bibliography a - primary sources - …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17424/12/12...a...
TRANSCRIPT
i
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A - PRIMARY SOURCES
(a) INSCRIPTIONS
1. Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy 1905, 1915, 1936-37, 1950-51 and
1960 - 61, Archaeological Survey of India, Mysore.
2. A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala
States, Vols. IV & VI, edited by Mahalingam, T.V., Chand and
Company Limited, New Delhi, 1989.
3. A Topographical List of Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, Vols. I
& III, edited by Rangacharya, V., Chand and Company Limited, New
Delhi, 1985.
4. Archaeological Survey of Southern India, Vol. I, edited by Robert
Sewell, Indological Book House, Varanasi, 1981.
5. Epigraphia Indica, Vols.V, XII and XVII.
6. Erode Mavatta Kalvettukkal, Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department,
Madras, 2007.
7. S.I.I., Vols.III, (Parts I, II, III, IV), V, XIII, XIX, XXVI, Government
Press, Madras, 1920- 29, 1925, 1952.
8. S.I.T.I., Vol.III, Parts I & II, edited by Subramaniam, T.N., Government
Oriental Manuscript Library, Madras, 1955.
9. Ten Pandyan Copper Plates, Tamil Varalaru Kazhagam, Madras, 1967.
10. Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Tamil Varalaru Kazhagam, Madras, 1967.
(b) LITERATURE
1. Nattrinai, New Century Book House, Madras, 1985.
2. Padirruppattu, Saiva Siddhantha Publishing House, Madras, 1974.
3. Panniru Thirumuarai, edited by J.S.Murali, Sathura Pathipagam,
Madras, 1981.
4. Paththupattu, New Century Book House, Madras, 1981.
5. Perunkathai, K.V.S Aiyer Publication, Madras, 1968.
6. Purananuru, K.V.S Aiyer Publications, Madras, 1968.
ii
7. Silappatikaram, with notes edited by Thiru.Po.Ve. Soma
Sundaranar,South India, Saiva Sidhantha Publication Works,
Tirunelveli, 1973.
8. Sundarar Tevaram, Erandam Thirumurai, Dharmapuram Adheenam,
1954.
9. _____________, Elam Thirumurai, Dharmapuram Adheenam, 1964.
10. Tirugnana Sambandar, Tevaram, Dharmapuram Adheenam Publications,
1968.
(c) TRADITIONAL ACCOUNTS
1. Cholanpurvapattayam, Oriental Manuscript Library, Madras, 1950.
2. Kongudesarajakkal Charithai, Government Oriental Manuscript
Library, Madras, 1950.
3. Kongumandala Sadakam, edited by T.A.Muthuswamy, Konar
Publications, Tiruchchengodu, 1923.
(d) GAZETTEERS AND CENSUS REPORT
1. Ayyar, K.N.,
Krishnaswami
Madras District Gazetteers, Madras, 1933.
2. Baliga, B.A., Madras District Gazetteers, Government of
Madras, Madras, 1966.
4. Francis Fredrick
Nickelson,W.,
Gazetteer of South India, Mittal
Publications, New Delhi, 1970.
3. Indian Administrative
Service of Census
Operations
Census of India, 1961, Vol.IX, Part XI-D,
Temples of Madras State, Coimbatore and
Salem, Madras, 1968.
5. Lafanu, H., Manual of Salem District in the Presidency
of Madras, Vols.I and II, 1983.
6. Ramaswami, A., Madras District Gazetteer-Salem,
Government of Madras, 1967.
7. Richards, F.J., Salem-Madras District Gazetteers, Vol. I,
Parts I and II, Madras, 1918.
iii
(e) PERSONAL INTERVIEW
1. Dr.T.Manonmani, Retired Professor of History, Arulmigu Palani
Andavar Arts and Science College for Women, Palani dated 05.09.2009.
2. Pulavar Rasu, S., Retired Professor of Tamil, Tanjavur Tamil University
dated 30.08.2008.
3. Dr.Sampath, M.D, Retired Director, Archaeological Survey of India, and
Mysore dated 12.3.2008.
4. Dr.Santhalingam, R., Epigraphist, Government Museum, Madurai dated
18.8.2008.
B - SECONDARY SOURCES
(a) JOURNALS
1. Ancient Sciences and Archaeology, Vol.III, Bharatiya Kala Prakashan,
New Delhi, 2007.
