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Tips on IAS Preparation

Time Management

We see many people around us who spend their time in a frenzy of activity but achieve very little because they are not concentrating on theright things. They are perpetually busy but it does not necessarily mean that they make optimum utilization of their time. So there is a greatneed for effective Time M anagement in our lives today.

We keep hearing the word "Busy" a lot. There are two kinds of busy, chaotic, disorganized busy and calm effective busy. It goes withoutsaying that being the latter helps to pack in more productivity in your work. Improving our "effectiveness Quotient" calls for mastery of basictime management skills.

We constantly hear the refrain that we do not know where the time goes. Whether you are an executive, a student or a homemaker, youneed to achieve more in every minute of the day and to enjoy each task that you take up. We will be well on our way to the top if we knowhow to squeeze the most out of even a minute.

The first thing to bear in mind is to question whether you have a personal sense of time or a time log. This helps you to keep track of howyou spend each hour. There is a way to do this. Divide each day for a period of two weeks into one hour intervals and jot down what you doin them. You can sub divide the activities under such headings as business meetings, writing, making phone calls, reading, time spent withthe family etc. At the end of the week, examine your time log.

What you may find is that very little time goes into top priority activities and more into activities such as phone calls, coffee breaks, chatting

with friends etc. Now is the time to analyze what activities are a waste of time and what need more time. Try to cut down time spent onuseless activities or stop doing them altogether. Once you have prioritized your time, you will find your efficiency level rising and the endresult is that you will be an achiever!

How to choose a subject?Normally one should select optional, which one is familiar with, or has at least studied till the graduate level. If you are not comfortable withthe subject, you should not select the subject as an optional. But the choice should not only be as per your interests but also be based on thestudy material available. Even science and engineering students take up subjects like history, sociology, anthropology, geography, political

science, psychology and public administration because there is a huge amount of study material available in these subjects. Also keep in mindthat you may have been proficient in a subject, but lack of touch may make it tougher to crack technical subject where freshers may dobetter. The competition is among the people who have opted for the same subject. One should top in his/her subject to succeed in theexamination. The Point is, if you are an electrical engineer with 2 years of experience go for a new subject like public administration or

sociology.

Analyse the syllabus of previous years and the question papers, and analyse past trends. Get some feedback/advice from seniors and fellowstudents who are well versed in the subject. Remember no subject is bad. History is good if you can spend more than 4-5 hours everyday.Geography is a good option if you can spend at least 4 hrs every day. Pub Ad, more than 3 hours. Sociology, more than 2 hours and so on....So, it all depends on how much time you can spend a day and your liking of the subject. You have a very good memory then a technicalsubject may help else a social subject would be better. Lastly look for overlap in subjects like, sociology and public administration; history andpolitical science etc.

Prepare WellBefore initiating the preparations, a few things must be noted by the candidates. The choice of optional subject for Paper-II has to be donevery carefully. The candidates must plan ahead of time with eyes on the main examination and choose the optional which he/she intendstaking up in the Mains. The preparations done for the preliminaries would assist the candidates in getting good grasp of the subject and theeffort put in would not go waste after the prelims. Secondly, optional subject carries more number of maximum marks as compared to theGeneral Studies Paper. Hence, its importance cannot be undermined. A candidate doing well in the optional paper is expected to fare well inthe examination. Moreover, the optional subject for Paper-II should usually be the subject in which the candidate has either attainedproficiency/higher academic qualification or in which the candidate feels at home. Another consideration is the performance of candidates inthe said subject in the recent past. There are several20subjects like History, Psychology, Sociology, Public Administration etc in which eventhe candidates not having special or additional educational qualifications have been doing reasonably well, while the subjects likeMathematics, Physics, and Engineering are considered to offer tougher questions and the candidates with exceptionally good preparation onlymay expect to do well. But this observation may not be taken as the universal truth. Moreover, the aptitude and proficiency of a particularcandidate in a given subject also plays an important role in arriving at a decision.

Availability and access to good and prescribed books is yet another consideration and often the candidates are also guided by this factor,particularly in smaller towns. Books for preliminary examination are available in plenty in common subjects but in case of specialised optionallike Mathematics, Engineering, Agriculture etc, one has to look carefully f or good books which cover all parts of the syllabus.

Preparations for Paper-II also need specific planning. It would be wrong to confine the studies only to the multiple choice objective typequestions. Unless a detailed study of the subject is carried out, it would be difficult to answer the questions on the subject properly. The aim,must, therefore, be to clearly understand the basics of the subject by covering each and every aspect of the syllabus. This provides acandidate with adequate self-confidence and knowledge to answer the questions correctly. It is better to consult various books on differentaspects, as it is very rare that one single book covers the entire syllabus with total efficiency. After going through all parts of the syllabus indetail and getting hold of the basic concepts, it is desirable to have sufficient practice in solving multiple choice objective type questions. Agood book on objective type multiple choice questions or a good question bank on the subject concerned may assist the candidates a greatdeal. Such practice, on the one hand, would perfect the art of answering the questions correctly and rapidly, and on the other would enablethe candidates in understanding the questions asked in various forms. It is normally observed that at times even simple questions are askedin such a complex manner that it becomes difficult to understand the question correctly.

