.009 0.02 14.98 0.09 0.19 25.29
D24 0.009 0.02 15.10 0.10 0.19 25.29
D25 0.011 0.03 14.33 0.11 0.22 25.30
D26 0.011 0.03 14.27 0.11 0.21 25.30
D27 0.008 0.02 14.22 0.08 0.15 25.27
D28 0.009 0.02 14.19 0.09 0.19 25.29
D29 0.006 0.01 13.93 0.05 0.11 25.25
D30 0.005 0.01 13.78 0.05 0.10 25.24
D31 0.008 0.02 13.83 0.09 0.18 25.28
D32 0.023 0.06 14.76 0.24 0.49 25.44
D33 0.032 0.08 15.07 0.33 0.67 25.53
D34 0.027 0.07 14.87 0.25 0.50 25.44
D35 0.007 0.02 13.81 0.08 0.15 25.27
AQOs 40 50
Note:
(a) Inclusive of Traffic Assessment determined Background concentration .
7.3.2 As indicated in Table 7.4, the maximum predicted long-term PM10 process contributions (PC) at
receptors is 0.21 µg/m3 when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum long-term PC
concentration). The predicted annual mean PM10 PCs at the modelled discrete receptors are well
below 0.53% of the long-term AQO, which are considered insignificant.
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7.3.3 The maximum PEC of long-term PM10 emissions is 15.54 µg/m3, which does not exceed the
relevant long-term AQS of 40 µg/m3. Therefore, the long-term PECs of NO2 at all receptors are
below the relevant long-term AQS of 40 µg/m3 for the protection of human health.
7.3.4 The maximum predicted 24 hour mean (the 90.41th percentile) PM10 process contributions (PC) at
receptors is 1.65 µg/m3 when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum short-term PC
concentration). The predicted short-mean PM10 PCs at the modelled discrete receptors are well
below 10% of the short-term AQO, which are considered insignificant.
7.3.5 The maximum PEC of 24 hour mean (the 90.41th percentile) PM10 emissions is 26.84 µg/m3, which
does not exceed the relevant short-term AQS of 50 µg/m3. Therefore, the short-term PECs of PM10
at all receptors are below the relevant short-term AQS of 50 µg/m3 for the protection of human
health.
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
7.3.6 Predicted ground level long-term PM2.5 concentrations were assessed against the relevant AQO.
The results of the model predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of background, are
summarised in Table 7.5
Table 7.5 Summary of Predicted PM2.5 Concentrations
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC) Process Contribution as %age of
AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background)
D1 0.035 0.14 9.615
D2 0.034 0.14 9.614
D3 0.044 0.18 9.624
D4 0.078 0.31 9.658
D5 0.115 0.46 9.695
D6 0.181 0.72 9.761
D7 0.214 0.86 9.794
D8 0.113 0.45 9.693
D9 0.083 0.33 9.663
D10 0.079 0.31 9.659
D11 0.052 0.21 9.632
D12 0.045 0.18 9.625
D13 0.042 0.17 9.622
D14 0.039 0.16 9.619
D15 0.005 0.02 9.585
D16 0.012 0.05 9.592
D17 0.003 0.01 9.583
D18 0.003 0.01 9.583
D19 0.005 0.02 9.585
D20 0.005 0.02 9.585
D21 0.006 0.02 9.586
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Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC) Process Contribution as %age of
AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background)
D22 0.007 0.03 9.587
D23 0.009 0.03 9.589
D24 0.009 0.04 9.589
D25 0.011 0.04 9.591
D26 0.011 0.04 9.591
D27 0.008 0.03 9.588
D28 0.009 0.03 9.589
D29 0.006 0.02 9.586
D30 0.005 0.02 9.585
D31 0.008 0.03 9.588
D32 0.023 0.09 9.603
D33 0.032 0.13 9.612
D34 0.027 0.11 9.607
D35 0.007 0.03 9.587
AQO 25
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 13.63µg/m3
7.3.7 As indicated in Table 7.5, there were no predicted long-term PEC exceedances of the relevant
AQOs for PM2.5 at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in
maximum long-term PC concentration).
7.3.8 The predicted long-mean PM2.5 PCs at the modelled discrete receptors are well below 0.855% of
the long-term AQO when using 2012 met data, which are considered insignificant.
7.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
7.4.1 Predicted ground level short-term (8-hour running mean and 1-hour mean) CO concentrations were
assessed against the relevant AQO using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum short-term
PC concentration). The results of the model predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of
background, are summarised in Table 7.6.
Table 7.6 Summary of Predicted CO Concentrations
Receptor
Predicted Maximum 8-hour Running Mean Concentration (µg/m3)
Predicted 1-hour Mean Concentration (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(b) (PC +Background)
D1 4.51 0.05 169.55 19.92 0.20 255.69
D2 4.56 0.05 169.59 13.89 0.14 249.66
D3 5.56 0.06 170.59 10.97 0.11 246.74
D4 6.56 0.07 171.60 9.39 0.09 245.16
D5 8.14 0.08 173.17 11.73 0.12 247.50
D6 9.89 0.10 174.93 11.24 0.11 247.01
D7 10.35 0.10 175.39 11.80 0.12 247.57
D8 7.25 0.07 172.29 11.10 0.11 246.87
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Receptor
Predicted Maximum 8-hour Running Mean Concentration (µg/m3)
Predicted 1-hour Mean Concentration (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(b) (PC +Background)
D9 6.22 0.06 171.26 7.44 0.07 243.21
D10 5.35 0.05 170.39 7.04 0.07 242.81
D11 3.53 0.04 168.57 5.62 0.06 241.39
D12 3.44 0.03 168.48 6.21 0.06 241.98
D13 3.31 0.03 168.35 6.21 0.06 241.98
D14 3.08 0.03 168.12 5.99 0.06 241.76
D15 1.04 0.01 166.08 2.96 0.03 238.73
D16 1.83 0.02 166.87 6.26 0.06 242.03
D17 0.66 0.01 165.70 2.44 0.02 238.21
D18 0.78 0.01 165.82 2.78 0.03 238.55
D19 0.95 0.01 165.99 3.18 0.03 238.95
D20 0.98 0.01 166.02 3.27 0.03 239.04
D21 0.95 0.01 165.99 3.51 0.04 239.28
D22 0.99 0.01 166.03 3.54 0.04 239.31
D23 1.01 0.01 166.05 3.16 0.03 238.93
D24 1.31 0.01 166.35 2.69 0.03 238.46
D25 1.79 0.02 166.83 3.30 0.03 239.07
D26 1.82 0.02 166.86 4.12 0.04 239.89
D27 1.52 0.02 166.56 3.11 0.03 238.88
D28 2.00 0.02 167.03 2.94 0.03 238.71
D29 2.01 0.02 167.05 2.96 0.03 238.73
D30 1.60 0.02 166.64 7.24 0.07 243.01
D31 1.97 0.02 167.01 3.31 0.03 239.08
D32 3.16 0.03 168.20 14.09 0.14 249.86
D33 5.82 0.06 170.85 16.21 0.16 251.98
D34 4.81 0.05 169.85 18.35 0.18 254.12
D35 1.25 0.01 166.29 6.23 0.06 242.00
D36 0.70 0.01 165.73 1.88 0.02 237.65
D37 4.51 0.05 169.55 19.92 0.20 255.69
AQOs 10000 30000
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 165µg/m3 (b) Inclusive of Background concentration of 236µg/m3
7.4.2 As indicated in Table 7.6, the maximum predicted 8-hour running mean CO process contributions
(PC) at receptors is 10.35 µg/m3 when using 2012 met data. The predicted 8-hour running mean
PCs of CO at the modelled discrete receptors are well below 0.10% of the short-term AQO, which
are considered insignificant.
7.4.3 The maximum PEC of 8-hour running mean CO emissions is 175.39/m3, which does not exceed the
relevant short-term AQS of 10000 µg/m3. Therefore, the short-term PECs of CO at all receptors are
below the relevant short-term AQS of 10000 µg/m3 for the protection of human health.
7.4.4 The maximum predicted 1-hour mean CO process contributions (PC) at receptors is 19.92 µg/m3
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when using 2012 met data. The predicted 1-hour mean PCs of CO at the modelled discrete
receptors are well below 0.20% of the short-term AQO, which are considered insignificant.
7.4.5 The maximum PEC of 1-hour mean CO emissions is 255.69 µg/m3, which does not exceed the
relevant short-term AQS of 30000µg/m3. Therefore, the short-term (1-hour) PECs of CO at all
receptors are below the relevant short-term AQS of 30,000 µg/m3 for the protection of human
health.
7.5 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
7.5.1 Predicted ground level short-term SO2 concentrations were assessed against the relevant AQOs
using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum short-term PC concentration). The results of
the model predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of background, are summarised
Table 7.7.
Table 7.7 Summary of Predicted SO2 Concentrations
Receptor
Predicted SO2 Concentration (µg/m3)
24-hour Mean (99.18th Percentile) (a)
1-hour Mean (99.73rd Percentile) (b)
15-minute Mean (99.9th Percentile) (c)
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PEC (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PEC (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PEC (PC +Background)
D1 4.80 10.37 17.53 26.97 25.76 38.41
D2 4.18 9.75 16.43 25.87 24.13 36.78
D3 6.53 12.10 17.15 26.59 25.50 38.15
D4 8.95 14.52 16.38 25.82 22.31 34.96
D5 11.25 16.81 22.13 31.57 30.67 43.31
D6 13.54 19.11 22.05 31.49 29.74 42.39
D7 15.91 21.48 23.05 32.49 31.25 43.90
D8 8.99 14.56 16.61 26.05 22.78 35.43
D9 7.16 12.73 14.26 23.70 19.57 32.22
D10 6.47 12.03 12.73 22.17 17.68 30.33
D11 4.48 10.05 9.71 19.15 13.69 26.34
D12 3.18 8.75 8.63 18.07 14.56 27.21
D13 3.20 8.77 8.32 17.76 13.43 26.08
D14 3.24 8.81 8.12 17.56 13.10 25.75
D15 0.62 6.19 2.54 11.98 5.63 18.28
D16 1.66 7.23 6.71 16.15 11.30 23.95
D17 0.38 5.95 1.88 11.32 3.50 16.15
D18 0.55 6.12 2.07 11.51 4.96 17.61
D19 0.67 6.24 2.67 12.11 6.49 19.14
D20 0.79 6.36 2.90 12.34 6.62 19.27
D21 0.80 6.37 2.89 12.33 6.35 19.00
D22 0.84 6.41 3.10 12.54 6.86 19.51
D23 1.22 6.79 3.53 12.97 6.40 19.05
D24 1.32 6.89 4.06 13.50 6.18 18.83
D25 1.75 7.32 5.34 14.78 8.20 20.85
D26 1.82 7.39 5.60 15.04 8.63 21.28
D27 1.43 7.00 4.50 13.94 7.30 19.95
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Receptor
Predicted SO2 Concentration (µg/m3)
24-hour Mean (99.18th Percentile) (a)
1-hour Mean (99.73rd Percentile) (b)
15-minute Mean (99.9th Percentile) (c)
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PEC (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PEC (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PEC (PC +Background)
D28 1.60 7.17 5.14 14.58 7.29 19.94
D29 1.06 6.63 5.28 14.72 7.61 20.26
D30 0.88 6.45 5.11 14.55 7.78 20.43
D31 1.29 6.86 5.53 14.97 8.21 20.86
D32 3.09 8.66 11.93 21.37 17.92 30.57
D33 5.12 10.69 15.78 25.22 23.37 36.02
D34 3.96 9.53 16.48 25.92 26.51 39.16
D35 1.02 6.59 5.73 15.17 8.95 21.60
D36 0.43 5.99 1.97 11.41 3.74 16.39
AQOs and Limit Values
125 350 266
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 5.57µg/m3 (b) Inclusive of Background concentration of 9.44µg/m3 (c) Inclusive of Background concentration of 12.65µg/m3
7.5.2 The maximum PEC of 24-hour mean SO2 emissions is 21.48µg/m3 when using 2012 met data,
which does not exceed the relevant short-term AQS of 125 µg/m3. Therefore, the short-term (24-
hour) PECs of SO2 at all receptors are below the relevant short-term AQS of 125 µg/m3 for the
protection of human health.
7.5.3 The maximum PEC of 1-hour mean SO2 emissions is 32.49µg/m3 when using 2012 met data, which
does not exceed the relevant short-term AQS of 350 µg/m3. Therefore, the short-term (1-hour)
PECs of SO2 at all receptors are below the relevant short-term AQS of 350 µg/m3 for the protection
of human health.
7.5.4 The maximum PEC of 15-minute mean SO2 emissions is 43.90 µg/m3 when using 2012 met data,
which does not exceed the relevant short-term AQS of 266 µg/m3. Therefore, the short-term (15-
minute) PECs of SO2 at all receptors are below the relevant short-term AQS of 266 µg/m3 for the
protection of human health.
7.6 Volatile Organic Compounds
7.6.1 VOC emissions from the proposed development are likely to consist of a variety of species, with the
relevant emission limit value (ELV) being set for Total Organic Carbon (TOC). For the purposes of
this assessment it has been assumed that the entire TOC emission consists of only C6H6 in order to
allow comparison with the AQO. This is considered a worst-case scenario as TOC emissions are
unlikely to consist of only one species.
7.6.2 The results of the model predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of background, using 2012
met data (the year resulting in maximum long-term PC concentration) are summarised in
Table 7.8.
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Table 7.8 Summary of Predicted Long-Term VOC Concentrations
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration VOC (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC) PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background)
D1 0.035 0.70 0.547
D2 0.034 0.68 0.546
D3 0.044 0.89 0.556
D4 0.078 1.56 0.590
D5 0.115 2.30 0.627
D6 0.181 3.62 0.693
D7 0.214 4.28 0.726
D8 0.113 2.26 0.625
D9 0.083 1.66 0.595
D10 0.079 1.57 0.591
D11 0.052 1.03 0.564
D12 0.045 0.89 0.557
D13 0.042 0.83 0.554
D14 0.039 0.78 0.551
D15 0.005 0.10 0.517
D16 0.012 0.23 0.524
D17 0.003 0.05 0.515
D18 0.003 0.07 0.515
D19 0.005 0.09 0.517
D20 0.005 0.11 0.517
D21 0.006 0.12 0.518
D22 0.007 0.13 0.519
D23 0.009 0.17 0.521
D24 0.009 0.18 0.521
D25 0.011 0.21 0.523
D26 0.011 0.22 0.523
D27 0.008 0.15 0.520
D28 0.009 0.17 0.521
D29 0.006 0.12 0.518
D30 0.005 0.10 0.517
D31 0.008 0.16 0.520
D32 0.023 0.46 0.535
D33 0.032 0.65 0.544
D34 0.027 0.53 0.539
D35 0.007 0.13 0.519
D36 0.002 0.05 0.514
AQO 5 (Expressed as Benzene, C6H6)
Note:
(a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 0.51µg/m3
7.6.3 As indicated in Table 7.8, the maximum annul mean PEC of VOC emissions is 0.0.726µg/m3 when
using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum long-term PC concentration), which is well
below the relevant long-term AQS of 5 µg/m3. Therefore, the long-term PECs of VOC at all
receptors are below the relevant long-term AQS of 5 µg/m3 for the protection of human health
after adopting a precautionary approach and assuming that the VOC composition is 100% benzene.
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7.7 Hydrogen Chloride
7.7.1 Predicted ground level 1-hour mean HCl concentrations using 2012 met data (the year resulting in
maximum short-term PC concentration) were assessed against the relevant EAL. The results of the
model predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of background, are summarised in Table 7.9.
Table 7.9 Summary of Predicted HCl Concentrations
Receptor
Predicted 1-hour Mean Concentration HCI(µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC) PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background)
D1 1.98 0.26 2.35
D2 1.38 0.18 1.75
D3 1.09 0.15 1.46
D4 0.93 0.12 1.30
D5 1.17 0.16 1.54
D6 1.12 0.15 1.49
D7 1.17 0.16 1.54
D8 1.10 0.15 1.47
D9 0.74 0.10 1.11
D10 0.70 0.09 1.07
D11 0.56 0.07 0.93
D12 0.62 0.08 0.99
D13 0.62 0.08 0.99
D14 0.60 0.08 0.97
D15 0.29 0.04 0.66
D16 0.62 0.08 0.99
D17 0.24 0.03 0.61
D18 0.28 0.04 0.65
D19 0.32 0.04 0.69
D20 0.33 0.04 0.70
D21 0.35 0.05 0.72
D22 0.35 0.05 0.72
D23 0.31 0.04 0.68
D24 0.27 0.04 0.64
D25 0.33 0.04 0.70
D26 0.41 0.05 0.78
D27 0.31 0.04 0.68
D28 0.29 0.04 0.66
D29 0.29 0.04 0.66
D30 0.72 0.10 1.09
D31 0.33 0.04 0.70
D32 1.40 0.19 1.77
D33 1.61 0.21 1.98
D34 1.82 0.24 2.19
D35 0.62 0.08 0.99
D36 0.19 0.02 0.56
AQO 750
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 0.37 µg/m3
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7.7.2 As indicated in Table 7.9, there were no predicted exceedances of the relevant criteria for HCl at
any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum short-
term PC concentration).
7.8 Hydrogen Fluoride
7.8.1 Predicted ground level long-term and short-term HF concentrations were assessed against the
relevant EALs using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum long-term PC concentration)
and 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum short-term PC concentration) respectively. The
results of the model predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of background, are summarised
in Table 7.10.
