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255© The Author(s) 2019Y. Shahibzadeh, Marxism and Left-Wing Politics in Europe and Iran, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92522-6

Index1

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

AAbolition

of all classes, 34, 62of bourgeois social reality, 52, 217of philosophy, 50, 217of the state, 33, 50, 159, 220

Academic ideology, 175Actuality of communism, 10, 236,

237, 239Adorno, Theodor, 47Aesthetic, 198, 237Aesthetic revolution, 237Agency of the proletariat, 196Agents of democracy, 201, 244Agrarian revolution, 76Ahmadzadeh, Massoud, 142, 159Al-e Ahmad, Jalal, 152, 163Aleatory materialism, 185, 226, 227Algerian War, 172, 173, 175Alienated, 17, 88, 91, 127, 128, 131,

150, 158, 236

Alienation, 8, 14, 15, 17, 18, 54, 87, 88, 125, 127–129, 181, 182, 202, 222, 236

Althusserianism, 172–175Althusserian materialism, 172Althusser, Louis, 5, 7, 84, 125–127,

130, 132, 134–137, 172–174, 176, 177, 180–187, 202, 205, 223, 226, 227, 235

American Marxism, 150, 154American Western, 187Anarchism, 38, 135Anarchists, 31Anarcho-syndicalism, 135Anti-communist law, 78, 90Anti-humanistic, 172Anti-imperialist, 2, 7, 62, 68, 70, 72,

87, 95, 98, 99, 101, 103, 110, 126, 143, 146, 148, 150, 153, 194, 218–220, 225, 230, 245

Antithesis, 186

256 INDEX

Anti-utopianism, 205Arab communists, 5, 6Arani, Taqi, 89–94, 219, 220Arbitrary as necessity, 199Archeological knowledge, 130, 131Armed struggle, 121, 143–145, 148,

149, 151, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 165, 223–225

Aron, Raymond, 185The art of happiness, 199Autonomous political agents, 243Autonomy of the communist

parties, 155Avanesian, Ardeshir, 95Axelos, Juan, 83

BBabeuf, 178Badiou, Alain, 206–211Bakunin, Mikhail, 116, 204, 221Balibar, Etienne, 173, 202–206Baudelaire, Charles, 198Bebel, August, 204Benjamin, Walter, 4, 47Bentham, Jeremy, 109Bernstein, Eduard, 27, 35–37, 177Blanqui, Loius Auguste, 2, 178,

201, 243Bloch, Ernst, 133, 134Blum, Léon, 85Boissy d’ Anglas, 209, 210Bolsheviks, 9, 47, 66, 68, 73,

137, 159Bolshevism, 38, 68, 69, 85Bolshevization, 84Bonaparte, Louis, 197Bourgeois democracy, 16, 35, 38,

43, 47, 54, 62, 89, 109, 110, 216, 221

Bourgeois-democratic revolutions, 74, 76, 77

Bourgeoisie, 5, 8, 13, 14, 17, 20–23, 33–37, 48, 53, 56, 62, 63, 67, 69, 71, 75, 77, 92, 98, 117, 118, 130, 135, 137, 150–152, 154, 162, 176, 177, 196, 197, 215, 218, 219, 224, 233, 241

Bourgeois freedom, 17, 108, 109Bourgeois humanism, 173Bourgeois religion, 51Bourgeois revolutions, 13, 14, 40, 41,

48, 50, 134Bourgeois socialists, 23Bourgeois society, 13, 14, 21–23, 33,

38, 39, 41, 42, 67, 109, 215–217Bourgeois state, 2, 8, 33, 34, 51, 53,

116, 137, 162, 182, 197–199, 216, 217

Bourgeois state apparatus, 173Bourgeois system of education, 51British Empire, 68, 73, 74British imperialism, 70, 71, 75–77, 89,

99, 110, 150, 219Bruckner, Pascal, 193, 210, 230,

231, 233Bucharin, Nikolai, 90Bureaucracy, 15, 34, 42, 72, 230, 235Bureaucratic materialism, 15Burgat, Francois, 246n1

CCapitalism, 2, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17–23, 27,

28, 32–38, 40, 41, 48, 49, 54–57, 62–64, 67–71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 85, 86, 98, 107–109, 112, 114, 116, 118, 119, 126, 134, 145, 150, 156–158, 160–162, 164, 165, 179, 181, 183, 184, 198, 203–205, 216–219, 221, 225, 226, 231–233, 237, 241, 246

Capitalist democracy, 54, 217

257 INDEX

Capitalist exploitation, 37, 41, 67, 69, 216

Capitalist order, 116, 165Care of the self, 127, 179, 180Cartesian thinking subject, 125Chakrabarti, Dipesh, 240n12Chinese–Soviet conflict, 173Civil society, 15–17, 21, 55–57, 137,

