A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

E-LEARNING

SUBMITTED TO KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF AWARD OF THE DEGREE OFBACHELOR OF BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATION

(SESSION – 2013-2016)

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Ms. KIRTI ISHFAQ MAJEED BHAT

(Project Guide) BBA SEM 3rd

JK INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY, KARNAL

(An ISO Certified Institution) (Approved by AICTE)

(Affiliated to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra)

(www.jkinstitutes.com)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to my project guide Ms. KIRTI for her support,

advice assistance and guidance in helping me shape my ideas about the project and nature them

into a reality, for her priceless insights, tips and inputs without which my project would not have

been possible.

ISHFAQ MAJEED BHAT

ROLL No.7019

BBA (Sem. 3rd SEM )

PREFACE

This Seminar project report is a sincere effort to study about E-LEARNING and analyzing its

position. I have made sincere efforts to present the report in a lucid and simple style. 

ISHFAQ MAJEED BHAT

ROLL No.7019

BBA (Sem. 3rd SEM)

STUDENT UNDERTAKING

This is to certify that I ISHFAQ MAJEED BHAT have completed the Project Titled “E-

LEARNING”. Under the guidance of Ms. KIRTI in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the award of degree of BBA from Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. This is an original piece

of work and I had neither copied nor submitted it earlier elsewhere.

ISHFAQ MAJEED BHAT

ROLL No.7019

BBA (Sem. 3rd SEM

Introduction to e-Learning

We understand that the term ‘e-learning’ can be confusing. Aimed at practitioners who are just

starting out in incorporating e-learning into their teaching, this document will demystify the

term, outline key terminology and its relevance, and introduce commonly used e-learning

terms.

E-leaning Defined

There may be other definitions, but I define e-learning (also called elearning or eLearning) as:

The delivery of a learning, training or education program by electronic means. E-learning

involves the use of a computer or electronic device (e.g. a mobile phone) in some way to provide

training, educational or learning material. (Derek Stockley 2003)

E-learning can involve a greater variety of equipment than online training or education, for as the

name implies, "online" involves using the Internet or an Intranet. CD-ROM and DVD can be

used to provide learning materials.

Distance education provided the base for e-learning's development. E-learning can be "on

demand". It overcomes timing, attendance and travel difficulties.

An e-journey is one type of e-learning or online training. Blended learning is e-learning

combined with other training methods.

Derek Stockley provides public training programs in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane (Australia)

and London (UK). The Derek Stockley team design and conduct soft skills training programs

throughout Australia and Asia.

What is eLearning?

Understanding eLearning is simple. eLearning is learning utilizing electronic technologies to

access educational curriculum outside of a traditional classroom.  In most cases, it refers to a

course, program or degree delivered completely online.

There are many terms used to describe learning that is delivered online, via the internet, ranging

from Distance Education, to computerized electronic learning, online learning, internet learning

and many others. We define eLearning as courses that are specifically delivered via the internet

to somewhere other than the classroom where the professor is teaching. It is not a course

delivered via a DVD or CD-ROM, video tape or over a television channel. It is interactive in that

you can also communicate with your teachers, professors or other students in your class.

Sometimes it is delivered live, where you can “electronically” raise your hand and interact in real

time and sometimes it is a lecture that has been prerecorded. There is always a teacher or

professor interacting /communicating with you and grading your participation, your assignments

and your tests. eLearning has been proven to be a successful method of training and education is

becoming a way of life for many citizens in North Carolina.To find out more about eLearning,

simply select from the links on the left menu.

What Is the Purpose of eLearning?E-learning (also called electronic learning) is any type of learning that takes place through or

with a computer. E-learning is primarily facilitated through the Internet but can also be

accomplished with CD-ROMs and DVDs, streaming audio or video and other media. The

purpose of e-learning is to allow people to learn for personal accomplishment or to earn a

professional degree, without physically attending a traditional university or academic setting. E-

learning can be applied for all levels of schooling from grade school to graduate degrees, and is

versatile enough to accommodate all learning styles.

Types

There are a number of types of e-learning that depend on the amount of physical

interaction. Entirely online e-learning occurs without any face-to face interaction. Course

work and materials are distributed electronically through email, websites, online forums

and/or CDs or DVD-ROMs. Combined learning uses a combination of Internet-directed

instruction, as well as face-to-face interaction. Most traditional colleges and universities

use combined learning as students learn in physical classrooms, with instruction

augmented by online lessons. For those learning for personal accomplishment, e-learning

can also use a combination of e-learning types, as they can be entirely self-directed, or

they can use the assistance of an expert in their selected field.

