Welcome to the Doctoral seminar-1(Ext-691)”Gender main streaming in

Agriculture;Issues,Problems and prospects”

Course No:-EXT-691

Date-23/12/2015Topic

“Gender Mainstreaming in Agriculture : Issues, problems and prospects”

Department of Extension EducationCollege Of Agriculture

Odisha University Of Agriculture & Technology

Bhubaneswar-3

Seminar-I

Name of the Scholar: Bibhu Santosh Behera,Adm No:-02EE/PhD/13

1. Introduction

2. Theoretical Orientation

3. Objectives

4. Review of Literatures

5. Research Methodology & Specific Case study

6. Expected Outcomes,Summary,Conclusion & Discussion

7. Refferences,Bibiliography & Pre-Testing Schedule

PROPOSED PLAN OF WORK AN OVERVIEW

What this picture says…..

CONCEPT OF GENDER AND GENDER MAIN STREAMING

Introduction Gender Play a Vital role in the Society .In the era of Research, now-a-days every country and

also whole world follow the thumb rule of Gender Studies. As Gender may be classified 3 types such as 1.Male 2.Female and 3.Transgender, so we can make gender comparative studies in every aspects like Gender in various field of studies. Here I have taken the above research problem entitled as “Gender Mainstreaming in Agriculture:Issues,Problems and Prospects” as I have a special interest to take a lucrative research based on Gender which is the current demand in every sector. The current communication system is mandatory for Gender and farmers to empower them and uplift in a developmental action hence be justified. According to UNEP, Gender studies should be introduced in Education Systems along with climate and environmental programs. To maintain Gender stability through gender equity and gender main streaming Gender study is important. In the era of pluralistic extension our extension communication system must be developed for Gender as Gender is the main client of any type of study and research

What does gender mean?Gender and sex are two different concepts. Gender is the socially constructed roles of males and

females, while sex denotes the biological distinction between males and females.Gender is learnt through a process of socialization and through the culture of the particular society

concerned.Children learn their gender from birthThey learn how they should behave in order to be the perceived by others and themselves, as either

Masculine or feminine.Throughout their life this is reinforced by parents,teachers,peers, their culture and society My definition for Gender as follows Gender= Gen+ Der, it means Gen-General, Der-Derivation of Sex (i.e. Male,

Female and Trans gender). With a specific differentiation. Similarly Female is defined as :- Female = Fe+ Male, it means Feminine

Part of Male or Male and Female are both sides of a Gender Coin. Similarly, Woman is defined as Woman=Wo+Man, it is Wonderful Part of

Man. Or Having Wo-Womb for Creating a Man (Source:Own)

Why mainstream gender in AgricultureLink with poverty:- International evidence shows that the more equality there is between men and women, the less

poverty there is(Global monitoring Report,2007) A recent world bank report on nutrition in india highlights the fact that underweight prevalence is

higher among girls than among boys, With at least one in every two children in orissa being underweight(World Bank,2007)

Reducing gender inequality helps to achieve sustainable development, as the needs and interests of both men and women are fully recognized. Leaving out 50% of the population-ignoring their contributions and neglecting their needs can never be considered an effective strategy for sustainable development in any area(Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific)

Basic Human Rights:- Experience poverty differently from men because they are denied equal rights and opportunities, lack

access to resources and services and are excluded from important decision that affect their lives and development(DCI 2004)

Forest Rights Act includes a clause that forest land “Shall be registered jointly in the name of both the spouses in case of married persons”.

Another example is the International convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women(CEDAW),Which india signed in 1980 and ratified in 1993.

In NREGA, However, in practice this does not always happen-women are often given a lower wage to men

KEY TERMSKEY TERMSGenderMainstreamGender equalityInequityOther terms?

Image: European Institute for Gender Equality

INTRODUCTION TO GENDER INTRODUCTION TO GENDER MAINSTREAMING MAINSTREAMING OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESUnderstand the basis for/approaches to

promoting gender equality• Become familiar with the entry

points for/objectives of gender mainstreaming and strategies and tools

• Practice developing mainstreaming strategies

Unintentionally increasing gender inequality In several cases loans from SHGs are being used by male members of the

household(Husband or son of the member) For income generating activities. In these cases, the women who have taken the loan actually donor have access and control over the loan and profit from the enterprise. This process does not help to empower women.

Training male farmers but not training women about new agricultural techniques can mean women are further excluded from the development process.

Why mainstream ? A summary”- Become like men or men like women, but it does mean that women should be able to

enjoy their basic rights(Move around freely,work,study, and participate in politics). And men should gain access to their own ways to being, not always having to perform ,like “real men” (economically,politically,sexually and physically) and being able to show sensitiveness.

Recognize the links between gender inequality and poverty. Decise strategies and system to ensure that the different concerns, experiences, and

capacities of women and men fundamentally shape the way in which all programe and advocacy work is planned, implemented and evaluated.

What is “Gender mainstreaming”?Though there is no one agreed definition of

mainstreaming,most definition imply that as development actors, we must take gender equality issue s into account in everything we do.

This includes accessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programs, in all areas and at all levels.

It is a strategy for making women’s as well men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design,implementation,monitoring and evalution of policies and programs in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated(DCI 2004).

In effect it is a strategy for reducing the”Gender gap” in society.