203, 218Clash of two cultures, 152Class

antagonisms, 23, 33, 34, 38, 241categories, 163consciousness, 8, 29–30, 40, 47–57,

74, 78, 154, 157, 158, 160, 163, 164

domination, 28, 38, 182, 241struggles, 8, 21, 28–30, 34, 40, 41,

51, 67, 92, 116, 119, 125, 135, 137, 148, 172–177, 181, 182, 186, 188, 197, 206, 215, 216, 235, 241

Classless society, 21, 23, 157, 181Collective intelligence, 237Collective will, 57Collectivization, 176Colletti, Lucio, 136Colonial

appropriations, 71policies, 66, 96questions, 61, 62, 74, 218

Colonization, 63Colonized countries, 62–64, 68, 87,

152, 161, 218, 219, 226Colonized nations, 62Colonized people, 67–69, 210, 219Comintern, 49, 54, 66, 79Commodity, 17, 93, 179, 203,

204, 231Communism, 3, 5–10, 13–24, 28, 33,

61–79, 86–90, 94, 95, 97, 102, 113–119, 133, 149, 150,

154–156, 158, 163, 166, 176, 178, 181, 193–211, 215, 216, 219–221, 225–227, 235–239, 243

Communistconsciousness, 19, 215intellectuals, 84, 163, 173, 174, 219mode of production, 204movement, 4–6, 9, 22, 23, 28, 31,

35, 47, 49, 53–55, 61, 66, 113, 116, 143, 145–147, 151, 154, 159, 160, 166, 171, 180, 181, 195, 196, 216, 220, 221, 224, 226, 227, 229

narrative, 227politics, 207principles, 149, 224totalitarianism, 193

Communist International, 49, 61, 62, 64, 66, 74, 84, 165, 226

Communist League, 178The Communist Manifesto, 13, 14, 21,

22, 41, 86, 111, 158, 180, 217, 237, 241

Complete democracy, 33, 216Complexity of history, 172, 246Comprador bourgeoisie, 69, 71, 75,

77, 150–152, 224Conceptual knowledge, 131Conformist Communism, 114Consciousness, 8, 16, 18, 19, 29, 30,

40, 48, 52, 87, 128, 129, 144, 158, 163, 164, 181, 187, 215–217, 220, 222, 223, 232, 233

Consensual realism, 3, 199Constitutional government, 15, 68Contemporary racism, 205Contingent transcendentality, 185Contradictions, 16, 28, 32, 35–37, 49,

55, 68, 79, 120, 127–129, 137, 150, 154, 156–158, 181, 188, 198, 205, 222, 225, 242

258 INDEX

Cornu, Auguste, 84Crisis

of democracy, 243of governmentality, 222of Marxism, 5, 6, 8, 9, 47–57,

180–188, 196, 223, 226Critical subjectivity, 53Critical subjects, 52–57Criticism, 6, 49, 51, 52, 154, 155, 217Critique

of communism, 156, 225of ideology, 55

Cultural front, 55Cultural order, 234, 235Cultural provincialism, 136Cultural revolution, 156, 175–177, 207Culture

of the masses, 152of maximum consumption, 152of obedience, 152of resistance, 152

DDead labor, 22De-alienated, 88, 125, 131, 133Death of philosophy, 136Debray, Régis, 160, 177Decline of capitalism, 35Decomposed Marxism, 5, 227,

230, 231Decomposition of Marxism, 5, 231Defeated revolution, 74, 157Della Volpe, 136Democracy, 1–4, 8–10, 13–24, 28–33,

35–43, 47, 54, 62, 64, 69, 77, 89, 90, 95, 99, 101, 103, 108–110, 112–116, 141, 147, 153, 157, 183, 193–211, 215–239, 241–246

Democratic centralism, 86, 102, 103, 120, 155, 165

Democratic consensus, 202Democratic illusion, 37, 86Democratic practices, 110Democratic revolutions, 15, 71, 149Democratic socialism, 108, 110–116,

141, 220Democratic state, 14, 215Democratic way of life, 202, 243Democratization processes, 194Democritus, 127, 185Demos, 199, 238Dependent societies, 161, 226Desanti, Jean-Toussaint, 205Dialectical materialism, 48, 50, 90, 91,

93, 160, 184, 220Dialectical return, 51, 217Dialectical theory of knowledge, 93Dialectic of becoming, 87Dictatorship

of the masses, 116of the proletariat, 8, 27–43, 47, 51,

85, 86, 157, 181–183, 198, 204, 216, 217, 221

Discourseof order, 178of power, 178of subversion, 178

Discursive struggles, 177Dissensus, 237, 242Distribution of space, 172Dominant ideas, 23, 52, 217, 220Dominant ideologies, 52, 55, 93, 127,

