bevier brief greek syntax

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BRIEF GREEK SYNTAX

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GREEK SERIES FOR COLLEGES AND SCHOOLSEDITED

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OFHERBERT WEIR SMYTH, Ph.D.

ELIOT PROFESSOR OF GREEK LITERATURE IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY



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VOLUMES OF THE SERIESGREEK GRAMMAR. By the Editor.BEGINNER'S GREEK BOOK. Prof. AUen R. Benner, PhiUips Academy, An-

dover; and the Editor. $1.25.BRIEF GREEK SYNTAX. Prof. Louis Bevier, Jr., Rutgers CoUege. $0.90.GREEK PROSE READER. Prof. F. E. Woodruff, Bowdoin CoUege, and Prof. J.W. Hewitt, Wesleyan University.GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION FOR SCHOOLS. Clarence W. Gleason,Volkmann School, Boston. $0.80.GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION FOR COLLEGES. Prof. Edward H.Spieker, Johns Hopkins University. $1.30.AESCHYLUS. Agamemnon. Prof. Paul Shorey, University of Chicago.AESCHYLUS. Prometheus. Prof. J. E. Harry, University of Cincinnati. $1.50.ARISTOPHANES. Clouds. Dr. L. L. Fonnan, ComeU University.DEMOSTHENES. On the Crown. Prof. Mflton W. Humphreys, Universityof Virginia. Si. 25.EURIPIDES. IphigeniA in TauEIS. Prof. William N. Bates, University ofPennsylvania. $1.25.EURIPIDES. Medea. Prof. Mortuner Lamson Earle, Columbia University. $1.25.HERODOTUS. Books VII.-VIII. Prof. Charles Forster Smith and Prof. ArthurGordon Laird, University of Wisconsin. $1.75.HOMER. Iliad. Prof. J. R. S. Stenrett, Cornell University.Books I.-ni. and Selections. $1.60. Books L-in. $1.20.LYSIAS. Prof. Charles D. Adams, Dartmouth CoUege. $1.50.

PLATO. Apology and CeiTO. Prof. Isaac Flagg, University of California. $1.40.PLATO. EUTHVPHRO. Prof. WUliam A. Heidel, Wesleyan University. $1.00.THEOCRITUS. Prof. Henry R. Fairdough and Prof. Augustus T. Murray, LelandStanford Jr. University.THUCYDIDES. Books II.-III. Prof. W. A. Lamberton, University of Penn-sylvania. $1.75.THUCYDIDES. Books VI.-VII. Prof. E. D. Peny, Columbia University.XENOPHON. Anabasis. Books I.-IV. Dr. M. W. iVIather, late Instructor mHarvard University, and Prof. J. W. Hewitt, Wesleyan University. $1.50.XENOPHON. HelLENICA (Selections). Prof. Carleton L. Brownson, CoUege ofthe City of New York. $1.65.XENOPHON. Memorabilia. Prof. W. W. Baker, Haverford College.GREEK ARCHAEOLOGY. Prof. Harold N. Fowler, Western Reserve University,and Prof. James R. Wheeler, Columbia University. $2.00.GREEK LITERATURE. Dr. WOmer Cave Wright, Biyn Mawr CoUege. $1.50.GREEK PUBLIC LIFE. Prof. Henry A. SUl, ComeU University.GREEK RELIGION. Arthur Fairbanks, Ph.D., Litt.D., Du-ector of the BostonMuseum of Fine Arts. $1.50.GREEK SCULPTURE. Prof. Rufus B. Richardson, formerly Director of the Ameri-can School of Classical Studies, Athens. $1.50INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK DRAMA. WiUiam Fenwick Harris,late Assistant Professor in Harvard University.BEGINNER'S NEW TESTAMENT GREEK BOOK. Prof. WiUiam H.P. Hatch, General Theological Seminary, New York.

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BRIEF GREEK SYNTAX

BY

LOUIS BEVIER, Jr., Ph.D.PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

IN RUTGERS COLLEGE

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5 JCopyright, 1903, by

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.Entered at Stationers' Hall, London.