Location

Because the only requirements for e-learning (in most cases) requires a computer with

Internet access or a CD/DVD-ROM drive, e-learning students can learn from home,

libraries, Internet cafes or any other location that has Internet access. This is why e-

learning is a preferred option for those who work full time or part time and cannot afford

to travel to a physical school. The ease of location with e-learning also makes it

preferable to stay-at-home parents with young or special-needs children. E-learning can

also save money in that e-learners do not have to pay for gas, vehicle repair or parking

validation if they choose to remain at home while taking courses online. Ease of location

is also beneficial to students who are home-schooled, as they can gain social interaction

through online communications as well as educational materials.

Pace

Another benefit to e-learning is that it is self-directed, meaning that the e-learner sets the

pace of her learning. Unlike traditional methods of education, e-learning allows a student

to pace her educational needs with her comfort level. This is especially true when a

person chooses to use e-learning for personal accomplishment. For those seeking a

professional degree, there may be requirements and course work that must be completed

by a certain time, but these deadlines are usually more flexible than the requirements

made at traditional learning institutions.

Drawbacks

The most controversial aspect of e-learning is for those who are seeking professional

degrees. Some online learning institutions may not meet the academic standards set forth

by private accreditation organizations. Accreditation standards are used to confirm a

learning institution’s academic quality. This does not mean that an online institution that

is not accredited has poor academic quality, but it can cause problems when an e-learner

seeks to transfer credits from an online institution to a traditional educational facility.

Another drawback to e-learning is that it can be difficult for individuals who are not

primarily self-motivated. While self-directed learning has been appropriately praised for

its versatility, it can be a trap for those who need the external motivations physical

classrooms and instructors can provide.

Cost

E-learning has also been praised as a lower-cost option for those seeking additional

education. Costs for individual classes and learning institutions vary depending on

location, degree or type of program, and area of study. Online universities generally

charge the same way traditional universities do, by charging per credit hour. But also like

traditional universities, scholarships, grants, and student loans are available as well. See

the Resources list below for sites with information about e-learning costs by discipline

and degree desired.

The importance of E-learning in Organizations

Training and organizations go hand in hand, no matter what time of year it is because only

training is the way out to make the people in the organizations capable and up-to-date. The

success or failure of organizations depends on these aspects of their employees.

At this time when economic crunch and cost cutting are becoming an order of the day,

organizations are more inclined towards e-learning solutions as they substantially cut down the

human training costs. And they have switched on to elearning for every facet of their training

requirements such as product and Services training, sales training, soft skills training etc.

Features of E-Learning

Now the word E-learning has transcended the traditional definition of “education through

internet only”. The E-learning process is like an umbrella, under which lots of things are

arranged to make the global educational system more uniform, cost-effective and quality-rich.

Broadly speaking e-learning is a process of training for all types of learner in their required fields

through IT Techniques. The E- learning process includes courses from technology to art of

living. There are a number of e-learning companies working around the world. The scope and

objective of e-learning for all theses companies vary and it largely depends upon the types of

service offered by the e-learning company. However, to get a clear knowledge about the scope

and objective of the E-learning process we are going to discuss about some features of this

process

1-Cost effectiveness

The E-learning process does not need more investment. This process is beneficial both for

personal and group learning. In corporate sectors, companies need to invest lots of money to

train their staffs with new technologies. Likely in big institutions the cost of investment also

increased in hiring professionals of international repute. In this situation by following the e-

learning process these institutions can save their money significantly.

People who want to take a technical degree have to invest a large amount of money. However,

by joining an online course he/she can get a degree with a very small investment.

2-Time saving

The E-learning process saves the time of learner .Through e-learning process a number of

students can be learnt at the same time, what is not possible in face to face learning process.

There are lots of short term courses offered from the E-learning companies. The learner has also

the flexibility to design the required course according own requirement. However, there are a

number of experts are working with these companies to develop user-friendly content.

