beyond supply and demand: water use efficiency and sustainable resources dave todd california...
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Beyond Supply and Demand: Water Use Efficiency and Sustainable Resources
Dave ToddCalifornia Department of Water ResourcesOffice of Water Use Efficiency and Transfers
The Department of Water Resources Office of Water Use Efficiency (OWUE) provides support for the stewardship of California's water resources and energy efficient use of water.
CA Water Demand(developed water)
Environmental3%
Urban
20%
Agriculture
77%
California’s Future Population
Projected Population Growth in CaliforniaCalifornia Department of Finance: 1998
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Calendar Year
Mil
lio
ns o
f P
eo
ple
34.7 Million (RAND Est.)
M
45.5 Million (RAND Est.) 54.8 Million
(State Demographer Est.)
600,000 people and over 200,000 homes per year
Impacts housing, education, transportation, energy, environment, water
California Water Supply
California’s supply of water from the Colorado River will be reduced over the next 10 years* to its legal allotment of 4.4 million acre-feet per year.
The USGS Reports the Current (7 year Colorado River) drought may be “Comparable to or More Severe than the largest know drought in 500 Years”
An undetermined amount of the state’s surface and ground water supply will not be available due to contaminants.
Groundwater in the state, with the exception of a few adjudicated basins, is unregulated and several basins are overdrafted.
*2017
California Water Supply
Six years in the past 1,000 have been reconstructed as drier than the single lowest annual flow of the gauged record (1977).
The reconstruction for A. D. 1580 is only 1/3 of the 1977 flow.
It is notable that the researchers categorize short droughts as 1-6 years in length.
Based on the available evidence, researchers hypothesized century long droughts that affected the Sierra Nevada ending in the years 1112 and 1350.
California Water Supply
Global warming is also bringing new uncertainty about the reliability and timing of the precipitation and run-off that the state receives
Global climate change affect on precipitation patterns; amounts; sea level/coastal communities
From 2035 to 2064, Sierra snow pack is expected to decrease 12 to 47 percent from historic levels. By the end of the century, annual snow pack could decline by 90 percent. Source: California Climate Action Team reports
Greenland – September 27, 2006
Other impacts on statewide water supply outlook
Statewide, the loss could amount to 3 million to 4 million acre-feet per year within 50 years.
That is more water than is delivered each year by the California Aqueduct, the 444-mile canal that supplies Southern California with Delta water from Byron.
By comparison, the state's share of the Colorado River is 4.4 million acre-feet.
Other impacts on statewide water supply outlook
Enforcement of salt levels in Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta
Energy costs, availability These facts mean that water suppliers must have a
plan for serving water to their customers throughout such extended droughts.
Water/Energy Connection
California’s water systems are energy-intensive 7-8% energy use for large water systems If consumer end use is included:
– 19% of electric energy load in California– 30% of natural gas energy load in California
Water/Energy Connection
The State Water Project largest single user of energy in the state
Water conservation lowers energy use and energy bills, and is the least energy intensive source of potential supply, along with water recycling
Water/Energy Connection, con’t.
The State Water Project is the largest single user of energy in the state
Water conservation lowers energy use and energy bills and along with water recycling, is the least energy intensive source of potential supply
Water/Energy Connection, con’t.
This energy consumption results in approximately 44 million tons of CO2 emissions each year (equal to approximately 9% of total state emissions in 2002), primarily from: (1) fossil fuel-based electricity generation; and (2) natural gas combustion.
If California were to reduce urban water use by 2.1 million acre feet, it could result in a savings of approximately 6,500 GWh of electricity,
Water Use Efficiency Works
1980 – California Agriculture Produced 1.5 tons of crops per acre-foot of water applied
2000 – Growers Produced 2.3 tons of crops per acre-foot of water applied – a 50% increase
2003 – SDCWA Reports Consumption Up Less Than 1% Since 1990 With a 16% Population Increase
Bay Area Water Agencies Coalition Reports Residential Consumption Increased by 3% With a 17% Population Increase (Total Use Decreased 1%)
Water Use Efficiency Works
The California Water Plan Update 2005 estimates that there is additional annual water demand reduction of up to 800,000 acre feet from Agricultural Water Use Efficiency (Net) and 3.1 million acre feet from Urban Water Use Efficiency (Applied).
