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Journals

1. Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science, 1885, http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/90

2. Demography, Vol.3, No. 1, 1966 3. Economic and Political Weekly, August 30, 2008 4. ESD. 83 – Fall 2001, Online journal

http://web.mit.edu/esd.83/www/notebook/WorldSystem.pdf. 5. Far Eastern Economic Review, 28 August, 1971 6. Folklore and Folkloristics, Vol.2; No.1, June 2009 7. Frontiers In Demographic Economics, Vol. 75, No. 2, May 1985 8. Global Migration Perspectives, No. 50, October 2005 9. Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, VII,

4, Fall 2009,5-14 10. International Migration Review, Vol. 26, No. 2, Special Issue: The New

Europe and International Migration, Summer 1 11. International Migration Review, Voll. 34, No. 4 , Winter, 2000 12. International Migration Review, Voll.11, No.2, Summer 1977. 13. International Review of Social History, Vol. 46, 2001 14. International Social Science Journal, Vol. 52, 2000 15. Journal of Borderlands Studies, Volume 21, No. 1, Spring 2006 16. Journal of Genocide Research, 5(1), 2003 17. Journal of Human Ecology, volume 7, Number 3, July, 1996 18. Journal of Refugee Studies Vol. 22, No 1, 2009, Oxford University Press

19. Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies, 12, 2000

244

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Oct.1993 22. Online Encyclopedia of Massa Violence, Tuesday 24, June 2008 23. Population and Development Review, Vol. 19, No. 3, September 1993 24. Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, No. 4, December 1994 25. Refugee Watch Issue, No. 1, January 1998 26. Refugee Watch Issue, No. 9, March 2000 27. The American Economic Review, Vol.20. 28. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol.70, No.5, Part 2: Investment in

Human Beings, October, 1962 29. The Qualitative Report, Volume 9, Number 2, 2 June 2004

Seminar Paper

1. Illegal Immigration from Bangladesh to India: The emerging conflicts, Slifka Program in Inter-Communal Coexistence, Brandeis University, November 30, 2005

2. Illegal Migration and Undeclared Refugees – Idea of West Bengal at Stake, National Seminar paper on ‘Migration and its Impact on Indian State and Democracy’ – 13th March 2009, Department of Politics and Public Administration – University of Pune

3. Indian Experience with Forced Migration: Its Lessons and Limitations, Paper presented at the Conference of Scholars &other Professionals working on Refugees and Displaced persons in South Asia, held in Rajendrapur, Bangladesh on February 9-11, 1998

4. Patterns and Process of International Migration in the 21st century, Paper presented for Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective, Johannesburg, South Africa, 4-7 June 2003

5. The Dilemma of Nationhood and Religion: State of the Art, Paper prepared for presented at the Fourth International Research and Advisory Panel conference on Forced Migration (IRAP), University of Oxford, Oxford, England, January 5-9, 1994

Webpages

1. http://bengalvoice.blogspot.com/ 2. http://courses.washington.edu/setclass/w513_10/readings/massey1994.p

df 3. http://dailyinfopages.com/definition-of-migration/ 4. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/eco-nomic-migrant 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_migration

245

6. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Resignation_letter_of_Jogendra_Nath_Mandal

7. http://pune.gov.in/puneCollectorate/Gazette/Poona-II/agri_experimental_gardens

8. http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page172.html. 9. http://www.enotes.com/topic/Tripura_Merger_Agreement. 10. http://www.genocidebangladesh.org 11. http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/jnlpdf.php?cdjournal=jjasas1989&c

dvol=2000&noissue=12&startpage=73&chr=en 12. www.convertunits.com/from/maund+[India]/to/metric+tons 13. www.fhiredekha.com/gallery/albums/ userpics/june1cr.pdf 14. www.iussp2005.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionID=52236 15. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12347965. 16. www.repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:1801. 17. www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/33AnasuaBasuray.pdf.

Other Papers:

1. Bharadwaj Prashant, Asim Ijaz Khwaja, Atif Mian, The Big March: Migratory Flows after the Partition of India, Faculty Research Working papers Series, Harvard Kennedy School, June 2008, RWP08-029. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8mt949nt.