It is not difficult to find out a candidate who had, during the past couple of years, appeared in the prelims with the same subject. It is alwaysbetter to discuss the subject, its intricacies, pattern of questions and the books to be studied. In addition, it is also not difficult to identify thecandidate offering the same optional subject for Paper-II within the same town/city. It is always fruitful to have detailed discussions on

various parts of the syllabus, books to be consulted for the basics, multiple choice question books or question banks and other related issues.Finally, the practice of correctly marking the answer sheet by using minimum possible time will go a long way in helping you succeed

How To Prepare For PrelimsThe civil services examination is basically a test to choose suitable administrators. It tests the candidate right from the stage when one starts

the preparation. One common misconception about the prelims is that it is a test of facts and figures. This is not so. A candidate should havethe right frame of mind and the will power to succeed in the exam. A proper action plan is needed for the preparation itself since he /she willbe tested for some essential qualities like power of retention, clarity of concepts, ability to identify the correct alternatives with efficiency andaccuracy. All this requires a quick decision making power. Since the preliminary exam in particular is a test of endurance the candidate needs

to prepare himself on the physical as well as mental level. The main constraint is the time one gets to answer questions. On an average onegets around 40 seconds for each general Studies question and around 50 seconds for each optional question. Added to this time constraint isthe fact that the exam is conducted in the month of May which is usually the hottest month all over the country. Most of the centres for theexam do not have proper facilities which adds to the stress. One sure way of dealing with this stress is to count numbers or to take a few

deep breaths. Meditation and Yoga also help in dealing with stress to a great extent.

Now we come to the actual preparation for the prelims exam. Since it is a multiple choice question paper, it needs a diff erent preparation anda proper strategy. The first thing a candidate needs to bear in mind is that the examination is designed to evaluate certain qualities like asharp memory and basic retention power. There are ways to increase one's memory like preparing charts. One gets confused when faced w ithmind boggling facts and figures. Important facts and figures can be simplified and represented on charts and they can arranged in the form oftables or graphs. Another thing to remember is to make short and brief notes on each topic so that the entire syllabus can be revised a daybefore the exam. It is better to use diagrams and link words which make it easier to understand difficult concepts. One more technique tohelp in retaining information is the use of abbreviations. Since the syllabus involves exhaustive information abbreviations help you toremember it better. It is a good method to remember dates, facts and figures in a picture format and to break up complex names and placesinto smaller and simpler words. The last and the most important technique is doing regular revision. This helps in retaining the maximuminformation. A separate time slot should be given to doing not only regular but multiple revisions like daily, weekly, monthly etc.

Many candidates make a mistake of overloading themselves with lots of information and end up remembering nothing. One should be able todifferentiate between relevant and irrelevant information. Since the preliminary exam is an elimination round the candidate should also learnto focus only on the information needed and filter out the rest. It helps to discuss with friends and teachers but the most reliable way is topast years question papers for the optional subject whereas for the general studies paper, one should keep abreast with current events andinformation related to them.

An important thing to remember is that for this exam it is just enough to remember information but to understand the concepts well insteadof memorizing facts and figures. The questions asked in the General Studies paper are of 10+2 level whereas for the optional subject it isgraduation level. Therefore emphasis has to be on conceptual clarity. Any concept has to be understood with its origin, merits and de-merits,then it needs to be analysed with other relevant topics and lastly it has to be correlated with the events that have taken place during theyear.

The preliminary exam requires candidates who have the acumen and the ability to choose the right option of many given options. This needsa proper method of elimination. It is a good idea to go through previous years and model question papers and solve as many as possible.Taking a mock test of a certain number of G.S. questions and optional questions would be a good practice and help to pick out the mostappropriate option.

Each prelims paper is for two hours but a lot of time is wasted in signing attendance sheets etc, therefore there is a lot of need for effectiveTime Management not only for the exam but in the preparation as well. It is not enough to know the right answer but it has to be markedcorrectly on the answer sheet. Speed and Accuracy are important, so solving model question papers on a regular basis would be a great help.

A good presence of mind is needed to eliminate the least appropriate options and arrive at the right one. Tick out the least correct answerfirst and go on to the next option. Even when faced with a question for which you do not have a ready answer, with basic common sense anda good presence of mind, it is possible to make your guess a smart and a correct one.

Throughout the preparation for the prelims exam, it is important to remember that any topic or concept should not be studied in isolation. Itis better to understand and establish a correlation between related concepts from other subjects and current events and happenings.


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Even with all this preparation, it is necessary to have a positive attitude and a great amount of wil l power to succeed to achieve your goal,that of getting through the civil services examination with flying colors!

How to Prepare NotesAppearing for any competitive exam requires a lot of preparation. Students should be ready to face this challenge in the best possible way.Though there is no one way of studying, there are w ays to study more effectively and with less stress and more enjoyment. It is important toknow how to make use of the sources available to you in the best possible way. It is wise to take a three pronged approach to preparation,reading to learn, making effective notes and able to write answers to various kinds of questions.

Students are often faced with the daunting task of making voluminous notes. Now the question arises as to why make notes at all. There areseveral good reasons, one is that you cannot make notes without understanding the given topic, since you have to pick out the importantpoints and try to summarise them. Next is that writing down any information helps you to remember it better. Thirdly, it makes a goodpractice for thinking and writing out essays. Fourth, it will prompt you to revise your work since it does not take a long time to go through aset of well made notes. Lastly, it helps you in your final revision by reminding you of the most important points of each topic.

The next question is when should one make notes? One should make notes from the very beginning as soon as you have done your studyingwhen the material is fresh in mind. This helps to fix it in your memory. It is better to make notes from all possible sources, from what youread, what you hear and from what you do. After making the first brief notes, it can be expanded and organised properly. You can then keepadding information to it from time to time. One important thing to remember is to never treat a set of notes as the final version.

There are different methods of making notes and one should decide which method suits you the best. There are two types of making notes,one is the LINEAR NOTES and the other PATTERN NOTES.