144, 171, 172, 184, 188, 203, 218, 227, 229, 241, 242, 245

Dominated classes, 52, 55, 92, 93, 98, 217, 218, 242

EEconomic democracy, 37Economic exploitation, 27Economic relations, 38

259 INDEX

Economic struggle, 39, 216Educational process of democracy, 228Educative, 56Eftekhari, Yusef, 94, 95Egalitarian logic, 200, 201, 243Elitist ideology, 198Emami, Seyyed Baqer, 117–120Emancipation, 6, 7, 14, 16–18, 20,

23, 27, 34, 62, 91, 92, 102, 126, 128, 129, 133, 145, 156, 158, 164, 193, 198, 199, 202–205, 207, 220, 225, 227

Emancipatory politics, 127, 207, 211End of philosophy, 136, 183Engels, Friedrich, 2, 5, 13, 14, 21,

29, 32, 33, 48, 51, 52, 65, 86, 91, 135, 158, 161, 164, 178, 184, 185

English working class, 197Enlightenment, 52, 186, 217Enterprise society, 179Epicurean tradition, 127Epicurean world, 183Epicurus, 127, 183, 185Epistemological, 131, 174Epistemological arrangement,

127, 130Epistemological break, 127, 135, 136Epistemological field, 130Epistemological placeholder, 126Epistemological transformation, 179Equality of intelligence, 237Eskandari, Iraj, 64, 65, 96–101Eskandari, Soleiman Mirza, 75, 89, 95Essence, 14, 15, 18–20, 87, 88, 107,

126, 150, 156, 157, 177, 183, 201, 215, 223, 230

Eurocentric intellectuals, 161European, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 20, 21,

47, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 89, 108, 113–116, 133, 137, 145, 150, 161, 202, 206, 216–219, 221, 227–231, 233–236, 244, 245

European sensitivity, 230, 233Existence, 2, 8, 14–20, 22, 23, 32,

34, 78, 87, 98, 126, 128, 130, 136, 156, 174, 179, 183, 185, 188, 196, 200, 215, 222, 236

Existentialist Marxism, 83, 107, 221Existential-Psychology, 127–129Expropriated labour-force, 184External contradictions, 156, 225

FFadaiyan-e-Khalq, 159, 165, 166,

194, 225, 226Fanon, Frantz, 126Fascism, 3, 4, 84, 113–115, 146Fascist violence, 113, 126, 222Ferqeh-ye Demokrat, 99, 100Fetishism, 87, 203, 204, 229, 230Feuerbach, Ludwig A., 14, 18, 19,

172, 176, 186, 202, 215Feuerbach’s anthropology, 129, 222Fictions of universality, 205Finkielkraut, Alain, 193Formal democracy, 14, 30, 43,

62, 109Formalization of democracy, 108Forms of domination, 133, 183, 208Foucauldian discourse, 193Foucault, Michel, 6, 125–134,

177–180, 184, 194, 222, 223, 233Frankfurt School, 107Freedom of criticism, 28Freedom of expression, 1, 8, 29, 41,

54, 75, 77, 78, 90, 92, 100, 108, 113, 114, 157, 217, 225

French colonialism, 4, 205French Communist Party (PCF), 4, 9,

83–85, 88, 173, 205, 206French Imperialism, 99French Marxist intellectuals, 83, 223French Marxists, 6, 83, 84

260 INDEX

French Revolution, 3, 4, 6, 13, 40, 52, 55, 57, 65, 130, 178, 203, 206, 207, 217, 237, 238

Freudian Marxism, 107Fukuyama, Francis, 3Furet, Francois, 3, 4, 207Futility of theory, 160Futurists, 53

GGeneral interests, 19, 20, 182, 203, 233General strike, 38, 57, 112, 162The German Ideology, 14, 18, 231Global bourgeoisie, 67Global capitalism, 62, 67–69, 76Globalizing perspectives, 206Global police order, 229Global revolution, 132–134Global revolutionary movement, 108,

149, 157, 221Glucksmann, André, 193, 230Goldman, Lucien, 47Gouges, Olympe de, 238Governmentality, 134, 178–180, 222Governmentalization, 178, 180–188Gramsci, Antonio, 5, 9, 47, 48,

52–57, 79, 101, 126, 135, 184, 185, 205, 217, 218, 234, 235

Guatemala, 99Guerrilla movement, 142Guerrilla warfare, 141, 143, 224Guevara, Che, 144Guha, Ranajit, 232, 233Guilty conscience, 231Guterman, Norbert, 84

