bice and data handbook
TRANSCRIPT
bice and Data
Handbook
Regis J. (Bud) Bates Donald W. Gregory
McGraw-Hill New York • San Francisco • Washington, DC • Auckland • Bogota
Caracas • Lisbon • London • Madrid • Mexico City • Milan Montreal • New Delhi • San Juan • Singapore
Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto
CONTENTS
Introduction
Chapter I The History of Telecommunications
Who Reälly Invented the Telephone? Evolution of the Telecommunications Industry The First Telephone Companies Formed The Regulatory Scene "Hush-a-Phone" The Introduction of Competition
The Divestiture Agreement Tariffs The Telecom Act of 1996
The Canadian Marketplace
Chapter 2 Vbice Characteristics
The Medium Sound What Is Bandwidth?
Voices
Other Services
Chapter 3 The Telephone Network
A Topology of Connections Is Used The Local Loop
The Network Hierarchy (Pre-1984) The Network Hierarchy (Post-1984) The Public-Switched Network The North American Numbering Plan The Area Code The Exchange Code The Subscriber Extension
Private Networks Hybrid Networks
V
Contents
Local Access and Transport Areas (LATAs) Wiring Connections: Hooking Things Up Types of Communications Equipment
44 46 47 48
Chapter 4 The Telephone Set
The Function of the Telephone Set The Pieces Newer Sets
49
52 54 66
Chapter 5 Analog versus Digital Transmission
Introduction
Analog Transmission Systems
Analog-to-Digital Conversion Digital Signaling Digital Data in an Analog World
71
72 72 79 81 84
Chapter 6 Carriers
Local Exchange Carriers Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs) Interexchange (IEC/IXC) Carriers Value-Added Carriers Alternate Operator Services Aggregators
Competitive Access Providers Resellers
87
88 107 110 122 122 123 124 124
Chapter 7 Lines versus Trunks
Introduction DID
DOD FX OPX
Tie Lines WATS Private Line
Comments on Line and Trunk Networking
127
128 131 133 133 135 136 136 139 140
Contents
Local Access and Transport Areas (LATAs) Wiring Connections: Hooking Things Up Types of Communications Equipment
44 46 47 48
Chapter 4 The Telephone Set
The Function of the Telephone Set The Pieces Newer Sets
49
52 54 66
Chapter 5 Analog versus Digital Transmission
Introduction Analog Transmission Systems
Analog-to-Digital Conversion Digital Signaling Digital Data in an Analog World
71
72 72 79 81 84
Chapter 6 Carriers
Local Exchange Carriers Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs) Interexchange (IEC/IXC) Carriers
Value-Added Carriers Alternate Operator Services Aggregators
Competitive Access Providers Resellers
87
88 107 110 122 122 123 124 124
Chapter 7 Lines versus Trunks
Introduction DID
DOD FX OPX Tie Lines
WATS Private Line Comments on Line and Trunk Networking
127
128 131 133 133 135 136 136 139 140
Contents VII
Chapter 8 Traffic Engineering
Where Can the Information Be Obtained? Accomplishing the Mission Using the Information
143
146 147 149
Chapter 9 Equipment: Private ßranch Exchanges
Private Branch Exchange (PBX) Analog Systems
Digital PBX Central Office Centrex Centrex Service Peripheral Devices
163
164 168 169 173 175 176
Chapter 10 Key Telephone Systems 179
Chapter 11
Why Key Systems? Vendor Interfaces Key Players in the Key System Marketplace
Voice Processing
Introduction
Control Alternatives: Touch-Tone or Voice Recognition
Automated Attendant
A Few Important Points Not Directly lilustrated in
the Dialogue Automatic Call Distributor
Voice Mail Interactive Voice Response
183 188
' 190
193
194
194
195
200 201
210 216
Chapter 12 Computer-to-Telephony Integration (CTI)
Other Applications Why All the Hype? Linking Computers and Communications The Technology Advancement The Final Bond
Technology Enhancement^
221
225 229 232 234 235 238
VIII 1 Other Technologies Summary
Chapter 13 Data Communications
Contents
239
243
Concepts Architectures
Protocols Transmission Protocols (Synchronous vs.