Let us start with Linear notes first, it is a method in which you condense the material you have read using headings and sub headings andjotting down the most important points. This method works best when making notes from a book where the material is already properlyorganised. But one disadvantage of this method is that you end up copying a lot of material from the book which defeats the very purpose ofcondensing.

The right way to use this method is to use loose sheets of paper instead of an exercise book since it is easier to keep adding information. It isa good idea to leave space on each sheet of paper for additional information. Another way to make your notes more interesting is to usecolors, block letters, making boxes and highlighting as and when necessary. All this will immediately draw our attention to the actual contentsof our notes and make it more clear and comprehensible.

We now come to Pattern Notes. For this we have to begin the topic at the centre of the page. Each line radiating from it represents a branchof the main idea. Each point is written as briefly as possible using a key word or a phrase. It is a better method to adopt because it is moreflexible than making Linear notes. One can add extra information to it at any point without any problem. Second advantage is that we can seethe whole pattern at one go without actually turning the pages. Thirdly we can indicate the links between different topics more easily than wecan do in a linear method. Another advantage of pattern notes is that it is exceptionally useful when making notes from memory for revisionas you keep jotting down points as and when they occur to you. This makes it easier to revise for exams and writing out essays as only briefkey words are used. Lastly, it is easier to remember as notes is made in a shape format.

But this method has some disadvantages as well. If there are too many facts and too much of information, your pattern becomes messy andover crowded. Using key words can remind you of basic ideas but when it comes to remembering details, this method cannot be sufficient.Therefore the most effective way of making good notes from the sources available is to use a combination of these two methods. Oneimportant thing to remember is that for many subjects your notes will have to include diagrams and sketch maps. They must be accurate andlabeled very clearly.

For example while making notes for Science, the general lay out has to follow the one given by your teacher with as little variation aspossible. There are four basic stages which should always be there, Purpose, Method, Result and Conclusion If there is a description it willhave to include a diagram and if it is recorded data, it will require a table or a graph.

Whatever method you decide to follow, one thing to remember is to keep your notes handy at all times and in a proper file. It is a good ideato use colored flags to demarcate different topics. With such systematic preparation, a student can face the challenge of any competitiveexam with confidence.

How to Write AnswersThe civil services main exam consists of descriptive type of questions. It focuses on testing the candidate on various levels. The time limit forthe essay paper is 3 hrs without a word limit, but for the optional paper, there are questions with specific word limit like 250 words in optionalsubjects and 250 words, 150 words and 20 words in general studies. The candidate then has to prepare himself to answer all types ofquestions. The most important thing to be kept in mind is the time constraint. Therefore it becomes necessary to answer these questionsquickly and effectively and in minimum words.

One common doubt that students have is wi th regard to the style of answering questions, whether to adopt the paragraph or the point styleof answering questions. Though there is no set rule, it is wise to adopt a style depending on the question asked. If the question says todiscuss, analyse or critically examine, it would be better to answer the question the paragraph format. On the other hand, if the question asksyou to list the advantages or give reasons for/ against etc., it is better to go in for the point format of answering.

STYLE OF ANSWERING QUESTIONS:For this it is very important to understand the question first. Depending on what the question is, whether one is asked to "discuss","elucidate", "explain"," critically Appreciate" or "give reasons for and against", the answer should be written Accordingly because it is onlythrough the examinee's style of answering questions that one can assess his or her originality of thought and analytical abilities. The questionshould be read properly, in fact the question paper should be read thoroughly in the first five or ten minutes of the exam and then one shoulddecide on the questions which are to be answered first. Time should also be given to frame the answer so that there is no confusion later on.

A good way to write effective and precise answers is to pracise writing out answers. our answers should present the facts and concepts in aninteresting way and should never read like a passage from a book. It is best to use simple English and avoid flowy and decorative languagewhich takes our attention away from the original facts and our opinions about a given topic. Making a practice of writing out answers is

especially useful in managing the time limit set for the exam and to write the best possible answer in the allotted time It not only improves

one's style of expression, but also one gets used to the time and word limits.

HOW TO WRITE A GOOD ANSWER:

It is just not enough to know all the facts and information but the most important thing to be kept in mind is to write an answer which has aclear and a logical frame, which presents information in a clear and concise manner, which does not contain any irrelevant or piling up ofinformation, which is interesting and able to hold one's attention.

So the next logical step is to know how to w rite a good answer. The first step is to prepare the framework where one can list all ideas,thoughts and facts and write them down. It is important to adopt an answering style which is natural, original and to the point. Emphasisshould be given to the kind of language used, one which is simple and clear without unnecessary use of nouns and verbs. Use of archaic andfancy words or language should be avoided at all costs. Care should be taken to avoid grammatical mistakes which will give a negativeopinion however good the answer may be. Last but not the least, it is very important to have a good and a legible handwriting.

How to Read EffectivelyStudents are often at a loss when faced with the extensive syllabus of Mains exam. One should be objective and try to focus on about 70% ofthe syllabus instead of being over ambitious and trying to cover the whole syllabus. The next thing to be kept in mind is the choice of studymaterial. It is a wise option to just refer to few standard books to get an deep understanding of the subject. Reading from too many bookswill do more harm than good.

Lastly it is good to be selective while preparing for a given topic, to list out all the important points and the relevant information in a logicalframework. It is important to remember that studying for the exam involves Purposeful reading which is basically reading with a certain focuson the given topic and preparing for the possible questions accordingly. Before starting on any topic, it is a wise move to go through thequestions asked in the past about the given topic and jot down the probable questions for the current year. It gives an idea to the king ofmaterial one needs to study to be able to answer such questions effectively. After this mentally analyse all that you have read and try tologically link all the points and see if you have understood everything. Such a kind of periodical revision will help in the long run as it willensure that it increases your understanding, improves and enhances your memory, and makes you more confident so that you give your bestperformance.