Cont… The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality. Gender main streaming doesn’t mean mainstreaming of women and women alone in the

programs and structure of the organization. Neither Does it mean the exclusion of men from certain activities and process whether within

the organization or in its activities and processes. It is rather a strategy for creating spaces for both men and women to contribute to the best of

their capabilities and be complimentary rather than contradictory forces to growth and development in a given context (PRIA 2005)

Backdrop It is timely important, that the FAO observation ‘Closing the gender gap in agriculture would generate

significant gains for the agriculture and society. If women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increases yields on their

farms by 20-30 percent and raise total agriculture output in developing countries by 2.5-4 percent(SOFA,FAO 2011)’ be reached and read by each and every decision maker of agricultural sector in the country, as it can be serve as an eye opener to any development agency.

It is matter of worry to note that gender divides are stillkeeping about one half of the rural people, i.e. the women partners of agriculture,engaged in agricultural sector of india as disempowered and low achievers for generations.

Even now, the women in agriculture who are major actors in different roles along with their male counterparts are not counted as ‘Farmers’ nor equally included as decision makers; they are yet to gain entitlements due to them and access rightful development opportunities.

Anyway, the transformative changes initiated in the agricultural sector due to whatever women empowerment and gender mainstreaming initiatives introduced are heartening and indicating that women will be the ‘future farmers’ of the country.

In the above detailed context, what the predominantly gender based system in the country warrants is a speedy and pronounced approach of women inclusive research policies,resources and technology reach and supporting institution in the related systems,to transform the women force in agriculture as competent partners and having assess to their human rights.

Cont…. The agencies responsible to bring out predicted changes should be empowered to identify the existing

and emerging opportunities in the farming sector across the country, where in the women in agriculture can be the moulded as competent farmers and agribusiness operators.

Why we follow gender main streaming? To PreventGender InjusticeGender Injustice as per I.M.Young-A multi headed

hydra enters into human bustle1.Exploitation ------------------Equalization2.Marginalization-------------Mental revolutionPowerlessness-------------Give equal power and

opportunityCultural imperialism--------------Follow Culture

neutral policiesViolence-------------Love is the only wayBut this things can be eradicated by Gender

Awarness and respect for gender mediated approaches

Methodology of the studyUniverse of the study:-The present topic entitled as “Gender main streaming in

Agriculture : Issues, Problems and prospects” attempts to understand the statistical trend in gender main streaming in Agriculture. Among the farm man and farm women in Agriculture scenario and reason behind the gender discrimination.

Sources and techniques of data collectionThe current work is primarily based on information and statistical information

procured from reliable sources such as National census reports, Govt. Reports and other content derivatives like journals,books,news paper,articles/editorials,internet polls/surveys etc.

The content from the all these sources were precisely revised and compared to deduce to the desired answer from the available channels.

There is a vast body of literature linked with role of rural women in agriculture and its allied fields, but here we mention only recent work being done on the topic.

1. Brohi sikandar(2005) in his research paper entitled “NDP Irrigation Reforms Lack Gender Equality” argued that despite gargantuan efforts and uncasing participation in socioeconomic field, women role has been discarded.

Mrunalini and Snehalatha (2010) had expressed that gender studies are predominantly undertaken to identify the gender gaps as per the development issue and work towards equalizing the development benefits. Drudgery of gender in crop activities has been the issue of concern for 34 delivering technology benefits among them. Drudgery in crop activities were differently prioritized men and women. The principal factors contributing to the set priorities are found as work demand on time and posture at work for men and work demand on time, posture, work exertion, perceived difficulty and workload for women. The results guide in selection of suitable technology that can reduce the factors of drudgery.

3. Malik saeeda(2005) in her paper “Women welfare projects and Development” has highlights the deplorable conditions of rural women. In her research, she has tried to link economic development with women welfare. For the development of women, she emphasizes on the need for governments to initiate women welfare projects.

4. Zar Quresh(2005) has mentioned in his paper “Role of Rural Women” that role of women in agriculture sector is as important as men, therefore, women should educate themselves in agricultural. He also highlights the importance of education to rural female and proposed to educate women in floriculture and food preservation.

5. Lal and Khurana (2011) in their paper examine the ways in which greater integration through agriculture impact women and men differently and ensure implications for growth and creation of many jobs for women in agriculture sector. Jobs that bring many household resources under women control leads to greater earnings in the family. Although, women are more than ever finally employed, differences in wages earned by women and men persist in all countries. Women also have less access to productive resources especially in developing countries. Due to these reasons and women’s lower education level compel the women have a greater tendency to remain in subsistence agriculture. Professional women continue to discrimination in hiring and promotion. The impact of liberalization and globalization on women is important not only because they represent almost half of the total population, but also because they face constraints, which make them less beneficial from the liberalization

 

Gender gap index 2013Gender Gap(Sub indices)

India SrilankaRank Score Rank Score

Economic participation and opportunity

124 0.446 109 0.559

Educational attainment

121 0.857 48 0.995

Health and survival

135 0.931 1 0.980

Political Empowerment

9 0.385 30 0.274

Overall index 101 0.655 55 0.702

Average Wage Earning Received per day by casual labours by sex in Agriculture Sector

Type of Operation Female Male

(a) Manual Work in Cultivation 38.06 48.14

Ploughing 27.91 39.09

Sowing 32.73 41.81

Transplanting 28.37 38.78

Weeding 29.22 39.15

Harvesting 25.74 34.68

Other Cultivation activities 29.24 39.21

(b) Manual Work in other 27.65 39.27

Agricultural 30.65 44.84

Activities 33.34 46.45

Forestry 41.30 61.59

Plantation 21.88 28.14

Animal Husbandry 55.73 57.74

Fisheries 27.96 42.64

Other Agriculture activities 27.34 42.31

(c) Non-Manual work in cultivation 34.98 56.49

(d) Non manual work in activities other than Cultivation.