Table 7.10 Summary of Predicted HF Concentrations
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) Predicted Max 1-hour Mean Concentration
(µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(b) (PC +Background)
D1 0.0035 0.0221 2.354 0.20 0.12 4.899
D2 0.0034 0.0212 2.353 0.14 0.09 4.839
D3 0.0045 0.0279 2.354 0.11 0.07 4.810
D4 0.0078 0.0490 2.358 0.09 0.06 4.794
D5 0.0116 0.0722 2.362 0.12 0.07 4.817
D6 0.0182 0.1135 2.368 0.11 0.07 4.812
D7 0.0215 0.1343 2.371 0.12 0.07 4.818
D8 0.0113 0.0708 2.361 0.11 0.07 4.811
D9 0.0083 0.0521 2.358 0.07 0.05 4.774
D10 0.0079 0.0494 2.358 0.07 0.04 4.770
D11 0.0052 0.0324 2.355 0.06 0.04 4.756
D12 0.0045 0.0280 2.354 0.06 0.04 4.762
D13 0.0042 0.0262 2.354 0.06 0.04 4.762
D14 0.0039 0.0246 2.354 0.06 0.04 4.760
D15 0.0005 0.0030 2.350 0.03 0.02 4.730
D16 0.0012 0.0073 2.351 0.06 0.04 4.762
D17 0.0003 0.0017 2.350 0.02 0.02 4.724
D18 0.0003 0.0021 2.350 0.03 0.02 4.728
D19 0.0005 0.0029 2.350 0.03 0.02 4.732
D20 0.0005 0.0034 2.351 0.03 0.02 4.733
D21 0.0006 0.0038 2.351 0.04 0.02 4.735
D22 0.0007 0.0041 2.351 0.04 0.02 4.735
D23 0.0009 0.0055 2.351 0.03 0.02 4.732
D24 0.0009 0.0056 2.351 0.03 0.02 4.727
D25 0.0011 0.0067 2.351 0.03 0.02 4.733
D26 0.0011 0.0070 2.351 0.04 0.03 4.741
D27 0.0008 0.0048 2.351 0.03 0.02 4.731
D28 0.0009 0.0055 2.351 0.03 0.02 4.729
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Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) Predicted Max 1-hour Mean Concentration
(µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(b) (PC +Background)
D29 0.0006 0.0036 2.351 0.03 0.02 4.730
D30 0.0005 0.0032 2.351 0.07 0.05 4.772
D31 0.0008 0.0050 2.351 0.03 0.02 4.733
D32 0.0023 0.0144 2.352 0.14 0.09 4.841
D33 0.0033 0.0204 2.353 0.16 0.10 4.862
D34 0.0027 0.0167 2.353 0.18 0.11 4.883
D35 0.0007 0.0042 2.351 0.06 0.04 4.762
D36 0.0002 0.0015 2.350 0.02 0.01 4.719
AQOs 16 160
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 2.35 µg/m3 (b) Inclusive of Background concentration of 4.70µg/m3
7.8.2 As indicated in Table 7.10, there were no predicted exceedances of the relevant criteria for both
long-term and short-term HF at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data.
7.8.3 The predicted long-term HF PCs at the modelled discrete receptors are well below 0.0215% of the
relevant AQO when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum long-term PC
concentration), which are considered insignificant.
7.8.4 The predicted short-mean HF PCs at the modelled discrete receptors are well below 0.034 % of the
relevant short-term AQO when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum short-term PC
concentration), which are considered insignificant.
7.9 Dioxins and Furans
7.9.1 There are no air quality standards for dioxins and furans and as such it is not possible to determine
the magnitude and subsequently, significance of the predicted increase in Dioxins and furans
exposure as a result of emissions associated with the proposed development. As such, the process
contribution of the facility using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum long-term PC
concentration) is presented as a percentage of existing background levels in Table 7.11.
Table 7.11 Predicted Dioxins and Furans Concentrations (fg/m3 I-TEQ)
Receptor PC
Process Contrib’tn
Background Total PCDD/F(a) PC as % age of
Background
D1 0.35 48.700 49.05 0.73
D2 0.34 48.700 49.04 0.70
D3 0.45 48.700 49.15 0.92
D4 0.78 48.700 49.48 1.61
D5 1.16 48.700 49.86 2.37
D6 1.82 48.700 50.52 3.73
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Receptor PC
Process Contrib’tn
Background Total PCDD/F(a) PC as % age of
Background
D7 2.15 48.700 50.85 4.41
D8 1.13 48.700 49.83 2.33
D9 0.83 48.700 49.53 1.71
D10 0.79 48.700 49.49 1.62
D11 0.52 48.700 49.22 1.07
D12 0.45 48.700 49.15 0.92
D13 0.42 48.700 49.12 0.86
D14 0.39 48.700 49.09 0.81
D15 0.05 48.700 48.75 0.10
D16 0.12 48.700 48.82 0.24
D17 0.03 48.700 48.73 0.05
D18 0.03 48.700 48.73 0.07
D19 0.05 48.700 48.75 0.09
D20 0.05 48.700 48.75 0.11
D21 0.06 48.700 48.76 0.13
D22 0.07 48.700 48.77 0.14
D23 0.09 48.700 48.79 0.18
D24 0.09 48.700 48.79 0.18
D25 0.11 48.700 48.81 0.22
D26 0.11 48.700 48.81 0.23
D27 0.08 48.700 48.78 0.16
D28 0.09 48.700 48.79 0.18
D29 0.06 48.700 48.76 0.12
D30 0.05 48.700 48.75 0.10
D31 0.08 48.700 48.78 0.17
D32 0.23 48.700 48.93 0.47
D33 0.33 48.700 49.03 0.67
D34 0.27 48.700 48.97 0.55
D35 0.07 48.700 48.77 0.14
D36 0.02 48.700 48.72 0.05
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 48.7 fg/m3
7.9.2 As illustrated in Table 7.11, the additional contribution to total background Dioxins and furans
concentrations is expected to be small, less than 4.41% of the estimated existing concentrations.
7.10 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
7.10.1 Predicted ground level long-term and short-term PCBs concentrations were assessed against the
relevant AQO EALs using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum long-term and short-term
PC concentration). The results of the model predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of
background, are summarised in Table 7.12.
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Table 7.12 Summary of Predicted PCBs Concentrations
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) Predicted Max 1-hour Mean Concentration
(µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(b) (PC +Background)
D1 7.21E-11
(=7.21 x 10-11) 3.61E-08 2.706E-04 1.83E-09 3.05E-08 5.412E-04
D2 1.06E-10 5.32E-08 2.706E-04 1.28E-09 2.13E-08 5.412E-04
D3 1.67E-10 8.36E-08 2.706E-04 1.01E-09 1.68E-08 5.412E-04
D4 1.98E-10 9.89E-08 2.706E-04 8.63E-10 1.44E-08 5.412E-04
D5 1.04E-10 5.21E-08 2.706E-04 1.08E-09 1.80E-08 5.412E-04
D6 7.68E-11 3.84E-08 2.706E-04 1.03E-09 1.72E-08 5.412E-04
D7 7.27E-11 3.64E-08 2.706E-04 1.08E-09 1.81E-08 5.412E-04
D8 4.78E-11 2.39E-08 2.706E-04 1.02E-09 1.70E-08 5.412E-04
D9 4.12E-11 2.06E-08 2.706E-04 6.84E-10 1.14E-08 5.412E-04
D10 3.85E-11 1.93E-08 2.706E-04 6.47E-10 1.08E-08 5.412E-04
D11 3.63E-11 1.81E-08 2.706E-04 5.17E-10 8.61E-09 5.412E-04
D12 4.42E-12 2.21E-09 2.706E-04 5.71E-10 9.51E-09 5.412E-04
D13 1.07E-11 5.35E-09 2.706E-04 5.71E-10 9.51E-09 5.412E-04
D14 2.43E-12 1.22E-09 2.706E-04 5.50E-10 9.17E-09 5.412E-04
D15 3.12E-12 1.56E-09 2.706E-04 2.72E-10 4.54E-09 5.412E-04
D16 4.24E-12 2.12E-09 2.706E-04 5.75E-10 9.59E-09 5.412E-04
D17 5.06E-12 2.53E-09 2.706E-04 2.25E-10 3.74E-09 5.412E-04
D18 5.65E-12 2.83E-09 2.706E-04 2.56E-10 4.26E-09 5.412E-04
D19 6.11E-12 3.06E-09 2.706E-04 2.92E-10 4.87E-09 5.412E-04
D20 8.05E-12 4.02E-09 2.706E-04 3.01E-10 5.01E-09 5.412E-04
D21 8.21E-12 4.11E-09 2.706E-04 3.22E-10 5.37E-09 5.412E-04
D22 9.81E-12 4.91E-09 2.706E-04 3.25E-10 5.42E-09 5.412E-04
D23 1.03E-11 5.14E-09 2.706E-04 2.91E-10 4.84E-09 5.412E-04
D24 7.03E-12 3.52E-09 2.706E-04 2.47E-10 4.12E-09 5.412E-04
D25 8.06E-12 4.03E-09 2.706E-04 3.03E-10 5.05E-09 5.412E-04
D26 5.35E-12 2.68E-09 2.706E-04 3.78E-10 6.31E-09 5.412E-04
D27 4.68E-12 2.34E-09 2.706E-04 2.86E-10 4.77E-09 5.412E-04
D28 7.43E-12 3.72E-09 2.706E-04 2.71E-10 4.51E-09 5.412E-04
D29 2.11E-11 1.06E-08 2.706E-04 2.72E-10 4.53E-09 5.412E-04
D30 3.00E-11 1.50E-08 2.706E-04 6.66E-10 1.11E-08 5.412E-04
D31 2.46E-11 1.23E-08 2.706E-04 3.05E-10 5.08E-09 5.412E-04
D32 6.14E-12 3.07E-09 2.706E-04 1.30E-09 2.16E-08 5.412E-04
D33 2.20E-12 1.10E-09 2.706E-04 1.49E-09 2.48E-08 5.412E-04
D34 1.06E-10 5.32E-08 2.706E-04 1.69E-09 2.81E-08 5.412E-04
D35 1.67E-10 8.36E-08 2.706E-04 5.72E-10 9.54E-09 5.412E-04
D36 1.98E-10 9.89E-08 2.706E-04 1.73E-10 2.88E-09 5.412E-04
AQOs 0.2 6
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 0.0002706µg/m3 (b) Inclusive of Background concentration of 0.0005412µg/m3
7.10.2 As indicated in Table 7.12, there were no predicted exceedances of the relevant criteria for both
long-term and short-term PCBs at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data.
7.10.3 The predicted long-term PCBs PCs at the modelled discrete receptors are well below 9.89E-8% of
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the relevant AQO when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum long-term PC
concentration), which are considered insignificant.
7.10.4 The predicted short-mean PCBs PCs at the modelled discrete receptors are well below 3.05E-9% of
the relevant short-term AQO when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum short-term
PC concentration), which are considered insignificant.
7.11 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
7.11.1 Predicted ground level annual mean PAH concentrations using 2012 met data (the year resulting in
maximum long-term PC concentration) were assessed against the relevant EAL. The results of the
model predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of background, are summarised in
Table 7.13.
Table 7.13 Summary of Predicted PAH Concentrations
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration PAH (ng/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC) PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background)
D1 1.35E-04 5.41E-02 8.5000014E-01
D2 1.99E-04 7.97E-02 8.5000020E-01
D3 3.13E-04 1.25E-01 8.5000031E-01
D4 3.70E-04 1.48E-01 8.5000037E-01
D5 1.95E-04 7.81E-02 8.5000020E-01
D6 1.44E-04 5.75E-02 8.5000014E-01
D7 1.36E-04 5.45E-02 8.5000014E-01
D8 8.95E-05 3.58E-02 8.5000009E-01
D9 7.72E-05 3.09E-02 8.5000008E-01
D10 7.22E-05 2.89E-02 8.5000007E-01
D11 6.80E-05 2.72E-02 8.5000007E-01
D12 8.28E-06 3.31E-03 8.5000001E-01
D13 2.01E-05 8.02E-03 8.5000002E-01
D14 4.55E-06 1.82E-03 8.5000000E-01
D15 5.84E-06 2.34E-03 8.5000001E-01
D16 7.94E-06 3.18E-03 8.5000001E-01
D17 9.47E-06 3.79E-03 8.5000001E-01
D18 1.06E-05 4.23E-03 8.5000001E-01
D19 1.14E-05 4.58E-03 8.5000001E-01
D20 1.51E-05 6.03E-03 8.5000002E-01
D21 1.54E-05 6.15E-03 8.5000002E-01
D22 1.84E-05 7.35E-03 8.5000002E-01
D23 1.93E-05 7.71E-03 8.5000002E-01
D24 1.32E-05 5.27E-03 8.5000001E-01
D25 1.51E-05 6.04E-03 8.5000002E-01
D26 1.00E-05 4.01E-03 8.5000001E-01
D27 8.76E-06 3.51E-03 8.5000001E-01
D28 1.39E-05 5.57E-03 8.5000001E-01
D29 3.96E-05 1.58E-02 8.5000004E-01
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Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration PAH (ng/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC) PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background)
D30 5.62E-05 2.25E-02 8.5000006E-01
D31 4.61E-05 1.84E-02 8.5000005E-01
D32 1.15E-05 4.60E-03 8.5000001E-01
D33 4.13E-06 1.65E-03 8.5000000E-01
D34 1.35E-04 5.41E-02 8.5000014E-01
D35 1.99E-04 7.97E-02 8.5000020E-01
D36 3.13E-04 1.25E-01 8.5000031E-01
AQO 0.40
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 0.85ng/m3
7.11.2 As indicated in Table 7.13, when using the maximum background concentration of 0.85 ng/m3 the
predicted PECs exceed the relevant AQO for PAH because the background has already exceeded
the AQO. It should be noted that the measured PAH concentrations at Swansea Cwm Level Park
monitoring station range from 0.12 to 0.0.85 ng/m3, with an average value of 0.40 ng/m3.
7.11.3 However, the predicted maximum annual mean PC of PAH at the modelled discrete receptors is
0.00037 ng/m3, which is 0.15% of the long-term AQO. Therefore, the long-term PAH emission
impact can be considered insignificant.
7.12 Heavy Metals
7.12.1 The heavy metals include Cd, Ti, HG, Sb, As, Pb, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and V. In September 2012, the
Environment Agency published revised Environmental Assessment Levels (EALs) (version 3) for
arsenic, nickel and chromium (VI) . The revised EALs are substantially lower than the former EALs:
• Arsenic – 3 ng/m3;
• Nickel – 20 ng/m3; and
• Chromium (VI) – 0.2 ng/m3.
The EALs refer to that portion of the metal emissions contained only within the PM10 fraction of
particulates in ambient air.
Arsenic, nickel and (total) chromium are three of the nine Group 3 metals whose emissions are
subject to a mandatory minimum emission limit by the EU Directive 2010. The Directive sets an
aggregate limit of 0.5 mg/m3 for nine “Group 3” metals (Sb, As, Pb, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and V and
their compounds (total)). However, for the purposes of this assessment they were considered
individually to allow comparison with any relevant AQOs.
7.12.2 The assessment of predicted heavy metal concentrations is based on Environment Agency guidance
relating specifically to the assessment of Group 3 metals stack releases. As such the screening
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method detailed in the ‘Guidance to Applicants on the Impact Assessment for Group 3 Metals Stack
Releases – V.2 June 2011’ has been applied to the model outputs, based on the relevant Emission
Limit values.
7.12.3 There are no air quality standards for Ti and Co. Therefore they are not included in the
assessment.
7.12.4 The parameters stated in the Step 1 assessment, which also apply to the Step 2 assessment, are
stated below:
• LONG-TERM EALS – Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) <70%
• SHORT-TERM EALS – Process Contribution (PC) <20% of the headroom
Where the headroom is the appropriate standard minus the background concentration.
Cadmium (Cd)
Long-Term Cd
7.12.5 Predicted ground level Cd concentrations using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum
long-term PC concentration) were assessed against the relevant EAL. The results of the model
predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of background, are summarised Table 7.14.
Table 7.14 Summary of Predicted Cd Concentrations
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Cd (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC) PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background)
D1 1.8E-04 3.57 1.88E-03
D2 1.7E-04 3.43 1.87E-03
D3 2.3E-04 4.50 1.93E-03
D4 4.0E-04 7.92 2.10E-03
D5 5.8E-04 11.67 2.28E-03
D6 9.2E-04 18.35 2.62E-03
D7 1.1E-03 21.70 2.78E-03
D8 5.7E-04 11.44 2.27E-03
D9 4.2E-04 8.43 2.12E-03
D10 4.0E-04 7.98 2.10E-03
D11 2.6E-04 5.24 1.96E-03
D12 2.3E-04 4.52 1.93E-03
D13 2.1E-04 4.23 1.91E-03
D14 2.0E-04 3.98 1.90E-03
D15 2.4E-05 0.49 1.72E-03
D16 5.9E-05 1.18 1.76E-03
D17 1.3E-05 0.27 1.71E-03
D18 1.7E-05 0.34 1.72E-03
D19 2.3E-05 0.47 1.72E-03
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Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Cd (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC) PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background)
D20 2.8E-05 0.55 1.73E-03
D21 3.1E-05 0.62 1.73E-03
D22 3.4E-05 0.67 1.73E-03
D23 4.4E-05 0.88 1.74E-03
D24 4.5E-05 0.90 1.75E-03
D25 5.4E-05 1.08 1.75E-03
D26 5.6E-05 1.13 1.76E-03
D27 3.9E-05 0.77 1.74E-03
D28 4.4E-05 0.88 1.74E-03
D29 2.9E-05 0.59 1.73E-03
D30 2.6E-05 0.51 1.73E-03
D31 4.1E-05 0.82 1.74E-03
D32 1.2E-04 2.32 1.82E-03
D33 1.6E-04 3.29 1.86E-03
D34 1.4E-04 2.70 1.84E-03
D35 3.4E-05 0.67 1.73E-03
D36 1.2E-05 0.24 1.71E-03
AQO 0.005
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 0.0017µg/m3
7.12.6 As indicated in Table 7.14, there were no predicted exceedances of the relevant EAL for Cd at any
discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum long-term PC
concentration).
7.12.7 The predicted long-term Cd PCs at the modelled discrete receptors are well below 21.70% of the
relevant AQO when using 2012 met data.
Arsenic (As)
Long-term Arsenic
7.12.8 Predicted ground level As concentrations using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum
long-term PC concentration) were assessed against the relevant EAL. The results of the model
predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of background, are summarised Table 7.15.