HHakim-e Iranshahri, 92Al-Halaj, Mansur, 92Hall, Stuart, 2, 233–236, 238

Halliday, Fred, 239n5Haqiqat, 75Hegel, G.W. Friedrich, 14, 48, 50, 86,

87, 120, 136, 185, 203, 231Hegelianization, 88Hegemony, 52–57, 94, 95, 112, 152,

163, 186, 188, 196, 204, 218, 224, 232, 234, 235, 241, 242

Heidegger, Martin, 126, 185Historical knowledge, 97, 130Historical materialism, 90Historical necessity, 3, 8, 27–28, 36,

65, 204Historical time of non-

contemporaneity, 204Historic compromise, 233–235Historic necessity, 36Historiography, 180, 185, 226History of madness, 130Horkheimer, Max, 47Human capital, 2, 179, 198, 231, 235Humanist Marxism, 132, 223Humanitarian assistance, 2, 202Human labor, 179Human rights, 1, 193, 202, 210, 228,

232, 242, 243, 245ideology, 230

Hungarian uprising, 102Hussein, Saddam, 195Hyppolite, Jean, 48, 125

IIdealism, 48, 90, 183, 186Ideological and cultural hegemony, 57Ideological and political hegemony,

95, 112Ideological domination, 175, 203Ideological education, 163Ideological formation, 9, 83–103, 187Ideological inversion, 202Ideological revisionism, 165

261 INDEX

Ideological struggle, 56, 160Ideological subject, 184, 187, 188Ideology, 9, 23, 30, 47–57, 76, 93, 102,

103, 107, 108, 114, 115, 117, 119, 125–137, 144, 147, 148, 151, 152, 158, 163, 164, 173–175, 178, 184, 186–188, 194, 202, 204, 207, 217, 222, 223, 227–230, 232–234, 239, 241, 242, 246

Imaginary Marxism, 185Immanent self-education, 208Imperialism, 7, 9, 10, 27, 43, 62–64,

67–71, 75–77, 85, 89, 98, 99, 101, 103, 108–110, 112, 117, 118, 126, 143, 145, 147, 148, 150, 152, 160–162, 165, 195, 219, 222, 226–229, 244–246

Imperialist core, 234Imperialist domination, 165, 226Imperialist ideology, 160Imperialist relations, 148Inactuality of communism, 237Intellectual

accuracy, 220authority, 174commodities, 231equality, 199illumination, 42immaturity, 54maturity, 54and moral reform, 57poverty, 42racism, 236

Intellectually dependent, 241Intempestive

communism, 243communists, 239, 243

Internal contradictions, 36, 68, 156, 157, 205, 225

Internal social forces, 160Internationalism, 13, 28–29, 62,

98–100, 107, 110, 113, 116, 119, 157, 161, 205–206, 226

Interpellation, 184, 187Iranian Communism, 9, 75–76,

196, 239Iranian communists, 61, 72–74,

76, 78, 94, 95, 110, 111, 118, 146, 151, 152, 171, 195, 196, 218–221, 223, 224, 246

Iranian Marxism, 6, 8, 110, 195, 196, 227

Iranian nationalism, 110Iranian revolution, 5, 6, 8, 70, 111,

132–134, 161, 166, 194, 196, 222, 223, 230

Iranian Social-Democratic Party, 66Iran’s Communist Party, 61, 62,

64–66, 73, 76–78, 89–90, 94, 95, 97, 98, 111, 118, 119, 146, 154

Iran’s Constitutional Revolution, 64, 66, 74, 89

Iran’s Socialist Party, 75, 89, 95, 119Iskra, 31Islamist ideology, 196Islamist leftists, 166, 194, 195Islamists, 2, 4, 6, 194, 196, 242, 244,

245, 246n1

JJacobine, 209Jazani, Bizhan, 144–154, 159, 166,

171, 224, 226Juridical ideology, 186

KKautsky, Karl, 5, 29, 31, 42, 135,

174, 181Khomeini, Ayatollah, 152, 195Kianouri, Noureddin, 97, 111Know yourself, 127, 179Korsch, Karl, 5, 9, 47–52, 217, 228

262 INDEX

Koselleck, Reinhart, 6Kruzhokists, 121Kuchik Khan, Mirza, 72, 73

LLabor of criticism, 217Lacan, Jacques, 174Land reform, 71Lazarus, Sylvain, 207, 208Lefebvre, Henri, 84, 87, 88, 125–127,

173, 235Leftist intellectuals, 5, 10, 141, 236Leftist opportunism, 108, 221Lenin, V.I., 5, 6, 8, 27–35, 41–43, 47,

48, 51, 53, 65, 72–74, 84, 86, 92, 97, 100, 109, 127, 134–136, 156–159, 161, 162, 165, 176, 181, 182, 185, 206, 207, 216–218, 225, 226