The estimated cost for Ag Water Use Efficiency ranges from $300 - $4.0 billion.
The estimated cost for Urban Water Use Efficiency ranges from $2.5 - $6.0 billion.
Water Use Efficiency Works
Kern County Water Agency reported an 8 percent improvement in irrigation efficiency from 1976 to 1986.
Total applied water use in the San Joaquin Valley portion of Kern County was reduced by about 250,000 acre-feet – enough water to irrigate about 70,000 acre feet.
Water Use Efficiency Works
Since 1986 Kern County has added 61,000 acres of trees and vines. Nearly all of this new crop area has low volume drip irrigation systems installed.
KCWA estimates the overall on-farm water use efficiency is about 78% (the remaining 22% constitutes leaching requirement, irrigation system distribution non-uniformity, and recoverable and/or irrecoverable flows.
Water Use Efficiency Works
Financial Assistance $12 million in 2001 $10 million in 2002 $18 million in 2003 $28 million in 2005 750,000 acre feet - anticipated savings for 92 local projects Prop 50 $35 million this year for Water Use Efficiency (Ag &
urban) and $30 million in the next funding round Prop 50 $50 million each year for Desalination over the next
2 years
Water Use Efficiency Works
The California Water Plan Update (Bulletin160-05) estimates water use efficiency can reduce urban water use by 1.1 to 2.3 MAF per year and agricultural water by 0.5 to 2.0 MAF per year by 2030.
Accelerating the investment to attain that water use savings by 2015 would result in an estimated additional GHG reduction of approximately 30 million tons by 2030.
Water Use Efficiency Works
The California Bay-Delta Authority’s larger estimated potential for 3.0 MAF per year urban water use reduction requires a greater rate of local and state/federal investment in conservation. Incentive driven advances in water-saving technology over the next 25 years potentially could further push savings beyond the levels indicated.
Urban Water Management Plans – As a Foundation for SB 610 Assessments and SB 221 Verifications
Urban Water Management Plans – As a Foundation for SB 610 Assessments and SB 221 Verifications
What you always wanted to know but were afraid to ask about documenting water supply reliability
What you always wanted to know but were afraid to ask about documenting water supply reliability
DWR Published “Guidebook for Implementation of Senate Bill 610 and Senate Bill 221 of 2001”
The SB 610/SB 221 Guidebook and Frequently Asked Questions are available on the Office of Water Use Efficiency & Transfers web site at: www.owue.water.ca.gov
SB 610
Improve the link between information on water supply availability and certain land use decisions made by cities & counties
Promote more collaborative planning between local water suppliers and cities & counties
SB 610
• Requires detailed information regarding water availability be provided to city or county decision-makers prior to approval of specified large development projects
• Recognize local control and decision making regarding the availability of water for projects and the approval of projects
SB 221
Subdivision Map Act now requires local governments to impose on all tentative subdivision maps subject to SB 221 the condition that there be sufficient water for the project along with existing and planned uses.
This condition is met by a verification.
SB 221
The verification must in any event be supported by substantial evidence.
A final map may not be filed if the condition has not been met.
Why was SB 901 replaced by SB 610 and SB 221?
“Real” Water Supplies Needed to Serve New Development Were Not Identified
SB 901: Integration of Water Supply Assessment into the Land Use Planning Process
SB 901 was landmark legislation to link land use and water supply planning processes to ensure that land use and water supply agencies would communicate early in the planning process:
• Ensured that cities and counties retain authority over land use decisions.
• Established a “full disclosure” process regarding water supply availability.