Table 7.15 Summary of Predicted Long-Term Arsenic Concentrations – Step 1 Screening
Scenario
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Arsenic (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC as %age of AQO
D1 1.8E-03 59.1 2.5E-03 83.7
D2 1.7E-03 56.6 2.4E-03 81.3
D3 2.2E-03 74.4 3.0E-03 99.0
D4 3.9E-03 130.8 4.7E-03 155.5
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Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Arsenic (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC as %age of AQO
D5 5.8E-03 192.8 6.5E-03 217.5
D6 9.1E-03 303.2 9.8E-03 327.9
D7 1.1E-02 358.5 1.1E-02 383.2
D8 5.7E-03 189.1 6.4E-03 213.7
D9 4.2E-03 139.2 4.9E-03 163.9
D10 4.0E-03 131.9 4.7E-03 156.6
D11 2.6E-03 86.6 3.3E-03 111.3
D12 2.2E-03 74.7 3.0E-03 99.4
D13 2.1E-03 69.9 2.8E-03 94.5
D14 2.0E-03 65.8 2.7E-03 90.4
D15 2.4E-04 8.0 9.8E-04 32.7
D16 5.8E-04 19.4 1.3E-03 44.1
D17 1.3E-04 4.4 8.7E-04 29.1
D18 1.7E-04 5.7 9.1E-04 30.3
D19 2.3E-04 7.7 9.7E-04 32.4
D20 2.8E-04 9.2 1.0E-03 33.8
D21 3.1E-04 10.2 1.0E-03 34.9
D22 3.3E-04 11.1 1.1E-03 35.7
D23 4.4E-04 14.6 1.2E-03 39.3
D24 4.5E-04 14.9 1.2E-03 39.6
D25 5.3E-04 17.8 1.3E-03 42.5
D26 5.6E-04 18.6 1.3E-03 43.3
D27 3.8E-04 12.8 1.1E-03 37.4
D28 4.4E-04 14.6 1.2E-03 39.3
D29 2.9E-04 9.7 1.0E-03 34.4
D30 2.5E-04 8.5 9.9E-04 33.1
D31 4.0E-04 13.5 1.1E-03 38.1
D32 1.1E-03 38.3 1.9E-03 63.0
D33 1.6E-03 54.4 2.4E-03 79.0
D34 1.3E-03 44.6 2.1E-03 69.3
D35 3.3E-04 11.1 1.1E-03 35.8
D36 1.2E-04 4.0 8.6E-04 28.7
AQO 0.003
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 0.00074µg/m3
7.12.9 Given that long term As concentrations do not meet the Step 1 screening criteria, a Step 2
assessment has been undertaken which makes predictions assuming each metal comprises 11% of
the total group (i.e. 0.5mg/m3 apportioned across nine metals) and EA’s emissions monitoring data
indicates that it is reasonable to assume that each Group 3 metal comprises no more than 11% of
the Group ELV.
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Table 7.16 Summary of Predicted Long-Term Arsenic Concentrations – Step 2 Assessment
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Arsenic (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC as %age of AQO
D1 4.7E-06 0.16 0.00074 24.82
D2 4.5E-06 0.15 0.00074 24.82
D3 5.9E-06 0.20 0.00075 24.86
D4 1.0E-05 0.35 0.00075 25.01
D5 1.5E-05 0.51 0.00076 25.18
D6 2.4E-05 0.81 0.00076 25.47
D7 2.9E-05 0.95 0.00077 25.62
D8 1.5E-05 0.50 0.00076 25.17
D9 1.1E-05 0.37 0.00075 25.04
D10 1.1E-05 0.35 0.00075 25.02
D11 6.9E-06 0.23 0.00075 24.90
D12 6.0E-06 0.20 0.00075 24.87
D13 5.6E-06 0.19 0.00075 24.85
D14 5.2E-06 0.17 0.00075 24.84
D15 6.4E-07 0.02 0.00074 24.69
D16 1.5E-06 0.05 0.00074 24.72
D17 3.5E-07 0.01 0.00074 24.68
D18 4.5E-07 0.02 0.00074 24.68
D19 6.1E-07 0.02 0.00074 24.69
D20 7.3E-07 0.02 0.00074 24.69
D21 8.2E-07 0.03 0.00074 24.69
D22 8.8E-07 0.03 0.00074 24.70
D23 1.2E-06 0.04 0.00074 24.71
D24 1.2E-06 0.04 0.00074 24.71
D25 1.4E-06 0.05 0.00074 24.71
D26 1.5E-06 0.05 0.00074 24.72
D27 1.0E-06 0.03 0.00074 24.70
D28 1.2E-06 0.04 0.00074 24.71
D29 7.7E-07 0.03 0.00074 24.69
D30 6.8E-07 0.02 0.00074 24.69
D31 1.1E-06 0.04 0.00074 24.70
D32 3.1E-06 0.10 0.00074 24.77
D33 4.3E-06 0.14 0.00074 24.81
D34 3.6E-06 0.12 0.00074 24.79
D35 8.9E-07 0.03 0.00074 24.70
D36 3.2E-07 0.01 0.00074 24.68
AQO 0.003
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 0.00074µg/m3
7.12.10 As indicated in Table 7.16, there were no predicted long-term PEC exceedances of the relevant EAL
for As at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum
long-term PC concentration).
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Chromium (Cr)
Long-term Cr
7.12.11 Predicted ground level Cr concentrations using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum long-
term PC concentration) were assessed against the relevant EAL. The results of the model
predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of background, are summarised Table 7.17.
Table 7.17 Summary of Predicted Long-Term Chromium Concentrations – Step 1 Screening
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Cr (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC as %age of AQO
D1 1.8E-03 3.54E-02 1.3E-02 2.6E-01
D2 1.7E-03 3.40E-02 1.3E-02 2.5E-01
D3 2.2E-03 4.46E-02 1.3E-02 2.6E-01
D4 3.9E-03 7.85E-02 1.5E-02 3.0E-01
D5 5.8E-03 1.16E-01 1.7E-02 3.4E-01
D6 9.1E-03 1.82E-01 2.0E-02 4.0E-01
D7 1.1E-02 2.15E-01 2.2E-02 4.4E-01
D8 5.7E-03 1.13E-01 1.7E-02 3.3E-01
D9 4.2E-03 8.35E-02 1.5E-02 3.0E-01
D10 4.0E-03 7.91E-02 1.5E-02 3.0E-01
D11 2.6E-03 5.20E-02 1.4E-02 2.7E-01
D12 2.2E-03 4.48E-02 1.3E-02 2.6E-01
D13 2.1E-03 4.19E-02 1.3E-02 2.6E-01
D14 2.0E-03 3.95E-02 1.3E-02 2.6E-01
D15 2.4E-04 4.81E-03 1.1E-02 2.2E-01
D16 5.8E-04 1.16E-02 1.2E-02 2.3E-01
D17 1.3E-04 2.64E-03 1.1E-02 2.2E-01
D18 1.7E-04 3.39E-03 1.1E-02 2.2E-01
D19 2.3E-04 4.61E-03 1.1E-02 2.2E-01
D20 2.8E-04 5.50E-03 1.1E-02 2.3E-01
D21 3.1E-04 6.15E-03 1.1E-02 2.3E-01
D22 3.3E-04 6.65E-03 1.1E-02 2.3E-01
D23 4.4E-04 8.75E-03 1.1E-02 2.3E-01
D24 4.5E-04 8.93E-03 1.1E-02 2.3E-01
D25 5.3E-04 1.07E-02 1.2E-02 2.3E-01
D26 5.6E-04 1.12E-02 1.2E-02 2.3E-01
D27 3.8E-04 7.65E-03 1.1E-02 2.3E-01
D28 4.4E-04 8.77E-03 1.1E-02 2.3E-01
D29 2.9E-04 5.82E-03 1.1E-02 2.3E-01
D30 2.5E-04 5.09E-03 1.1E-02 2.3E-01
D31 4.0E-04 8.08E-03 1.1E-02 2.3E-01
D32 1.1E-03 2.30E-02 1.2E-02 2.4E-01
D33 1.6E-03 3.26E-02 1.3E-02 2.5E-01
D34 1.3E-03 2.68E-02 1.2E-02 2.5E-01
D35 3.3E-04 6.68E-03 1.1E-02 2.3E-01
D36 1.2E-04 2.40E-03 1.1E-02 2.2E-01
AQO 5
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Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 0.011µg/m3
7.12.12 As indicated in Table 7.17, there were no predicted long-term PEC exceedances of the relevant EAL
for Cr at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum
long-term PC concentration).
7.12.13 The maximum long-term Cr predicted PEC is 0.435% of AQO and below 70% of the Step 1
screening criteria. Therefore a Step 2 assessment is not required.
Short-term Cr
Table7.18 Summary of Predicted Short-Term Cr Concentrations – Step 1 Screening
Receptor
Predicted short-Term Concentration Cr (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
Headroom PC as %age of
Headroom
D1 9.96E-02 6.64E-02 1.216E-01 149.98 0.0664
D2 6.94E-02 4.63E-02 9.143E-02 149.98 0.0463
D3 5.49E-02 3.66E-02 7.686E-02 149.98 0.0366
D4 4.69E-02 3.13E-02 6.894E-02 149.98 0.0313
D5 5.86E-02 3.91E-02 8.063E-02 149.98 0.0391
D6 5.62E-02 3.75E-02 7.818E-02 149.98 0.0375
D7 5.90E-02 3.93E-02 8.098E-02 149.98 0.0393
D8 5.55E-02 3.70E-02 7.749E-02 149.98 0.0370
D9 3.72E-02 2.48E-02 5.921E-02 149.98 0.0248
D10 3.52E-02 2.35E-02 5.720E-02 149.98 0.0235
D11 2.81E-02 1.87E-02 5.011E-02 149.98 0.0187
D12 3.11E-02 2.07E-02 5.305E-02 149.98 0.0207
D13 3.11E-02 2.07E-02 5.305E-02 149.98 0.0207
D14 2.99E-02 2.00E-02 5.194E-02 149.98 0.0200
D15 1.48E-02 9.87E-03 3.680E-02 149.98 0.0099
D16 3.13E-02 2.09E-02 5.329E-02 149.98 0.0209
D17 1.22E-02 8.14E-03 3.421E-02 149.98 0.0081
D18 1.39E-02 9.28E-03 3.592E-02 149.98 0.0093
D19 1.59E-02 1.06E-02 3.790E-02 149.98 0.0106
D20 1.63E-02 1.09E-02 3.835E-02 149.98 0.0109
D21 1.75E-02 1.17E-02 3.954E-02 149.98 0.0117
D22 1.77E-02 1.18E-02 3.969E-02 149.98 0.0118
D23 1.58E-02 1.05E-02 3.781E-02 149.98 0.0105
D24 1.35E-02 8.97E-03 3.546E-02 149.98 0.0090
D25 1.65E-02 1.10E-02 3.848E-02 149.98 0.0110
D26 2.06E-02 1.37E-02 4.258E-02 149.98 0.0137
D27 1.56E-02 1.04E-02 3.757E-02 149.98 0.0104
D28 1.47E-02 9.81E-03 3.671E-02 149.98 0.0098
D29 1.48E-02 9.85E-03 3.678E-02 149.98 0.0099
D30 3.62E-02 2.41E-02 5.821E-02 149.98 0.0241
D31 1.66E-02 1.10E-02 3.857E-02 149.98 0.0110
D32 7.05E-02 4.70E-02 9.247E-02 149.98 0.0470
D33 8.10E-02 5.40E-02 1.030E-01 149.98 0.0540
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Receptor
Predicted short-Term Concentration Cr (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
Headroom PC as %age of
Headroom
D34 9.17E-02 6.12E-02 1.137E-01 149.98 0.0612
D35 3.11E-02 2.08E-02 5.313E-02 149.98 0.0208
D36 9.41E-03 6.27E-03 3.141E-02 149.98 0.0063
AQO 150
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 0.022µ/m3
7.12.14 As indicated in Table 7.18, there were no predicted exceedances of the relevant short-term criteria
for Cr at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum
short-term PC concentration).
7.12.15 The predicted maximum short-mean Cr PCs at the modelled discrete receptors is 0.0664% of the
headroom when using 2012 met data, which is less than 20% of the headroom. Therefore it can
be considered insignificant.
Long-Term Hexavalent Chromium Cr(VI)
Table 7.19 Summary of Predicted Long-Term Cr(VI) Concentrations – Step 1 – Screening
Scenario
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Cr(VI) (µg/m3) – Step1 – Screening Scenario
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC % of AQO
D1 1.8E-03 886.0 4.0E-03 1986.0
D2 1.7E-03 849.0 3.9E-03 1949.0
D3 2.2E-03 1115.7 4.4E-03 2215.7
D4 3.9E-03 1962.3 6.1E-03 3062.3
D5 5.8E-03 2892.1 8.0E-03 3992.1
D6 9.1E-03 4547.8 1.1E-02 5647.8
D7 1.1E-02 5377.9 1.3E-02 6477.9
D8 5.7E-03 2836.0 7.9E-03 3936.0
D9 4.2E-03 2088.3 6.4E-03 3188.3
D10 4.0E-03 1978.7 6.2E-03 3078.7
D11 2.6E-03 1299.2 4.8E-03 2399.2
D12 2.2E-03 1120.5 4.4E-03 2220.5
D13 2.1E-03 1047.9 4.3E-03 2147.9
D14 2.0E-03 986.7 4.2E-03 2086.7
D15 2.4E-04 120.2 2.4E-03 1220.2
D16 5.8E-04 291.2 2.8E-03 1391.2
D17 1.3E-04 66.1 2.3E-03 1166.1
D18 1.7E-04 84.8 2.4E-03 1184.8
D19 2.3E-04 115.3 2.4E-03 1215.3
D20 2.8E-04 137.5 2.5E-03 1237.5
D21 3.1E-04 153.7 2.5E-03 1253.7
D22 3.3E-04 166.2 2.5E-03 1266.2
D23 4.4E-04 218.8 2.6E-03 1318.8
D24 4.5E-04 223.3 2.6E-03 1323.3
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Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Cr(VI) (µg/m3) – Step1 – Screening Scenario
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC % of AQO
D25 5.3E-04 266.9 2.7E-03 1366.9
D26 5.6E-04 279.7 2.8E-03 1379.7
D27 3.8E-04 191.3 2.6E-03 1291.3
D28 4.4E-04 219.3 2.6E-03 1319.3
D29 2.9E-04 145.6 2.5E-03 1245.6
D30 2.5E-04 127.2 2.5E-03 1227.2
D31 4.0E-04 202.1 2.6E-03 1302.1
D32 1.1E-03 574.8 3.3E-03 1674.8
D33 1.6E-03 815.5 3.8E-03 1915.5
D34 1.3E-03 669.3 3.5E-03 1769.3
D35 3.3E-04 166.9 2.5E-03 1266.9
D36 1.2E-04 59.9 2.3E-03 1159.9
AQO 0.0002
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 11 x 20% ng/m3. For screening only, assume Cr(VI) comprises 20% of the total Background chromium).
7.12.16 Given that long term Cr(VI) concentrations do not meet the Step 1 screening criteria, a Step 2
assessment has been undertaken which makes predictions assuming each metal comprises 11% of
the total group (i.e. 0.5mg/m3 apportioned across nine metals) and EA’s emissions monitoring data
indicates that it is reasonable to assume that each Group 3 metal comprises no more than 11% of
the Group ELV.
Table 7.20 Summary of Predicted Long-Term Cr(VI) Concentrations – Step 2 Assessment
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Cr(VI) (µg/m3) – Step 2 Assessment
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC % of AQO
D1 1.9E-04 97.5 2.4E-03 1197.5
D2 1.9E-04 93.4 2.4E-03 1193.4
D3 2.5E-04 122.7 2.4E-03 1222.7
D4 4.3E-04 215.9 2.6E-03 1315.9
D5 6.4E-04 318.1 2.8E-03 1418.1
D6 1.0E-03 500.3 3.2E-03 1600.3
D7 1.2E-03 591.6 3.4E-03 1691.6
D8 6.2E-04 312.0 2.8E-03 1412.0
D9 4.6E-04 229.7 2.7E-03 1329.7
D10 4.4E-04 217.7 2.6E-03 1317.7
D11 2.9E-04 142.9 2.5E-03 1242.9
D12 2.5E-04 123.3 2.4E-03 1223.3
D13 2.3E-04 115.3 2.4E-03 1215.3
D14 2.2E-04 108.5 2.4E-03 1208.5
D15 2.6E-05 13.2 2.2E-03 1113.2
D16 6.4E-05 32.0 2.3E-03 1132.0
D17 1.5E-05 7.3 2.2E-03 1107.3
D18 1.9E-05 9.3 2.2E-03 1109.3
D19 2.5E-05 12.7 2.2E-03 1112.7
D20 3.0E-05 15.1 2.2E-03 1115.1
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Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Cr(VI) (µg/m3) – Step 2 Assessment
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC % of AQO
D21 3.4E-05 16.9 2.2E-03 1116.9
D22 3.7E-05 18.3 2.2E-03 1118.3
D23 4.8E-05 24.1 2.2E-03 1124.1
D24 4.9E-05 24.6 2.2E-03 1124.6
D25 5.9E-05 29.4 2.3E-03 1129.4
D26 6.2E-05 30.8 2.3E-03 1130.8
D27 4.2E-05 21.0 2.2E-03 1121.0
D28 4.8E-05 24.1 2.2E-03 1124.1
D29 3.2E-05 16.0 2.2E-03 1116.0
D30 2.8E-05 14.0 2.2E-03 1114.0
D31 4.4E-05 22.2 2.2E-03 1122.2
D32 1.3E-04 63.2 2.3E-03 1163.2
D33 1.8E-04 89.7 2.4E-03 1189.7
D34 1.5E-04 73.6 2.3E-03 1173.6
D35 3.7E-05 18.4 2.2E-03 1118.4
D36 1.3E-05 6.6 2.2E-03 1106.6
AQO 0.0002
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 2.2 ng/m3.
7.12.17 As illustrated by Table 7.20, long term Cr(VI) PC concentrations do not meet the Step 2
assessment criteria, a Step 3 – case specific scenario assessment has been undertaken which
makes predictions using the measured effective Cr(VI) concentration from a range of municipal
waste incinerators in England and Wales (EA Guidance to applicants on impact assessment for
group 3 metals stack, September 2012 version 3). The effective Cr(VI) emission concentration are
taken from ten MWI plant in England and Wales and the concentrations range from 2.3 x 10-6 to
1.3 x 10-4 mg/m3, with a mean of 3.5 x 10-5 mg/m3. The mean value has been used for the
predictions and the results of the model predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of
background, are summarised in Table 7.21.