29.01 44.84

Opinion of women farmer’s regarding the presence of Heroic masculinity farmers in indian scenario

(Cocept map showing Responses)

Opinion about heroic Masculinity

No of women farmer Percentage(%)

Yes 17 17%

No 60 60%

May be 23 23%

.

1. Total women population(2001) 494.83 million2. Total women workers(2001) 127.05 million

3. Total women main workers(2001) 72.65 million

4. Total women marginal workers(2001) 54.40 million

5. Total women owner cultivators(2001) 41.30 millions

6. Total women Agricultural Wage workers(2001)

50.09 million

7. Total Women Household Industry Workers(2001)

08.08 million

8. Total Women Other Workers(2001) 27.57 million

9. Total Women in Organized sector(1999)

04.8 million

10. Total Women in live stock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantation, Orchards and activities(1991)

01.32 million

Source: Registrar General of India, New Delhi, 2001Table 2 shows that the average time spends by farmwomen in household and agricultural activities. In the peak season an active farmwoman spends five to nine hours per day on the farm. Agriculture and allied activities almost take the equal time and energy at par with household activities. 

Activity Involvement(Percentage)Land Preparation 32

Seed Cleaning and sowing 80

Inter Cultivation activities 86

Harvesting for reaping, winnowing, drying, cleaning and storage

84

Women’s position in house hold decision makingll Type of

decisionMake Decision Make decision

Alone Jointly

1 Own health case 20 80

2 Large household purchase

10 90

3 Visits to her parents or relations

30 70

4 All Decision 60 240

Gender based Mathematics/CalculationsGender Empowerment measure(GEM)=G.D.I.+HDIGender Equity Index(GEI)=GDI+GEM (Social Watch)Gender Main Streaming(GM)=(Gender equality+Gender

equity+Gender empowerment+Gender Justice+Gender Awarness)-(Gender discrimination+Gender blindness+Gender injustice)

GM=GDI+HDI-GEM+GEI+H.I.(Happy Index)Gender Economic Efficiency=Gender Output/Gender

InputX100Gender drudgery Index=X+Y+Z/3X100 (CAET,bhopal)

Gender Gap Index-World Economic ForumGender gap Index in IndiaRank-123------Economic participationRank-134-----Health & SurvivalRank-121------Educational AttainmentRank-17-------Political EmpowermentRank-58 Human Poverty Index Value HPI-31.3 (2005)Rank---138/175-Human Development Index (2003)Value HDI—0.602,GEM=69.0 (Empowerment Index)Gender Development Index value----0.419Gender Indicators as per MDGGoal-3:-Promote gender equality and empower man & womanGoal-2:-Gender related devt.Index and Gender Emp.Measure

Gender EmpowermentFor Women EmpowermentNMEW:-National Mission on Women Empowerment---

Women CommissionNPEW(2001):-National Policy on Empowerment of women

—de jure de facto principleFor Males:- Male commissionFor Gender Empowerment John Corod (2013) suggested for

Gender Analysis Proforma1.Reducing drudgery 2.Right to awarness 3.Organize4.Functional Literacy 5.financial Service 6.Health &

Agriculture services

Indian Plan For EmpowermentIndian 5th five year plan of India saysEconomic EmpowermentSkill Devt.Strategies-A three ponged approach1. Access to resources2.Decision Making3. Improving Well being

The desire of indian women a “song of a woman”I have only one request, I don’t ask for moneyAlthough I have need of it, I don’t ask for meatI have only one request, And all I ask is that you remove the road block from

my pathLet’s open the door for Rural women to excel in

education

Some important Quotes on gender-Main streamingVivekananda:-To educate your women first and leave them to themselves,They will tell you that what reforms ore necessaryThere is not any sex distinction in atman(soul).He suggested not to think that there are man and women , but only that they are human being.The best Thermometer to progress a nation is same treatment on man and women.

Vyasa(jaya samhita):-Pita rakshati koumare, bhrta rakhati youvaneSuta rakhati vandhkye Na shtree swathanthyamarhathe

Angelina JolieFigure out who you are separate from your

family, and the man or woman you are in a relationship with.

Find who you are in this world and what you need to feel good alone .

I think that is the mosr important thing in life.Find a sense of self because with that you can do

any thing else.

Adishakti-parashaktiDraupadi-MahabharatRamayana-seetaBehind every greatman there is a women,kalidas(Kumar Sambhab)

The nature of the women decides the future of a man:-Gender Role(women):-Anasueya practicalSakuntala pensiveSeeta SpiritedSudakhina severe“Man is only half of women(Ardhangini)”

Hypocritical Human ApproachYatra naryesta pujyante ramante tatra devataha Ex:- Medhapatekar,Mother Teresa,Kalpana chawlaThe one who tries to pull her back will fall first.