Lévy, Bernard Henri, 193Liberalism, 28, 37, 109Liberal racist, 228Liebknecht, Karl, 204Lukács, Georg, 47, 48Lumpenproletariat, 197Luxemburg, Rosa, 5, 6, 8, 35–43, 47,

134, 135, 216, 222Lyotard, Francoise, 125

MMaleki, Khalil, 108, 111–116, 118,

147, 150, 155, 160, 221Man’s finitude, 131Maoism, 108Mao Tse-Tung, 115Marchais, Georges, 176Marxian materialism, 183Marxism-Leninism, 143, 147, 150,

163, 166Marxism of rupture, 185

Marxist Kruzhoks, 116, 141, 220, 221, 223

Marxist-Leninist, 87, 88, 97, 117, 120, 143, 144, 150, 154, 155, 161, 166, 194, 225

Marxist philosophy, 83, 135, 205Marxist theory, 5, 9, 28, 47, 49, 85,

100–101, 111, 117, 127, 132, 134–136, 141, 159, 181, 184, 196, 217, 221, 223, 226, 229

Marxist utopia, 3, 199Marx, Karl, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 13–24, 28,

29, 33, 34, 48, 49, 51, 52, 65, 84–88, 109, 116, 125, 127, 130, 131, 135–137, 156, 158, 161, 164, 172, 174, 176, 178, 179, 181–185, 197, 202–205, 207, 215, 217, 225, 227, 231, 237, 243

Marx’s theory of alienation, 129Mass strike, 38–40, 134, 216Materialism

of contingency, 183, 185, 226of encounter, 183, 185, 226in Iran, 92of necessity, 9, 183, 185, 226,

227, 237Materialist conception of history,

19, 28, 51Materialist philosopher, 187Materiality of ideology, 184Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 48, 83, 126,

127, 172, 205, 221, 222Method of governance, 241The Middle East, 4, 98, 111, 194,

228, 229, 236, 243–245, 246n1Middle Eastern, 66, 193, 228,

232, 242Militant communist, 149Militant Marxism, 32Militant neoconservative, 229Military apparatus, 160Mill, John Stuart, 109

263 INDEX

Mobile Guards, 197Mode

of distribution, 37of domination, 184, 204, 229of production, 2, 8, 33, 37, 48, 64,

71, 74, 91, 150, 162, 183, 184, 203, 204, 216

of subjectification, 201, 208, 244Moderate neoconservatives, 229Molana Jalaudin-e (Rumi), 120Momeni, Hamid, 144, 145, 159–166,

171, 225, 226Moment

of crisis of command, 57of hegemony, 55, 218

Monopolistic foreign capital, 103Moral categories, 163Moral consciousness, 186Mosaddeq, Mohammad, 96, 97, 99,

110, 112–115, 147, 148, 150–152, 220

Mosaddeq’s ideology, 147Mounier, Emanuelle, 83Muslims, 1, 2, 95, 119, 193, 194,

201, 202, 227–229, 232, 233, 235, 236, 244

Mystical shell, 120

NNational bourgeoisie, 62, 67, 69, 71,

98, 151, 152, 154, 162National culture, 152National liberation movements, 161,

162, 165, 218, 226, 230National questions, 155National revolution, 72, 219National sovereignty, 69, 116Negative equilibrium, 99Neoconservative ideology, 9, 194,

227–229, 232, 233, 239, 242, 246

Neoliberal art of government, 179–188, 230, 232, 233, 239, 242

Neo-Marxism, 107New American Century, 194New communist international, 64, 66,

165, 226New communist movement, 143, 145,

151, 154, 160, 166, 224New Philosophers, 202, 210, 211, 233New racism, 202, 236New Right, 233, 234New theory of revolution, 154–155Non-intellectual, 57Non-people, 235, 236Non-state, 182, 185

OObjectification, 14, 17Objects of democratic education,

227, 236October Revolution, 6, 32, 33, 51,

64, 71, 76, 77, 84, 96, 97, 158, 159, 165, 195, 217

Official Marxism, 4, 126, 133, 204Oil-nationalization, 98, 99, 147, 148Old materialism, 172Opportunism, 41, 107, 143, 144, 149Opportunist, 165, 226, 232Organic intellectuals, 57, 218Oriental despotism, 39Original disorder, 183Overdetermination, 205Overexploitation, 161, 226Overney, Pierre, 176

