bi 103: general biology plant & animal systemscf.linnbenton.edu/mathsci/bio/bienekr/upload/bi...
TRANSCRIPT
4/3/2014
1
BI 103: General Biology
Plant & Animal Systems
Instructor: Rosalie Bienek
Welcome to Biology 103
1. Name
2. Major/Program of study
3. Favorite living organism
4. Preferred email
5. What do you hope to learn from the course? What are your learning goals?
6. List any other college level science courses you have taken.
Write on the
scrap paper
4/3/2014
2
BI 103: Course Learning
Outcomes Process of science
Hypothesis testing and critical thinking
Introduction to basic anatomy and
physiology of plants and animals.
Adaptations that animals and plants
have to survive (e.g., prevent water
loss, pass on genes).
Structure & Function
Structure – Anatomy
Examines form/shape.
Function – Physiology
Examines workings.
4/3/2014
3
Learning Goals
Compare and contrast science to other
disciplines
Describe properties of living things
Understand the scientific process and
be able to design a sound experiment
Describe the differences between
animals and plants
Group discussion:
“ How does science
differ from other ways
of knowing or
thinking about
things?”
4/3/2014
4
Following the steps…
Interpretation of Results and Conclusions
Observation of a Scientific Phenomenon
Scientific Research Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Methods/Experimental Design
Data Collection and Analysis/Results
Research Questions • Testable (measurable)
• Well defined
• Interesting– builds upon our scientific knowledge
1. Does eating extra kale increase your bone density and strength as much as drinking milk?
2. Are tall people good at basketball? 3. Do animals and trees have an eternal
soul? 4. Are there angels?
4/3/2014
5
Following the steps…
Interpretation of Results and Conclusions
Observation of a Scientific Phenomenon
Scientific Research Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Methods/Experimental Design
Data Collection and Analysis/Results
Hypothesis
• Hypothesis: Explains WHY or HOW we think something works
• Falsifiable
• Testable
• Can a hypothesis proven true?
• NO! We find support for our hypothesis, or find little evidence for it, etc.
4/3/2014
6
Predictions Why do we need predictions if we have a hypothesis?
Proper form of a prediction If……then….
If (the hypothesis is true), then (expectation)
Predictions
Example:
Hypothesis: Tall people are
good at basketball
Prediction: IF tall people are
good at basketball, THEN they
will score more points than
shorter players.
4/3/2014
7
Which is the hypothesis?
Which is a prediction?
A. Light is necessary for lettuce seed
germination.
B. Lettuce seeds placed in a dark room
will not germinate.
Following the steps…
Interpretation of Results and Conclusions
Observation of a Scientific Phenomenon
Scientific Research Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Methods/Experimental Design
Data Collection and Analysis/Results
4/3/2014
8
Experimental design
Independent (explanatory) variables
– What are you TESTING? What variable are you manipulating?
– What are your TREATMENTS and “CONTROL”
– Not affected by other variables
Dependant Variable/Response variable
– What are you MEASURING?
– A factor that DEPENDS on the independent variable
Experimental design
Control variables: what other things
might influence your response variable
(what you are measuring)?
How can you minimize their effect in the
experiment?
4/3/2014
9
Question
The hypothesis in a seed germination experiment is:
Light is necessary for lettuce seed germination .
Groups of lettuce seeds are placed in light with
warm temperatures and adequate moisture.
Another set of identical seeds is placed in the dark
under the same conditions.
What is the dependent variable?
a. Light
b. Temperature
c. Germination rate
d. Type of plant
Elements of a good
Experimental design:
Replication: more than one experimental
unit
Randomization: you must randomly
assign treatments/control
Independence: the replicates MUST be
separate from each other
4/3/2014
10
Example: Is kale good
for strong bones?
HYPOTHESIS:
High levels of calcium in Kale will lead to increases in bone density
PREDICTIONS:
IF High levels of calcium in Kale will lead to increases in bone density, THEN people eating more kale will have higher bone
density than people lacking Kale from their diet.
Following the steps…
Interpretation of Results and Conclusions
Observation of a Scientific Phenomenon
Scientific Research Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Methods/Experimental Design
Data Collection and Analysis/Results
4/3/2014
11
Interpretation of Data
INDEPENDENT!