Table 7.21 Summary of Predicted Long-Term Cr(VI) Concentrations – Step 3 – Case
Specific Scenario Assessment
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Cr(VI) (µg/m3) – Step 3 Assessment
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC % of AQO
D1 1.2E-07 0.062 2.20012E-03 1100.06
D2 1.2E-07 0.059 2.20012E-03 1100.06
D3 1.6E-07 0.078 2.20016E-03 1100.08
D4 2.7E-07 0.137 2.20027E-03 1100.14
D5 4.0E-07 0.202 2.20040E-03 1100.20
D6 6.4E-07 0.318 2.20064E-03 1100.32
D7 7.5E-07 0.376 2.20075E-03 1100.38
D8 4.0E-07 0.199 2.20040E-03 1100.20
D9 2.9E-07 0.146 2.20029E-03 1100.15
D10 2.8E-07 0.139 2.20028E-03 1100.14
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Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Cr(VI) (µg/m3) – Step 3 Assessment
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC % of AQO
D11 1.8E-07 0.091 2.20018E-03 1100.09
D12 1.6E-07 0.078 2.20016E-03 1100.08
D13 1.5E-07 0.073 2.20015E-03 1100.07
D14 1.4E-07 0.069 2.20014E-03 1100.07
D15 1.7E-08 0.008 2.20002E-03 1100.01
D16 4.1E-08 0.020 2.20004E-03 1100.02
D17 9.3E-09 0.005 2.20001E-03 1100.00
D18 1.2E-08 0.006 2.20001E-03 1100.01
D19 1.6E-08 0.008 2.20002E-03 1100.01
D20 1.9E-08 0.010 2.20002E-03 1100.01
D21 2.2E-08 0.011 2.20002E-03 1100.01
D22 2.3E-08 0.012 2.20002E-03 1100.01
D23 3.1E-08 0.015 2.20003E-03 1100.02
D24 3.1E-08 0.016 2.20003E-03 1100.02
D25 3.7E-08 0.019 2.20004E-03 1100.02
D26 3.9E-08 0.020 2.20004E-03 1100.02
D27 2.7E-08 0.013 2.20003E-03 1100.01
D28 3.1E-08 0.015 2.20003E-03 1100.02
D29 2.0E-08 0.010 2.20002E-03 1100.01
D30 1.8E-08 0.009 2.20002E-03 1100.01
D31 2.8E-08 0.014 2.20003E-03 1100.01
D32 8.0E-08 0.040 2.20008E-03 1100.04
D33 1.1E-07 0.057 2.20011E-03 1100.06
D34 9.4E-08 0.047 2.20009E-03 1100.05
D35 2.3E-08 0.012 2.20002E-03 1100.01
D36 8.4E-09 0.004 2.20001E-03 1100.00
AQO 0.0002
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 2.2 ng/m3.
7.12.18 As indicated in Table 7.21, by assuming Cr(VI) comprises 100% of total background chromium the
Cr(VI) background concentration has already exceeded the relevant AQO. However, the predicted
maximum annual mean PC for Cr(VI) at the modelled discrete receptors is 7.53x 10-07 µg/m3, which
is approximately only 0.38% of the long-term AQO (less than 1% of long-term AQO). Therefore,
the long-term Cr(VI) emission impact can be considered insignificant.
Mercury (Hg)
Long-term Hg
Table 7.22 Summary of Predicted Long-Term Hg Concentrations – Step 1 Screening
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Hg (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC as %age of AQO
D1 1.8E-03 7.09E-01 8.8E-03 3.51
D2 1.7E-03 6.79E-01 8.7E-03 3.48
D3 2.2E-03 8.93E-01 9.2E-03 3.69
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Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Hg (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC as %age of AQO
D4 3.9E-03 1.57E+00 1.1E-02 4.37
D5 5.8E-03 2.31E+00 1.3E-02 5.11
D6 9.1E-03 3.64E+00 1.6E-02 6.44
D7 1.1E-02 4.30E+00 1.8E-02 7.10
D8 5.7E-03 2.27E+00 1.3E-02 5.07
D9 4.2E-03 1.67E+00 1.1E-02 4.47
D10 4.0E-03 1.58E+00 1.1E-02 4.38
D11 2.6E-03 1.04E+00 9.6E-03 3.84
D12 2.2E-03 8.96E-01 9.2E-03 3.70
D13 2.1E-03 8.38E-01 9.1E-03 3.64
D14 2.0E-03 7.89E-01 9.0E-03 3.59
D15 2.4E-04 9.62E-02 7.2E-03 2.90
D16 5.8E-04 2.33E-01 7.6E-03 3.03
D17 1.3E-04 5.29E-02 7.1E-03 2.85
D18 1.7E-04 6.78E-02 7.2E-03 2.87
D19 2.3E-04 9.22E-02 7.2E-03 2.89
D20 2.8E-04 1.10E-01 7.3E-03 2.91
D21 3.1E-04 1.23E-01 7.3E-03 2.92
D22 3.3E-04 1.33E-01 7.3E-03 2.93
D23 4.4E-04 1.75E-01 7.4E-03 2.98
D24 4.5E-04 1.79E-01 7.4E-03 2.98
D25 5.3E-04 2.14E-01 7.5E-03 3.01
D26 5.6E-04 2.24E-01 7.6E-03 3.02
D27 3.8E-04 1.53E-01 7.4E-03 2.95
D28 4.4E-04 1.75E-01 7.4E-03 2.98
D29 2.9E-04 1.16E-01 7.3E-03 2.92
D30 2.5E-04 1.02E-01 7.3E-03 2.90
D31 4.0E-04 1.62E-01 7.4E-03 2.96
D32 1.1E-03 4.60E-01 8.1E-03 3.26
D33 1.6E-03 6.52E-01 8.6E-03 3.45
D34 1.3E-03 5.35E-01 8.3E-03 3.34
D35 3.3E-04 1.34E-01 7.3E-03 2.93
D36 1.2E-04 4.80E-02 7.1E-03 2.85
AQO 0.25
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 7.0ng/m3
7.12.19 As indicated in Table 7.22, there were no predicted long-term PEC exceedances of the relevant EAL
for Hg at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum
long-term PC concentration).
7.12.20 The maximum long-term Hg predicted PEC is 7.10% of AQO and below 70% of the Step 1
screening criteria. Therefore a Step 2 assessment is not required.
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Short-term Hg
Table 7.23 Summary of Predicted Short-Term Hg Concentrations – Step 1 Screening
Receptor
Predicted Short-Term Concentration Hg (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) Headroom
PC as %age of Headroom
D1 9.96E-02 1.33E+00 0.11358 7.486 1.330
D2 6.94E-02 9.26E-01 0.08343 7.486 0.927
D3 5.49E-02 7.32E-01 0.06886 7.486 0.733
D4 4.69E-02 6.26E-01 0.06094 7.486 0.627
D5 5.86E-02 7.82E-01 0.07263 7.486 0.783
D6 5.62E-02 7.49E-01 0.07018 7.486 0.750
D7 5.90E-02 7.86E-01 0.07298 7.486 0.788
D8 5.55E-02 7.40E-01 0.06949 7.486 0.741
D9 3.72E-02 4.96E-01 0.05121 7.486 0.497
D10 3.52E-02 4.69E-01 0.04920 7.486 0.470
D11 2.81E-02 3.75E-01 0.04211 7.486 0.375
D12 3.11E-02 4.14E-01 0.04505 7.486 0.415
D13 3.11E-02 4.14E-01 0.04505 7.486 0.415
D14 2.99E-02 3.99E-01 0.04394 7.486 0.400
D15 1.48E-02 1.97E-01 0.02880 7.486 0.198
D16 3.13E-02 4.17E-01 0.04529 7.486 0.418
D17 1.22E-02 1.63E-01 0.02621 7.486 0.163
D18 1.39E-02 1.86E-01 0.02792 7.486 0.186
D19 1.59E-02 2.12E-01 0.02990 7.486 0.212
D20 1.63E-02 2.18E-01 0.03035 7.486 0.218
D21 1.75E-02 2.34E-01 0.03154 7.486 0.234
D22 1.77E-02 2.36E-01 0.03169 7.486 0.236
D23 1.58E-02 2.11E-01 0.02981 7.486 0.211
D24 1.35E-02 1.79E-01 0.02746 7.486 0.180
D25 1.65E-02 2.20E-01 0.03048 7.486 0.220
D26 2.06E-02 2.74E-01 0.03458 7.486 0.275
D27 1.56E-02 2.08E-01 0.02957 7.486 0.208
D28 1.47E-02 1.96E-01 0.02871 7.486 0.197
D29 1.48E-02 1.97E-01 0.02878 7.486 0.197
D30 3.62E-02 4.83E-01 0.05021 7.486 0.484
D31 1.66E-02 2.21E-01 0.03057 7.486 0.221
D32 7.05E-02 9.40E-01 0.08447 7.486 0.941
D33 8.10E-02 1.08E+00 0.09505 7.486 1.083
D34 9.17E-02 1.22E+00 0.10574 7.486 1.225
D35 3.11E-02 4.15E-01 0.04513 7.486 0.416
D36 9.41E-03 1.25E-01 0.02341 7.486 0.126
AQO 7.5
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 14ng/m3
7.12.21 As indicated in Table 7.23, there were no predicted exceedances of the relevant short-term criteria
for Hg at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum
short-term PC concentration).
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7.12.22 The predicted maximum short-mean Hg PCs at the modelled discrete receptors is 1.33% of the
headroom when using 2012 met data, which is less than 20% of the headroom. Therefore it can
be considered insignificant.
Nickel (Ni)
Long-term Ni
Table 7.24 Summary of Predicted Long-Term Ni Concentrations – Step 1 Screening
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Ni (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC as %age of AQO
D1 1.8E-03 8.86 7.7E-03 38.4
D2 1.7E-03 8.49 7.6E-03 38.0
D3 2.2E-03 11.16 8.1E-03 40.7
D4 3.9E-03 19.62 9.8E-03 49.1
D5 5.8E-03 28.92 1.2E-02 58.4
D6 9.1E-03 45.48 1.5E-02 75.0
D7 1.1E-02 53.78 1.7E-02 83.3
D8 5.7E-03 28.36 1.2E-02 57.9
D9 4.2E-03 20.88 1.0E-02 50.4
D10 4.0E-03 19.79 9.9E-03 49.3
D11 2.6E-03 12.99 8.5E-03 42.5
D12 2.2E-03 11.21 8.1E-03 40.7
D13 2.1E-03 10.48 8.0E-03 40.0
D14 2.0E-03 9.87 7.9E-03 39.4
D15 2.4E-04 1.20 6.1E-03 30.7
D16 5.8E-04 2.91 6.5E-03 32.4
D17 1.3E-04 0.66 6.0E-03 30.2
D18 1.7E-04 0.85 6.1E-03 30.3
D19 2.3E-04 1.15 6.1E-03 30.7
D20 2.8E-04 1.38 6.2E-03 30.9
D21 3.1E-04 1.54 6.2E-03 31.0
D22 3.3E-04 1.66 6.2E-03 31.2
D23 4.4E-04 2.19 6.3E-03 31.7
D24 4.5E-04 2.23 6.3E-03 31.7
D25 5.3E-04 2.67 6.4E-03 32.2
D26 5.6E-04 2.80 6.5E-03 32.3
D27 3.8E-04 1.91 6.3E-03 31.4
D28 4.4E-04 2.19 6.3E-03 31.7
D29 2.9E-04 1.46 6.2E-03 31.0
D30 2.5E-04 1.27 6.2E-03 30.8
D31 4.0E-04 2.02 6.3E-03 31.5
D32 1.1E-03 5.75 7.0E-03 35.2
D33 1.6E-03 8.16 7.5E-03 37.7
D34 1.3E-03 6.69 7.2E-03 36.2
D35 3.3E-04 1.67 6.2E-03 31.2
D36 1.2E-04 0.60 6.0E-03 30.1
AQO 0.02
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Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 5.9ng/m3
7.12.23 As indicated in Table 7.24 there were no predicted long-term PEC exceedances of the relevant EAL
for Ni at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum
long-term PC concentration). Therefore a Step 2 assessment is not required.
Lead (Pb)
Long-term Pb
Table 7.25 Summary of Predicted Long-Term Pb Concentrations – Step 1 Screening
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Pb (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC as %age of AQO
D1 1.8E-03 7.09E-01 5.7E-02 22.71
D2 1.7E-03 6.79E-01 5.7E-02 22.68
D3 2.2E-03 8.93E-01 5.7E-02 22.89
D4 3.9E-03 1.57E+00 5.9E-02 23.57
D5 5.8E-03 2.31E+00 6.1E-02 24.31
D6 9.1E-03 3.64E+00 6.4E-02 25.64
D7 1.1E-02 4.30E+00 6.6E-02 26.30
D8 5.7E-03 2.27E+00 6.1E-02 24.27
D9 4.2E-03 1.67E+00 5.9E-02 23.67
D10 4.0E-03 1.58E+00 5.9E-02 23.58
D11 2.6E-03 1.04E+00 5.8E-02 23.04
D12 2.2E-03 8.96E-01 5.7E-02 22.90
D13 2.1E-03 8.38E-01 5.7E-02 22.84
D14 2.0E-03 7.89E-01 5.7E-02 22.79
D15 2.4E-04 9.62E-02 5.5E-02 22.10
D16 5.8E-04 2.33E-01 5.6E-02 22.23
D17 1.3E-04 5.29E-02 5.5E-02 22.05
D18 1.7E-04 6.78E-02 5.5E-02 22.07
D19 2.3E-04 9.22E-02 5.5E-02 22.09
D20 2.8E-04 1.10E-01 5.5E-02 22.11
D21 3.1E-04 1.23E-01 5.5E-02 22.12
D22 3.3E-04 1.33E-01 5.5E-02 22.13
D23 4.4E-04 1.75E-01 5.5E-02 22.18
D24 4.5E-04 1.79E-01 5.5E-02 22.18
D25 5.3E-04 2.14E-01 5.6E-02 22.21
D26 5.6E-04 2.24E-01 5.6E-02 22.22
D27 3.8E-04 1.53E-01 5.5E-02 22.15
D28 4.4E-04 1.75E-01 5.5E-02 22.18
D29 2.9E-04 1.16E-01 5.5E-02 22.12
D30 2.5E-04 1.02E-01 5.5E-02 22.10
D31 4.0E-04 1.62E-01 5.5E-02 22.16
D32 1.1E-03 4.60E-01 5.6E-02 22.46
D33 1.6E-03 6.52E-01 5.7E-02 22.65
D34 1.3E-03 5.35E-01 5.6E-02 22.54
D35 3.3E-04 1.34E-01 5.5E-02 22.13
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Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Pb (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC as %age of AQO
D36 1.2E-04 4.80E-02 5.5E-02 22.05
AQO 0.25
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 55.0ng/m3
7.12.24 As indicated in Table
7.12.25 7.25, there were no predicted long-term PEC exceedances of the relevant EAL for Pb at any
discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum long-term PC
concentration).
7.12.26 The maximum long-term Pb predicted PEC is 26.30% of AQO and below 70% of the Step 1
screening criteria. Therefore a Step 2 assessment is not required.
Copper (Cu)
Long-term Cu
Table 7.26 Summary of Predicted Long-Term Cu Concentrations – Step 1 Screening
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Cu (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC as %age of AQO
D1 1.8E-03 1.77E-02 0.102 1.018
D2 1.7E-03 1.70E-02 0.102 1.017
D3 2.2E-03 2.23E-02 0.102 1.022
D4 3.9E-03 3.92E-02 0.104 1.039
D5 5.8E-03 5.78E-02 0.106 1.058
D6 9.1E-03 9.10E-02 0.109 1.091
D7 1.1E-02 1.08E-01 0.111 1.108
D8 5.7E-03 5.67E-02 0.106 1.057
D9 4.2E-03 4.18E-02 0.104 1.042
D10 4.0E-03 3.96E-02 0.104 1.040
D11 2.6E-03 2.60E-02 0.103 1.026
D12 2.2E-03 2.24E-02 0.102 1.022
D13 2.1E-03 2.10E-02 0.102 1.021
D14 2.0E-03 1.97E-02 0.102 1.020
D15 2.4E-04 2.40E-03 0.100 1.002
D16 5.8E-04 5.82E-03 0.101 1.006
D17 1.3E-04 1.32E-03 0.100 1.001
D18 1.7E-04 1.70E-03 0.100 1.002
D19 2.3E-04 2.31E-03 0.100 1.002
D20 2.8E-04 2.75E-03 0.100 1.003
D21 3.1E-04 3.07E-03 0.100 1.003
D22 3.3E-04 3.32E-03 0.100 1.003
D23 4.4E-04 4.38E-03 0.100 1.004
D24 4.5E-04 4.47E-03 0.100 1.004
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Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Cu (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC as %age of AQO
D25 5.3E-04 5.34E-03 0.101 1.005
D26 5.6E-04 5.59E-03 0.101 1.006
D27 3.8E-04 3.83E-03 0.100 1.004
D28 4.4E-04 4.39E-03 0.100 1.004
D29 2.9E-04 2.91E-03 0.100 1.003
D30 2.5E-04 2.54E-03 0.100 1.003
D31 4.0E-04 4.04E-03 0.100 1.004
D32 1.1E-03 1.15E-02 0.101 1.011
D33 1.6E-03 1.63E-02 0.102 1.016
D34 1.3E-03 1.34E-02 0.101 1.013
D35 3.3E-04 3.34E-03 0.100 1.003
D36 1.2E-04 1.20E-03 0.100 1.001
AQO 10
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 100ng/m3
7.12.27 As indicated in Table 7.26, there were no predicted long-term PEC exceedances of the relevant EAL
for Cu at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum
long-term PC concentration).
7.12.28 The maximum long-term Cu predicted PEC is 1.11% of AQO and below 70% of the Step 1
screening criteria. Therefore a Step 2 assessment is not required.