Patience thy name is woman:-The home has ,verily, its foundation in the wife . The rig veda

Saint thomas:-Women imperfect man

Her choice Her voice(Sugandha Rama morti):-Power overPower toPower withPower with in

ApproachesBottom up approach Agency approachTop down approach Sowel inclusion approachWomen rights are human rights and human rights are women

rights.(UNHRC)Napoleon Bonaparte(French Emperor)”-“Give me good mothers, I give you a good nation”

Mohmad Ali Jinah:-3 power, 1:-Sword 2:-pen 3:-women

Kalidas:-Gruhini Gruhamuchyate (Gender Role women)

AmmaIt is impossible to attain real freedom by initating,if women

themselves turn their backs on the feminine principle, This will culminate in the utter failure of women and society. then problems of the world will not be resolved but only aggravated.

Women 2nd citizen in India

Important Quotes Martin Luther King:-Injustice any where is a threat to justice

every whereDr.R.Madhavi:-Woman-Not Whimiscal Wharf,But a

Whirlpool for Wacky maleVivekananda:-An Enlighted Woman is a source of infinite

energyPhilosopher Rosamonde R.Boyd:-Today ,women are in no

way inferior to menMary Wollstone Craft:-Women must not accept,She must

Challenge…………..Strengthen the female mind by enlarging it and there will be an end to blind obedience

UNESCO Slogan:- Educate a man and you educate an individual……….Educate a woman and you educate a Family

Important QuotesAs per Gudipati Venkata Chalam,the famous telgu poetLike man,woman too has a body,It needs exerciseLike man,woman too has a mind,It needs to thinkLike man,woman too has a heart,It need to feelAs Per Noble Laurete Amartyasen:-Nothing arguably, is as

important today in political economy of devt. As an adequate recognition of political, economic and social participatory and leadership of Man and Woman

Important QuotesBrigham Young:-You Educate a man,You educate a

man only and You Educate a woman,You educate a generation

Jawaharlal Nehru:-You can tell the Condition of a nation by looking at the Status of Woman and man.

Martina Navrativa:-I think key is for both man and woman not to set any Limit

Denise Clark:-Women are leaders every where you lookFrom a CEO to the house,Wife that holds together a

home,Our Country was built by a Woman who stands alone

Important QuotesO.V.alagesanIf a man represents strength, a women

represents enduranceIf a man represents intellect, a women

represents enlightmentIf man represents grammer, a woman

represents poetry

Gender based laws and institutions at a glanceConstitutional laws:-Convention 1919 and minimum ageConvention 1991 Right to association for agricultural workersILO ratified some conventionEqual Remunenation[9]Discrimination[10]

For gender constitution of india grants following Articles

1. Article:-Eeqality before law and equal protection of laws for women.2. Article:-39(A) state to direct its policy towards seacurity for men and

women equally the right to an adequage means of livelihood.3. Article-39(d) equal pay for equal work for both men.4. Article:-21 –Right to live includes right to live with human dignity and

decisions.5. Article:- 15-Prohibits discrimination in relision,gender,sex,race,caste Acts:-1976-Equal Remuneration1951-plantation labor actPlan:-The tenth five year plan(2002-2007) reduction in gender gaps in loteray and

wage rates by at least 50%by 2007.

Gender based organization for research & law1. Convention on elimination of all forms of

discrimination (1979) & (1967) proclaims right to equality,liberty and security and right to be free from discrimination

2. CEDAW(1992) committee adopted general recommendation (19) committee on the elimination of discrimination for women.

3. UN world conference(1993) women rights are human rights.

4. NRCWA 1996(ICAR)5. DRAW 20086. CLWA 20157. RAGA- Research and gender analysis

Cont…The first global conference on women in agriculture

herld at Newdelhi(2012) bring forth many intervenation points of gender main streaming.

Viz:-Gender specific dada management on farm women improving effectiveness of Govt. investment, building capacity of women group and enhanced role of scientific institutions in production of nutrition rich foods, harnessing full potential of SHG, addressing issues like property inheritance, control over assets etc.

Acess of women to market, developing gender sensitive course curriculum, sensitization over climate change and initiating a global partnership programme called gender in agriculture partnership(GAP) by Kokate,et.al 2012

Cont…….DEVAW-Declaration on the elimination of violence

against women(1993) Article 2 Equal rights for man and women by surpressing discrimination.

Beijing Declaration and platform of action (1995) the 4 th world conference on women says to stop gender discrimination by givving equality,equty and justic to man and women

Optional protocol to the convention on the elimination of discrimination against women (1999)

All forms of discrimination should be eliminate and women and man be treated as equal.

Fourth world Conference on Women,Beijing,Article 181

Achieving the goal of equal participation of Woman and man in decesion making will provide a balance that more accurately reflects the composition of society.Without active participation of man and woman and incorporation of women’s perspective at all levels of decesion making the goals equality devt. And peace can’t be achieved.

DAWN:-Devt.of Alternative for Women in New Era

Two way link between gender equality and livelihood We must recognise the gender equality and livelihood are intricately linked. Outlined below is an

explanation of how one affects the other.

Livelihood activities affects affect gender sterotypes

Gender stereotypes affect Livelihoods activities

Empowering women through promoting SHGs can be a powerful tool if it provides them with increased financial independence.If all nonfarm activities focus on women, the role of men in society is threatened.Focusing on both men and women in both farm and non farm activities can enhance the capacity of both men and women.