DEP
END
ENT!
Discussion question
What is the difference between scientific
hypotheses and theories?
4/3/2014
12
What might the graph look
like? Scenario: The hypothesis in a seed germination
experiment is: Light is necessary for lettuce
seed germination . Groups of lettuce seeds are
placed in light with warm temperatures and
adequate moisture. Another set of identical
seeds is placed in the dark under the same
conditions.
1. Come up with a well-defined prediction.
2. Sketch a graph of your prediction for this
experiment, labeling the axes
Group discussion
What qualifies something as “living” versus “nonliving?”
A life-defining property must be exclusive to living things…
~5 min
4/3/2014
13
25
Basic Properties of Life 1. Cells
2. Metabolism
all living things process energy which is used to power other processes
3. Homeostasis
all living things maintain stable internal environments to optimize conditions for metabolism and other processes
4. Growth and reproduction
5. Heredity
all organisms pass genetic information across
generations from parents to offspring
What are plants?
How are they different
from animals?
1. On a scrap sheet of paper,
write some ideas
2. Then turn to the person
next to you and discuss
your answers
4/3/2014
14
Animal Cell
Fungus Cell
4/3/2014
15
Topic: Osmosis & Diffusion
Why do these cellular differences matter?
Diffusion
Diffusion: the movement of
molecules
“down a concentration gradient”
From HIGH LOW concentration
NO ENERGY required
4/3/2014
16
Diffusion: The Molecular Basis
Robert Brown
Brownian motion:
Random movement of
particles caused by
inherent kinetic energy
Movement is
RANDOM, not
directional
Diffusion and Osmosis
Water
Solute
(Solvent) Selectively Permeable
Membrane
4/3/2014
17
Solution
Osmosis: Activity
‘cell’ Hypertonic
Solution
Osmosis: Activity
Hypotonic ‘cell’
4/3/2014
18
Solution
Osmosis: Activity
Isotonic ‘cell’
An
ima
l C
ell
Pla
nt C
ell
Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic
Osmosis: Plant and Animal Cells
4/3/2014
19
An
ima
l C
ell
Pla
nt C
ell
Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic
Osmosis: Plant and Animal Cells
An
ima
l C
ell
Pla
nt C
ell
Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic
Osmosis: Plant and Animal Cells
4/3/2014
20
An
ima
l C
ell
Pla
nt C
ell
Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic
Osmosis: Plant and Animal Cells
Plasmolyzed Turgid
4/3/2014
21
Scientific Theory
a. Presence or absence of
oxygen.
b. The bacterium that causes
botulism (Clostridium
botulinum) only grows in
sealed cans.
c. Clostridium botulinum
cannot grow in an
environment where
oxygen is present.
d. Support or reject the
hypothesis.
e. A growth medium with all
the nutrients required by
Clostridium botulinum.
f. Amount of bacteria growth
recorded
Botulism is a rare but serious illness usually caused by improperly canned food. Botulism eventually causes
paralysis of the muscles. Based on the information provided in the concept map, place the letter with the
appropriate question.
What is the
observation?
An experiment is
conducted.
What is the
hypothesis?
What is the
conclusion?
What is the control
variable?
What is the
dependent
variable? What is the
independent
variable?
Scientific Theory Key
a. Presence or absence of
oxygen.
b. Why does the bacterium
that causes botulism
(Clostridium botulinum)
only grow in sealed cans?
c. Clostridium botulinum
cannot grow in an
environment where
oxygen is present.
d. Support or reject the
hypothesis.
e. A growth medium with all
the nutrients required by
Clostridium botulinum.
f. Amount of bacteria growth
recorded
What is the
observation?
An experiment is
conducted.
What is the
hypothesis?
What is the
conclusion?
What is the control
variable?
What is the
dependent
variable? What is the
independent
variable?
Botulism is a rare but serious illness usually caused by improperly canned food. Botulism eventually causes
paralysis of the muscles. Based on the information provided in the concept map, place the letter with the
appropriate question.
b
e
c
f
d
a