Asynchronous) Error Detection Parity BitA/ertical Redundancy Checking (VRC) Longitudinal Redundancy Checking (LRC) Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC) Plexes—Communications Channel Directions Compression Multiplexing Codes Modulation Devices Modems
245
246 249 250
250 255 256 258 260 262 265 269 274 277 282 283
Chapter 14 T1 and the T-Carrier System
Evolution of the T-Carrier System
Analog Transmission Basics The Evolution to Digital Analog-to-Digital Conversion The Movement to End Users
TJ Basics Framed Format Bipolar Byte Synchronous Channelized versus Nonchannelized Digital Capacities Signaling Clocking (Network Synchronization)
Performance Issues D3/D4 Framing Maintenance Issues Error Detection Errors of Omission/Commission
285
286 287 289 293 295 297 301 302 305 307 307 309 312 314 315 316 317 318
Contents IX
ESF—A Step to Correct the Problem Framing
The Facility Data Link Benefits of ESF
Problems with ESF
Chapter 15 The Open Systems Interconnect Model (OSI)
Other Network Architectures SNA SNA Components The SSCP The Physical Unit The Logical Unit
Digital Network Architecture (DNA) Internet Protocols (TCP/IP) IP
TCP
325
349
349
350
351
351
353
355
357
358
360
Chapter 16 Internet
Introduction A Little History Structure (Who's at the Center—and Why) Why the Hype? Everybody as a Publisher Commercial Opportunity? Spam Web Advertising
Web Site
Protocols Naming Standards Gaining Access Internet Futures
361
362
362
365
366
366
369
370
372
372
377
380
381
384
Chapter 17 Intranet
Introduction Issues The Architecture Accessing the Network Intranet: The Logical Evolution
387
388
390
392
395
397
Contents
ls It for Everyone? The Full-Service Intranet Applications Getting There from Here Other Issues
399 401 4Ö3 405 407
Chapter 18 Packet Switching Technologies (X.25)
Data Communications Problems
The Data Communications Review Packet Switching Defined What ls Packet Switching? The Packet Switching Analogy The Packet Concept
Overhead Summary of Packet Format The Packet Network The User Connection
Benefits of Packets Other Benefits Advantages of Packet Switching Other Components of Packet Switching The X.25 Numbering Plan
Applications for X.25 Services Other Forms of Packets
411
412 413 414 415 415 420 420 423 423 423 431 431 433 435 438 438 441
Chapter 19 Local Area Networks (LANs)
What Are LANs? A LAN by Another Name WhyTheyAreUsed Distributed Systems Client/Server Architecture
How They work Topologies Internetworking
445
446 450 451 458 458 460 465 473
Chapter 20 Ethernet
Concepts Components Fast Ethernet
485
486 493 510
Contents XI
Chapter 21 Token Ring LANs
Token Rings The IBM Token Concept Initial Layout Problems Encountered The Solution to Physical Problems
Cable Types Used
Speeds Media Access Control Layer The Frame The Token The Abort Sequence The Frame
Case Example
519
520
520
521
521
525
530
531
532
533
534
537
538
541
Chapter 22 Baseband versus ßroadband
ßaseband and Broadband Motivations Driving the LAN Decision Broadband Cable Systems Baseband vs. Broadband
547
549
'550 559
558
Chapter 23 Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FDDI Design FDDI Configuration FDDI on the OSI Model The FDDI Frame Synchronization FDDI Applications FDDI in the MAN FDDI Recovery FDDI-II Fast Ethernet Ethernet Switching
569
570
574
577
580
581
582
585
587
589
589
590
Chapter 24 Switched Multimegabit Data Services
What Is SMDS? The Local Environment Technology Used in SMDS
593
594 597 599
Contents
The SMDS Goal Access Rates to SMDS Accessing the MAN The IEEE 802.6 Architecture The DQDB Architecture The MAN Access Unit The Data Handling Information Throughput Future Services on SMDS
599 600 600 603 604 606 609 613 616
Chapter 25 Frame Relay
What Is Frame Relay?