Traditional family roles can impact on livelihoods.For example:- if traditionally the male head of the household makes the family decisions and has control over finances,this can affect the livelihood oppertunities available to women.If traditionally, the female is confined to working in the house, her livelihood opportunities are limited.Female empowerment will not occur if men have control of all finances.If a woman is not entitled to own land, she has noproductive assets in her name .This means she is not secure, as her in laws can throw her out of the house at any time and she will have now here to go.

Cont………Livelihood activities affect gender stereotypes

Gender stereotypes affect livelihoods activitiesIf she has rights to land, she would not be left destitute.The homes for the destitute are a result of inequality in society.When men own land and women do not, men have more power and women are dependent on the men. The man has access to resources because he owns land.If both men and women own land together, they can share the responsibility of working on the land and also the financial gain.

If women are paid less than men for the same work,the whole of society is affected, as women will have less finances to spend on the family.Women are responsible for feeding their families.If she receive less wages than her husband, this means she has less money to spend on their children. Generally, in rural areas, a man’s wage is less likely to be spent on his family

Values and AssumptionsOur values and assumption can also perpetuate gender inequality. Below are some

examples.

Values and assumptions that promote inequality

Values and assumptions that promote diversity

Woman and men are naturally different and we shouldn’t tamper with nature. For example, The traditional roles that men and women have in society are sometimes considered ‘natural’. Thease could include a wife;s role in the house and a husband’s role as head decision maker.

Women and men have differences,but most of thease arise from their different life experiences

Men are good at ‘men’s work;: women are good at ‘women;s work’. Some people think that ‘men’s work’ includes; ploghing,going to market, making contact with outsider. ‘womens’ work’ includes; caring for children/elderly/sick/livestock,cooking,cleaning,washing,harvesting,transplanting,weeding,SHG activities grainbank activities,going to the market, and collecting firewood/water/fooder

Not all women or men are good at everything, but each woman and man should have the opportunity to discover and pursue his or her own talents and ambitions. For examples, a women from koraput may be able to carry 40kg on her head.A woman from Bhubaneswar may not be strong enough to do this. A man from Sundergarh may be able to carry 2 baskets of wood on his shoulders. A man from bhubaneswar may not be able to.

Cont………Values and assumptions that promote inequality

Values and assumptions that promote diversity

Only women should (or can) care for young children

Children should benefit from close interaction with and care from women and men from a very young age

Women are poor decision makers Because women and men often have different life experiences, they make make different decisions and use different decision making processes. This olurality of voice can enrich any decision making body. For examples, generally, male farmers decide which crops to grow, without consulting female farmers. However, female do 80% of the work on the land, and have better understanding of crop growth.Both men and women should be invilved in this decision.Another example relates to liquor; Women have been trying to stop liquor consumption because when men get drunk, they beat their wives. Men have not taken part in thease campaigns/rallies. If both men and women took the decision together, there may be less domestic violence.

How to mainstream gender in to Agriculture sector Livelihood programmes

Step 1Understand the reality of gender issues and the relationship with LivelihoodFamiliarise yourself with any laws/acts relating to your livelihood work and gender

implication of thease of thease. For examples NREGA,CEDAW,FRA, and the labor Act.

Step 2Know your target communities Who has control over resources? Who has access to resources? Who has control over income? Work patterns of men and women. Financial control. Asset ownership(land,property,livestock…) For gender analysis ,having sex disaggregated data is crucial- it is important to know the

number of men and number of women who have access to and control over resources.

.Cont…..1. Power structure:-Our societies are shaped by gender based power structure which divides the

population in to men and women and values their contributions differently. This power structure is systematic, and shapes the institutions and system in which we participate. In india ,thease power structures can be different depending on which section of society you are working with for examples power structure in areas where tribal's live may be different than in areas where there is a mix of tribal's, scheduled caste and general caste..

2. Cultural and social construct:-Gender roles can and do change over time. for examples, a women was traditionally not allowed to leave the surroundings of her home, but now more women are confident enough to be able to go to the local market, or to work outside the home.

3. The gendered division of labour:- (The fact that most paid and unpaid work is generally divided between ‘men’s work’ and ‘women’s work’) is the starting point for many gender imbalances and ineqalities in society.

4. Access to resources:- Is distinct from control over resources. And control over resources in virtually all society is unequally distributed between men and women. Only working on access to resources is not sufficient to achioeve gender equality. Issues relating to control over resources also need to addressed.

5. Resources include not only material resources:- But also time, knowledge and information. Because of their multiple roles in the home and community, women are often ‘time poor’

6. Legal gender equality:- does not always translate to practical gender equality.7. Culture, attitudes and stereotypes:-Profoundly influnce to and control over resources, and thus

the realisation of practical gender equality.

Step 3Identify the programme’s potential impact on gender equality and potential

impact of gender inequality on the programme How will the current status of men and women affect the project?(will it mean

implementationis easy/difficult)? Will the project contribute to existing inequalities in the situation of men and women? Will the project challenge existing inequalities in the soluction of men and women? Step 4Adapt the programme activities to take into considiration the implication of

current gender inequalities:- Include male and female sensitization programmes on gender equality Target household and individual needs within that

household(men,women,girls,boys,aged) Ensure that community gatherings(training,meeting,distribution points) are accessible to

both men and women, and change the timings of them if they are not. It may sometimes be appropriate to have separate gatherings for men and women.