PPahlavi regime, 68, 77Paris Commune, 35, 50, 55, 84, 85,

165, 178Parliamentarian, 39, 40, 54

264 INDEX

Particularistic, 126, 222Partisan philosophy, 174Passive activity, 57Peaceful coexistence, 156, 174, 225People’s Mojahedin, 166, 194, 195Periphery, 40, 234Permanent revolution, 161Persian Social Democracy, 61Persuasive bourgeoisie, 233Petite bourgeoisie, 21, 178Peykar, 76, 78, 166, 194, 195, 211n5Philosopher of order, 177Philosophical existence, 185Philosophical hegemony, 186Philosophical ideology, 136Philosophical imposture, 209Philosophical war, 186Pisarev, Dmitry, 31Plekhanov, Georgi, 135Poiêsis, 203Police, 30, 34, 70, 90, 110, 145, 153,

175, 176, 200, 208, 238Police logic, 200, 243Policeman state, 56Police order, 200, 201, 227, 229,

243–245Policing of concepts, 174Political agency, 24Political authority, 40, 173, 234Political backwardness, 216Political culture, 232, 233Political education, 141, 148, 171, 246Political educators, 197Political equality, 13, 91Political event, 120, 207, 210Political global forum, 206Political instrumentalization, 205Political militant, 209Political modes of enunciation, 202Political power, 8, 21–23, 33–36, 43,

53, 64, 97, 98, 113, 134, 156, 157, 162, 197, 203, 216, 221, 234, 244

Political practice, 5, 83, 117, 173, 174, 186, 209

Political reforms, 3, 5, 16, 77Political revolution, 17, 133Political spirituality, 133Political struggle, 29, 39, 41, 98, 102,

141, 143, 147, 150, 151, 153, 154, 178, 216, 223, 234

Political subject, 186, 196, 201, 232Political subordination, 27Political vanguardism, 86Politics as dissensus, 242Politzer, Georges, 84, 87Popular Front, 112, 113, 115, 151Positive sciences, 51Post-communist, 201Post-democracy, 201Post-Marxism, 193, 195, 223, 227,

230, 232, 233, 246Post-Marxist, 1, 3, 5, 10, 206,

227, 231, 232, 236, 242, 244–246, 246n1

Post-revolutionary Iran, 194Pouyan, Amir-Parviz, 142, 145Power and domination, 145, 234Pravda, 75Praxis, 48, 126, 203, 205Prescriptive conception of politics, 208Primacy of practice, 186Principle of recuperation, 171, 244, 245Private interests, 17, 19–20Privatization of politics, 10, 237Production

of consent, 218of knowledge, 87, 88, 135, 223of the proletariat, 13, 21, 184

Professional communists, 163Professional revolutionaries, 30, 120,

145, 177, 181Progressive nationalism, 110Progressive nationalist, 219Proletarian characters, 163Proletarian civilization, 53, 217

265 INDEX

Proletarian class, 18–20, 30, 40, 42, 63, 136, 201, 218

Proletarian internationalism, 62, 119, 157, 161, 226

Proletarianization, 28, 163Proletarian life, 158, 163Proletarian masses, 39, 40, 72, 74,

196, 197, 219Proletarian nations, 69, 219Proletariat, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 18–24,

27–43, 47–54, 56, 57, 62–64, 66, 67, 74, 76, 85–87, 89, 90, 97, 126, 129, 133, 141, 142, 150, 154, 157–159, 161, 163, 176, 178, 181–184, 196–198, 201–203, 207, 208, 211, 215–219, 221–223, 225, 226, 233, 234, 236, 241, 243

Property relations, 13, 18, 21, 37Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 2, 20, 21,

30, 116, 221Psychological and social

emancipation, 129Public consciousness, 207, 208Public consensus, 208Public disagreement, 238Public discourses, 1, 10, 133, 193,

201, 229, 230Public power, 32Public sphere, 227, 233Pure philosophy, 186

RRacial theories, 90, 220Racism, 1, 10, 126, 193, 199, 202,

205, 222, 227–229, 236, 245Racism from above, 236Radical education, 229Radical left, 229, 231Radical petty-bourgeoisie ideology,

151, 224Radical philosophy, 229

Rahimi, Mostafa, 163Rancière, Jacques, 3, 171–178,

196–201, 208, 209, 211, 211n1, 227, 236, 243, 244

Rational kernel, 120Razi, Mohammad Zakaria, 92Reactionary nationalism, 110Reading Capital, 173, 205Realization of philosophy, 202Reconfiguration of the material

world, 237Red Army, 72, 73, 95–97, 119, 159Reformist majority, 36Reification, 48Relations of production, 13, 75, 137,

178, 182, 187, 198Relativism in philosophy, 93Religious eschatology, 133Religious mentalities, 231Representation, 129, 131, 178, 204,

209, 225Reproduction, 22, 184, 187,

203, 216Republican virtues, 209Republic of Azerbaijan, 100Revisionism, 37, 49, 107, 108, 143,