2. Nilanjana Chatterjee, Interrogating Victimhood: East Bengali Refugee Narratives of Communal Violence

www.swadhinata.org.uk/.../chatterjeeEastBengal%20Refugee.pdf 3. Singh M Amarjeet, A Study on Illegal Immigration into North-East

India: The Case of Nagaland, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses – Occasional Paper No.8, New Delhi, November 2009

4. Waldinger, Roger D and Fitzgeraid, David, Transnationalism in Question, eScholarship, University of California, 2003

219

Appendix I

Letter to the Political Agent of Tripura by Minister of Tripura State on 6th June, 1921

“I am directed by the Durbar to address you in a matter of great importance in

connection with the trouble due to the exodus of coolies from the Assam Tea

Gardens, the alleged incidents at Chandpur and the unfortunate strikes and

hartals all over the country which have affected this territory along with the

bordering British Districts. You have already been informed by me, and His

Highness’s Chief Secretary and Private Secretary of the recent troubles into

which the Durbar have been dragged by the agitators.

2. This situation has given rise to a thought in his Highness’s mind as to how he

could render some services to the Imperial Government in the midst of this

general turmoil. A solution presents itself of His Highness in offering a decent

livelihood to the disaffected coolies in this territory. The Durbar are prepared

to find shelter, land and employment for them if they choose to come and settle

in this territory. They are ready to receive all the coolies (with the exception of

those who are lying ill) stranded at Chandpur, pay for Railway fare of Akhaura

if the Assam-Bengal Railway demands the same and give them food and shelter

on the following understanding among other things which may be settled in

conference with the coolies, their advisers, popular leaders and the

Government of Bengal:

i) If the coolies agree to settle in this territory the Durbar will grant some land to

each family for cultivation and building their houses on. No rent shall be

payable for such lands for the first year of settlement – a reasonable rent shall

be assessed on the expiry of the year and this rent will be regulated from time

to time by the laws of the land governing the relationship of landlord and

tenant.

ii) The Durbar will supply temporary cottage for the immediate shelter of the

coolies and feed them for 3 days of their arrival.

iii) The Durbar will be ready to receive batches of 508 souls dayly, 3 days after

their intention to come here is intimated to the Durbar.

220

iv) The A. B. Railway should undertake to carry the coolies at Chandpur free of

fare or at reduced fare or even at full fare to be paid by the Durbar in the event

of their refusal to grant concessions.

v) The Durbar will not receive the persons who are lying ill at Chandpur and

their families until they are all right and declared fit to travel. State doctors

will examine and pass them before they are taken charge of at Chandpur.

vi) The coolies will be free to serve anybody they like. If it is desired, the Durbar

will themselves employ them if they want.

vii) A census of the coolies will be taken by the State Agents before they depart

from Chandpur.

viii) No one will be forced to live a life of labour if he wants to turn a cultivator.

ix) The Durbar shall provide Civil protection, Medical aid and the education for

the coolies at their settlement.

x) The coolies shall be free to leave their territory at anytime they like or should

they desire to go back to their ancestral homes or change their residence.

3. The Durbar will feel thankful by your kind intervention in obtaining the

approval of the Government of Bengal to these proposals by immediate.

Telegraphic communication as there is no time to loose and request you to be

so good as to place yourself in communication with the local Government

Officers, popular leaders.

221

Appendix II

Message given by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel the then Minister of Home Affairs, on the

occasion of the Merger of Tripura on 15th October 1949.

Merger of Tripura on 15th October 1949.

The State of Tripura, with the isolated situation yet occupying a

position of strategic importance of the Eastern borders of India, has an

ancient history and a rich culture. The partition of the country has, however,

brought in each train for this small State a host of problems, which, in the

present State of its development was impossible for it to solve on its own

resources. The State has potentialities and the sources, which it tapped and

properly exploited, would be an asset to the country. For all their reason, the

Government of India and Her Highness, the Maharani Regent acting on behalf

of Minor Ruler, came to the conclusion that in the interest of the welfare of the

State and of the country as a whole, it was essential that the Centre should

make itself directly responsible for its administration and its wellbeing. I am

most grateful to Her Highness for having come to this agreement. Her was not

any easy task in the peculiar circumstance in which she found herself. I am

sure that providence will reward her for the courage and boldness with which

she has taken this decision. To the people of Tripura, I can only say this:

though far (and remote) from the capital city of the country, will always claim

our attention and we shall do our best to ensure that its link and connection

with the main land are strengthened and it comes nearer to us. They will not

stand-alone to battle with the manifold problems that confront them. They will

have the resources and the assistance of the Centre on which they can count.