2. Avanam, Vol.4, Journal of Tamil Nadu Archaeological Society, 1994.
3. South Indian History Congress, Third Annual Conference, Erode, 1982.
4. Studies in Indian Place Names, Vols. XXIV, XXVI, XXVIII, XXIX,
The Place Names Society of India, Mysore, 1990-200.
(b) PERIODICALS
1. Pulavar. S.Rasu, Kongu Monthly, Madras, 1973.
2. Tenolai, Vol.28, April 1981.
(c)SOUVENIRS
1. Chandramudaliar, The State and Religious Endowments in Madras,
University of Madras, 1976.
2. Kodandaraman, Manivizha Malar, Erode, 1981.
3. Kongu Katturai Manigal, Gobi Arts and Science College, Gobi, 2003.
4. Seminar Proceedings on Kongu Nadu History, Erode, 1980.
iv
(d) DISSERTATIONS
1. Gheetha, S., Pallava Architecture Under Rajasimha with Special
Reference to Structural Temples, Bharadhidasan University,
Trichirapalli, 2002.
2. Kandasamy, K., Perur Pattiswara Temple, Madurai Kamaraj University,
Madurai, 1982.
3. Kandasamy, S.P., The Kongu Vellalar, Ph.D., thesis, Madurai Kamaraj
University, Madurai, 1980.
4. Manonmani, T., Art and Culture of South Kongu, Ph.D thesis, Madurai
Kamaraj University, Madurai, 2005.
5. Muthulakshimi, S.M., Minor Deities in and around Palani, Madurai
Kamaraj University, Madurai, 1986.
(e) BOOKS IN ENGLISH
1. Acharya, Prasanna
Kumar
An Encyclopaedia of Hindu
Architecture, Manasara series, Vol.III,
New Delhi, 1979.
2. Aiyangar, S.,
Krishnaswami
Some contributions of South India to
Indian culture. Cosmo Publications,
New Delhi, 1981.
3. Aiyer, K.V.,
Subrahmanya
Historical Sketches of Ancient Dekhan,
Vol. II, Coimbatore, 1967.
4.______________, Largest Provincial Organisation in
Ancient India, Coimbatore, 1968.
5. Arokiaswami, M., The Kongu Country, University of
Madras, 1956.
6. Arunachalam, M., The Saivagamas, Gandhi Vidyalayam,
Tiruchitrambalam, Mayuram Taluk,
1983.
7. ______________, Festivals of Tamil Nadu,
Tiruchitrambalam, Madras, 1980.
v
8. ______________, Cultural Heritage of Hinduism, The
Kasimath, Tanjavur, 1982.
9. Ayyar, P.V., Jagadisa, South Indian Festivities, Rupa &Co,
New Delhi, 1982.
10. Balasubramanyam, S.R., Early Chola Temples (A.D. 907- 985),
Orient Longman, Bombay, 1971.
11. ______________, Middle Chola Temples, Rajaraja to
Kulottunga I, Thomson Press (India)
Limited publications, Bombay, 1971.
12. Basham, A.L., The Wonder that was India, Rupa &Co,
Delhi, 1981.
13. Beck, E.F., Brenda,
(e.d).,
Peasant Society in Kongu, British
Columbia Press, 1972.
14. Bhandarakar,
Ramakrishna Gopal,
Vaishanavism and Saivism and Minor
Religious system, Asian Educational
Services, New Delhi, 1987.
15. Busangi Rajannan, Salem Encyclopaedia, Institute of
Kongu Studies, Salem, 1992.
16. Champalakshmi, R., Urbanisation in Medieval Tamil Nadu,
Oxford University, New Delhi, 1986.
17. Chandarababu, B.S.,
&
Thilagavathi.L.,
Trade in Kongu (Upto 16th century
A.D), Emerald Publishers, Madras,
2003.
18. Das, R.K., Temples of Tamil Nadu, Bharatiya
Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, 1964.
19. Dhaky, M.A., Encyclopaedia of Indian Architecture,
Vol. I, Varanasi, 1982.
20. Dorai
Rangasamy, M.A.,
The Religion and Philosophy of
Tevaram, University of Madras, 1958.
21. Gravely, F.H. An Outline of Indian Temple
Architecture, Government Museum,
Chennai, 2006.
vi
22. ______________, South Indian Shrines, Asian
Educational Services, New Delhi, 1982.