BRIEF GREEK SYNTAX.W. P. A



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PREFACEMany experienced college teachers of Greek will agree in

the opinion that the changes in preparatory school methodsduring the last decade or two have resulted in giving usfreshmen whose knowledge of Greek syntax is vague andgeneral rather than clear and precise. This may be tracedto various causes. Grammar drill has been in part displacedby wider reading to meet the " sight-reading " tests in thecollege entrance examinations. The "natural method" hasnot been without its baleful influence. No doubt manyminor causes have been at work; but, whatever the causes,the fact is beyond question. The average freshman ofto-day has a vague and general knowledge of Greek syntax,instead of the clear and precise grasp of fundamental prin-ciples which he needs.Now if the college course in Greek is to consist largely ofthe study of the masterpieces of Greek literature as literature,such clear and precise knowledge must, at some time, beacquired, or else real appreciation is out of the question. Itis idle for even the bright student to read the great Apologyand hope to appreciate it as literature, unless he knowssomething definite of the normal use of moods and tenses.Else he may admire with enthusiasm what he takes to bethe force and beauty of the Greek language, or the precisionand flexibility of the author's style, but quite as Ukely as nothe is applauding in the wrong place.A reaction, emphasizing once more the importance ofarammar in the preparatory study of Greek, is, I believe, Digitized By Microsoft


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6 PREFACEbound to come. The aim of this little book is to supply ameans to further this result. In it I have briefly formulatedthe essentials of Greek syntax as simply and as clearly as Icould. It is, of course, intended principally for use in pre-paratory schools, and will, it is hoped, economize the timeof the student by directing attention to essentials, leavingdetails for later study. At the same time it is quite possiblethat such a summary may not come amiss to many freshmenfor purposes of review. It need scarcely be said that it isnot intended to take the place of the more extensive gram-mars already in use.

All statements of principle are illustrated by examplesquoted in their actual form. Their arrangement has beendesigned to secure as much clearness as possible. For ob-vious reasons the quotations are drawn chiefly from theAnabasis. A few, however, come from Homer, and stillfewer from the Cyropaedia and other writings of Xenophon,and from prose writers in general.

In preparing this book I have been under obligations tomy colleague, Professor William Hamilton Kirk, and to theeditor-in-chief of this series of text-books, Professor HerbertWeir Smyth of Harvard University, for many helpful criti-cisms and suggestions. To both these scholars I herebyextend my cordial thanks.

L. BEVIER, Jr.Rutgers College,New Brunswick, N.J.



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CONTENTSSECTIONS PAGEI- 14. The Concords o15- 30. The Article 1231- 43. The Pronouns jg44-105. The Cases of the Noun 2044- 47- The Nominative 2048. The Vocative 2149- 61. The Accusative 2162- 88. The Genitive 2489-105. The Dative 31

106-120. The Voices of the Verb 36121-158. The Tenses of the Indicative 40124-131. The Present Tense 41132-136. The Imperfect Tense 42137-140. The Perfect Tense 44141-143. The Pluperfect Tense 45144-150. The Aorist Tense 45151-155- The Future Tense 47156-158. The Future Perfect Tense 48159-196. The Tenses of the Other Moods .... 49160-162. The Tenses of the Subjunctive .... 49163-165, 173-177. The Tenses of the Optative ... 50166-168. The Tenses of the Imperative ... 50169-171, 178-182. The Tenses of the Infinitive . . -51183-196. The Tenses of the Participle 54197-287. The Moods of the Verb 57197-210. The Indicative Mood 57211-222. The Subjunctive Mood 61223-238. The Optative Mood 64

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8 CONTENTSSECTIONS239-241.242-261.262-287.288-291.292-296.297-310.300-302.311-325-326-333.334-344-345-358-345-349-35>35i-351-358-359-375-360-367.368-375-

The Imperative MoodThe Infinitive Mood .The Participle ....The Verbal in -tc'os .The Sequence of Moods and TensesIndirect DiscourseIndirect QuestionsConditional SentencesThe Particle *AvThe Negative Particles Ov and Mi^The PrepositionsPrepositions governing One CasePrepositions governing Two CasesPrepositions governing Three CasesThe ConjunctionsCoordinating ConjunctionsSubordinating Conjunctions