3-Rich media support

The e-earning websites offers advance media support to their e learners. These media

applications are easy to operate and also come with full instructions. Flexibility of using these

applications in different context is another key feature of e-learning modules. One of the media

applications is Web Object feature of Presenter which can help the user to incorporate different

types of rich media web content.

4-Test engine

These e-learning websites not only offer different courses but also offer test engines to test the

learner’s knowledge. These test engines are full with all types of questions, which can help the

learner to assess his/her own ability.

5- Accessibility

from any where. Once you get entry in an e-learning site then you can access your courses

content from any place and at any time. The pace may be your office, your home or the near by

The e-learning process is highly accessible in nature. One can take the benefit of these courses

cyber cafe.

Besides all these common features there are a number of other features attached with this e-

learning process. All most all e-learning sites and providers come with novice friendly formats.

The user can complete his/her course through online study or through the CDS and cassettes

available from the websites.

An immediate potential benefit of considering to implement e-learning is that it can be seen as an

additional avenue with which to support teaching and learning practice. E-learning covers such a

wide sphere that it is difficult to point out any benefit as a given, so any benefits should initially

be termed ‘potential’ benefits. However, many cite the following as broad benefits that e-

learning supports:

The ability to provide distance learning (learning not on campus)

A blended learning/teaching approach (using face-to-face and technology)

The use of technology to support a wide range of educational activity

Features of an effective elearning program for Organizations:

• Easy enrolment and management of learners based on their job categories or skill sets

• Availability of a good performance tracking systems as well as performance management

systems

• Efficient assessment and testing tools for learners

• On Demand or quick curricula update facility

• Segregation of learners based on their areas, skills or geographies.

Uses of e-learning

At this point in the document you may be asking what ‘real-world’ uses does e-learning

potentially have to offer to the practitioner? The answer is that e-learning provides many

opportunities including large scale online delivery of modules and courses.

Each practitioner will have their own goals and so providing an exhaustive list of possibilities is

difficult. However here are some uses of e-learning to get you started.

Uses for those very new to e-learning include engaging your students to use the web as:

A source of research material (whilst also building critical literacy skills) to support study

A platform for discussion

A resource for finding and using other people’s educational materials such as those

created under the Open Educational Resources initiative or those which you have to

ensure you seek permission and/or a licence to use

Uses for the next steps include creating multimedia rich resources to engage your students with.

This can include for example:

Producing interactive web pages hosted on your institution’s VLE

Including multimedia elements into teaching materials to add context on a subject to

help achieve the learning objective

Using the VLE to build tasks

Offer collaborative opportunities via the VLE

Online assessment

Benefits of elearning to organizations

• Cost and Time Saving

• Enhance the learning and training facilities

• Improves the workforce by ways of effective products, services, business or skills training

• Betters the customer-client relationship by ways of a good support training

• Boosts sales and marketing by training them to sell or market effectively and efficiently

Skilled and better equipped employees are a must for organizations who want to make a head up

amid the tightrope competition that exists today. Elearning is one good alternative to make their

employees stay in sync with the competition.

Need And Significance Of E-Learning In Education

Technology is an agent of change and major technological innovations can result in

entire paradigm shifts. The technological revolution poses tremendous challenges to the

educators to rethink their basic tenets, to apply technology in creative way to redesign

education. After affecting extensive changes in the way people communicate and do

business, the Internet is poised to bring about a paradigm shift in the way people learn.

Now-a day’s anywhere, anytime education is possible. The practice of providing

education with the help of modern technologies is termed as e-Learning. It is dynamic,

operates in real time, empowering, individual and comprehensive, effective and quick.

E-learning is a combination of content and instructional methods delivered by media

elements such as words and graphics on a computer intended to build job-transferable

knowledge and skills linked to individual learning goals or organizational performance.

The major benefits of e-Learning are that it is eco-friendly because it takes place in a

virtual environment and thus avoid travelling and reduces the usage of paper. This

paper will focus on the: Overview of e-learning, e-learning strategies and significance of

e-learning in the field of education.

10 reasons why eLearning is essential for students!

Technology has the power to transform education. It is essential to bring it into the classroom to

empower learning. Why?

1. Students need to be engaged with what they are doing to improve learning outcomes

– See technology engages them.