• Required water utilities to calculate multiple dry-year water supplies and provide this information at the general or specific plan stage.
• Required water utilities and land use agencies to consider impacts upon existing users during multiple dry water years.
SB 610
SB 610 Was Designed to Improve Performance By:
Closing the “loopholes” that permitted many large-scale projects to avoid the SB 901 water supply assessment
Requiring more detailed information be included in local water supply assessments
Expanding the informational requirements for projects proposing to use groundwater
SB 610
SB 610 requires land use agencies to include substantive information about water supply for large projects to be included in their CEQA document
SB 610 requires the water supplier to prepare Water Supply Assessments that include information on long term demand & supply
SB 221 (Kuehl)
Subdivision Map Act now requires local governments to impose on all tentative subdivision maps subject to SB 221 the condition that there be sufficient water for the project along with existing and planned future uses.
This condition is met by a verification. The verification must be supported by substantial
evidence. A final map may not be filed if the condition has not
been met.
The 2005 Urban Water The 2005 Urban Water Management Plan -Management Plan - BackgroundBackground
• 17 Amendments• Required by California Water Code §
10610 -10657• Due in years ending in 0 and 5• Applies to urban water suppliers serving
more than 3,000 customers or more than
3,000 acre feet of water per year
The 2005 Urban Water Management The 2005 Urban Water Management Plan -Plan - BackgroundBackground
• DWR has no regulatory, permitting or enforcement
authority – provides technical assistance• DWR reviews UWMP topics for completeness• Published 2005 UWMP Guidebook• Guidebook content is what is in the law (2030
projection for SB 610/SB 221 optional)• DWR UWMP Review Sheets available to suppliers
to assist in Plan preparation
Urban Water Management Plans Urban Water Management Plans Legislation: 2000-PresentLegislation: 2000-Present
Act Established: AB 797 Klehs, 1983
Changes in the UWMP Act Since 2000: SB 610, Costa, 2001 – Land & water use
planning, groundwater information, reliability, sustainability, UWMP as foundational document for Water Supply Assessment
Urban Water Management Plans Urban Water Management Plans Legislation: 2000-PresentLegislation: 2000-Present
AB 901, Daucher, 2001 – Water Quality Info SB 672, Machado, 2001 – Minimize Need to
Import Water SB 1348 Brulte, 2002 – Consider DMM
Implementation When Evaluating Eligibility
Urban Water Management Plans Urban Water Management Plans Legislation: 2000-PresentLegislation: 2000-Present
SB 1384 Costa, 2002 - Wholesale agency water supply information
SB 1518 Torlakson, 2002 - Recycled Water
AB 105 Wiggins, 2004 - Deposit UWMPs in State library
SB 318, Alpert, 2004 - Desalination
Urban Water Management Plans Urban Water Management Plans and the Courts - Risksand the Courts - Risks
UWMPs are subject to legal challenge Inadequate planning = Increased risk
exposure Negative court decisions cost the agency,
developers, and the community time, trust and money
Urban Water Management Plans & the Urban Water Management Plans & the Courts - Community InvolvementCourts - Community Involvement
Community involvement: Can discuss issues and work to resolve
problems Putting everything on the table at the start
can help forestall unnecessary conflicts It’s still possible that public interest groups,
agencies, or other participants will be disagree
Urban Water Management Plans & the Urban Water Management Plans & the Courts - Community InvolvementCourts - Community Involvement
Community involvement: Reasonable people may still have
disagreements, but if your plan is challenged in court, you know the issues, bring a history of working for resolution, and are better prepared