Hello MGkumaro,

Thnak you replying. I am posting the name of books which i have coolected from internet, they are many an.it is not possible to go through all of them. Could you please help inselecting the right book for prepration. you can email me the name of books for main on **********. I hope you will reply soon.

Physical GeographySavindra SinghThe earth dynamic surfaceK sidharthaGeomorphologySavindra SinghClimatologyD.S.Laloceanography for geographersR C sharma and M vitalEvolution of Geographic Thought


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Majid HusainEconomic and Social GeographyMade SimpleHuman GeographyMajid HusainUrbanization & Urban Systems inIndiaRamachandranA Geography by PopulationR.C. ChandnaRegional PlanningChand & PuriEnvironmental GeographySavindra SinghPolitical Geography

Economic and Commercial Geography ofIndia

C.B. MamoriaAgricultureGeographyMajid HusainCartography

R.L.SinghPhysical GeographyGoh Cheng LeongGeography ofIndia

KhullarGeography spectrum

Economy geography

K sidharthaIndiaphysical aspectK sidharthaDictionary of GeoegraphyPenguinUnderstanding Geographical Map Entries: For CivilMajid hussain

Hello buddy the books i refered are for Prajas as he requested for pre practice books

comming to mains.U have listed lot of books.Kindly remember mains requires strategy of different in its naturea)Less emphasis on book readingb)understanding each and every word of syllabus

c)minimum of 150 word notes on each and every sub topic of syllabusd)connectiviry,application and analysise)diagrams,pictures and graphs

I suggest u, rather then to much emphasis on various books go trough these books in according with syllabusPhysical geography:NCERT(11th old and new),Physical geo by Rupa made,Savindra singhclimatology:NCERT(11th old and new),Physical geo by Rupa made,Savindra singhocenography:NCERT(11th old and new),physical geo-Savindra singhbio and envt:NCERT(11th old and new),Physical geo by Rupa made,Savindra singh.Human and Economic geo: NCERT(12 th New),Masjid Hussain,Rupa made simple.Indian geography:Ncert (10th,11th and 12 th new),Khullar.Yojana,IYB,Kuruks htra.

There is no cartography in mains.

follow any one coaching centre notes(not mandatory)

books are necessary but not sufficent.Because mains not demads bookish kwoledge alone,u need to develop skill of linking ,writting and application.It will not come in a day .Keep on practicing to old q is only way to

come out from this.

We have compiled for you a list of IAS books for general studies to help you in your prepration forthe IAS and other services under the UPSC. General studies is a vast subjects so it helps to

know the best books for the ias exam.

REFERENCE BOOKS FOR PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION: General Studies

Download NCERT Books Free1. Indian History - India Struggle for Independence by Bipin Chandra; NCERT Books ( XI & XII )2. Geography - Spectrum3. Indian Polity - Constitution of India by Bakshi4. Indian Economy - Plus One, Plus Two Books, Pratiyogita Darpan5. General Science - Tata Mc Graw Hill Guide6. Mental Ability - Quantitative Apitude by R.S. Aggarwal7. Current Affairs - Some magazines and Newspapersi. The Hindu/The Times of India

ii. Frontlineiii. Civil Service Chronicleiv. Chanakyav. Competition WIZARDvi. Civil Services Today8. Guides1. Tata Mc Graw Hill2. Spectrum3. Unique
http://www.indianofficer.com/forums/geography-india-wiki/3719-india.htmlhttp://www.indianofficer.com/forums/geography-india-wiki/3719-india.htmlhttp://www.indianofficer.com/forums/geography-india-wiki/3719-india.htmlhttp://www.indianofficer.com/forums/geography-india-wiki/3719-india.htmlhttp://www.indianofficer.com/forums/nuwiki.php?do=book.view&bookid=1http://www.indianofficer.com/forums/nuwiki.php?do=book.view&bookid=1http://www.indianofficer.com/forums/geography-india-wiki/3719-india.htmlhttp://www.indianofficer.com/forums/geography-india-wiki/3719-india.htmlhttp://www.indianofficer.com/forums/geography-india-wiki/3719-india.htmlhttp://www.indianofficer.com/forums/geography-india-wiki/3719-india.htmlhttp://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/General-Studies/free-books/index.htmlhttp://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/General-Studies/free-books/index.htmlhttp://www.indianofficer.com/forums/geography-india-wiki/3719-india.htmlhttp://www.indianofficer.com/forums/geography-india-wiki/3719-india.htmlhttp://www.indianofficer.com/forums/nuwiki.php?do=book.view&bookid=1http://www.indianofficer.com/forums/geography-india-wiki/3719-india.htmlhttp://www.indianofficer.com/forums/geography-india-wiki/3719-india.htmlhttp://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/General-Studies/free-books/index.html


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Topic Wise Reference On General Studies

Books on Indian History & Culture:NCERT (+ 2 level) Ancient India, Medieval India, Modern India.Publication Division : Gazetteer of India (Vol 2 : History & Culture)Gandhi Nehru Tagore & Ambedkar Gopal KrishnaBipin Chandra - Modern India

A.C.Banerjee - History of Modern India Raghavan Aiyer Mahatma Gandhi

Books on Geography:NCERT : Physical Geography of India for X - XII StdA Good School AtlasSharma & Cotinho : Economic and Commercial Geography of India.Khullar : India- A Comprehnsive GeographyCharles Farro : General Principles of World GeographyCharles Farro : Monsoon Asia Reports published by Centre for Science and Enviornment AndTata Energy Research InstituteNational journal - Kurukshetra, Yojana etc.Down to earth