Step 5Setting Indicators:-General Equity Indicators:- Measure conditions or situations that affect men and women differently. Signal changes in power relations between women and men over time. Determine access, use and control of resources and distribution of costs and benefits To make visible what is currently invisible; Indicators allow us to varify wheather there

is inequality or equity between men and women,where and how gender differences take place, and how they vary over time

To compare results; Applying gender sensitive indicators enables us to assess the gender equity situation of the community in relation to other communities, the religion or country.

Step-6Advocacy Strategies:-Advocacy strategies for a gendered approach generally fail into five categories, as outlined

by the UNDP;

Cont….1. Justice and Equality:-Stress the valueof democratic principles and basic human

rights which demand gender equality.Justice strategies can be used to argue for equal representation and participation of both gender in various contexts, premised on the basic notion of their shared human rights(International commitments such CEDAW and Beijing platform for Action).

2. Credibility and Accountability:-Credibility strategies remind decision makers that men and women each each make up half the population. Any data or policy recommendation that does not recognize and address both sexes equality is not credible. If policies does not account for an entire population it can only ever be partial soluction. Governments need to be accountable to all their citizens a failure to address gender equality is also failure of governments to be accountable to all their citizens.

3. Efficiency and sustainability:-Equal inclusion of men and women in all aspects of society and development pays off for the country as a whole. Nations cannot afford to ignore the contributions and economic and social capacities of both men and women in all spheres. If it does, it will affect the wealth and prosperity of a nation.

4. Quality of life:-Increased attention to gender issues will improve the lives of both men and women. If women are empowered, those closest to them stand to gain as well . On the flipside, hardship for one sex will negatively affect other social actors as well. If individuals are happy and healthy they will also be more productive, contributing to a more efficient and prosperous society.

Cont…5 -Chain reaction:-All of the above strategies are strengthened when the links between

them are highlighted; Investment in gender equality will bring not only short term, localized benefits but also medium and long term benefits that will ripple through society strengthening the nation as a whole. How ever, it is also important to be aware of a negative chain reaction. EG the hasty adoption of an affirmative action in hiring practices might bring backlash and even greater exposure of women to harassment in their place of work. This highlights the crucial need to create complex strategies for gender mainstreaming, where by a number of initiatives are mutually reinforcing. Gender mainstreaming must proceed in strategic and holistic manner.

Step-7Monitor progress revise programme activities and be responsive to changing

environmentStep 8Share information and learn from one another

Headship of the familyHead Percentage Rank

Mother

Father

Maternal uncle

Husband

Wife

Elder brother

Sister

Women’s participation in Decision makingCategory Yes No

Backward

Developed

Total

Ownership pattern (Property Right)Life of transfer Percentage Rank

Mother to Daughter

Mother to son

Father to son

Father to Daughter

Mother to son in law

Equal share

Concept map Showing ResponsesGender mainstreaming properties

Rank

Creation of Gender Awareness

Reforms in ownership Right(Related to assets, land etc)

Employment Generation

Creation of Gender Friendly(Assets/Equipment)

Income generation

Gender based policies

Budgeting Should be based on GenderRight to Gender

Freedom

Gender EmpowermentDomain View View

Male Female

Sense of self & vision of future

Mobility & visibility

Economic Security

Status and decision making power

Ability to interact effectively in public sector

Participation on nonfamily groups

Indicators of change in social Empowerment between male vs female

Indicator change Male Female

Self confidence

Travelling alone to nearest Town

Going alone to Hospital

Handling certain amount money

Addressing a Forms

Cont……Indicator change Male Female

Behavioral changes

Resolving disputes

Facing financial crisis in family

Facing health problems

Cont………….Indicator change male Female

Decision making capacityJoint decision on purchase of house hold assetsJoint Decision on social matters like educationJoint decision on accusation loans & usesCommunication skills & public

Attending village meetings approaching Govt. officials

Conceptual model of man/women Empowerment.

Economic

Systematic

Agency Achievement

Source:- (Williams 2005)

Models.

Gender

Men Empowerme

nt

Women Empowerme

nt

Gender Equity

Gender Equality

Source:-Kishor and Gupta 2009

Some Gender Perspective Models

Model for Gender Analysis

Model of Gender awarness

Model for Integrating Gender in Agriculture

Gender access model

Gendermediated Agriculture Model

CIMMYT Model for Gender

Gender Equity model for planning

Model of Nepal for Male

Model of Nepal for Female

Genderled Agriculture Extension Model

INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKSINTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKSUnited Nations international human rights

declarations/covenants“All human beings are born free and equal in

dignity and rights.”

Photo: UN

RATIONALE FOR GENDER RATIONALE FOR GENDER EQUALITYEQUALITY

• Human rights rationale• Economic rationale

Gender mainstreaming Issues in Agriculture

More work-Less Pay-Gender inequalityUnorganized way of establishmentDomestic violence during workDrudgeryDominant-Recessive characterPush-Pull ApproachInherited Property Rights(IPR)-LARRDecision making

Problems in Gender mainstreaming of Agriculture

Gender blindnessLack of gender awarenessInvisible workforcePartiality in priorityIn equality in distribution of division of laborIlliteracyGender bias and discrimination