2. Enables students to become thinkers/learners/risk takers in a sheltered environment.

3. Learn not to rely on the teacher…be accountable themselves…become independent!

4. Teaches digital literacy.

5. Valuable employable skills in a digital world are learnt –appropriate online behaviour,

good digital citizenship, cybersafety, plagiarism, working with virtual teams, self

discipline in a virtual world, digital and global entrepreneurship, globalization etc eg

6. Broadens the horizons of many students as it exposes students to the world outside

their city or country town.

7. Fits in with Rural Education where students in small rural schools need no longer be

disadvantaged by distance and isolation, as technology allows them to learn virtually

and maintain their subject choices, allows eg LOTE (languages other than English)

and other specialist subjects to be taught across schools by a virtual teacher.

8. Allows a mobile learning environment – anywhere, anytime, anyhow! (See Does

mLearning make a difference?)

9. Inspires students to seek more from school.

10. Gets kids to go to school!

The Advantages and Disadvantages of eLearning

The Advantages of eLearning training includes:

More Flexible – eLearning can be done in short chunks of time that can fit around your

daily schedule. Unlike public scheduled and in-house training, you don’t have to dedicate an

entire day to the training that has been organised by your company. Instead, you will have a set

amount of learning, normally divided into modules, with a deadline in which to do them in. This

way, if you want to do all of the learning in one day as you work better this way, you can.

However if your schedule doesn’t allow you an entire day off your everyday tasks – then you can

easily spend an hour or 2 here and there at times that suit you.

Mobile – As eLearning can be done on laptops, tablets and phones – it is a very mobile

method. Learning can be done on the train, on a plane or any other time that could normally be

wasted. Whilst you used to be confined to the classroom, the whole world can now be your

classroom.

No Travel– As just mentioned, eLearning can be done wherever you have a device capable of

doing so. Therefore again you can fit it in to your schedule, but also save money on the costs of

travel. As mentioned before on the public scheduled blog, external courses can sometimes only

be sourced in locations far away from your company so you then have to pay the costs of travel

as well potentially accommodation. eLearning takes these costs away completely.

Lower cost – As you aren’t using a trainer’s time or any room or equipment, eLearning tends

to be the much cheaper option. If you already have a device capable of carrying out the training

on, then the savings can be considerable. Therefore if you and your company are on a budget,

this can be the ideal option for you.  Equally for companies that have thousands of employees

then it can reduce the cost per head especially on areas such as Money Laundering, Compliance

and Microsoft Office training.

Tailor it to you – eLearning courses aren’t confined to be fixed to try and suit the needs of

the majority. If you feel you already know a particular area well and don’t need to spend an hour

on it again, then you can skim over it and concentrate that time on something you feel you need

to work more at. Everyone is able to learn at their own pace – a massive factor that only

eLearning can provide for.

Technological Possibilities – eLearning is fast becoming a more and more popular

method and with it, so has the investment into how to improve it further. The computer based

nature of training means new technology is being introduced all the time to help with the

learning. Different apps are helping to further reinforce the learning whilst forums can be used to

greatly increase the amount of interaction and engagement between learners. This is only going

to improve as time goes on as well.

Global – With very few restrictions companies can be confident that their staff can receive the

same content regardless of their location, and in many cases, their nationality.  Therefore if you

wish to provide the same training or have your staff understand and use common methodology,

eLearning is a useful way of ensuring this happens with ease and reduced cost.

 

The Disadvantages of eLearning Training includes:

Lack of Control– Learners with low motivation tend to fall behind when using eLearning as

there are no set times to be doing it and they are responsible for the organisation themselves. A

lack of routine or fixed schedule can mean eLearning becomes complicated with various

deadlines often given to different people at different stages of their learning.

Learning Approach – It doesn’t appeal to all learning styles so some learners will not enjoy

the experience – especially strong activists and pragmatists.  It is still a challenge to make

eLearning appeal fully to these groups as different people learn better or worse using different

styles. Some may prefer images, some prefer just reading words and some prefer to talk about or

actually do a task in order to learn.

Isolated – A lot of questions are a lot easily answered when face to face with someone when

you can guarantee an instant answer. eLearning often doesn’t allow that with trainers often

having to answer numerous questions all of the time and only doing it within working hours –

where a lot of learners may prefer to do their learning out of working hours. This feeling of

isolation can often demotivate individuals as they feel they don’t have the support and

reassurance that the physical presence of a trainer provides.