Books on Indian Economy:NCERT (+1 level)Evolution of Indian Economy(I C Dhingra).Mishra & Puri or Dutt & Sundaram - Indian EconomyEconomic SurveyThe Economic Times,Business StandardYojana

Books on Social and National Issues :Social Problem - Ram AhujaSocial Welfare Magazine - Published by ministry of social welfareYojana/KurukshetraIIPa Journal

Books on Indian Polity:NCERT (+1 level)Indian Political SystemN.L. Madan : Bhartiya Rajya VyavasthaD.D. BasuIndian ConstitutionKashyapConstitution of IndiaPublication DivisionSubhash C. Kashyap : Our ParliamentP.M. BakshiIndian ConstitutionOur Constitution : Subhash C. kashyapPerspective on Constitution : S.C. KashyapFrontline MagazineIIPa Journal

Books on Science & Technology:NCERT : (10 level) : Science, (+2 level) : Biology.

Popular Science Series (CSIR)Reports Of the Ministry of Science and Technology YojanaScience ReporterScience and Technology in India - Spectrum

Books on Statistics:(NCERT +1 level) Elementary StatisticsS.C.Gupta : Statistical Methods


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Books on India and the World :Journal of peace StudiesWorld FocusStrategic AnalysisSouth Asian Journal

Other Books for General Studies:1. India Year Book latest2. One competitive Magazine3. Guides like Tata Mc Graw Hill, Spectrum or Unique For General Reference 4. The PearsonGeneral Studies Manual

am with History optional, did some work in this. So want to share from pointing point ofview. Writing answer for those pointed places is historical in nature for me andgeographical for you. So i think very little difference. But I never saw Geo mainspaper!

1. Take many outline maps ofIndia of A4 size2. Start your practice by current political map

3. First recognize the zigzag in different areas4. Try to join them in diffent ways..

5. Point State Capitals first. Practice for few days, since you see the exact curve nearit

6. See the imp places very near to the marked places7. Do remember the places old names too...8. Try to draw the states boundaries roughly...after few days it becomes easy!!9. Try to draw river routes and then imp places on Rivers, many industrial places u

can see10. Make a big list of places on different subjetc like, Historical, Political, Industrial,Cultural rich and places in recent news.See the old question paper and come to a conclusion

But one thing,

this marking practice every day or alternate day works wonderfully on boredome!!!!Very easy and awsome way to keep confidence and score without any fear.But you must work continuously and revise at different intervals!

Indra

International Lines:NAME OF THE LINE and COUNTRIES BETWEEN

1. Durand Line - Afghan and Pak

2. Hindenburg Line - Germany and Poland(After I World War)

3. Oder-Neisse Line - Germany and Poland

4. Maginot Line - France and Germany

5. Mac-Mohan Line - India and China

6. Radcliffe Line - India and Pakistan

7. 16th Parallel Line - Namibia and Angola

8. 17th Parallel Line - North and South Vietnam

9. 38th Parallel Line - North and South Korea

10. 49th Parallel Line - USA and Canada
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Steel Plants in India1. Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP)-- 1959 - in Chhattisgarh - With the help of USSR - Only Producer of Steel Rails in India2. Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP)-- Late 1950s - at Durgapur, West Bengal - With the help of UK3. Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) --1965 - in Orissa - With the help of Germany4. Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL) -- 1972 -in Jharkhand -With the help of USSR5. IISCO Steel Plant (ISP) --1918 - (2nd after TISCO) - in West Bengal6. Alloy Steels Plants (ASP)-- West Bengal7. Salem Steel Plant (SSP)-- Tamil Nadu8. Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited (VISL)-- 1923 - Karnataka9. Maharashtra Elektro-smelt Limited (MEL) --in Maharashtra10. VIZAG Steel Plant - based on the design of Pohang Steel Plant, Korea - 1st Integrated in Coastal IndiaINDIAN ISLANDS

ISLANDS = SIGNIFICANCE

- Diu = fishing island, continuous beach structure

- salsette = group of seven islands forms present mumbai

- Bassein = old deposits

- Lakshadweep = coral islands

- Aminidiv = group of islands north of 11th parallel part of lakshadweep

- Cannanore = group of islands south of 11th parallel part of lakshadweep

- Minicoy = corraline islands

- Kavarathi = sile of desalinisation & OTEC plant

- Kacchativa = fishing island recently leased to srilanka

- Pamban = remnants of land link now submerged

- Sriharikota = spit island

- Wellington = naval station in kerala

- New Moore = deltic island & disputed site between india & bangladesh

- N.Andaman = submerged peaks of ridges continuous with arakan yoma

- M.Andaman = submerged peaks of ridges continuous with arakan yoma

- L.Andaman = submerged peaks of ridges continuous with arakan yoma

- Berra island = only active volcano of india

- Narcondum = unsubmerted islands of andaman.