Prospects and challenges in Gender main streaming in Agriculture Gender mediated Strategies-Gender policy/plans/programs/equality/equity/empowerment Creation of gender Smart approaches Gender Efficiency and efficacy-Impartial gender budgeting Preparation of Gender Concepts based on neutrality-Formation of gender zero tolerance zone and

say no to gender violence,bias, and discrimination Gender analysis-gender stability Gender needs should be addressed equally-PGN and SGN Now in each sector like Govt/NGO/Corporate Gender policy and frame work mandatory(CSR

promotes Gender sensitization) Need based training and capacity building to Gender-Gender awareness,Gender breezing,Gender

sensitization Gender Group dynamics-FIG/SHG Gender mainstreaming through tortoise-rabbit support principle Gender based research and need of Gender scientist and activist should required for society

APPROACHES TO EQUALITYAPPROACHES TO EQUALITYFormal EqualityView: Women and men are the same so

treat them the sameGoal: To achieve equal treatment

APPROACHES TO EQUALITYAPPROACHES TO EQUALITYProtectionism• View: Women and men are different so

should be treated differently• Goal: To protect women

APPROACHES TO EQUALITYAPPROACHES TO EQUALITYSubstantive equality •View: There are differences in how women and men experience life and we should minimize negative effects of this•Goal: Promote equality of outcomes

SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITYSUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY• Corrective approach• Equal treatment can reinforce inequality• Discrimination and inequality are social

constructs• Requires proactive measures• Equality of opportunity, access and results

EVOLUTION OF GENDER EVOLUTION OF GENDER MAINSTREAMINGMAINSTREAMINGRealization that:• Men and women have different

priorities/constraints and can contribute to, and be affected differently by projects

• Failure to address gender issues leads to inefficient and unsustainable results and exacerbates inequities

EVOLUTION OF GENDER EVOLUTION OF GENDER MAINSTREAMINGMAINSTREAMING Women IN Development

• Analysis focused on women only• Programs exclusively for women

Photo: NDI

EVOLUTION OF GENDER EVOLUTION OF GENDER MAINSTREAMINGMAINSTREAMINGGender AND Development

Analysis focuses on gender division of labor, roles and relations

Aim to reduce gender inequalities

EVOLUTION OF GENDER EVOLUTION OF GENDER MAINSTREAMINGMAINSTREAMING1985: Concept first introduced1995: Further developed at UN Fourth

World Conference on WomenBeijing Platform: “Promote an active and

visible policy of mainstreaming a gender perspective”

Gender integration

WHAT IS GENDER WHAT IS GENDER MAINSTREAMING?MAINSTREAMING?

• Strategy to ensure women’s and men’s concerns and experiences are included in the design, implementation and evaluation of policies and programs

Goal: achieving gender equality

GENDER MAINSTREAMING GENDER MAINSTREAMING ENTRY POINTSENTRY POINTS• Institution• Policy• Program

Photo: NDI

WHAT IS GENDER WHAT IS GENDER MAINSTREAMING?MAINSTREAMING?

Every policy and activity has a gender perspective or implication

Gender analysis improves the effectiveness of policies and programs

Needs and rights of all stakeholders are addressed

GENDER MAINSTREAMING GENDER MAINSTREAMING OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESMake gender more visibleTransform institutionsEnsure that power and resources are

deployed equitably

Photo: NDI

GENDER MAINSTREAMING GENDER MAINSTREAMING MYTHSMYTHSFavors women over menWomen and men already equalOnly for policies related to women and

women’s issues

GENDER MAINSTREAMING GENDER MAINSTREAMING CONTINUUMCONTINUUM

Transformative

AccommodatingExploitative

Gender Blind

Gender Aware

GENDER MAINSTREAMING GENDER MAINSTREAMING AND THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLEAND THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE

1. Design

3. Implementatio

n

4. M&E 2. Start-up

Gender analysis/needs assessment

Gender planning

Gender-specific action/capacity building

Gender-sensitive M&E

Knowledge sharing

Gender expertiseAdequate resources

GENDER MAINSTREAMING GENDER MAINSTREAMING STRATEGIES/TOOLSSTRATEGIES/TOOLS

• Involve women and men in consultations

• Include sex-disaggregated data

• Formulate gender-sensitive and/or specific objectives, indicators and activities

GENDER MAINSTREAMING GENDER MAINSTREAMING STRATEGIES/TOOLSSTRATEGIES/TOOLS• Strive for gender balance in

staff/experts• Enable women and men to

participate equally and benefit equally

• Include gender in evaluations

GENDER ANALYSISGENDER ANALYSIS

• Can be undertaken at any stage but most effective if included in design

• Systematic way of analyzing different roles and impacts

• Asks the “who” questions• How will this affect women and

men?

GENDER RESPONSIVE GENDER RESPONSIVE BUDGETINGBUDGETING• Budgeting to account for differing

needs of women and men• Ensure that resources aren’t being

spent in a discriminatory manner

Photo: Sanja Gjenero for rgbstock.com

COMPENSATING FOR COMPENSATING FOR INEQUITIESINEQUITIES

Image: Iris de Caluwe

COMPENSATING FOR COMPENSATING FOR INEQUITIESINEQUITIES

• Affirmative action to level the playing field and compensate for discrimination

• Additional resources/training/access

• Gender differences may be influenced by other structural differences

EXERCISE: INSTITUTIONAL EXERCISE: INSTITUTIONAL MAINSTREAMING MAINSTREAMING

Select an institution and develop strategyAreas/methodology for assessmentRecommended actions