Short-term Cu
Table 7.27 Summary of Predicted Short-Term Cu Concentrations – Step 1 Screening
Receptor
Predicted Short-Term Concentration Cu (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
Headroom PC as %age of
Headroom
D1 9.96E-02 4.98E-02 0.300 199.800 0.050
D2 6.94E-02 3.47E-02 0.269 199.800 0.035
D3 5.49E-02 2.74E-02 0.255 199.800 0.027
D4 4.69E-02 2.35E-02 0.247 199.800 0.023
D5 5.86E-02 2.93E-02 0.259 199.800 0.029
D6 5.62E-02 2.81E-02 0.256 199.800 0.028
D7 5.90E-02 2.95E-02 0.259 199.800 0.030
D8 5.55E-02 2.77E-02 0.255 199.800 0.028
D9 3.72E-02 1.86E-02 0.237 199.800 0.019
D10 3.52E-02 1.76E-02 0.235 199.800 0.018
D11 2.81E-02 1.41E-02 0.228 199.800 0.014
D12 3.11E-02 1.55E-02 0.231 199.800 0.016
D13 3.11E-02 1.55E-02 0.231 199.800 0.016
D14 2.99E-02 1.50E-02 0.230 199.800 0.015
D15 1.48E-02 7.40E-03 0.215 199.800 0.007
D16 3.13E-02 1.56E-02 0.231 199.800 0.016
D17 1.22E-02 6.11E-03 0.212 199.800 0.006
D18 1.39E-02 6.96E-03 0.214 199.800 0.007
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Receptor
Predicted Short-Term Concentration Cu (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
Headroom PC as %age of
Headroom
D19 1.59E-02 7.95E-03 0.216 199.800 0.008
D20 1.63E-02 8.17E-03 0.216 199.800 0.008
D21 1.75E-02 8.77E-03 0.218 199.800 0.009
D22 1.77E-02 8.85E-03 0.218 199.800 0.009
D23 1.58E-02 7.90E-03 0.216 199.800 0.008
D24 1.35E-02 6.73E-03 0.213 199.800 0.007
D25 1.65E-02 8.24E-03 0.216 199.800 0.008
D26 2.06E-02 1.03E-02 0.221 199.800 0.010
D27 1.56E-02 7.78E-03 0.216 199.800 0.008
D28 1.47E-02 7.36E-03 0.215 199.800 0.007
D29 1.48E-02 7.39E-03 0.215 199.800 0.007
D30 3.62E-02 1.81E-02 0.236 199.800 0.018
D31 1.66E-02 8.28E-03 0.217 199.800 0.008
D32 7.05E-02 3.52E-02 0.270 199.800 0.035
D33 8.10E-02 4.05E-02 0.281 199.800 0.041
D34 9.17E-02 4.59E-02 0.292 199.800 0.046
D35 3.11E-02 1.56E-02 0.231 199.800 0.016
D36 9.41E-03 4.71E-03 0.209 199.800 0.005
AQO 200
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 200ng/m3
7.12.29 As indicated in Table 7.27, there were no predicted exceedances of the relevant short-term criteria
for Cu at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum
short-term PC concentration).
7.12.30 The predicted maximum short-mean Cu PCs at the modelled discrete receptors is 0.0498% of the
headroom when using 2012 met data, which is less than 20% of the headroom. Therefore it can
be considered insignificant.
Manganese (Mn)
Long-term Mn
Table 7.28 Summary of Predicted Long-Term Mn Concentrations – Step 1 Screening
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Mn (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC as %age of AQO
D1 1.8E-03 1.18E+00 3.6E-02 23.85
D2 1.7E-03 1.13E+00 3.6E-02 23.80
D3 2.2E-03 1.49E+00 3.6E-02 24.15
D4 3.9E-03 2.62E+00 3.8E-02 25.28
D5 5.8E-03 3.86E+00 4.0E-02 26.52
D6 9.1E-03 6.06E+00 4.3E-02 28.73
D7 1.1E-02 7.17E+00 4.5E-02 29.84
D8 5.7E-03 3.78E+00 4.0E-02 26.45
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Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration Mn (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC as %age of AQO
D9 4.2E-03 2.78E+00 3.8E-02 25.45
D10 4.0E-03 2.64E+00 3.8E-02 25.30
D11 2.6E-03 1.73E+00 3.7E-02 24.40
D12 2.2E-03 1.49E+00 3.6E-02 24.16
D13 2.1E-03 1.40E+00 3.6E-02 24.06
D14 2.0E-03 1.32E+00 3.6E-02 23.98
D15 2.4E-04 1.60E-01 3.4E-02 22.83
D16 5.8E-04 3.88E-01 3.5E-02 23.05
D17 1.3E-04 8.81E-02 3.4E-02 22.75
D18 1.7E-04 1.13E-01 3.4E-02 22.78
D19 2.3E-04 1.54E-01 3.4E-02 22.82
D20 2.8E-04 1.83E-01 3.4E-02 22.85
D21 3.1E-04 2.05E-01 3.4E-02 22.87
D22 3.3E-04 2.22E-01 3.4E-02 22.89
D23 4.4E-04 2.92E-01 3.4E-02 22.96
D24 4.5E-04 2.98E-01 3.4E-02 22.96
D25 5.3E-04 3.56E-01 3.5E-02 23.02
D26 5.6E-04 3.73E-01 3.5E-02 23.04
D27 3.8E-04 2.55E-01 3.4E-02 22.92
D28 4.4E-04 2.92E-01 3.4E-02 22.96
D29 2.9E-04 1.94E-01 3.4E-02 22.86
D30 2.5E-04 1.70E-01 3.4E-02 22.84
D31 4.0E-04 2.69E-01 3.4E-02 22.94
D32 1.1E-03 7.66E-01 3.5E-02 23.43
D33 1.6E-03 1.09E+00 3.6E-02 23.75
D34 1.3E-03 8.92E-01 3.5E-02 23.56
D35 3.3E-04 2.23E-01 3.4E-02 22.89
D36 1.2E-04 7.99E-02 3.4E-02 22.75
AQO 0.15
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 34.0ng/m3
7.12.31 As indicated in Table 7.28, there were no predicted long-term PEC exceedances of the relevant EAL
for Mn at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum
long-term PC concentration).
7.12.32 The maximum long-term Mn predicted PEC is 29.84% of AQO and below 70% of the Step 1
screening criteria. Therefore a Step 2 assessment is not required.
Short-term Mn
Table 7.29 Summary of Predicted Short-Term Mn Concentrations – Step 1 Screening
Receptor
Predicted Short-Term Concentration Mn (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
Headroom PC as %age of
Headroom
D1 9.96E-02 6.64E-03 0.168 1499.932 0.00664
D2 6.94E-02 4.63E-03 0.137 1499.932 0.00463
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Receptor
Predicted Short-Term Concentration Mn (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO
PEC(a) (PC +Background)
Headroom PC as %age of
Headroom
D3 5.49E-02 3.66E-03 0.123 1499.932 0.00366
D4 4.69E-02 3.13E-03 0.115 1499.932 0.00313
D5 5.86E-02 3.91E-03 0.127 1499.932 0.00391
D6 5.62E-02 3.75E-03 0.124 1499.932 0.00375
D7 5.90E-02 3.93E-03 0.127 1499.932 0.00393
D8 5.55E-02 3.70E-03 0.123 1499.932 0.00370
D9 3.72E-02 2.48E-03 0.105 1499.932 0.00248
D10 3.52E-02 2.35E-03 0.103 1499.932 0.00235
D11 2.81E-02 1.87E-03 0.096 1499.932 0.00187
D12 3.11E-02 2.07E-03 0.099 1499.932 0.00207
D13 3.11E-02 2.07E-03 0.099 1499.932 0.00207
D14 2.99E-02 2.00E-03 0.098 1499.932 0.00200
D15 1.48E-02 9.87E-04 0.083 1499.932 0.00099
D16 3.13E-02 2.09E-03 0.099 1499.932 0.00209
D17 1.22E-02 8.14E-04 0.080 1499.932 0.00081
D18 1.39E-02 9.28E-04 0.082 1499.932 0.00093
D19 1.59E-02 1.06E-03 0.084 1499.932 0.00106
D20 1.63E-02 1.09E-03 0.084 1499.932 0.00109
D21 1.75E-02 1.17E-03 0.086 1499.932 0.00117
D22 1.77E-02 1.18E-03 0.086 1499.932 0.00118
D23 1.58E-02 1.05E-03 0.084 1499.932 0.00105
D24 1.35E-02 8.97E-04 0.081 1499.932 0.00090
D25 1.65E-02 1.10E-03 0.084 1499.932 0.00110
D26 2.06E-02 1.37E-03 0.089 1499.932 0.00137
D27 1.56E-02 1.04E-03 0.084 1499.932 0.00104
D28 1.47E-02 9.81E-04 0.083 1499.932 0.00098
D29 1.48E-02 9.85E-04 0.083 1499.932 0.00099
D30 3.62E-02 2.41E-03 0.104 1499.932 0.00241
D31 1.66E-02 1.10E-03 0.085 1499.932 0.00110
D32 7.05E-02 4.70E-03 0.138 1499.932 0.00470
D33 8.10E-02 5.40E-03 0.149 1499.932 0.00540
D34 9.17E-02 6.12E-03 0.160 1499.932 0.00612
D35 3.11E-02 2.08E-03 0.099 1499.932 0.00208
D36 9.41E-03 6.27E-04 0.077 1499.932 0.00063
AQO 1500
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 68ng/m3
7.12.33 As indicated in Table 7.29, there were no predicted exceedances of the relevant short-term criteria
for Mn at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum
short-term PC concentration).
7.12.34 The predicted maximum short-mean Mn PCs at the modelled discrete receptors is 0.0066% of the
headroom when using 2012 met data, which is less than 20% of the headroom. Therefore it can
be considered insignificant.
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Vanadium (V)
Long-term V
Table 7.30 Summary of Predicted Long-Term V Concentrations – Step 1 Screening
Receptor
Predicted Annual Mean Concentration V (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) PEC as %age of AQO
D1 1.8E-03 3.54E-02 4.6E-03 0.091
D2 1.7E-03 3.40E-02 4.5E-03 0.090
D3 2.2E-03 4.46E-02 5.0E-03 0.101
D4 3.9E-03 7.85E-02 6.7E-03 0.134
D5 5.8E-03 1.16E-01 8.6E-03 0.172
D6 9.1E-03 1.82E-01 1.2E-02 0.238
D7 1.1E-02 2.15E-01 1.4E-02 0.271
D8 5.7E-03 1.13E-01 8.5E-03 0.169
D9 4.2E-03 8.35E-02 7.0E-03 0.140
D10 4.0E-03 7.91E-02 6.8E-03 0.135
D11 2.6E-03 5.20E-02 5.4E-03 0.108
D12 2.2E-03 4.48E-02 5.0E-03 0.101
D13 2.1E-03 4.19E-02 4.9E-03 0.098
D14 2.0E-03 3.95E-02 4.8E-03 0.095
D15 2.4E-04 4.81E-03 3.0E-03 0.061
D16 5.8E-04 1.16E-02 3.4E-03 0.068
D17 1.3E-04 2.64E-03 2.9E-03 0.059
D18 1.7E-04 3.39E-03 3.0E-03 0.059
D19 2.3E-04 4.61E-03 3.0E-03 0.061
D20 2.8E-04 5.50E-03 3.1E-03 0.062
D21 3.1E-04 6.15E-03 3.1E-03 0.062
D22 3.3E-04 6.65E-03 3.1E-03 0.063
D23 4.4E-04 8.75E-03 3.2E-03 0.065
D24 4.5E-04 8.93E-03 3.2E-03 0.065
D25 5.3E-04 1.07E-02 3.3E-03 0.067
D26 5.6E-04 1.12E-02 3.4E-03 0.067
D27 3.8E-04 7.65E-03 3.2E-03 0.064
D28 4.4E-04 8.77E-03 3.2E-03 0.065
D29 2.9E-04 5.82E-03 3.1E-03 0.062
D30 2.5E-04 5.09E-03 3.1E-03 0.061
D31 4.0E-04 8.08E-03 3.2E-03 0.064
D32 1.1E-03 2.30E-02 3.9E-03 0.079
D33 1.6E-03 3.26E-02 4.4E-03 0.089
D34 1.3E-03 2.68E-02 4.1E-03 0.083
D35 3.3E-04 6.68E-03 3.1E-03 0.063
D36 1.2E-04 2.40E-03 2.9E-03 0.058
AQO 5
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 2.8ng/m3
7.12.35 As indicated in Table 7.30, there were no predicted long-term PEC exceedances of the relevant EAL
for V at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data the year resulting in maximum
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long-term PC concentration).
7.12.36 The maximum long-term V predicted PEC is 0.27% of AQO and below 70% of the Step 1 screening
criteria. Therefore a Step 2 assessment is not required.
Short-term V
Table 7.31 Summary of Predicted Short-Term (24-hour) Vanadium Concentrations
Receptor
Predicted Short-Term (24-hour) Concentration Vanadium (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC)
PC as %age of AQO PEC(a)
(PC +Background) Headroom
PC as %age of Headroom
D1 0.008 0.788 0.013 0.994 0.79
D2 0.008 0.766 0.013 0.994 0.77
D3 0.007 0.736 0.013 0.994 0.74
D4 0.009 0.886 0.014 0.994 0.89
D5 0.010 0.999 0.016 0.994 1.00
D6 0.012 1.233 0.018 0.994 1.24
D7 0.012 1.236 0.018 0.994 1.24
D8 0.012 1.187 0.017 0.994 1.19
D9 0.011 1.093 0.017 0.994 1.10
D10 0.012 1.189 0.017 0.994 1.20
D11 0.012 1.224 0.018 0.994 1.23
D12 0.013 1.272 0.018 0.994 1.28
D13 0.013 1.335 0.019 0.994 1.34
D14 0.010 1.044 0.016 0.994 1.05
D15 0.014 1.398 0.020 0.994 1.41
D16 0.009 0.925 0.015 0.994 0.93
D17 0.011 1.057 0.016 0.994 1.06
D18 0.010 1.042 0.016 0.994 1.05
D19 0.009 0.938 0.015 0.994 0.94
D20 0.010 0.973 0.015 0.994 0.98
D21 0.010 1.018 0.016 0.994 1.02
D22 0.010 1.012 0.016 0.994 1.02
D23 0.011 1.101 0.017 0.994 1.11
D24 0.008 0.797 0.014 0.994 0.80
D25 0.007 0.681 0.012 0.994 0.69
D26 0.008 0.849 0.014 0.994 0.85
D27 0.009 0.877 0.014 0.994 0.88
D28 0.009 0.878 0.014 0.994 0.88
D29 0.007 0.732 0.013 0.994 0.74
D30 0.009 0.867 0.014 0.994 0.87
D31 0.013 1.291 0.019 0.994 1.30
D32 0.012 1.177 0.017 0.994 1.18
D33 0.010 0.977 0.015 0.994 0.98
D34 0.009 0.913 0.015 0.994 0.92
D35 0.007 0.651 0.012 0.994 0.65
D36 0.009 0.936 0.015 0.994 0.94
AQO 1
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 5.6ng/m3
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7.12.37 As indicated in Table 7.31 there were no predicted exceedances of the relevant short-term criteria
for Vanadium at any discrete receptor location when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in
maximum short-term PC concentration).
7.12.38 The predicted maximum short-mean Vanadium PCs at the modelled discrete receptors is 1.405% of
the headroom when using 2012 met data, which is less than 20% of the headroom. Therefore it
can be considered insignificant.
7.13 Sensitivity Analysis – Inter-Annual Variability
7.13.1 The short-term and long-term potential air emissions from the modelled stacks have been assessed
for the 3 complete years of meteorological data. The model sensitivity to inter-annual variation of
meteorological conditions was calculated by using the following equation:
% Variation = [(Maximum mean – Minimum mean) 2] x 100
[(Maximum mean + Minimum mean) 2]
7.13.2 In the above equation “mean” refers to the true mean for all of the concentrations calculated by
the model at all discrete receptors. Results are shown for short-term and long-term NO2
predictions in Table 7.32.
Table 7.32 Sensitivity Analysis
Substance 3 Year of Meteorological Date
% Variation 2010 201 2012
NO2 long-term PC (µg/m3) 0.437 0.504 0.533 10.14
NO2 short-term PC (µg/m3) 3.466 3.402 3.359 1.56
7.13.3 The sensitivity analysis indicates that for the emissions of NO2 and all 3 years of meteorological
data the percentage variations were 10.14% and 1.56% for long-term and short-term respectively.
7.14 Emergency Scenario Emission
7.14.1 Ground level short-term pollutant concentrations were assessed under following
Emergency/abnormal scenarios when a proposed abatement system fails:
• Emergency Scenario 1 – The ceramic filters with the CEMS system failure;
• Emergency Scenario 2 - Sodium bicarbonate powder system failure; and
• Emergency Scenario 3 - Activated Carbon system failure.
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The predicted short-term pollutant concentrations under those abnormal operation scenarios are
presented as below.
Emergency Scenario 1
7.14.2 Predicted ground level short-term PM10 concentrations under the abnormal scenario 1, The Sodium
bicarbonate powder system failure, were assessed against the relevant AQOs. The results of the
model predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of background, using 2012 met data (the
year resulting in maximum short-term PC concentration), are summarised in Table 7.33.