Urban Water Management Plans & the Urban Water Management Plans & the Courts - Community InvolvementCourts - Community Involvement
Community involvement: Inclusive process Hard to get participation – some public
interest groups have no paid staff No response to an ad in the paper is not a
defense in court
Urban Water Management Plans – Urban Water Management Plans – Compliance 2000 UWMP CycleCompliance 2000 UWMP Cycle
413 Urban water suppliers required to file 2000 UWMPs
16% (64) Not submitted
38% (155) Not complete
47% (194) complete
Summary of Best Management Practices - 1996 UWMP Report to the Legislature
BMP Best Management Practices Implementing Not Implementing Total
1 Interior and Exterior Water Audits for Single Family and Multi-Family Customers 165 150 315
2 New and Retrofit Plumbing 238 77 315
3 Distribution System Water Audits, Leak Detection and Repair 211 104 315 4 Metering with Commodity Rates
265 50 315
5 Large Landscapes and Water Audits and Incentives 144 171 315
6 Landscape Water Conservation 200 115 315
7 Public Information 295 20 315
8 School Education 260 55 315
9 Commercial and Industrial Water Conservation 140 175 315
10 New Commercial, Industrial and Institutional Water Use Review 147 168 315
11 Conservation Pricing 205 110 315 12 Landscape Water Conservation for New and Existing Single Family Homes
193 122 315 13 Water Waste Prohibition 229 86 315 14 Water Conservation Coordinator
224 91 315 15 Financial Incentives
120 195 315 16 Ultra-Low Flush Toilet Replacement
179 136 315
Implementation - Reported can be any level of implementation, or another agency is implementing this BMP. Implementation - Not Reported could mean that there is an exemption, the BMP is not applicable, or the agency is not implementing the BMP.
BMP Best Management Practices Implementing Not Imp.
Urban Water Management Plans – Urban Water Management Plans – Compliance 2005 UWMP CycleCompliance 2005 UWMP Cycle
460 Urban water suppliers required to file 2005 UWMPs
34% (116) Not submitted
31% (141) Reviewed
12% (40) Complete
Urban Water Management Plans - Urban Water Management Plans - Consequences of Not Doing a PlanConsequences of Not Doing a Plan
DWR is prevented from providing funding Insufficient dry year & emergency planning Documentation is still needed anyway for
SB 610/SB 221 Assessments/Verifications if area plans approval of large scale developments (water use equivalent to over 500 dwelling units)
Urban Water Management Plans - Urban Water Management Plans - Litigation ExposureLitigation Exposure
UWMP Litigation can be based on: Failure to adopt a plan - WC § 10650(a) Failure of the UWMP, or action taken pursuant to
the Plan, to comply with requirements of the law – WC § 10650(b)
Abuse of discretion - established if the supplier has not proceeded as required by law, or if the action is not supported by substantial evidence – WC § 10651
Urban Water Management Plans - New Urban Water Management Plans - New RequirementsRequirements
Reliability Information: Must be provided for each water source 20 year supply/demand projection required 25 year projection optional – recommended
for SB 610/SB 221 water supply assessment/verification
Urban Water Management Plans - The Urban Water Management Plans - The Bottom LineBottom Line
Serve as a foundational document for an Integrated Regional Water Management Plan
Serve as a foundational document for SB 610/SB 221 Assessment/Verification
Position the community to get State funding as it becomes available
Urban Water Management Plan -Invalidated
FRIENDS OF THE SANTA CLARA RIVER et al.,
Plaintiffs and Appellants,
v.
CASTAIC LAKE WATER AGENCY et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
Water Supply Assessment - Not Adequate
CALIFORNIA OAK FOUNDATION, et al.,
Plaintiffs and Appellants,
v.
CITY OF SANTA CLARITA,
Defendant and Respondent,
and
GATE KING PROPERTIES.