PAGE666975828385868994969999100lOI103103106

The examples, unless otherwise designated, are taken from Xenophon'sAnabasis, References to Homer are indicated by large Greek letters (lor thebooks of the Iliad') and by small Greek letters (for the books of the Oojfssej/),

ABBREVIATIONSAes. = Aeschines.And. = Andocides.Ar. = Aristophanes.Av. = Birds.Nub. = Clouds.Dem. = Demosthenes.Hdt. = Herodotus.Lys. = Lysias.PI. = Plato.Ap. = Apology.Cr. = Crito.G. = Gorgias. Digitized by I ^icrosi

Pl.ph


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BRIEF GREEK SYNTAX1. The Concords. In the structure of sentences there are

four concords.a. Of subject and verb.b. Of substantive and substantive.c. Of substantive and adjective.d. Of pronoun and antecedent.

SUBJECT AND VERB2. Subject and Verb. A verb agrees with its subject in

person and number.Sii . . . yap 'EXXtji' et 2. i. l6.For you are a Greek.Kat ovKTi Tpia rj reTTapa CTToSia 8mixtt]V tu 4>il\aYYE a.7r aXX-^Xwv

I. 8. 17.And the lines were now less than three or four stades apart.Ot fiev oTpaTTj-yol irapEK\'ii6T|trav eia


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lo THE CONCORDS [ 55. A Neuter Plural Subject. A neuter plural subject regu-

larly takes a singular verb.'E(|>aCveTO Kxvt] Linrmv I. 6. I. Oi yap cctti irXoto 6. 4. 12.Horse tracks kept appearing. For there are no boats.

Cf. 'Yirop^wpovvrtov avepa, rjo-ov koX ittttuiv kol d,v6pu>7rv i\vr\ ttoXKo, 1 . 7. 1 7.Many tracks were seen both of horses and men in retreat.6. A Collective Subject. Nouns of multitude often take the

verb in the plural.""fls 4*d(rav ly irX-qOtis B 278.Thus said the multitude.

SUBSTANTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE7. Apposition. A substantive in apposition with another

agrees with it in case.'OpivTOS . IlfpO-IJS dv^p 1.6. I. Sw IXCyPUTI T


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12] THE CONCORDS iiagrees in gender, number, and case with the substantive itmodifies.

T6v KdXXio-Tov K6


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12 THE ARTICLE [ 13'Hû'pas rpas" iv ots ktI. I. 2. 10.Three days ; in which, etc.OiJTe yap tj/acis IkcCvov (Kipou) en (TTpaTiSiTai, iirti ye ov crwcTTO/iwa

aira, ovT Ikcivos Ti ij/îi' fJurrOoooTrji ! 3- "-'For neither are we his soldiers any longer, since we do not follow

him, nor is he any longer our paymaster.13. Assimilation of Relative. The relative pronoun may by

assimilation take the case of its antecedent.'A$LOi T^s eXevOeptas iqs KeKTijoÔe I- 7- 3 (for i^v).Worthy of the freedom you possess.Aetrat trou Trj/xepov tovtov cKiniiv crvv ots jj,a.X.io-Ta i^tXets I. 9. 25 (= to6-

Tois ovs).He begs you to drink this to-day with those you love most.14. Incorporation of Antecedent. The antecedent may be

incorporated in the relative clause. This involves assimilation wherethe cases of antecedent and relative would logically be different.

OvK a.iTCKpvTTTe.TO r\v (l)(t -yviSntiv XM 4. 4. I (= T7]V yviofirjv rjv "xO-He did not conceal the opinion he had.Tijv tXevBepiav eXoifujv av avO' c5v e^tu irdvTwv ! 7- 3 (= avTi iravTcov

a X(u).I should choose freedom in preference to all that I have.'ETToptijeTo (Tvv Tj ei)(e Svv6l\ui XH 4. i. 23.He marched with what force he had.