Table 7.33 Summary of Predicted Short-Term PM10 Concentrations under Abnormal
Condition – Scenario 1
Receptor
Predicted 24-hour Mean (90.41th Percentile) Concentration (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC) PC as %age of AQO Background PEC(a)
(PC +Background)
D1 0.72 1.45 14.16 14.88
D2 0.70 1.40 13.95 14.65
D3 0.76 1.51 13.76 14.52
D4 1.27 2.54 13.71 14.98
D5 1.74 3.47 13.71 15.45
D6 2.77 5.54 13.70 16.47
D7 3.13 6.25 13.70 16.83
D8 1.81 3.61 13.70 15.51
D9 1.32 2.63 13.70 15.02
D10 1.23 2.45 13.70 14.93
D11 0.78 1.57 13.75 14.53
D12 0.60 1.20 13.75 14.35
D13 0.60 1.20 13.75 14.35
D14 0.57 1.14 13.75 14.32
D15 0.08 0.15 14.04 14.12
D16 0.19 0.38 14.06 14.25
D17 0.05 0.09 15.54 15.59
D18 0.06 0.12 14.66 14.72
D19 0.08 0.16 15.06 15.14
D20 0.09 0.19 14.90 14.99
D21 0.10 0.21 14.87 14.97
D22 0.12 0.25 14.81 14.93
D23 0.18 0.35 14.97 15.15
D24 0.18 0.37 15.09 15.27
D25 0.21 0.42 14.32 14.53
D26 0.20 0.40 14.26 14.46
D27 0.15 0.29 14.21 14.36
D28 0.18 0.35 14.18 14.36
D29 0.10 0.21 13.92 14.02
D30 0.09 0.19 13.77 13.86
D31 0.17 0.34 13.82 13.99
D32 0.47 0.93 14.74 15.21
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Receptor
Predicted 24-hour Mean (90.41th Percentile) Concentration (µg/m3)
Process Contrib’tn (PC) PC as %age of AQO Background PEC(a)
(PC +Background)
D33 0.64 1.27 15.04 15.68
D34 0.48 0.96 14.84 15.32
D35 0.14 0.29 13.80 13.94
D36 0.05 0.09 12.25 12.30
AQOs = 50 µg/m3
7.14.3 The maximum predicted 24 hour mean (the 90.41th percentile) PM10 process contributions (PC) at
receptors is 3.13 µg/m3 when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum short-term PC
concentration). The predicted short-mean PM10 PCs at the modelled discrete receptors are well
below 10% of the short-term AQO, which are considered insignificant.
7.14.4 The maximum PEC of 24 hour mean (the 90.41th percentile) PM10 emissions is 16.83µg/m3, which
does not exceed the relevant short-term AQS of 50 µg/m3. Therefore, the short-term PECs of PM10
at all receptors are below the relevant short-term AQS of 50 µg/m3 for the protection of human
health under the abnormal operation scenario 1 when the bag-house filter system fails.
Emergency Scenario 2
7.14.5 Predicted ground level short-term SO2 concentrations under the abnormal scenario 2, with Sodium
bicarbonate powder system failure, were assessed against the relevant AQOs. The results of the
model predictions at each discrete receptor, inclusive of background, using 2012 met data (the
year resulting in maximum short-term PC concentration), are summarised in Table 7.34.
Table 7.34 Summary of Predicted SO2 Concentrations under Abnormal Condition –
Scenario 2
Receptor
Predicted SO2 Concentration (µg/m3)
24-hour Mean (99.18th Percentile) (a)
1-hour Mean (99.73rd Percentile) (b)
15-minute Mean (99.9th Percentile) (c)
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PEC (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PEC (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PEC (PC +Background)
D1 8.16 13.73 29.80 39.24 43.80 56.45
D2 7.11 12.68 27.93 37.37 41.02 53.67
D3 11.11 16.67 29.15 38.59 43.35 56.00
D4 15.22 20.79 27.84 37.28 37.93 50.58
D5 19.12 24.69 37.62 47.06 52.13 64.78
D6 23.03 28.60 37.48 46.92 50.56 63.21
D7 27.04 32.61 39.19 48.63 53.12 65.77
D8 15.28 20.85 28.23 37.67 38.73 51.38
D9 12.17 17.74 24.25 33.69 33.26 45.91
D10 10.99 16.56 21.64 31.08 30.05 42.70
D11 7.61 13.18 16.51 25.95 23.27 35.92
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Receptor
Predicted SO2 Concentration (µg/m3)
24-hour Mean (99.18th Percentile) (a)
1-hour Mean (99.73rd Percentile) (b)
15-minute Mean (99.9th Percentile) (c)
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PEC (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PEC (PC +Background)
Process Contrib’tn
(PC)
PEC (PC +Background)
D12 5.40 10.97 14.68 24.12 24.76 37.41
D13 5.44 11.01 14.15 23.59 22.84 35.49
D14 5.51 11.08 13.81 23.25 22.27 34.92
D15 1.05 6.62 4.32 13.76 9.58 22.23
D16 2.82 8.39 11.41 20.85 19.21 31.86
D17 0.65 6.21 3.20 12.64 5.95 18.60
D18 0.94 6.51 3.52 12.96 8.43 21.08
D19 1.13 6.70 4.54 13.98 11.03 23.68
D20 1.34 6.91 4.94 14.38 11.26 23.91
D21 1.35 6.92 4.91 14.35 10.79 23.44
D22 1.43 7.00 5.27 14.71 11.66 24.31
D23 2.07 7.64 6.01 15.45 10.88 23.53
D24 2.25 7.82 6.91 16.35 10.51 23.16
D25 2.97 8.54 9.08 18.52 13.95 26.60
D26 3.09 8.66 9.52 18.96 14.68 27.33
D27 2.43 8.00 7.65 17.09 12.41 25.06
D28 2.73 8.30 8.73 18.17 12.39 25.04
D29 1.79 7.36 8.98 18.42 12.93 25.58
D30 1.49 7.06 8.68 18.12 13.23 25.88
D31 2.19 7.76 9.40 18.84 13.95 26.60
D32 5.25 10.82 20.28 29.72 30.46 43.11
D33 8.71 14.28 26.83 36.27 39.74 52.39
D34 6.73 12.30 28.01 37.45 45.06 57.71
D35 1.74 7.31 9.75 19.19 15.22 27.87
D36 0.72 6.29 3.35 12.79 6.36 19.01
AQOs 125 350 266
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 5.57µg/m3 (b) Inclusive of Background concentration of 9.44µg/m3 (c) Inclusive of Background concentration of 12.65µg/m3
7.14.6 The maximum PEC of 24-hour mean SO2 emissions at all receptors is 27.04 µg/m3 when using
2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum short-term PC concentration), which does not
exceed the relevant short-term AQS of 125 µg/m3. Therefore, the short-term (24-hour) PECs of
SO2 at all receptors are below the relevant short-term AQS of 125 µg/m3 for the protection of
human health under the abnormal operation scenario.
7.14.7 The maximum PEC of 1-hour mean SO2 emissions at all receptors is 39.19 µg /m3 when using 2012
met data, which does not exceed the relevant short-term AQS of 350 µg/m3. Therefore, the short-
term (1-hour) PECs of SO2 at all receptors are below the relevant short-term AQS of 350 µg/m3 for
the protection of human health under the abnormal operation scenario.
7.14.8 The maximum PEC of 15-minute mean SO2 emissions at sensitive residential receptors is
53.12 µg/m3 when using 2012 met data, which does not exceed the relevant short-term AQS of
266 µg/m3. Therefore, the short-term (15-minute) PECs of SO2 at all residential receptors are
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below the relevant short-term AQS of 266 µg/m3 for the protection of human health under the
abnormal operation scenario.
Emergency Scenario 3
7.14.9 Predicted ground level long-term dioxins and furans concentrations under the abnormal scenario 3,
with activated carbon system failure, were assessed. The results of the model predictions at each
discrete receptor, inclusive of background, using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum
short-term PC concentration), are summarised in Table 7.35.
7.14.10 There are no air quality standards for dioxins and furans and as such it is not possible to determine
the magnitude and subsequently, significance of the predicted increase in Dioxins and furans
exposure as a result of emissions associated with the proposed development. As such, the process
contribution of the facility is presented as a percentage of the existing background levels.
Table 7.35 Predicted Dioxins and Furans Concentrations (fg/m3 I-TEQ)
Receptor PC
Process Contrib’tn
Background Total PCDD/F(a) PC as % age of
Background
D1 0.65 48.700 49.35 1.34
D2 0.62 48.700 49.32 1.28
D3 0.82 48.700 49.52 1.68
D4 1.44 48.700 50.14 2.96
D5 2.13 48.700 50.83 4.37
D6 3.34 48.700 52.04 6.87
D7 3.95 48.700 52.65 8.12
D8 2.09 48.700 50.79 4.28
D9 1.54 48.700 50.24 3.15
D10 1.45 48.700 50.15 2.99
D11 0.96 48.700 49.66 1.96
D12 0.82 48.700 49.52 1.69
D13 0.77 48.700 49.47 1.58
D14 0.73 48.700 49.43 1.49
D15 0.09 48.700 48.79 0.18
D16 0.21 48.700 48.91 0.44
D17 0.05 48.700 48.75 0.10
D18 0.06 48.700 48.76 0.13
D19 0.08 48.700 48.78 0.17
D20 0.10 48.700 48.80 0.21
D21 0.11 48.700 48.81 0.23
D22 0.12 48.700 48.82 0.25
D23 0.16 48.700 48.86 0.33
D24 0.16 48.700 48.86 0.34
D25 0.20 48.700 48.90 0.40
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Receptor PC
Process Contrib’tn
Background Total PCDD/F(a) PC as % age of
Background
D26 0.21 48.700 48.91 0.42
D27 0.14 48.700 48.84 0.29
D28 0.16 48.700 48.86 0.33
D29 0.11 48.700 48.81 0.22
D30 0.09 48.700 48.79 0.19
D31 0.15 48.700 48.85 0.31
D32 0.42 48.700 49.12 0.87
D33 0.60 48.700 49.30 1.23
D34 0.49 48.700 49.19 1.01
D35 0.12 48.700 48.82 0.25
D36 0.04 48.700 48.74 0.09
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 48.7 fg/m3
7.14.11 As illustrated by Table 7.35, the additional contribution to total background Dioxins and furans
concentrations is expected to be small, less than 8.12% of the estimated existing concentrations
under the abnormal operation scenario 3 when the activated carbon system fails.
7.15 Habitat Assessment
7.15.1 The habitat assessment has been undertaken for the identified nature conservation sites including:
• Six Pit, Swansea Vale and White Rock, SSSI; and
• Crymlyn Bog - Ramsar/SAC/SSSI.
• SINC – Swansea Vale / Fenrod NR (adjacent -eastern boundary) designated for its habitat
interest; and
• SINC – Fendrod Lake and Nant y Fendrod (5m south of the site) designated for its habitat
interest.
7.15.2 The long-term and short-term concentrations among those sites have been calculated for habitat
assessment against relevant critical loads, using 2012 met data (the year resulting in maximum
both long-term and short-term PC concentrations).
Critical Level of Long-Term and Short-Term NOx (as NO2)
Table 7.36 Summary of Predicted NOx Concentrations for Protection of Vegetation and
Ecosystems
Ecological Receptor
Predicted Maximum Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3)
Predicted 24-hour Mean Concentration (µg/m3)
Process PC as %age PEC(a) Process PC as PEC(b)
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Contrib’tn (PC)
of AQO (PC
+Background) Contrib’tn (PC) %age of
AQO
(PC
+Background)
Six Pit, Swansea Vale and White Rock, SSSI
0.09 0.31 22.45(a) 0.60 0.80 27.09
Crymlyn Bog - Ramsar/SAC/SSSI
0.03 0.11 14.34(b) 0.29 0.39 17.21
AQO/Critical Level (CL) 30(c) 75(d)
Note: (a) Inclusive of Background concentration of 22.45µg/m3. The Background concentration was taken from http://www.apis.ac.uk/. (b) The Inclusive of Background concentration of 14.34µg/m3. The Background concentration was taken from http://www.apis.ac.uk/. (c) The AQO of 30 µg/m3 is the annual standard for the protection of vegetation and ecosystems; (d) The AQO of 75 µg/m3 is the daily standard for the protection of vegetation and ecosystems.
7.15.3 The annual mean NOx process contributions at all ecological receptors are bellow the annual mean
critical level of 30 µg/m3 for the protection of vegetation and Ecosystems.
7.15.4 The NOx daily (24 hour) process concentration at all ecological receptors bellow the daily mean
critical levels of 75 µg/m3 for the protection of vegetation and Ecosystems.
7.15.5 The annual and daily (24hr) means NOx process contributions and the associated predicted
environmental concentrations at as number of SINC ecological receptors surrounding the Site are
all below the relevant critical levels for the protection of vegetation and Ecosystems.
7.15.6 Due to the maximum annual mean NOx process contributions being 0.31% of critical loads (well
below 1% of critical loads) at two ecological receptor locations, the impacts of NOx emissions from
facility operations to those sites are negligible. Therefore, the nitrogen deposition calculations for
the two ecological receptor locations have not been undertaken.
7.16 Plume Visibility
7.16.1 Wet plumes from the Facility stacks may become visible when vapour condenses under certain
climatic conditions. To ensure such a plume is not a nuisance to receptors neighbouring the site
(i.e. the footpaths, residential properties) plume visibility modelling was carried out. Where a
visible plume was deemed to be visible outside of the Site boundary it was necessary to determine
whether the plume returned to ground level as such an occurrence could be a potential nuisance.
Detailed plume visibility modelling has been carried out using the ADMS model (version 5)
developed by Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants (CERC). The Plume Visibility module
in ADMS uses the initial water content of the gaseous emission from the stacks and the humidity of
the ambient air to determine whether the plume will be visible at a number of downstream points.
7.16.2 A plume is defined as ‘visible’ if the liquid water content of the plume at the plume centreline
exceeds 15 x10-5 kg/kg, and is defined to have ‘grounded’ if the vertical spread of the plume (z) is
larger than the plume centreline height (zp).
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7.16.3 In addition to the input parameters required for the ADMS or AERMOD air dispersion models to
predict ground level pollutant concentrations, ADMS requires the following input parameters to
determine whether a plume will be visible or will return to ground level at a given downwind
distance:
• Surface humidity (relative humidity) as a meteorological variable;
• Surface temperature as a meteorological variable since moisture properties of the atmosphere
depend strongly on temperature; and
• The initial mixing ratio of the plume in kg/kg (i.e. the mass of water vapour per unit mass of
dry release at the source).
Model Input
7.16.4 The mixing ratio of the plume has been derived from client provided data to be 0.0751 kg/kg.
Plume Visibility Impact
7.16.5 The plume visibility impact from main stacks was assessed for all three years of meteorological
data and annual dataset consists of an entire year of hourly sequential readings. The hourly
sequential readings include the relative humidity and temperature.
7.16.6 The year of worst predicted impacts from the meteorological dataset was identified as 2011 by
comparing the number of groundings, presented in Table 7.37. The highest number of groundings
from the main stack is predicted to be 6705 when using 2011 meteorological data.
Table 7.37 Plumes Impacts from the Main Stack
Year Number of Visible
Plumes 2
Number of Invisible
Groundings
Number of visible
groundings
Number of plumes visible at release
2010 0 6051 0 0
2011 1 0 6705 0 0
2012 0 6329 0 0
Note: 1. Year of worst predicted impacts; and 2. Which means the number of plumes that would be visible to the observers if they looked directly upwards from locations
adjacent to the stack.
7.16.7 The results of visible plume impact from main stack using 2011 meteorological data (the year of
worst impact) are presented in Table 7.38 and summarised as below:
(1) There are no visible plumes;
(2) There are 6705 invisible plume groundings per year;
(3) There are no visible plume groundings anywhere inside or outside of the Site; and
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(4) There are no plumes visible at release from the stack.
Table 7.38 Plumes Impacts from the Main Stack Using 2014 Met Data
Year Number of Visible
Plumes 2 Number of Invisible
Groundings Number of visible
groundings Number of plumes visible at release
2011 0 6705 0 0
Source Percentage of plumes
visible Percentage of invisible
plume grounding Percentage of plumes visible and grounding
Percentage of plumes visible at release
Main Stack 0 78 0 0
Note: 1. Year of worst predicted impacts; and 2. Which means the number of plumes that would be visible to the observers if they looked directly upwards from locations
adjacent to the stack.
Summary of the Plume Visibility Assessment
7.16.8 The results of the plume visibility assessment indicated that there are no visible plume groundings
anywhere inside or outside of the Site. Therefore, no visible plume would return to ground level to
cause any potential nuisance.
7.17 Cumulative Impacts
7.17.1 The cumulative impacts of nitrogen dioxide emissions that results from both (1) the proposed
facility and (2) the proposed development of a short-term operating reserve (STOR) peaking power
plant at their site in Unit 13 & 14 Ashmount Business Park, Upper Fforest Way(reference:
2016/1286), Swansea Enterprise Park; have been assessed.
7.17.2 An assessment of local air quality impacts associated with the proposed Peaking Power Plant has
been undertaken (as per MLM Consulting Engineers Ltd’s Air Quality Assessment report, document
ref: 773202-REP-ENV-003-AQA, dated on 24 June 2016).
7.17.3 Modelled receptors in MLM Consulting Engineers Ltd’s report are presented in Table below.
Table 7.39 Modelled Receptors in MLM Consulting Engineers Ltd’s report
Reference Description OS GR x OS GR y
R1 Heol Y Celyn 268589 198279
R2 Maes Y Deri 268746 198399
R3 10 Cwrt Llwyn Fwdwen 267334 198475
R4 51 Cwrt Llwyn Fwdwen 267427 198403
R5 41 Bush Road 267351 198188
R6 Travellers 267668 198245
7.17.4 The predicted ground level of NO2 concentrations at the assessed residential receptor locations in
MLM Consulting Engineers Ltd’s report are presented in Table below.
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Table 7.40 Maximum Predicted Ground Level Concentrations in MLM Consulting Engineers
Ltd’s report
Receptor Reference Predicted NO2 Annual Mean Process Concentration (µg/m3)
R1 0.05
R2 0.05
R3 0.03
R4 0.03
R5 0.01
R6 0.03
7.17.5 The total (cumulative) predicted concentrations of nitrogen dioxide from (1) the proposed facility
and (2) the proposed peaking power plant are presented in Table below,
Table 7.41 The Total (Cumulative) Predicted Ground Level Concentrations
Receptor
Reference Predicted NO2 Annual Mean Process Concentration (µg/m3)
MLM Receptor
WYG Receptor
By “Peaking”
Power Plant
By proposed small-scale
energy
recovery facility
Cumulative /Total
% of AQO
Background PEC(a)
(PC
+Background)
PEC as %age
of AQO
PEC as %age of AQO
Significance
R1 D37 0.05 0.57 0.62 1.55 18.25 18.87 47.17 <75% of
AQAL Negligible
R2 D38 0.05 0.32 0.37 0.93 18.47 18.84 47.11 <75% of
AQAL Negligible
R3 D39 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.25 21.19 21.29 53.22 <75% of
AQAL Negligible
R4 D40 0.03 0.09 0.12 0.29 24.85 24.97 62.42 <75% of
AQAL Negligible
R5 D41 0.01 0.11 0.12 0.31 23.45 23.57 58.93 <75% of
AQAL Negligible
R6 D42 0.03 0.17 0.20 0.49 20.75 20.95 52.37 <75% of
AQAL Negligible
(a) Inclusive of traffic assessment determined Background concentration.