Governor’s Office of Planning & Research - State Clearinghouse
Survey of All CEQA Documents for Residential Developments Filed for State Agency Distribution:
26 CEQA Documents Received That Require SB 610 Assessments
14 CEQA Documents Received (54%) That Include SB 610 Assessments
Land Use, Landscape Components
Water features: 4 million in 1998, 16 million more installed by 2003, $2 billion annual US sales
CA average gpcd in 2000: 232, up 20% from 185 in 1960 (rising income, high demand appliances, larger lot sizes, population growth in hotter inland areas (355 gpcd compared to 195 coastal)
Water Dedicated to Landscapes
Approx. ¼ of non-ag water use across US is for home and business lawn and garden irrigation (not including 21,000 golf courses or water pumped from private wells)
Even many water-rich states are over-pumping groundwater & draining local rivers to irrigate landscapes
one-third of all CA urban water (residential, commercial, industrial and institutional) is dedicated to landscape irrigation
one-half of the State’s residential water is applied to landscapes
Dead heads
Landscape maintenance nightmares
AB 2717
Became law September, 2004 California Urban Water Conservation Council
formed Landscape Task Force to review landscape water issues, make recommendations for improvements
Representatives from water suppliers, landscape & building industries, cities & counties, environmental groups, and state & federal agencies
Legislative Scope of Task Force
Model Ordinance revisions Labeling requirements & performance standards
for equipment Water budgets for irrigated landscaped areas Standards, training & certification for landscape
personnel Incentives & disincentives
AB 1881
Summary of Requirements
Requirements
Include provisions for appropriate use and groupings of plants adapted to a particular site
Shall not prohibit any plant species Include a water budget for maximum water applied Promote benefits of consistent local ordinances in
neighboring areas
Requirements
Encourage the capture of storm water Include provisions for use of automatic irrigation
systems and scheduling based on climate conditions Include references to irrigation equipment standards Include provisions for onsite soil assessment and
management for healthy plant growth
Requirements
Promote water recycling Educate water users on water use efficiency Address regional differences Exempt landscape that is part of historical site Encourage economic incentives for efficient use of
water
Requirements
Include provisions for maintenance practices that fosters water conservation
Include provisions to minimize irrigation overspray and runoff
Deliverables
DWR submit a report to the legislature on the status of the existing MO and its recommendation for water budget component of the UMO
DWR Update the Model Ordinance by January 1, 2009 DWR Distribute UMO by January 31, 2009 Local agency adopt a model ordinance or DWR’s UMO by
January 1, 2010 Local agency notify DWR if it is subject to UMO or provide a
copy of its MO by January 31, 2010 DWR submit a report to legislature by January 31, 2011 on
the status of adopted ordinances by local agencies
Steps & Issues
Begin a study on ET Adjustment Factor, Spring 2007 Ask cities and counties to report on the status of 1990
Model Ordinance, July 2007 Gather information for drafting the provisions of the
Updated Model Ordinance, July 2007 Report to the Legislature Issue Rule Making Calendar Funding appropriation, 2007-08 Rule making, 2008 Water Commission approval of regulation
AB 371 (Goldberg)
The Water Recycling Act of 2006
AB 371 (Cont.)
Objective – Increase the availability and use of recycled water. Help the sate meet its goal of recycling one million acre-feet of water per year by 2030.
AB 371 (Cont.)
Calls on various state departments to take appropriate steps to implement the recommendations from the 2003 Recycle Water Task Force: 222.owue.water.ca.gov/recycle/docs/TaskForceReport.htm.
AB 371 (Cont.)
Requires the Department of General Services and Department of Transportation to install piping appropriate for recycled water use in any of their landscape irrigation projects if notified by a recycled water producer that water will be provided for these projects.
AB 371 (Cont.)
Requires the Department of Water Resources to adopt and submit to the Building Standards Commission a state version of Appendix J of the Uniform Plumbing Code to ensure proper design standards to safely plumb buildings for both potable and recycled waters.
AB 371 (Cont.)
DWR will implement AB 371 depending on availability of funds. DWR will make earnest efforts to involve various stakeholders to provide them with an opportunity to help implement the relevant portions of the act.
Contact Information
Dave Todd Office of Water Use Efficiency & Transfers California Department of Water Resources (916) 651-7027 [email protected]
Checking the Snowpack