Technology Issues – With heavy reliance on computers that eLearning brings, comes the

potential risks that comes with it. Firstly, you need to ensure that all learners have a device that is

able to support the training modules. Some eLearning tools require software such as Flash that

devices like iPads don’t support. So all requirements need to be set out at the beginning. Poor

internet connection and unavoidable general random faults also can interrupt learning and so

need to be planned around.  This is especially true if it is a global roll out as Internet connections

and power reliability changes dramatically between countries.

Computer Competency – Some employees might not be too comfortable using

computers, especially if their jobs don’t require them to. Therefore even if the software is user

friendly, the very idea of using the software can be daunting and demotivating for some.

Therefore these employees are likely to learn a lot less than they would from a physical course.

Types of e-Learning and what suits me best?

e-Learning is nothing but the use of technology to connect teachers and students who are

physically miles apart. The training can be delivered by a number of means. In the past, these

have included the use of mainframe computers, floppy diskettes, multimedia CD-ROMs, and

interactive videodisks. Most recently, Web technology (both Internet and Intranet delivery) are

being used.

Future trends are looking at training delivered on PDA’s and cell phones. This new, form of

education is called, m-Learning or mobile learning.

It is especially useful for organizations that operate from multiple offices and require a training

solution that connects people at all locations, at any time and provides a standardized set of

instructions and e-Learning to foster ‘enterprise transformation’ and enhance ROI. This could

mean helping executives in gaining new competencies, launching new products or services or

enhancing skill sets. The additional revenue generated or the return on investment (ROI) is used

as the metric to measure the success of e-Learning in such organizations.

Different types of e- Learning

There are fundamentally two types of e-Learning:

Synchronous training

Asynchronous training

, means “at the same time,” involves interaction of participants with an instructor via the Web in

real time. For example – VCRs or Virtual class rooms that are nothing else but real classrooms

online. Participants interact with each other and instructors through instant messaging, chat,

audio and video conferencing etc and what’s more all the sessions can be recorded and played

back. Its benefits are:

Ability to log or track learning activities.

Continuous monitoring and correction is possible

Possibilities of global connectivity and collaboration opportunities among learners.

Ability to personalise the training for each learner.

2. Asynchronous, which means “not at the same time,” allows the participants to complete

the WBT (Web-based training) at their own pace, without live interaction with the instructor.

Basically, it is information that is accessible on a self-help basis, 24/7. The advantage is that this

kind of e-Learning offers the learners the information they need whenever they need it. It also

has interaction amongst participants through message boards, bulletin boards and discussion

forums. These include computer based training,(CBTs) modules on CD-Rom’s, Web based

training accessed through intranet (WBTs) or through well written articles and other write ups.

Its advantages are:-

Available ‘just in time’ for instant learning and reference.

Flexibility of access from anywhere at anytime.

Ability to simultaneously reach an unlimited number of employees.

Uniformity of content and one time cost of production.

A new form of learning known as blended learning is emerging. As the name suggests it is an

amalgamation of synchronous and asynchronous learning methods. Using both online training

through virtual classrooms and also giving CD’s and study material for self study is now being

increasingly preferred over any single type of training.

What form of e-Learning is right for me?

Asynchronous methods are used in different situations, mainly when:

The topics are generic business topics like management training, financial training, or

time management etc that are not specific to a certain organisation or process. In such

cases, asynchronuous training is useful and cost effective.

Traditional e-Learning courses through pre-recorded CD’s and write ups are used on

projects with large budgets and long lead times, like a major product release.

Projects that need extensive simulations like industrial control systems; flight simulators

etc are good candidates for asynchronous techniques where virtual classroon teaching is

not required.

Also, training which has a long shelf life – like an organisation’s profile and introduction

may be a good situation to use asynchronous e-Learning.

Due to the high production cost of traditional e-Learning, ie making audio-visual content,

CD’s, Presentations etc, it is expensive to change content continually therefore it is best

suited for training material that is static.

Also, Process-based training is best handled through the asynchronouus method where

the learner gets pre recorded study material that he studies at his own time and can post

his queries to message boards, bulletin boards , discussion sited, seminars etc

The clear advantage of a self-paced course is convenience. Participants can get the

training they need at any time allowing for a greater degree of flexibility.