7.17.6 The percentage change in cumulative process concentrations relative to the AQAL as a result of
both the STOR Peaking Power plant and the proposed facility operations at all receptor locations,
with respect to NO2 exposure, are determined to be 1.55% or less for the assessed receptors. The
significance is determined to be ‘negligible’ for assessed receptors.
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8. Vehicle Emissions
8.1.1 During the operational phase of the proposed development additional vehicle trips associated with
the facilities on-site will form a source of road vehicle exhaust emissions, such as NO2 and PM10, on
the local and regional road networks.
8.1.2 The existing depot is Biffa’s ‘hub’ for waste collection services for Swansea and the surrounding
area employing circa 20 driver and 15 staff members of staff and with a fleet of approximately 20
vehicles.
8.1.3 Detailed information on traffic movements associated with members of staff travelling to and from
the development was unavailable for the completion of the Air Quality Assessment. However,
assuming each of staff will be providing a parking space and there will be 15 parking spaces. The
staff will be working on different shifts. It is assumed that there will be approximately 15 arrivals
and 15 departures. It is therefore anticipated that there will not be a significant increase in AADT
flows (≈30) in the vicinity of the development site as a result of these trips.
8.1.4 The DMRB4 assessment methodology was consulted in order to identify if a detailed assessment of
vehicle exhaust emissions was required. The DMRB states the following criteria for a detailed
assessment of road vehicle exhaust emissions:
• Road alignment will change by 5m or more;
• Daily traffic flow will change by 1,000No. AADT or more;
• HDV flows will change by 200No. AADT or more; or,
• Daily average speed will change by 10km.hr-1 or more.
8.1.5 The criteria for detailed assessment were not met because:
• There is not planned to be any change in road alignment as part of the proposed
development;
• Due to the size and nature of the proposals it is reasonable to assume that AADT flows will not
change by 1,000No. vehicle movements or more as result of the development;
• There are no links where HDV flows are predicted to increase by 200No, based on the annual
intake of the installation and typical HGV capacity; and,
4 Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, Section 3 Part 1 - Air Quality, Highways Agency, 2009.
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• Due to the nature of the development it is considered reasonable to assume that daily average
speed on the local highway network will not change by 10km.hr-1 or more as a result of
operational phase activities.
8.1.6 The potential impact of operational phase road vehicle emissions is therefore assessed as being
imperceptible in magnitude to receptors of very high (worst case) sensitivity. The unmitigated
impact significance is considered to be negligible in scale, in accordance with the assessment
methodology.
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9. Odour Control
9.1 Potential Sources of Odour
Waste Storage
9.1.1 Following the acceptance procedures detailed above, waste loads that may be accepted at the site
within the terms and conditions of the Environmental Permit will proceed to the tipping area,
located within the building.
9.1.2 The building will be equipped with fast acting, roller shutter doors and will be kept under negative
pressure to ensure that any potential for dust, litter, odour and noise emissions from the building is
minimised during the delivery and processing of wastes. Odorous air from the building will be going
into the combustion process and all of the air from the dryer will be going into a chemical scrubber
which will then clean the air and discharge to atmosphere.
9.1.3 Waste delivery vehicles will enter into the building, via a fast acting, roller shutter door, which will
be activated by a proximity detector. The fast acting door will be closed immediately after vehicle
entry to contain any odours. Following waste deposit, the fast acting door will be opened to allow
the vehicle to exit the building, after which the door will be closed again. Vehicles will proceed to
the weighbridge, where they will be reweighed before exiting the site. All vehicle movements will
be controlled by the supervision of a banksman or an operator.
9.2 Major Odour Control and Mitigation Measures
9.2.1 Potential odour emissions from the small-scale energy recovery facility will be controlled by keeping
the building under negative pressure through a building ventilation system.
9.2.2 Odorous air from the building will be going into the combustion process and all of the air from the
dryer will be going into a chemical scrubber which will then clean the air and discharge to
atmosphere. It is believed that the combusting the extracted air from the building is the best
available technology for the control of odour.
9.2.3 Therefore, the potential odour impacts on the sensitive receptors from the facility operations are
small and the significance of the odour effect on the sensitive receptors is not significant.
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10. Health Impact Assessment
10.1 Introduction of Health Impact Assessment (HIA)
10.1.1 A Health Impact Assessment has been undertaken in accordance with the document which sets out
the Methodology to a Health Impact Assessment (HIA) of the City and County of Swansea Local
Development Plan (LDP). The document was presented and subsequently endorsed by Planning
Committee on the 10th November, 2011.
10.1.2 Swansea Council’s Local Development Plan (LDP) Health Impact Assessment (HIA) (2012) was
used to ensure that the planning application is consistent with permitting requirement for the
development.
10.1.3 The objectives of the HIA are to identify any potential differential distribution effects of health
impacts among groups within the population by asking ‘who is affected?’ for the impacts identified
and determine the actions / mitigations measures that aim to minimise any potential negative
health impacts and maximise potential positive health impacts.
10.1.4 The main proposed operations considered in the HIA assessment include:
1) Receipt and storage of non-hazardous waste prior to treatment;
2) Treatment of waste in shredders;
3) Removal of metals;
4) Odour control via the scrubber;
5) Treatment in dryers; and
6) Storage of ash prior to removal from site.
10.1.5 In addition, the Wales Health Impact Assessment Support Unit (WHIASU) Health Impact
Assessment: A Practical Guide (adopted 2001) has also been referenced.
10.2 Extant Policy, Legislation and Relevant Agencies for HIA
10.2.1 Documents Consulted are discussed in Chapter 2. In addition, more documents have been
consulted for the HIA.
10.2.2 Site Specific Reference Documents
• Swansea Local Development Plan: Preferred Strategy July 2014
• Swansea Local Development Plan 2010-2025: Deposit Plan, Adopted July 2016; and
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• Swansea Council Profile December 2017
• Swansea Local Development Plan: Health Impact Assessment Draft Vision and Objectives
October 2012.
• Swansea Local Development Plan: Health Impact Assessment Local Profile September 2012
10.2.3 Local Policy is discussed in Chapter 2 and additional document consulted are as below.
10.2.4 EU1: Energy and Utilities Policies
10.2.5 Proposals for renewable or low carbon energy development will be permitted subject to the
following criteria:
10.2.6 All renewable energy or low carbon energy development proposals will be required to demonstrate
that:
• The siting, design, layout, type of installation and materials used do not have a significant
adverse effect on the characteristics and features of the proposed location;
• The development would not result in unacceptable loss of public amenity or public accessibility
to the area;
• The development would not result in significant adverse effects on natural heritage or historic
environment, or visual amenity either individually or cumulatively;
• There would be no significant adverse effect on the Gower AONB;
• There would be no significant adverse impact on water quality and quantity;
• The development would not result in the permanent sterilisation of minerals resources;
• The development would not compromise the transport network;
• The development would not interfere with aircraft operations or telecommunications;
• There would be no loss of carbon sinks, or that on-site loss can be adequately mitigated; and
• The satisfactory removal of infrastructure and remediation and/or restoration of the natural
environment, would be undertaken in accordance with an aftercare scheme to be agreed with
the Council prior to the development being carried out.
10.2.7 Swansea Council’s Waste Policies
Policy 16:
Waste will be managed sustainably within the County by ensuring that all proposals for
waste facilities demonstrate how the management of waste is being driven up the waste
hierarchy and accords with the proximity principle. B2 employment sites will be considered
for ‘in-building’ waste management facilities subject to there being no significant adverse
effect on the environment or the amenity of adjacent users and communities. The
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opportunity for co-locating facilities to enable heat networks will be considered. Tir John will
continue to operate as a municipal waste landfill site, until alternative facilities are available.
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10.3 Health Impact Assessment (HIA)
Introduction of Health Impact Assessment
10.3.1 Swansea Council sets out the guidance for information in support of applications for the storage,
treatment or disposal of waste.
10.3.2 The City and county of Swansea has a municipal waste management strategy 2016 – 2016
published in February 2012. The strategy updates and reviews the Council’s Waste Strategy to
meet the Welsh Government overall Waste Strategy and to work towards meeting 70% recycling
targets set for 2025.
Definition of Health Impact Assessment
10.3.3 HIA is commonly defined as “a combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy,
program or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the
distribution of those effects within the population.” It is a tool to appraise both positive (e.g.
creation of new jobs) and negative (e.g. generation of pollution) impacts on the different affected
subgroups of the population that might result from the development. Public participation is
considered a major component of the process.
10.3.4 The Health Impact Assessment aims to identify all these effects on health in order to enhance the
benefits for health and minimise any risks to health. It includes specifically a consideration of the
differential impacts on different groups in the population, such as those on a low income, people
involved in the criminal justice system, minority ethnic groups, young, disabled (physically and
learning) and elderly people.
10.3.5 Spatial planning and development has the potential to impact on human health and wellbeing. This
is because a wide range of social and environmental factors affect the health of local communities
within Wales. Good health is related to good quality housing and developments, well designed
street scenes, well laid out neighbourhoods, quality and efficiency in transport systems,
opportunities to experience leisure and cultural services activities and green and open space. These
factors are known as the “wider determinants of health” and include:
• Individual lifestyle factors such as smoking habits, diet and physical activity.
• Interactions with friends, relatives and mutual support within a community.
• Wider influences on health including - living and working conditions, unemployment, water and
sanitation, health care service, housing, food supplies, education, and the work environment.
Aims and Objectives of Health Impact Assessment
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10.3.6 A Health Impact Assessment should:
• Include individual lifestyle factors such as smoking habits, diet and physical activity. Impacts of
the proposed development on planned new communities and the adjacent existing communities
in the development area;
• Highlight any potential differential distribution effects of health impacts among groups within
the population by asking ‘who is affected?’ for the impacts identified; and
• Suggest actions / mitigations that aim to minimise any potential negative health impacts and
maximise potential positive health impacts, referencing where possible the most affected
vulnerable group(s).
Site Description, Project Description, and Public Health Profile
Description of the Project
10.3.7 The proposed site will comprise of a small-scale energy recovery facility on Land at Swansea
Depot, Clarion Close, Morriston, Swansea.
10.3.8 The main proposed operations include:
1) Receipt and storage of non-hazardous waste prior to treatment;
2) Treatment of waste in shredders;
3) Removal of metals;
4) Odour control via the scrubber;
5) Treatment in dryers; and
6) Storage of ash prior to removal from site.
Public Health Profile
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10.3.9 The proposed development is situated in the Morriston Ward to the north east of Swansea. There
has been a steady increase in population levels from the 2006 to 2016 at a rate of 0.6% per year
according to the Swansea Council Profile (December 2017). The population in the Morriston Ward,
where the proposed development is situated, is the second highest ward population in Swansea at
16,500 according to the mid-2016 Office for National Statistics.
10.3.10 The life expectancy for the whole of the Swansea Council for men is lower and women higher than
the average in Wales, with men’s life expectancy being 78.0 years (Wales’ average life expectancy
for men is 78.4 years) and women’s life expectancy being 82.5 years (Wales’ average life
expectancy for women is 82.3 years) in 2007-2009.
10.3.11 There are potential health risks from the proposed activities in which some groups of people may
be more vulnerable than others. Vulnerable groups of people as defined in the Health Impact
Assessment SPD, throughout Huntingdonshire District, are varied throughout the different wards.
One potential vulnerable group identified is the older workforce.
10.3.12 Swansea’s highest proportion of its residents is aged 25-44. In future, its age structure is forecast
to age, with projections suggesting that the number of people of pension age (65 and over) will
increase by 18,400 (+39.8%) to 64,700 over the 2014-2039 period – an average annual increase
of 740 (+1.6%).
10.3.13 The Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) data generates individual Lower Super Output
Areas (LSOA) scores and rankings for each of these eight domains and an overall index of ‘multiple
deprivation’. Levels of deprivation in Swansea are most significant in respect of the Income, Health
and Education domains, with lower than average levels of deprivation in the Access to services,
Housing and Physical environment domains.
10.3.14 Swansea has an above average share of its LSOAs (18 out of 148, or 12%) featuring in the most
deprived 10 per cent in Wales. Eight of Wales’ 22 local authorities have a higher proportion of
deprived LSOAs.
10.3.15 In terms of the overall index, the most deprived LSOAs in Swansea (i.e. those featuring in the most
deprived 10% in Wales) are found in Morriston (3 of 11 LSOAs).
10.3.16 Low income groups may be more vulnerable to the health effects of the proposed development.
This is because low income groups are commonly associated with a higher rate of mortality and
long term health conditions due to a lower standard of living.
10.3.17 It is considered that the local community will benefit from the proposed development because it is
likely more local people will be employed (positive effect of creation of new jobs) because of the
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development.
Assessment of the HIA
Description of Health Effects
10.3.18 There are potential health effects from the proposed development due to the nature of the
materials and activities at the site. The sections below identify the potential health effects that
could arise from those activities and discuss the mitigation measures that will minimise any
potential negative health impacts on the public and workforce.
Risk Assessment – Storage of Non-Hazardous Waste
10.3.19 Non-hazardous waste will be delivered to the site and separated into different constituents that are
suitable for different uses and stockpiled separately.
10.3.20 The majority of these processes will be undertaken within a building and therefore risk is minimal,
although there is potential for some waste to be stored outside.
10.3.21 The control of dust emissions from the transportation and movement of the non-hazardous waste
will primarily be by the use of dust suppression. The ‘mist’ spray units will be used for the
movement of waste inside the covered building.
10.3.22 Additionally, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) will be used for workforce to prevent negative
health impacts, and building maintenance conducted to prevent the escape of dust emission and
contain it within the covered building.
10.3.23 The risk of any adverse health effects on the public will be low. With the appropriate use of PPE for
workforce, the risk to workforce from this activity is low.
Risk Assessment – Treatment of Waste in Shredders
10.3.24 Waste delivered to the site will then be moved to a shredding facility, where shredding processes
will be conducted in a covered building.
10.3.25 The shredding processes are to be undertaken in a covered building and therefore the risks are
minimal, however there is the potential for dust to escape outside of the facility.
10.3.26 The control of dust emissions from the shredding of waste will primarily be by the use of dust
suppression. The ‘mist’ spray units will be used for the shredding operations inside covered
building.
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10.3.27 Additionally, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be used for workforce to prevent negative
health impacts, and building maintenance conducted to prevent the escape of dust emission and
contain it within the covered building.
10.3.28 The risk of any adverse health effects on the public will be low. With the appropriate use of PPE for
workforce, the risk to workforce from this activity is low.
Risk Assessment – Removal of Metals
10.3.29 Metals will be removed after the shredding of waste from a conveyor belt. This process will be
conducted in a covered building.
10.3.30 The removal of metals will occur in a covered building and therefore dust emission will be minimal,
however there is the potential for dust to escape outside the facility.
10.3.31 The control of dust emissions from the removal of metals will primarily be by the use of dust
suppression. The ‘mist’ spray units will be used for the removal operations inside covered building.
10.3.32 Additionally, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be used for workforce to prevent negative
health impacts, and building maintenance conducted to prevent the escape of dust emission and
contain it within the covered building.
10.3.33 The risk of any adverse health effects on the public will be low. With the appropriate use of PPE for
workforce, the risk to workforce from this activity is low.
Risk Assessment – Odour Control via the Scrubber
10.3.34 Potential odour emissions from the small-scale energy recovery facility will be controlled by keeping
the building under negative pressure through a building ventilation system.
10.3.35 Odorous air from the building will be going into the combustion process and all of the air from the
dryer will be going into a chemical scrubber which will then clean the air and discharge to
atmosphere. It is believed that the combusting the extracted air from the building is the best
available technology for the control of odour.
10.3.36 Therefore, the potential odour impacts on the sensitive receptors from the facility operations are
small and the significance of the odour effect on the sensitive receptors is not significant.
Risk Assessment – Treatment in Dryers.
10.3.37 Waste will be treated in dryers after odour control. This process will be conducted in a covered
building.
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10.3.38 The treatment of waste in dryers will occur in a covered building and therefore dust emission will
be minimal, however there is the potential for dust to escape outside the facility.
10.3.39 The control of dust emissions from the removal of metals will primarily be by the use of dust
suppression. The ‘mist’ spray units will be used for the removal operations inside covered building.
10.3.40 Additionally, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be used for workforce to prevent negative
health impacts, and building maintenance conducted to prevent the escape of dust emission and
contain it within the covered building.
10.3.41 The risk of any adverse health effects on the public will be low. With the appropriate use of PPE for
workforce, the risk to workforce from this activity is low.
Risk Assessment – Storage of Ash
10.3.42 Storage of ash on site is to follow the treatment in dryers. This process will be conducted in a
covered building.
10.3.43 The storage of ash will occur in a covered building and therefore dust emission will be minimal,
however there is the potential for dust to escape outside the facility during the storage and
transportation of ash.
10.3.44 The control of dust emissions from the storage of ash will primarily be by the use of dust
suppression. The ‘mist’ spray units will be used for the removal operations inside covered building.
10.3.45 Additionally, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be used for workforce to prevent negative
health impacts, and building maintenance conducted to prevent the escape of dust emission and
contain it within the covered building.
10.3.46 The risk of any adverse health effects on the public will be low. With the appropriate use of PPE for
workforce, the risk to workforce from this activity is low.
Risk Assessment – HGV Movement
10.3.47 Vehicle movement will take place during the delivery of non-hazardous waste and the removal of
ash from the site. Unpaved haul routes can account for a significant proportion of fugitive dust
emissions, especially in dry or windy conditions.
10.3.48 The mitigation measures for preventing dust emissions from the HGV movements include (1) All
vehicles should switch off engines – no idling; (2) using wheel-wash and vehicle washing facilities;
and (3) ensure vehicles entering and leaving sites are covered to prevent escape of materials
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during transport.
10.3.49 The risk of any adverse health effects on the public will be low. With the appropriate use of PPE for
workforce, if required, the risk to workforce from this activity is low.
Odour Risk Assessment and Control Measures
10.3.50 The site will be operated under a Part B Environmental Permit issued by Swansea Council”. Under
the Permit, the site will be required to provide and implement an Odour Management Plan (OMP).