MOUNTAIN PASSES OF INDIA

Name of Pass = Place

- Banihal pass = doda & anantnag districts, J & K

- shipkila la pass = sutlej enters india from tibet , Himachal pradesh

- Bara Lancha La pass = kyelang & leh, himachal pradesh

- Rohtang = kullu & kyelang, himachal pradesh

- Bomdi La pass = tezpur & tawang, arunachal pradesh

- Thanga La & Niti La pass = uttaranchal

- Lipu = leh, indo-nepal-china, uttaranchal

- Jelepla = india & china (gangtok-lhasa road), sikkim

- Nathu La pass = india & china, sikkim

- Karakoram pass & Aghil pass = j & k

- Palghat = palakkad & coimbatore

- Shenkotta = kollam & madurai

- Thalghat = mumbai & pune

- Bhorghat = mumbai & nasik

IMPORTANT GLACIERS OF HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS

[top]KARAKORAM RANGE

Name of the glacier = Length(km) = Location

siachen = 75 = nubra

fedchenko = 74 = south-western pamir

hispar = 62 = tributary of hunza river

biafo = 59 = braldoh valley

batura = 58 = hunza

baltoro = 58 = braldoh valley

chogo lungma = 50 = rakaposhi range

khurdopla = 47 = shingshal valley

lolofond = 40 = west of siachen

yarkand rimo = 40 = shyok valley

mohil yaz = 32 = shingshal valley
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yazhit = 31 = shingshal valley

godwin austen = 30 = K2

ching kumdon = 21 = shyok

gasherbrum = 16 = gasherbrum

[top]THE PIR PANJAL RANGE


sonapani = 15 = chandra valley of lahul & spiti

bara shigri = 10-20 = chandra valley

rakhiot = 15 = nanga parbat

gangri = 13 = nun kun massif

chungphar = 13 = nanga parbat

[top]KUMAON-GARHWAL REGION


gangotri = 30 = source of the ganga

milam = 20 = gori ganga

bhagirath kharak = 18 = near badrinath

mana = 18 = mana valley north of the gangotri

satopanch = 16 = near badrinath

[top]CENTRAL NEPAL REGION


yepokangara = 13.5 = gosainthan

lidanda = 11 = manasulu

chhuling = 11 = manasulu

mayondi = 11 = dhaulagiri himal

[top]KANCHENJUNGA-EVEREST REGION


rongbuk = 52 = northern (tibetan) side of the mount everest

zemu = 25 = zemu valley (from headwaters of the tists river)

kanchenjunga = 21 = north of kanchenjunga, covers head of kanchen river

khumbu = 20 = south of Mt.everest

kangshung = 19 = east of Mt.everest

tolam bau = 19 = south-west of barunste peak

barun = 15 = north-east of baruntse peak

rambang = 10 = kanchanjunga

FOEHN WIND

this occurs when a deep layer of prevailing wind is forced over a mountain range. as the wind moves upslope, it expands & cools,causing water vapour to precipitate out. this dehydrate air then passes over the crest & begins to move downslope. Foehn winds

can rise temperature by as much as 30 degree C , 54 degree F in just a matter of hours.

EFFECTS :

winds of this type are called "snow-eaters" for their ability to make snow melt rapidly. this ability is based not only on hightemperature, but also the low relative humidity of the air mass. Foehn winds are often associated in popular mythology with illnessranging from migraines to psychosis.

the name Foehn came from German, originated in the alpine region.

Foehn winds are called in different names in different countries. they are :- Zonda winds in Argentina

- Chinook in USA & Canada- the Nor'Westr in Hawkes Bay- Halny in Carpathian Mountain, Eastern Europe

- Fogony in the Catalan Pyrenees
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- Berg wind in South Africa

- Viento Sur in the Cantabrian region of North Spain- Terral in Malaga Souhtern Spain- Foehn wind in Austria, southern germany.

Bhishma Tank rolls out Indigenous tank based on T-90

Posted on Aug 25, 2009

Bhishma Tankor Bheeshma Main Battle tank the Indigenous tank based on T-90 was flagged off by

Minister of State forDefenceMM Pallam Raju on Monday August 24 2009 at Heavy Vehicles Factory, Avadi, in Chennai.Bhishma Tankthe modified version of Russian T 90 has many new technologies in areas of

mobility, protection, fighting capabilities, safety and communication.

Highlights ofBhishma Tank

Equipped with 125mm smooth bore gun

Gun stabilised in Elevation and Azimuth

12.7mm anti-craft machine gun

7.62mm co-axial machine gun

High accuracy sighting systems

Automatic Loader ensuring high rate of fire

Capability to fire guided missile using the same main gun barrel

Integrated fire control system which includes gunners sight, guided weapon system and ballistic computer. This system facilitates accurate firing of conventional ammunitions as well as the guided

missiles.

Built in Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA) for enhanceed tank protection saving crew and equipment from chemical, biological and radio active (nuclear) attack

Thermal imagers with night fighting capability

More about T 90 Bhishma
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The Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF) has plans to produce 100 tanks per year. HVF has taken up the

manufacturing of T-90 Tanks in collaboration with Russia. The first Bhishma tankassembled with imported knocked down kits was rolled out on January 7, 2004 and subsequently T-90 indigenous tank production

commenced in 2008-09.

The T-90S Bhishma is a customized, improved version of the T-90S which India developed with assistance from Russia and France. Bhishma was a warrior from ancient Hindu epic, the Mahabharata and hence the

name. The tanks are equipped with the French-designed thermal sights and utilizes Indias Kanchan explosive reactive armored plates.

Search on for IMRH programme partner

Ravi Sharma

BANGALORE: India is re-issuing a request for proposal (RFP) for a partner to help it design and develop the Indian Multi-Role Helicopter (IMRH).

In the 10 to 12 tonne class, the IMRH will be in the inventory of all three armed forces to eventually replace the Russian built Mi-17s and the American Sea Kings.

The IMRHs role will include troop and cargo movement, including at high altitudes, carrying out rescue and relief operations, artillery emplacement and battlefield supplies.

Officials at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), the public sector unit which will build the IMRH told Hindu The that the RFP was being issued in August to leading helicopter designers, including the Europeanconsortiums Eurocopter, the Anglo-Italian AgustaWestland, Americas Boeing Integrated Defense Systems and Russias Kazan Helicopters.