23. Harle, C., James, Temple Gateways in South India,
Oxford University Press, New Delhi,
1963.
24. ______________, Dravidian Architecture, Asian
Educational Services, New Delhi, 1987.
25. Jouveau-Dubreuil, G., Iconography of Southern India,
Bharatiya Publishing House, Varanasi,
1978.
26. Lakshminarayan, K.,
Gangadharan, T.,
Chandrasekar, N.,
Salem City - An Ethno History (1792-
1992), Vysya College, Salem, 1999.
27. Mahalingam, T.V., South Indian Polity, University of
Madras, Madras, 1977.
28. Manickam, V., Kongu Nadu (A History upto 1400 A.D),
Madras, 2001.
29. Minakshi, C., Administration and Social Life under
the Pallavas, University of Madras,
Madras, 1977.
30. Nagaswami, R., Art and Culture of Tamil Nadu,
Sundeep Prakasham, New Delhi, 1980.
31.______________, Tamil Coins-A Study, Madras, 1981.
32.______________, The Art of Tamil Nadu, State
Department of Archaeology,
Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras,
1972.
33.______________, Karur Vanchi, TNDA, Coimbatore,
1979.
34. Noboru Karashima, Towards A New Formation, South
Indian Society under Vijayanagar rule,
vii
Oxford University Press, New Delhi,
1992.
35.______________, South Indian History and Society 800
A.D to 1800 A.D., Oxford University
Press, New Delhi, 1984.
36. Orr., C., Leslie, Temples Women in Medieval Tamil
Nadu, Oxford University Press, 2000.
37. Pandey, B.A., Temple Economy under the Cholas,
Bahri Publications Private Limited,
New Delhi, 1984.
38. Pillai, K.K., A Social History of the Tamils, Vol. I,
University of Madras, Madras, 1975.
39. ______________, The Caste System in Tamil Nadu,
University of Madras, Madras, 1977.
40. Pillai, B., Suresh, Introduction to the study of Temple Art,
Equador and Meridian, Thanjavur,
Tamil Nadu, 1976.
41. Ponnusamy,S., Sri Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur,
Department of Archaeology, 1972.
42. Poongundran,R., Perur, Tamil Nadu State Department of
Archaeology, Madras, 1979.
43. Rajagopalan, M., Sixteen Saiva Temples of Tamil Nadu,
Surya Achagam, Tiruvanmayur, 1955.
44. Ramamurthy, V., History of Kongu, International Society
for the Investigation of Ancient
Civilization, Madras, 1986.
45. Rao, T.A., Gopinath, Elements of Hindu Iconography,
Motilal Banarsidas Publishers, New
Delhi, 1985.
46. Robert Sewell, Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern
India, Cosmo Publications, New Delhi,
1975.
viii
47. Sadasiva
Pandarathar, T.V.,
History of the Later Cholas (Part I),
Githa Press, Chidambaram, 1958.
48. Sastri, K.A., Nilakanta The Colas, University of Madras,
Madras, 1984.
49.______________, A History of South India, Oxford
University Press, Madras, 1966.
50.______________, Development of Religion in South India,
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
Private Limited, New Delhi, 1982.
51. Sethuraman, N., The Cholas, Raman and Raman Private
Limited, Kumbakonam, 1977.
52. ______________, Early Cholas, Raman and Raman
Private Limited, Kumbakonam, 1980.
53. ______________ , Medieval Pandyas (A.D.1000-1200),
Raman and Raman Private Limited,
Kumbakonam, 1980.
54. Shanmugam, P., The Revenue System of the Cholas, New
Era Publications, Madras, 1987.
55. Sharma, R.S., Early Medieval Indian Society - A study
in Feudalization, Orient Longmans,
New Delhi, 2003.
56. Sivaramamurti, C., South Indian Bronzes, Lalit Kala
Academy, India, 1981.
57. ______________, The Chola Temples, Archaeological
Survey of India, New Delhi, 1984.
58. Soundara
Rajan, K.V.,
Glimpses of Indian Culture,
Architecture, Art and Religion, Sundeep
Prakasham, Delhi, 1981.
59. Srinivasan, K.R., Temples of South India, National Book
Trust, New Delhi, 1981.
ix
60. Srinivasan, P.R., Bronzes of South India, Bulletin,
Madras Government Museum, 1963.