Why Was Frame Relay Developed? The Significance of Frame Relay Comparing Frame Relay to Other Services
Frame Relay Speeds Guaranteed Delivery Advantages of Frame Relay Services Services Available
Frame Relay Standards The Major Players Others LMI Specification What the Standards State
Voice Over Frame Relay Equipment
International Advantages Disadvantages
617
618 619 620 623 628 629 632 635 636 638 638 639 639 643 645 646 647 648
Chapter 26 Integrated Services Digital Network
What Is ISDN?
ISDN Defined Who Is Making the Rules? Why Do We Need ISDN?
The Overall ISDN Concept Integration The ISDN Architecture Physical View Logical View
649
650 650 653 655 657 660 662 662 664
Contents XIII
Architecture Reality Basic Operating Characteristics ßearer Services Clear-Channel Capability
Applications for ISDN ISDN Centrex versus PßX Service Centrex ISDN PBX Capabilities
Applications for ISDN in Vertical Markets Messages and Frame Formats
669 675 676 680 680 682 682 684 684 685
Chapter 27 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ATM Capabilities
What Is ATM? Broadband Communications Time-Division Multiplexing The Digital Hierarchy SONET
The Cell Concept The Importance of Cells
Cell Sizes and Formats The Cell Format for User Data The Adaptation Layer ATM Standards Protocols Equipment
ATM in the LAN Environment Evaluating the Need for ATM
What to Expect at the Desktop LAN to LAN via ATM LAN to MAN via ATM Local Exchange Carriers
Interexchange Carriers CAP and Cable TV Suppliers CATV Companies Application Needs Driving Assess the Situation
689
690 690 691 693 695 697 701 702 703 705 705 708 713 721 722 722 724 724 725 727 728 729 729 733
Chapter 28 Cellular and Personal Communications Systems 737
Radio Transmission Problems with the AMPS/IMTS
738 738
xiv Contents
Cellular Communications Meeting the Demand The Telephone (Mobile) Set
Cellular's Success and Loss Digital Transmission Voice Technology and Applications Facsimile Technology Data Transmission
Digital Cellular Evolution
Personal Communications Services Technology The Concept of PCS/PCN Why Personal Communications? The Evolution of Personal Communications
Comparing PCS to Cellular Networks
740 745 745 746 750 752 753 755 757 758 760 761 766 767 768
Chapter 29 Radio Systems
Radio-Based Systems Satellite Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs) Microwave Future Use of Microwave and Satellite Systems
771
772
772
776
778
779
Chapter 30 Light Systems
System Geometry Atmospheric Conditions
Site Selection Licensing Requirements Bandwidth Capacities
Applications Can the System Carry LAN Traffic Transparently? Advantages of Infrared Disadvantages of Infrared Fiber-optic Compatible Systems
781
783
786
788
791
791
792
798
799
799
800
Chapter 31 Video Conferencing
Video Conferencing Systems What Is Video Conferencing? Video Conferencing Overview
803
804 805 807
Contents
The Parts of a Video System Standards in Video Conferencing Multipoint Control Units Connecting the Parts
XV 1 809 813 816 817
Chapter 32 Finances for Telecommunications
Introduction Benefits
Costs Pricing Considerations
827
828 830 834 838
Chapter 33 Facsimile
Facsimile Transmission Types of Fax Printing Options Fax Boards Common Uses of Fax Future Machines
845
846 847 856 857 859 860
Chapter 34 Cabling Systems
Introduction Twisted Pair Coax Fiber Optics Applications of Fiber Fiber Differences Fiber Futures and Risks
861
862 866 873 875 879 880 881
Appendix
Index
883
885