10.3.51 Potential odour emissions from the small-scale energy recovery facility will be controlled by keeping
the building under negative pressure through a building ventilation system.
10.3.52 Odorous air from the building will be going into the combustion process and all of the air from the
dryer will be going into a chemical scrubber which will then clean the air and discharge to
atmosphere. It is believed that the combusting the extracted air from the building is the best
available technology for the control of odour.
10.3.53 Therefore, the potential odour impacts on the sensitive receptors from the facility operations are
small and the significance of the odour effect on the sensitive receptors is not significant.
10.3.54 Operational measures and techniques that will be implemented as part of the general site
management that will also serve to minimise any fugitive odours arising from the site activities are:
• inspection, and cleaning if necessary, by the driver of vehicles leaving the site before
proceeding onto the public highway;
• sheeting of all incoming and outgoing loads to avoid the release of fugitive emissions during
transport and spillage of materials on the public highway;
• cleaning of the HGV access road to prevent track out of any spilled materials; and
• maintenance of plant in a clean condition and removal of all accumulations of excess materials
and debris.
10.3.55 Staff at all levels will receive the necessary training and instruction in their duties relating to control
of all operations and the potential sources of odour emissions. Training records will be kept and will
be made available for inspection on request. The primary mechanism for odour control on site will
be the strict control of material types.
10.3.56 Any odours detected on site by site personnel shall be reported to the site manager for
investigation. Where a strong odour is detected at the site boundary then suitable corrective action
shall be taken such as the process modification or removal of materials from site.
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Monitoring and Recording
10.3.57 Visual dust monitoring and odour sniff testing will be carried out on a daily basis by site personnel.
A log book will be kept of any complaints, together with details of any action taken to deal with the
complaint. It is required that all of the above dust and/or odour control measures will be put in
place to control dust/odour production and movement.
10.4 Environmental Benefit as a result of the Proposed Facility
10.4.1 It is anticipated that there will be an environmental benefit from the proposed small-scale energy
recovery facility by reducing overall emissions from the waste treatment of 21,000 tonnes per
annum of commercial and trade waste currently collected by Biffa.
10.4.2 It is proposed that the energy recovery facility will remove the need for HGVs to transport waste
from the Council’s transfer station in Swansea (SA6 8QN) to Tracatti Landfill Site in Merthyr (CF48
4AB). This is a journey of 31 miles one way and 62 miles round trip.
10.4.3 The proposals will divert 21,000 tonnes per annum from landfill. If assuming an average payload of
20t vehicles this will result in 1050 vehicles per year.
Truck Models used in the emission reduction calculations.
• 20 Tonnes Mercedes-Benz Waste Trucks;
• Diesel Engine size – 210 kW;
• Fuel Consumptions – 23 litter/100km;
• CO2 emissions – 607 g/km;
• NOx emission standards, EURO V, 2g/kWh; and
• Single trip time: 1 to 1.5 hours.
Trip calculations
10.4.4 Tracatti Landfill Site in Merthyr (CF48 4AB) opening hours:
• 07.00 to 17.00 Monday to Friday;
• 08.00 to 13.00 Saturday; and
• No operations other than the delivery of material to the site shall take place on Sundays, Bank
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Holidays or Public Holidays.
• Total working days per year: 304 days per year.
• Approximately 4 single trips or 8 trips per day.
Air quality impact reductions on the roadside receptors
10.4.5 A detailed traffic Air Quality Assessment has been undertaken to investigate the air quality impact
reduction from removing the HGVs transport waste from the Council’s transfer station in Swansea
(SA6 8QN) to Tracatti Landfill Site in Merthyr (CF48 4AB).
10.4.6 By removing 8 trucks/HGVs trips travelling on the A48 (Samlet Road), the predicted annual mean
NO2 concentration at receptor location of Samlet Road (approximately 17 metres south of the road
centre) will decrease by 0.01 µg/m3. The predicted annual mean NO2 concentration at receptor
location of 8 Midland Road (approximately 29 metres south of the road centre) will decrease by
0.01 µg/m3 as well.
Emission Reductions
• Diesel fuel saved per year: 24,097 litter/year;
• CO2 emission saved: 63.59 tonnes per year; and,
• NOx emission saved: 895 kg/year to 1342 kg/year.
• PM10 emission saved: 9 kg/year to 13 kg/year.
• HC (Hydrocarbon) emission saved: 206 kg/year to 309 kg/year.
CO2 Emission Reductions
• CO2 emission saved: 63.59 tonnes per year.8.1
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11. Summary and Conclusion
11.1.1 Biffa is seeking a planning application to allow the operation of a Small-Scale Energy Recovery
Plant at their existing site on land at Swansea Depot, Clarion Close, Morriston, Swansea.
11.1.2 WYG Environment Planning Transport (WYG) has undertaken an Air Quality Assessment to support
the planning application.
11.1.3 The proposed development is for a facility capable of treating up to 21,000 tonnes per annum of
commercial and trade waste currently collected by Biffa.
11.1.4 The objective of the assessment is to assess the impact of the emissions to air from the Site upon
human health using detailed ADM AERMOD 7 model and ADMS model.
11.1.5 Baseline air quality conditions have been defined and the detailed modelling results have been
presented in this report in terms of the emitted pollutant PC and PEC. Both AERMOD and ADMS
model runs were undertaken for each of the three representative meteorological datasets, from
2010 to 2012 inclusive and the worst-case, highest predicted long-term and short-term PECs for
the 3 years were compared to the appropriate AQOs/ EALs or relevant impact assessment criteria.
11.1.6 Stack height analyses have concluded that the required stack height will be 25 m above the ground
level.
11.1.7 Predicted long-term and short-term maximum ground level concentrations of all modelled
pollutants and heavy metals, including dioxins and furans, Chromium (VI), polychlorinated
biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzo[a]pyrene), were assessed to be below the
relevant long-term and short-term AQOs/EALs for the protection of human health.
11.1.8 The impact from NO2 emissions on the AQMA is negligible.
11.1.9 Especially for the long-term NO2 emissions, the predicted process contributions at all modelled
receptors range from 0.03 to 3.01 µg/m3, when using 2012 met data (the year resulting in
maximum long-term PC concentrations). The percentage change in process concentrations relative
to the AQAL as a result of the facility operations at all receptor locations, with respect to NO2
exposure, are determined to be 7.52% or less for the existing receptors. The significance is
determined to be ‘negligible’ to ‘slight’ for all receptors.
11.1.10 The analysis of the inter-annual variability of the meteorological conditions indicates that the
percent variations were 10.14% and 1.56% for long-term and short-term respectively.
11.1.11 Three emergency/abnormal scenarios have been assessed when the proposed facility has one of
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the abatement systems fails. The predicted short-term PECs of modelled pollutant at all receptors
are below the relevant short-term AQS for the protection of human health under the all three
abnormal operation scenarios.
11.1.12 A habitat assessment has been undertaken for the identified nature conservation sites including
one SSSI of ‘Six Pit, Swansea Vale and White Rock’ and one Ramsar/SAC/SSSI of Crymlyn Bog.
The annual mean NOx process contributions are well below 1% of critical loads at two ecological
receptor locations, the impacts of NOx emissions from facility operations to those sites are
negligible. The annual and daily (24hr) means NOx process contributions and the associated
predicted environmental concentrations at as number of SINC ecological receptors surrounding the
Site are all below the relevant critical levels for the protection of vegetation and Ecosystems.
Cumulative Impact Assessment
11.1.13 The cumulative impacts of nitrogen dioxide emissions that results from both (1) the proposed
facility and (2) the proposed development of a short-term operating reserve (STOR) peaking power
plant at their site in Unit 13 & 14 Ashmount Business Park, Upper Fforest Way(reference:
2016/1286), Swansea Enterprise Park; have been assessed.
11.1.14 The significance of the cumulative impacts is determined to be ‘negligible’ for assessed receptors.
Plume Visibility Assessment
11.1.15 The plume visibility impact from the stack was assessed for all three years of meteorological data
and annual dataset consists of an entire year of hourly sequential readings. Plume visibility
assessment has been undertaken using the ADMS model (version 5).
11.1.16 The results of the plume visibility assessment concluded that there are no visible plume groundings
anywhere inside or outside of the Site. Therefore, no visible plume would return to ground level to
cause any potential nuisance.
Traffic Emissions
11.1.17 The potential impact of operational phase road vehicle emissions is assessed as being imperceptible
in magnitude to receptors of very high (worst case) sensitivity. The unmitigated impact significance
is considered to be negligible.
Odour Control
11.1.18 In normal operation the building is maintained under negative pressure and there will be no
fugitive emissions/odours from the building. The odorous air from the waste bunkers is taken by
the combustion air fans and combusted in the burner chamber.
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11.1.19 The odourous air from the dryer in normal operation is routed through a chemical scrubber and
clean air vented out through the scrubber stack. In case the plant is not operational there will be
manual override to close the dampers on the dryer and use the dryer fans to extract air from the
building and route it through the scrubber.
11.1.20 Therefore, the potential odour impacts on the sensitive receptors from the facility operations are
small and the significance of the odour effect on the sensitive receptors is not significant.
Health Impact Assessment
11.1.21 With the suggested mitigation measures in place and considering most waste processing activities
being taking place inside building, the risk of any adverse health effects on the public will be
insignificant. The risk of adverse health effect to the workforce will be minimized by the application
of the personal protective equipment (PPE). The proposed development is considered to comply
with the national, regional or local planning policies.
Environmental Benefit for the Proposed Facility
11.1.22 It is anticipated that there will be environmental benefit from the proposed small-scale energy
recovery facility by removing the need for HGVs to transport waste from the Council’s transfer
station in Swansea (SA6 8QN) to Tracatti Landfill Site in Merthyr (CF48 4AB). This is a journey of
31 miles one way and 62 miles round trip.
11.1.23 By removing 8 trucks/HGVs trips travelling on the A48 (Samlet Road), the predicted annual mean
NO2 concentrations at some receptor locations on Samlet Road will be decreased.
Emission Reductions
• Diesel fuel saved per year: 24,097 litter/year;
• NOx emission saved: 895 kg/year to 1342 kg/year.
• PM10 emission saved: 9 kg/year to 13 kg/year.
• CO2 emission saved: 63.59 tonnes per year; and,
• HC (Hydrocarbon) emission saved: 206 kg/year to 309 kg/year.
CO2 Emission Reductions
• CO2 emission saved: 63.59 tonnes per year.
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Figures
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Figure 1 Site Location and Receptor Positions
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Figure 2 Modelled Buildings and Source Position
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Figure 3 Mumbles Meteorological Station Wind Rose 2010
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Figure 4 Mumbles Meteorological Station Wind Rose 2011
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Figure 5 Mumbles Meteorological Station Wind Rose 2012
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Appendices
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Appendix A – Air Quality Assessment Criteria
Table A1 Air Quality Standards, Objectives, Limit and Target Values
Pollutant Measured As National Air Quality
Standard
National Air Quality Strategy/Air Quality Strategy for
England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland EU Daughter Directives WHO Guidelines
2000 Objectives 2001/2003/
2007 Objectives Limit Value Guidelines
NO2
1-hour mean 287µg/m3 200µg/m3
by end of 2005 (max 18 exceedences a year)
200µg/m3 by end of 2005 (max 18
exceedences a year)
200µg/m3 by end of 2009 (max 18
exceedences a year)
200µg/m3 105ppb
Annual mean
40µg/m3 by end of 2005
40µg/m3 by end of 2005
40µg/m3 by end of 2009 40µg/m3
Annual mean for protection of
vegetation and ecosystems
30µg/m3
as NOx by end of 2000 30µg/m3
as NOx by end of 2000 30µg/m3
as NOx 19th July 2001
SO2
10-min mean 500µg/m3
15-min mean 266µg/m3 266µg/m3
by end of 2005 (max 35 exceedences a year)
266µg/m3 by end of 2005 (max 35
exceedences a year)
1-hour mean 350µg/m3
by end of 2004 (max 24 exceedences a year)
350µg/m3 by end of 2004 (max 24
exceedences a year)
350µg/m3 by end of 2004 (max 24
exceedences a year)
24-hour mean 125µg/m3
by end of 2004 (max 3 exceedences a year)
125µg/m3 by end of 2004 (max 3 exceedences a year)
125µg/m3 by end of 2004 (max 3 exceedences a year)
125µg/m3
Annual Mean 50µg/m3
Annual & winter (1 Oct. to 31
March) for protection of vegetation and
ecosystems
20µg/m3
by end of 2000 20µg/m3
by end of 2000 20µg/m3
by end of 2000
PM10
Running 24-hour mean 50µg/m3
24-hour mean 50µg/m3 by end of 2004 (max 35 exceedences a
year)
50µg/m3 by end of 2004 (max 35 exceedences a
year)
Annual Mean 40µg/m3
by end of 2004
40µg/m3 by end of 2004
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Pollutant Measured As National Air Quality
Standard
National Air Quality Strategy/Air Quality Strategy for
England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland EU Daughter Directives WHO Guidelines
2000 Objectives 2001/2003/
2007 Objectives Limit Value Guidelines
PM2.5 Annual Mean 25µg/m3 20µg/m3
by 1st January 2020
C6H6 Running Annual Mean 16.25µg/m3 16.25µg/m3
by end of 2003 5µg/m3
by end of 2010 5µg/m3
by 1st January 2010
CO
15-min mean 100mg/m3
30-min mean 60mg/m3
1-hour mean 30mg/m3
8-hour mean Maximum daily 8-
hour mean 10mg/m3 by end of 2004
10mg/m3
Running 8-hour mean 11.6mg/m3 11.6mg/m3
by end of 2003
10mg/m3 maximum daily mean
by end of 2003
Pb Annual Mean 0.25µg/m3
0.5µg/m3 by end of 2004
0.5µg/m3 by end of 2004 0.5µg/m3
by end of 2004 0.5µg/m3
0.25µg/m3 by end of 2008
0.25µg/m3 by end of 2008
As Annual Mean
6ng/m3 by end of 2012 Total content within PM10
Cd Annual Mean
5ng/m3 by end of 2012 Total content within PM10
Ni Annual Mean
20ng/m3 by end of 2012 Total content within PM10
Source: The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, DEFRA, 2007.
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Table A2 EALs used in Dispersion Modelling Assessment
Pollutant Long-Term EAL (µg/m3) Short-Term EAL (µg/m3)
HCl - 750
HF 16 160
Hg 0.25 7.5
Cd 0.005 -
V 5 1
As 0.003 -
Ni 0.02 -
Cr VI 0.0002 -
Cr 5 150
PCBs 0.2 6
PAH 0.25 (ng/m3) -
Sb 5 150
Cu 10 200
Mn 0.15 1500
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Appendix B Emission Calculation
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28-Feb-18
Calculations are based on:
1) Client provided info
Source/Remarks
Stack Height TBD m
Stack Dia - for stack volume 0.85 m Client Provided
Stack area - for stack volume 0.567 m2 Calculated
Stack exhaust gas volume (actual) 9.12 m3/s Client Provided
Actual exit velocity 16.0719 m/s Calculated
Reference Conditions
Temperature 273 K
Oxygen 11%
Moisture 0%
Actual Conditions
Temperature 190 Deg.C
Temperature 463 K
Measured Oxygen (dry) 6.4% Calculated
Measured Moisture 11.80% Calculated
Vol flow rate at reference conditions 24960 Nm3/h Calculated
Vol flow rate at reference conditions - Single stack 6.93 Nm3/s Calculated
Vol flow rate at actual conditions (O2 corrected) 6.93 Am3/s WYG Calculated
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Vol flow rate at actual condition(H2O corrected) 4.74 Am3/s WYG Calculated
Vol flow rate at actual conditions (Temp corrected) @ 273 K
5.3757 Am3/s WYG Calculated
Biffa
Pollutant
Emission Limit Value (mg/m3)
Emission Rate (g/s)
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as NO2) - Single stack 200.00 1.387 WYG Calculated
Particulate Matter (PM10) - Single stack 10.00 0.069 WYG Calculated
SO2 50.00 0.347 WYG Calculated
Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) 1 0.00693
Cadmium and its compounds (Cd) 0.05 0.00035
Arsenic and its compounds (As) 0.003 0.000021
Nickel and its compounds (Ni) 0.02 0.000139
Chromium (VI) and its compounds (Cr) 0.0002 0.0000014
nine group 3 metals total 0.50 0.00347
Dioxins and furans 1.00E-07 6.933E-10
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 1.724E-05 1.195E-07
Dioxins like PCBs 9.20E-09 6.379E-11
Emission Limit Value and Half-Hourly average Values (mg/m3)
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as NO2) 400 2.773 1.387 (Daily ELVs) x 2 = 2.773
Particulate Matter (PM10) 30 0.208 0.069 (Daily ELVs) x 3 = 0.208
Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 30 0.208 0.069 (Daily ELVs) x 3 = 0.208
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 200 1.387 0.347 (Daily ELVs) x 4 = 1.387
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 100 0.693 0.069 (Daily ELVs) x 2 = 0.693
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) 60 0.416 0.069 (Daily ELVs) x 6 = 0.416
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Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) 4 0.028 0.007 (Daily ELVs) x 4 = 0.028
PAH Emission rate
PAH emission rate from MSW combustion 2.39E+02 µg/t EA report P4-052
2.39E-07 kg/ton EA report P4-053
PAH emission rate per hour (34.34 t/h waste combusted) 0.000000430 kg/hr
0.000000120 g/s
1.20E-07 g/s
25000 tonnes per annum waste 25000 tonnes/year
The plant design is assumed for Monday to Saturday from 6 to 17.00 and 52 weeks per annum.
Total operation hours per annum 2808 hours
Waste treated per hour 8.90 tonnes/hour
Waste combusted per hour 1.8 t/hr Client provided on 28Feb18
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Appendix C – Detailed Dispersion Modelling Contour-
Plot Figures
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Figure C1 Predicted Annual Mean NO2 PC Concentrations (µg/m3) – 2012 Met Data
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Land at Swansea Depot, Clarion Close, Morriston Swansea 121 A103857
Biffa Waste Services Limited August 2018
Figure C2 Predicted Short-Tem NO2 PC Concentrations (µg/m3) – 2012 Met Data
End of Report