165, 173, 177, 221Revisionist, 23, 36, 38, 160, 172,

173, 175Revisionist ideology, 175Revolutionary age, 3, 199Revolutionary class, 21, 48, 49, 77,

135, 143, 163, 197Revolutionary passion, 150Revolutionary process, 51, 163Revolutionary Republic of Iran (RRI),

89, 92Revolutionary state, 33, 73, 157,

158, 182Revolutionary subject, 7, 65, 188Revolutionary theory, 27, 28, 181Revolutionary vanguard, 27, 85, 97,

142–144, 149, 152, 158

266 INDEX

Revolutionary violence, 153, 156, 173, 224

Rightist opportunism, 108, 221Right-wing European socialism, 150Robespierre, 207, 209Rosenberg, Alfred, 90, 91Roy, Manabendra Nath, 63, 64, 219Rupture, 6, 23, 131, 174, 185,

199, 208Russian Marxism, 79Russian Revolution, 5, 9, 27, 38–41,

43, 47, 48, 56, 61, 64, 65, 84–86, 134, 136, 137, 144, 161, 162, 210, 222

Russian revolutionary elite, 137

SSafaiy Farahani, Ali-Akbar, 166n6Said, Edvard, 193Saint-Just, 207–209Sartre, Jean Paul, 10, 48, 83,

125–127, 130, 132, 172, 197, 198, 205, 221, 222, 235

Schelling, F.W.J., 86, 87Science of history, 127, 130, 135Science of man, 131Scientific authoritarianism, 174Scientific discourse, 127, 129, 132, 199Scientific socialism, 29, 36, 51, 103Secessionist insurgency, 100Secessionist movement, 97, 100,

146, 147Second international, 27, 47, 49–51,

61, 64, 66, 75, 84, 85, 89, 95Secularist, 244, 245Self-conscious activity, 17Self-criticism, 88, 163Self-determination, 101Self-emancipation, 177Self-organization, 36Semi-colonized, 62, 66–69, 74, 99, 161Semiological, 174

Sequence of politics, 207Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,

68–71, 73, 74, 76, 78, 89, 90, 94, 97, 103, 108, 141, 142, 144, 148, 149, 153, 166, 194, 219, 224, 225

Shoaiyan, Mostafa, 145, 150, 154–163, 225, 226

Simplicity of nature, 172, 246Simulacra, 179Social alienation, 54, 127–129, 222Social and mental emancipation, 128Social compromise, 161, 226Social contract, 181, 186Social contradictions, 32, 79, 127,

128, 188, 222, 242Social control, 35, 37Social democracy, 13, 29, 32, 36,

38–41, 61, 64–66, 89, 108, 113–115, 221, 234

Social imperialism, 165Socialism, 4–6, 9, 13, 27–29, 35–37,

42, 43, 51, 65, 73, 75, 76, 78, 97, 103, 108–116, 135, 141, 147, 150, 156–158, 161, 162, 165, 166, 173, 174, 176, 181, 194, 196, 218, 221, 226, 234, 238, 243, 246

Socialist consciousness, 29, 30, 181, 220

Socialist countries, 5, 7, 97, 100, 133, 149, 165, 195, 204, 209, 226

Socialist ideas, 65, 110Socialist intellectuals, 234–236, 241Socialist international, 113, 114Socialist mode of production, 37, 204Socialist movement, 29, 32, 37, 38, 41,

50, 64, 65, 95, 119, 206, 230, 234Socialist Republic of Iran, 72, 73, 219Socialist revolution, 29, 33, 35, 36,

52, 54, 72–75, 78, 84, 117, 119, 157, 162–164, 195, 216, 217, 219

267 INDEX

Socialists, 3, 5–7, 9, 18, 20, 21, 23, 28–30, 32, 33, 35–38, 41–43, 50, 52–54, 64, 65, 72–76, 78, 84, 85, 89, 93, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 108–111, 113–117, 119, 133, 134, 137, 144, 149, 150, 156, 157, 159, 162, 164, 165, 181, 194, 195, 204, 206, 209, 216–221, 225, 226, 230, 232, 234–236, 241, 243

Socialist standpoint, 109Socialist state, 65, 73, 156, 159, 204Social peace, 1–3, 165Social reproduction, 187Social struggles, 39, 112, 113, 121The society of consumption, 153Socio-cultural and political

oppression, 153Socio-historical alienation, 128Sociological demystification, 199Sovereign states, 243Soviet Communism, 113, 114,

116, 221Soviet Communist Party, 9, 49, 54,

78, 83, 107, 147, 155, 159, 172, 220, 223

The Soviet Union, 6, 7, 9, 62, 69–71, 75–79, 85, 86, 94–97, 99–102, 107, 108, 110–116, 118, 119, 141, 143, 144, 146–149, 151, 155, 156, 159, 161, 176, 195, 205, 219–221, 224, 225, 235, 243, 246