The IMRH was first mooted almost 10 years ago, when the navy was looking for a replacement for their Sea Kings. Later, the Air Force and the Army, both of whom operate the Mi-17s, evinced a keen interest in

the indigenous programme.

The HALs first RFP had gone out to Eurocopter and Russias Mil Design Bureau, Kazan.

But the tender was cancelled after the needs of the armed forces underwent some changes, and the existing helicopters could not satisfy the qualitative requirements.

As per the new RFP, the chosen global partner will design certain parts of the helicopter, while the HAL and possibly other Indian companies, will design the rest.

But the partner company will have to pass on to the HAL, the manufacturing technology for the parts that they (the partner) design.

Explained an official from the HAL: While the helicopter will be called an indigenous product, we cannot design and manufacture all the parts ourselves. But we will ensure that India holds the total intellectual

property rights for the helicopter. We will also have the rights to manufacture what our partner designs. We are not looking for a mere license production partnership. We want to be an equal partner in the

programme.

While estimates of the number of these helicopters vary, the HAL sources said that it could around 80.

Shivalik class frigate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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INS Shivalikunder construction

Class overview

Name: P-17 Shivalik

Builders: Mazagon Dock Limited, India

Operators: Indian Navy

Preceded by: Talwar class frigate

Succeeded by: Project 17A class frigate

Cost: US$650 million each[1]

Building: 2

Planned: 12

Completed: 1

General characteristics

Type: Guided-missile frigate

Displacement: 4,600 tons standard5,600 tons full load

Length: 142.5 metres (468 ft)[2]
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Beam: 16.9 metres (55 ft)[2]

Draught: 4.5 metres (15 ft)

Propulsion: 2 x Pielstick 16 PA6 STC Dieselengines & 2 xGELM2500boostturbines in CODOGconfiguration.

Speed: 32 knots (59 km/h)[3]

22 knots (41 km/h) (DieselEngines)

Complement: 257 (35 officers)

Sensors andprocessingsystems:

MR-760 Fregat M2EM 3-D radarMR-90 Orekh radarBEL APARNAHUMSA (Hull Mounted SonarArray)ATAS/Thales Sintra towed arraysystemsBEL Ajanta

Armament: OTO Melera 76mm SRGM2 x AK-630 30mm guns32 xBarak SAM[4]

9M317(SA-N-12) SAM8 x Klub/Brahmos cruiseMissiles[5]

90R missiles (ASW)DTA-53-956 torpedoesKlub ASW MissileRBU-6000 (RPK-8)

Aircraft carried: 2 x HAL DhruvorSea KingMk.42B

The Shivalikclass frigates orProject 17 class frigates are multi-rolefrigateswithstealthfeatures being built for theIndian Navy. They are the first warships being built inIndiawith such features.[6]Thelead vesselof the class is scheduled for commissioning in late

2009.

The Shivalikclass will be the mainfrigatesof theIndian Navyin the first quarter of the 21st century.[7]3 ships of the class are being built byMazagon Dock Limited. A total of 12 ships are planned to be built in various batches, with a second batch of four updated

frigates currently in planning.[8]

The class and the lead vessel have been named for theShivalik hills. Subsequent vessels in the class are also named for hill-ranges in India.

Contents

[hide]
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1 Development history 2 Status 3 Design 4 Ships

5 Gallery 6 References

7 External links

[edit] Development history

The Indian Navy conceivedProject 17for design of stealthy frigates to be designed and built in India.[9][10]Three ships were approved by the government in 1997, followed by a Letter of Intent (LoI) to the ship's builders,Mazagon Dock Limited(MDL) in February

1998.

Basic design ofProject 17was done by the Navy's Directorate of Naval Design (DND),[11]with a detailed designed developed by MDL. The DND's design of theShivalikclass called for a "5000 ton stealth frigates (Project 17) incorporating advanced signature

suppression and signature management features".[12]

TheIndian Navyformally ordered the first three units in early 1999.[13]

Production commenced about two years later. Delays resulted from design inputs from the Naval Design Bureau (NDB) for the weapons suite, specification changes to the hull steel and delays in delivery of high-strength D-40S steel fromRussia. To overcome the lack

of steel supply,DRDOandSteel Authority of India Limited(SAIL) indigenously designed and developed the AB-grade steel required.[14][15]

Construction of the first P17 frigate commenced with plate cutting on 18 December 2000. The keel was laid on 11 July 2001 and the ship was launched on 18 April 2003. The other two units will then be delivered at regular intervals and subsequent units - twelve

planned in all - will be built in progressively modified batches. The vessel is to be built through modular-construction in 172 modules.

[edit] Status

An officer's cabin on theINS Shivalik

INS Shivalik, was launched on April 18, 2003. Two more ships, INSSahyadri and INS Satpura, are also under construction at Mazagon dock.[16]

These are expected to be finished and delivered by 2010.

INS Shivalikis undergoing sea trials as of April 2009 and it will be delivered t o the Indian Navy in the next few months.[17]The commissioning of INS Shivalikwas delayed by two to three months due to restrictions placed onGeneral Electricfrom working on

integration of their engines into the frigate, pending a review of all defense projects by the newly-elected Obama administration.[18]

The issue was soon resolved, and the US State Department granting permission to General Electric to resume work on the vessel.[19]

[edit] Design

The main features of the class are its stealth characteristics and the land-attack capability. The ships incorporate structural, thermal and acoustic stealth features.[20]They will be armed with theKlubanti-ship andBrahMossupersonic cruise missiles. The vessels use 10

gigabit LAN for their network.[21]

Fire Control Systems (FCS) developed byDRDOand built byBELwill be used on the Shivalikclass frigates.[22]

[edit] Ships

Name Pennant Laid down Launched Sea trials Commissioning
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INS

Shivalik

F47 11 July200118 April

2003

February

2009

November 2009[23]

INSSatpura

F48 2002 4 June2004[2] 2009 2010

INSSahyadri

F4930 September2003[9]

27 May2005 2010 2011

INS Arihant



Conceptual drawing of the INSArihant.