61. Stein, Burton., Peasants state and Society in Medieval
South India, Oxford University Press,
Delhi, 1980.
62. Subramanian,N.,
&
Venkatraman.R.,
Tamil Epigraphy - A survey, Ennas
Publications, Madurai, 1980.
63. Subramanian, P., Social History of Tamils, D.K. Print
world Ltd, New Delhi.
64. Subramanian, S.V.,
&
Perumal, A.N.,
Heritage of the Tamils Art and
Architecture, International Institute of
Tamil Studies, Madras, 1983.
65. Vaidyanathan, K.S., The Ancient Geography of the Kongu
country, Kalai Magal Kalvi Nilayam,
Erode, 1983.
66. Valarmathi, M., Socio-Cultural Aspects (The
contributions of the Tamils to Indian
culture), Vol.III, International Institute
of Tamil Studies, Madras, 1985.
67. Vijayalakshmi,R., An Introduction to Religion and
Philosophy - Tevaram and
Tivviyapprapantham, International
Institute of Tamil Studies, Chennai,
1995.
x
(f)TAMIL
1. Ardhanariswarar
Tirukkoil Veliyeedu,
Arulmigu Ardhanariswarar Tiru Sthala
Varalaru, Namakkal, 2000.
2. Buvaneswari, K.A., Kongu Cholar, Puviyarasi Padippagam,
Madras, 2000.
3. Chettiar, C.M.,
Ramachandra,
Kongu Nattu Varalaru, Chidambaram,
1954.
4. Govindarajan.C., Kalvettu Kalaisol Agaramudali,
Publications Division, Madurai Kamaraj
University, Madurai, 1987.
5. Iraivee., Kongu Ezhu Sivathanlangal, Gugan
Offset Printers, Erode, 2008.
6. Kalvettiyal, Department of Archaeology,
Madras, 1973.
7. Jeyasenthinadan, P.M., Tirumurai Tiruthalangal, Tamil Nilayam,
Chennai, 1965.
8. Karthikeyan, T., Tiruppukoliyur Avinasi Sthala Varalaru,
Karthikeyan Offset Printers, Avinasi,
1971.
9. Kudavayil
Balasubramaniyan.,
Chola Mandalathu Varalattru
Nayakarkalin Sirpangalum Oviyangalum,
Tanjore University, Tanjavur, 1987.
10. Muthukumarasami,
(ed).,
Annamar Swamy Kathai, Vetrivel
Padippagam, Coimbatore, 1977.
11. Nachiyappan, N.R., Tirupandi Kodumudi, Novel Art Printers,
Chennai, 1947.
12. Natana Kasinathan., Kalappirar
13. Pulavar Kulandai, Kongu Nadu, Saradha Padipagam,
Chennai, 2007.
14. Pulavar Rasu,S., Kongu Kula Magalir, Kongu Aaivu
Maiyyam, Erode, 2008.
xi
15. ______________, Kongu Vellalar Kalvettum Kani
Padalgalum, Kongu Aaivu Maiyyam,
Erode, 2007.
16. ______________, Kongu Vellalar Cheppedu Pattayangal,
Kongu Aaivu Maiyyam, Erode, 2007.
17. Rajagopalan. M., Tirumuruganpundi Sivathalam Alaya
Varalaru, Sri Indu Publications, Chennai,
2006.
18. Shyamala
Muruganandham.R.,
Arulmigu Kalyana Pasupateeswarar
Tirukoil Varalaru, Kalyana
Pasupateeswarar Tirukoil, Karur, 2001.
19. ______________, Kalyana Vikrithiswarar Sthala Varalaru,
Modern Printers, Karur, 1995.
20. Sri Sridhar, T., Coimbatore Mavatta Tholliyal Kaiyedu,
State Department of Archaeology, Tamil
Valarchi Valagam, Chennai, 2005.