Synchronous e-Learning ( Virtual Classrooms)

This type of e-Learning is essentially required in some cases where traditional methods will not

deliver the desired goals, like:-

Instructor-based online mentoring is best suited for students , who need concept –based

training and help with their regular studies.There needs to a constant interaction between

the teacher and taught to clear doubts and make them understand complex concepts

through examples and clarification of doubts.

It is being successfully used in soft-skill training in interpersonal skills, diversity and

teaching foreign languages.

Blended learning is seen by many as a process in which appropriate e-Learning modules are a

precursor to a training session in the classroom i.e both the methods are successfully used in

training.

More and more organisations are using the blended technique for a complete training solution.

Contact us to discuss your e-Learning requirements, and to find out what mode of e-Learning

suits you the best.

The 8 Types of Learning Events You Need to Have on Your

eLearning Course

1. Imitation

It's not just children who learn by mimicry. All of us humans, in fact, learn a lot simply by

observing and imitating or, if you insist, by doing. The process is either voluntary or not. As a

form of latent learning, imitation by observation occurs even when the learner doesn't realize it.

What's more, it can happen without any communication code and thus exists before language.

There are many examples of learning from observation and imitation, the most popular of which

includes role-playing, modeling or simulation and practicals. For instance, your eLearning course

can walk students through the basics of building a product with the help of demonstration videos.

2. Reception

We learn a lot from the messages we receive. We learn when knowledge is transmitted or passed

on from instructor to students, student to another student, or even from student to instructor.

Unlike imitation by observation, this communication process is made possible by language. The

recipient and the transmitter must share the same language. The message can be transmitted

either by writing or oral communication, direct or indirect.

Examples of this learning event abound. Take, for instance, the reception of content through text

and audio or recordings. 

3. Guidance

An effective eLearning course encourages the learner to act. Likewise, a good instructor guides

students to nourish their interest, maintain their motivation, correct them and make sure they

properly apply their lessons.

In this kind of learning event, unlike the previous two (imitation and reception), action is

necessary. In it, students learn not only by imitating but deliberately practicing. The key term

here is deliberate. They are routines to follow or a standard procedure to observe. An example of

this is when the eLearning course includes drills, application tasks, exams, quizzes and exercises

to assess student performance.

4. Exploration

This is probably where the most learning takes place. Learners who explore questions to solve

problems or answer questions start by determining their own learning process. Propelled by

curiosity, learners take advantage of whatever resources they can get—from the course,

instructors, peers and even outside the course. 

While this process is unpredictable and highly individual or learner-centered, exploration

remains an extremely fruitful learning event. In it, it is the learner who has the initiative and who

takes control. The role of the trainer, then, is to help the learner locate resources such as books,

social media tools and like-minded peers.

5. Experimentation

This learning event is all about letting students experiment on their own terms. It often starts

with the tendency to see “what will happen” during or after the experiment. And it often occurs

in contexts or environments conducive to experimentation: case studies, simulations and

scenarios. The learner exhausts and combines possibilities he or she deems meaningful,

manipulates the environment and modifies it if necessary.

As in exploration, the trainer or instructor also has a role to play in the event of experimentation.

He or she has to provide an “experimentable” context or environment, one which the student can

respond and relate to.

6. Creation 

We learn whenever we create something new or produce something concrete. It can be anything,

from adapting a story into a stage play or building basic web pages following a demonstration

video. 

While encouraging students to create is hard, this learning event is made possible once the trainer

or instructor understands the role he or she plays. Not only is the instructor a facilitator, he or she

has to provide both material and moral support to encourage the act of creation. Making sure

students learn to do something new, not just know something new is the main goal in eLearning

development.  

7. Self-Reflection

This is simply a process in which learners think about and understand what, how and why they

learn. In self-reflection, they strengthen their capacity to evaluate their own learning and thus

make better decisions. We should remember to emphasize the broader context at the end of the

learning experience. 

As in previous learning events, the instructor has to fulfill a crucial role during the student's self-

reflection process. He or she can give some helpful hints or advice, inspire confidence, or help

the learner assess the situation. He must reiterate the importance of the newly acquired

knowledge in a real-world context. They should provide emotional closure as well as constant

support.

8. Debate or Animation

The key phrase here is “to animate” or liven up the learning journey through collaborative

activities, challenging discussions or debates, and social interactions. This event takes place

between students or between students and instructor. Each opposing party has conflicts of views

which they are compelled to justify or support.