Career (India)

Name: INSArihant

Builder: Shipbuilding Centre (SBC),Visakhapatnam,India

Laid down: Unknown

Launched: 26 July 2009
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Commissioned: between 2011 and 2015

Status: Unknown

General characteristics

Class and type: Arihant-class submarine

Type: SSBN orSSGN

Length: 111 m (360 ft)[1]

Beam: 15 m (49 ft)[1]

Draft: 11 m (36 ft)[1]

Propulsion: PWRusing 40% enricheduranium fuel (80 MWe )[1]; oneturbine (47,000 hp/70 MW); oneshaft; one 7-bladed, high-skewpropeller (estimated)

Range: unlimited except by food supplies

Test depth: 300 m (980 ft) (estimated)

Complement: 95100 officers and men

Sensors andprocessingsystems:

BELUSHUS

Armament: 6 x 533mm torpedoes12 x K-15 SagarikaSLBMShaurya missile(expected)

INS Arihant(Sanskrit:) (S-73) is the lead ship ofIndia'sArihant class ofnuclear-powered submarines. The 5,0006,000 tonne vessel was built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project at the Ship Building Centre inVisakhapatnam.

The symbolic launch ceremony for theArihantwas held on on July 26, 2009 marked the anniversary ofVijay Diwas(Kargil WarVictory Day). It has been reported that the nuclear reactor and other systems a re not yet included in the submarine. It has also been reported

that the new submarine is active and already conducting sea trials.[2]Full integration of key systems and Sea trials are expected to be extensive. The submarine is not expected to formally join theIndian Navyearlier than 2011.[3]

The name of the vessel,Arihantis in Sanskrit and literally translates into destroyer of enemies. The completion of the INSArihantwill make India one of six countries in the world with the abilit y to design, build, and operate its own nuclear submarines (the others being

theUnited States, theUK,Russia,France, andChina).

Contents

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1 Design 2 Launch 3 References

4 See Also

Design

The INSArihantis to be the first of the expected five in the class of submarines designed and constructed as a part of theIndian Navy's secretiveAdvanced Technology Vessel(ATV) Project. The submarine is reported to be similar to the RussianCharlie-II class

submarine, which India leased from the Soviet Union between 1988 and 1991.[4]

The vessel will be powered by a n 85 MWpressurized water reactorwithenriched uraniumfuel.[5]A land-based prototype of the reactor was first built at Kalpakkam and made operational in September 2006. Successful operation over a period of three years yielded the

data that enabled the production version forArihant.[6][7]It was reported that a 80MW nuclear reac tor was integrated into the hull of the ATV in January 2008.[8]

The hull for the vessel was built byL&T'sHazirashipbuilding facility. Tata Powerbuilt the control systems for the submarine. The systems for the steam turbine integrated with the reactor are supplied byWalchandnagar Industries.[9]

Launch

The INSArihant, was introduced to the public on July 26, 2009 at a symbolic launch ceremony by Prime MinisterManmohan Singh's wifeGursharan Kaur.[10]

The launch coincided with the t enth anniversary of the conclusion of theKargil War.[11]

and consisted of

floating the vessel by flooding the dry dock. It was reported that theArihantwas launched without key systems including its nuclear reactor, surveillance equipment, and ordinance.[4]Per naval tradition, Gursharan Kaur cracked acoconuton the hull to mark the launch

of the submarine at the secret naval base 'Matsya' in Visakhapatnam.[12]

Photography was prohibited and photos showing the complete vessel are not available.[13][14]

In his address to the crowd, Prime MinisterManmohan Singhbilled the submarine as an outcome ofa

public-private partnership. He also thankedRussiain his address stating "I would also like to express our appreciation to our Russian friends for their consistent and invaluable cooperation, which symbolizes the close strategic partnership that we enjoy with Russia".

[15]

The launch of INSArihantstrengthens India's endeavor to build a crediblenuclear triad the capability to firenuclear weaponsfrom air, land and sea.

On the condition of anonymity, a nuclear scientist familiar with the project echoed this report in response to the media coverage that India had successfully launched a completed nuclear submarine.[16]It was also expected that the duplication of India's land based reactor,

integration of systems, and sea trials is expected to take three to five years.[4]

Project 17A class frigate



Class overview

Name: Project 17A

Builders: GRSEMazagonDockLimited

Operators: IndianNavy

Precededby:

Project 17Shivalikclass frigate

Cost: Rs. 4000crore eachUS $900million
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16/16

each[1]

Planned: 7

General

characteristics

Type: Frigate

The Project 17A is the follow on the Project 17 (Shivalik class) frigates for the Indian Navy. A total of seven ships will be built. The ships will be built at Mazagon Dock Limitedand atGRSE. The Indian shipyards would start the construction of the first ship by 2011

after the process of upgradation of the shipyards are completed. The shipyards are being upgraded to incorporate modular construction technique.

The anticipated cost for each vessel is above Rs 4,000 crore (approximately US $900 million) and the total deal is expected to be worth more than Rs 45,000 crore (US $10+ billion). The vessel will incorporate the latest indigenous developed stealth features. The first

ship is expected to roll out by 2015.[2]
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bhishma tank rolls out

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