21. Thangamani, M.R., Tiruvenjamankudal (Mannan Venjaman
Varalaru), Kongu Padippagam, Karur,
1985.
xix
GLOSSARY
Abhayahasta : Hands held as if bestowing happiness
Achchu : Gold coin, coin current in olden days
Adhishthana : Basement of a temple
Adikilthalam : Trading centre, residing place of the traders or a cantonment
Akkasalai : People involved in minting
Anai Achchu : Standard measure, elephant figured coin
Andarayam : Common tax
Anjalihasta : Hands held in prayer
Annurruvar : Five hundred men
Antarala : An intermediate space in a temple
Araiyan : Title conferred by the king on a village chief
Ardhamandapa : A small hall immediately in front of the principal shrine
Bhitti : Wall
Bhutagana : Goblin group
Brahmadeya lands : Land donated by the king to the Brahmanas
Chaturvedimangalam : Village owned by the Brahmanas who were well versed in the
four Vedas
Dandakurram or : A fine imposed on criminals
Kurradandam
Devadana lands : Land donated by the king to the Siva temple
Devakanmis : Temple executive officers
Devakoshtha : Niche on the wall of the shrine
Devaradiyars : Women who offered temple services
Dhvaja stambha : A pillar, standard or flagstaff
Elavai : Fee for crematorium
Garbhagriha : Central shrine, Sanctum Sanctorum
Gopura : Main gate way
Griva : Neck, a segment below the Sikhara
Hara : String of miniature shrine over each terrace of the storied
Vimana
Illai amudu : Betel leaf offering to God
Iraivari : Land tax paid by the people
Iraiyili : Tax free land
Jagati : A terrace, a plinth, or a platform; the basement of a temple
Kadamai : Land tax
Kalam : Measuring pot
Kalanju : A unit of gold weight, Gold coin
Kalasa : Wide mouthed vase, lower most member of the pillar capital
Kamakottam : Shrine of Goddess Parvathi
Kambu : A dry land grain
Kanam : Gold coin
Kani : Land measurement
Kapota : Dove, over hanging cornice
Kasu : Money
xx
Katyavalambita : Palm perpendicular to the ground and resting on the hip
Khadihasta : Posture
Kol : Measuring rod
Kudi : Cultivators, house hold
Kudimai : Agricultural tax, tenancy tax
Kudu : An arch shaped opening, nest
Kulam : Tank
Kumbha Panjara : A niche decorated with a vase motif
Kuttam : Clan
Lolahasta : Hand held freely
Ma : A land measurement
Mahamandapa : Pillared hall immediately in front of the ardhamandapa
Mahanasika : Projected nose like part from the sides of the Griva
Makara Torana : Decoration on the niches with fishes
Managar : Great city
Manjadi : Tax in gold
Manrupadu : Fine, penalty
Mukha mandapa : First or frontal mandapa
Nagar : City
Nagarattar : Local merchant
Nali : Grain measurement
Nandavanam : Flower garden
Nattar : Agricultural people
Nimandakkarar : Temple servants
Padma : Lotus
Padmabandha : Broad fillet
Palan salaka : Old coin
Palanjalagai achchu : Coin that was already in circulation
Panam : Money
Panjara : Miniature apsidal shrine
Parivaram : Group of temple servants
Pattika : Projected top slab of the platform
Peruvazhi : Trunk road
Phalaka : Abacus; wide plank on top of the terminal saduram or
moulded capital of pillar supporting the corbel, or podiga
Pitha : Pedestal
Pon : Gold
Ponvari : Tax on gold
Pranala : Sprout projected like a gargoyle to discharge water
Prastara : Roof, entablature
Puravu : Land tax paid by farmers who cultivated the king's land
Sabha : Council of Brahmins
Sala Sikhara : Sikhara in vegan shape
Saliyar : Traders, Weavers, Cloth Merchants
Samabhanga : Standing or seated figure in equipoise
Sandhi lamp : Lamp lit mostly in the evening in the temple
Sarigai : Common tax
xxi
Sikhara : Roof of the vimana over the griva
Sirrayam : Minor tax
Stambha : Pillar
Stupi : Finial, forming the topmost or ultimate member of the vimana,
gopura or any other structure
Sumai : Load
Sungam : Tax paid by traders
Tadi : Saucer shaped capital member above the kalasa and below the
kumbha
Torana : Free- standing ornamental floral festoon
Tribhanga : Tri bent standing body posture
Tripattakumuda : Three faceted torus moulding
Ugavai : Marriage tax
Upana : Lower most moulding of the adhishthana
Ur : Traders Settlement
Vanigar : Merchant
Varadahasta : Hands held in boon giving posture
Vazhi : Footpath
Veli : Unit of land measurement
Vetti : Service rendered by the holders of lands, a form of revenue, a
free service
Vimana : The shrine portion of a temple and its superstructure
Vyala : Leonine figure
Vyalamala, : Decorative frieze
Vyalavari