Policy revisionsResources – financial and humanTraining

M&E

EXERCISE: POLICY EXERCISE: POLICY MAINSTREAMING MAINSTREAMING

Select a policy and develop strategyAreas/methodology for assessmentRecommended actions

New/revised policyResources – financial and humanTraining

M&E

EXERCISE: PROGRAM EXERCISE: PROGRAM MAINSTREAMING MAINSTREAMING

Select a program and develop strategy Areas/methodology for assessment Program designs

ActivitiesResources – financial and humanTraining

M&E

Photo: NDI

INTRO TO GENDER INTRO TO GENDER MAINSTREAMING MAINSTREAMING REVIEWREVIEW

• “All humans born free and equal”-- yet women struggle

• Substantive equality• NOT gender blind• Mainstream gender throughout

project cycle• Tools: gender analysis and

budgeting

Kandhakhalamada, a typical Tribal Village in Nayagarh District mostly dominated by Kandha Tribes.

Though it is a village in District Map but still it has zero existence in terms of Development. They are

living with their own way and own policy.Govt. Policies are still now unreachable, inaccessible to this

area. Improper communication facilities to this area imparts lower human develop index (HDI).So still

after 66 years independence, they are remain as such in dark era.The village is surrounded by green

forest and the road to this village from main road is very pathetic, dangerous and out of order during

rainy season.So this road is always remain detached from the world many times.This is the main cause

of their undevelopement, negligence from all. But most of the People are depending on this Path to do

their necessary fulfillments.There is a saying “United we stand, divided we fall”.This concept was

sudden came to the mind of a Tribal Leader named Bhramara Malik.So he had shared this topic and

discussed with all villagers of his village at a common meeting.

Bridge The Gap……..Fill the Gap Concept being invented by Villagers of Kandhakhalamada as a Case Study

Bridge The Gap……..Fill the Gap Concept being invented by Villagers of Kandhakhalamada as a Case Study

. Finally, they had decided to contribute their labour on rotation basis to complete the task of Local road preparation by their own way means self-help mode without any aid from Govt./NGO/Other sources.Both Male and Female were involving in this activity for 5 days.They had collected the Pebbles,sand stones,Sand,big rocks and spread it over the narrow foot path to become it wide.They were successful by intervening this concept “Bridge the gap………Fill the gap” by self help mode. Now they were very happy to moving on their own developed way with personal satisfaction and pride without begging any help from other. This is the best example for other inaccessible area to prepare their own way own life by this concept.

Now it is the time to congratulate the mentors of this mission. They were Basanti Jani,a tribal women farmer,Binod Malik ,Bhramara Malik and all credits goes to “Kandhakhalamada” villagers.

Concluding RemarksIndia being a male dominated society, women are assumed to be

economically and socially depend on them.But this notion seems to be diluted as women in India are becoming more and more aware towards their personal needs and demanding greater equality.As farm women’s involvement in Agriculture sector is more than man, So feminization of Agriculture occurs.If man and woman will work together, then an era will come and treated as “Genderalisation of Agriculture”.So it will bring the concept of “Gender mediated Agriculture”.If sensitization of Gender will occur, then in near future due to evolution and revolution “Super Gender” Concept may be grown up by eliminating the gender bias with establishing equilibrium and stability between male and female.Education has played a major role in reducing the problems and facing the future challenges, but “Mental Revolution” of Society is the need of the hour.

References:1. Agarwal, B (1981). Agricultural Modernization and Third World Women: Pointers from theLiterature and an Empirical Analysis. Geneva: ILO.2. Gender Mainstreaming in Education: A Reference Manual for Governments and OtherStakeholders. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.3. Food and Agriculture Organization (1999).4. Hannan, Ferocious and AKM Abdul Hannan Buiyan (1994). Role of Women inAgriculture: Some Conceptual Issues. 5. Razavi, S and Miller, C (1997). Conceptual Framework for Gender Analysis within theDevelopment Context. New York: UNDP Gender in Development Programme.6. Beoku, Betts, J. (1990) Agriculture Development in Sierra Leone: Implications for RuralWoman in the Aftermath of the Woman's decade, Africa today.7. Brown, Lynn. R., and Haddad L. (March 1995) Time Allocation Patterns and time Burdens: A

Gender Analysis of seven countries, The Gender CG Newsletter, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Vol. 1, No 2.

8. Hulsebosch, Jositske, and Ombara, Doris, (1995). Towords Gender Balance in IrrigationManagement: Experience in Kenya South West Karu Project Irrigation and Drainage System, Vol. 9: 1-

14.9. Khushk Ali M. and S. Hisbani (2004) Rural women at work.10. censusindia.gov.in/Tables Published/S.

References11. www.fao.org/Gender/en/agrib2-e.htm12. ncw.nic.in/pdf reports/Impact%2520of%2.13. www.cge.org.za/index.php%3Foption%3Dc.14. knowledgecentre.drwa.org.in/women agriculture.15. www.wikigender.org/index.php.16.www.icar.net17.Ray,G.L., “Extension Communication & Management” Volume 1(Book)18.Behera,B.S. (2014) “Women Empowerment and Gender Equality Development”(Edited Book

chapter(4)(New Generation Press, New Delhi) 19.Behera,B.S.(2014) “Empowerment Of Schedule Caste Rural Women Through Income

Generating Activities In Bhadrak District Of Odisha(Global Social Science Conference Abstract)

OPEN SESSION FOR QUESTION AND ANSWER????

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