Soviet Union’s foreign policy, 99, 119, 141, 219

Spectacle, 179Spiritual transformation, 42Spontaneity, 30, 38–41Spontaneous consent, 57Stalinism, 9, 78, 102, 107–121, 141,

143, 180, 184Stalinist Communism, 113Stalinist ideology, 102

Stalin, Josef, 9, 78, 88, 95, 102, 111, 143, 144, 146, 176

State apparatus, 110, 112, 134, 157–159, 173, 176, 224, 235

State of the situation, 208State’s ideological apparatus, 127Stato carabiniere, 56Subaltern, 55, 218, 232Subaltern sphere, 232Subjectification, 201, 202, 208, 244Subjective figure of politics, 209Subjective universality, 210Subject of communism, 203Subject of politics, 243Subjects of democracy, 201, 227, 228Sultanzade, Avetis, 9, 61, 64, 66–74,

78, 79, 80n13, 146, 218, 219Supplementary subjects, 208Surplus value, 69Suslov, Mikail, 107Symbolic rupture, 199Systematic sociology, 51

TTabari, Ehsan, 96, 107–110Taheri, Jafar, 150Technicians of practical knowledge,

10, 126, 222Thatcherism, 233Theist Socialists, 150Theoretical and social practices, 132Theoretical consciousness, 18Theoretical contestation, 173Theoretical domain, 135Theoretical maturity, 136Theoretical perspective, 160Theoretical practice, 5, 135, 174, 223Theoretical process, 135, 223Theoretical vacuum, 136Theory of domination, 193, 198Theory of fetishism, 203, 204, 230Theory of history, 185

268 INDEX

Theory of ideology, 132, 203, 229, 230Theory of political history, 186Theory of political practice, 185Theory of social revolution, 50, 51,

65, 217Theory of the market, 204Theory of the state, 204Thermidorean, 209, 210Thermidorean subjectivity, 210Thesis, 6, 62, 63, 100, 136, 144, 172,

174, 175, 186, 220, 225Third International, 47, 49, 61, 62,

64–66, 84, 85, 118, 218Third world, 7, 108, 133, 165, 184,

210, 221Titoism, 114Toiling classes, 63, 64, 89, 115, 219Toiling masses, 62, 63Toligatti, Palmiro, 101Totalitarian ideology, 207Totalitarianism, 1, 4, 7, 108, 193,

202, 210, 235, 242Totalitarian socialism, 114Totality, 48, 50, 52, 68, 88, 142, 152Totalizing discourse, 177Trade unionism, 36, 135Transnational, 205–206Traverso, Enzo, 5, 6, 11n14Trotskyism, 161, 225, 226Trotsky, Leon, 43, 161, 225True community, 237True democracy, 10, 13–24,

173, 239n1True democratic state, 14, 215True universality, 222Truth of madness, 130Tudeh Party, 9, 64, 89, 94–103,

107, 108, 110–119, 141, 143, 146–150, 153–155, 159, 160, 166, 194, 195, 220, 221, 224, 225

Tunisian experience, 133

UUnconditional equality, 238Underdeveloped culture, 198Unevenness, 28Unhappy consciousness, 87Universal, 4, 13, 15–17, 23, 40, 53, 76,

78, 98, 99, 108, 126, 129, 133, 203, 205, 222, 229, 234, 238

Universal history, 205Universalist, 126, 222Universality, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 41,

65, 110, 126, 160, 163, 187, 196, 203, 205, 209, 210, 222, 229, 233, 236, 238

Universality of the working class, 160Universalization, 3, 16, 202, 232Universal rights of man, 17Universal truth, 129Utopian socialism, 42, 135

VVanguard intellectuals, 172

WWage labour, 177War

of ideas, 231of position, 55, 56

The weakest link, 27, 136, 137, 165, 226

Weitling, Wilhelm, 30, 37Welfare state, 2, 161, 226, 233–235Western civilization, 193Western democracy, 3, 202, 210, 230Western Marxism, 9, 83Worker’s consciousness, 163Worker’s democracy, 54Workers’ councils, 86Working class, 14, 21–23, 28–33, 35,

37, 38, 40–43, 47, 56, 61–63,

269 INDEX

76, 77, 79, 84, 96–98, 100–103, 108, 115–120, 135, 137, 142–144, 148–166, 171, 174, 182, 197–199, 201, 211n5, 221, 224–226, 234, 241

Working class culture, 199Working-class aristocracy, 108, 221World revolution, 86, 161

World Social Forum, 206, 227World War I, 63, 84, 137World War II, 95, 96, 113, 146

ZZhdanovist theory of philosophy, 205Zinoviev, Grigory, 49