With their cooperation and help, we hope that we shall deal with their

problems efficiently and effectively. May God bless our joint effort with

success.

222

Appendix III

Resignation letter, given by Jogendra Nath Mandal, (the first minister of Law and

Labour in Pakistan) to the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan.

My dear Prime Minister

It is with a heavy heart and a sense of utter frustration at the failure

of my lifelong mission to uplift the backward Hindu masses of East Bengal

that I feel compelled to tender resignation of my membership of your

cabinet. It is proper that I should set forth in detail the reasons, which have

prompted me to take this decision at this important juncture of the Indo-

Pakistani subcontinent.

…. An instance of callous and cold-blooded brutality is furnished by

the incident that took place on December 20, 1949 in Kalshira under P.S.

Mollarhat in the District of Khulna. What happened was that late at night

four constables raided the house of one Joydev Brahma in village Kalshira

in search of some alleged Communists. At the scent of the police, half a

dozen of young men, some of whom might have been Communists, escaped

from the house. The police constable entered into the house and assaulted

the wife of Joydev Brahma whose cry attracted her husband and a few

companions who escaped from the house. They became desperate, re-

entered the house, found 4 constables with one gun only. That perhaps

might have encouraged the young men who struck a blow on an armed

constable who died on the spot. The young men then attacked another

constable when the other two ran away and raised alarm, which attracted

some neighbouring, people who came to their rescue. As the incident took

place before sunrise when it was dark, the assailants fled with the dead body

before the villagers could come. The S.P. of Khulna with a contingent of

military and armed police appeared on the scene in the afternoon of the

following day. In the meantime, the assailants fled and the intelligent

neighbours also fled away. But the bulk of the villagers remained in their

houses as they were absolutely innocent and failed to realise the

consequence of the happening. Subsequently, the S.P., the military and

armed police began to beat mercilessly the innocents of the entire village,

223

encouraged the neighbouring Muslims to take away their properties. A

number of persons were killed and men and women were forcibly converted.

Household deities were broken and places of worship desecrated and

destroyed. Several women were raped by the police, military and local

Muslims. Thus a veritable hell was let loose not only in the village of

Kalshira which is 1-1/2 miles in length with a large population, but also in a

number of neighbouring Namahsudra villages. The village Kalshira was

never suspected by the authority to be a place of Communist activities.

Another village called Jhalardanga, which was at a distance of 3 miles from

Kalshira, was known to be a centre of Communist activities. This village

was raided by a large contingent of police on that day for hunt of the

alleged Communists, a number of whom fled away and took shelter in the

aforesaid house of village Kalshira which was considered to be a safe place

for them.

I visited Kalshira and one or two neighbouring villages on the 28th

February 1950. The S.P., Khulna and some of the prominent League leaders

of the district were with me. When I came to the village Kalshira, I found the

place desolate and in ruins. I was told in the presence of S.P. that there were

350 homesteads in this village, of these, only three had been spared and the

rest had been demolished. Country boats and heads of cattle belonging to the

Namasudras had been all taken away. I reported these facts to the Chief

Minister, Chief Secretary and Inspector of General of Police of East Bengal

and to you.

It may be mentioned in this connection that the news of this incident

was published in West Bengal Press and this created some unrest among the

Hindus there. A number of sufferers of Kalshira, both men and women,

homeless and destitute had also come to Calcutta and narrated the stories of

their sufferings which resulted in some communal disturbances in West Bengal

in the last part of January….

224

Appendix IV

Question paper of Pakistan Central Superior Service, 1955

Source: Jagaran (Bengali Weekly), Agartala, 16th May, 1958.

225

Appendix V

Return of the refugees from Tripura

Source: Jagaran (Bengali daily), Agartala, Tripura, 18th December, 1971.

226

Appendix VI

Protest against nepotism and corruption by the newspaper Jagaran, Agartala

i)

Source: Jagaran, 9th January, 1958

ii)

Source: Jagaran, 16th February, 1958

227

iii)

Source: Jagaran, 19th January, 1958.

iv)

Source: Jagaran, 29th April, 1958