THE ARTICLE15. Use of Article. The definite article is used much as

in English.ETXkov 8e TOls vevpas OTTOTi TOÊiJOtei' irpos to kutoj roii toôv tu apumpm

iroSi TrpodjiaivovTt'i 4. 2. 28.And when (ever) they shot they drew the strings toward the lowerend of the bow advancing the left foot.

16. Article with Proper Names and Abstracts. Unlikethe EngHsh usage, the article is allowed with proper names,and is the rule with gl^tt^'^Microsoft


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2o] THE ARTICLE 13'O 'ScvofjjGiv, 6 "O/tjjpos. 'H a-otjiia, rj dA.i?6eux.Xenophon; Homer. Wisdom; truth.17. The Generic Article. The article is used with class

names, both in the singular and in the plural."O avOpuyn-os, 6 Kva>v.Man (or the man) ; the dog (generic or specific) .01 tTTTTOl.Horses (or the horses)Tds 8e Q)Ti8as, a;' rts rar)Q3 dvtorjj , t(Tri Xafi/Savciv i . J . 3Bustards, if one rouse them suddenly, may be caught.18. Article with Demonstratives and Possessives. The

article is required in prose with the demonstrative and pos-sessive adjectives (cf. 26).

OJtos o dviyp. 'Ek6vt] r\ ywr).This man. That woman.'O (i6s KO.r-qp. Cf. 'Eiios dSA.i^os.My father. A brother of mine.19. Article without a Noun. The article is used freely

with adjectives, adverbs of time, limiting genitives, or prepo-sitional phrases, without a noun, when the latter is readilysupplied.

01 p6viuoL* -A.I (TOtpai.Prudent men. Wise women.'O AapEt'ou. Oi dwo tovtidv tSiv oIklwv 5. 2. 25.The (son) of Darius. The (men) from these houses.20. Article in Place of Possessive. An article is often used

where the English idiom requires a possessive adjective.Aia/3aXA.( Tov TS-vpov Trpos tov aScX


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14 THE ARTICLE [ 2121. Homeric Use. In Homer o, 17, to is regularly a demonstra-

tive or a relative. In Attic prose the demonstrative force is pre-served in 6 Se, and he, at the beginning of a sentence, and in o /u,eV... 6 Se, //^^ (3tf . . . the other.

'O yap /3acn\rJL ^o\


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28] THE ARTICLE 15KSpos Si rjcrOT) tov Ik tSv 'EWijvcoi' ets roris ^apjidpcyvs ^6pov iSiav

I. 2. 18.And Cyrus was pleased when he saw the terror with which the

Greeks inspired the barbarians.Ev ravs Ktofiais rots mrep tou ttcSiou tov irapa tov l^tvTpLTrjv Trora/wv

4.3. I.In the villages above the plain along the Centrites river.Cf. Ilapa Toiii (TTpaTrjyovi tSv 'EAAt^vojv 1. 2. 17.To the generals of the Greeks.

26. With Possessives and Demonstratives. With posses-sive adjectives the attributive position is used, but withdemonstratives the predicative position (cf. 18).

O l(i.6s wari^p, 6 TraTrjp o ^(is, iraTrjp 6 4|i.4s.My father.OiJTOS 6 avrip, r) yvvq iKetvi).That man ; that woman.'Evtkeov 01 T||i^Tpoi Trporyovoi Tois TovTuyv wpoyovovi 3- 2. 13'Our ancestors conquered the ancestors of these men.Tovs rZv irpoyovoiv rSiv iff.iTipav kivSwous 3. 2. II.The perils of our ancestors.Aio. Toirou TOV TrtStbu I. 2. 23.Through this plain.

Further Uses of the Predicative PositionI'j. Article with the Possessive Genitive of Personal Pro-

nouns. The genitive of the personal pronouns used aspossessives has the predicative position.

'O iraTrjp aov, or (rov 6 irari^p. 'O 8' dvijp avrrji 4. 5. 24.

Thy father. Her husband.28. Article with eKao-Tos, d|A


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i6 PRONOUNS [ 29'E/SouXcTo TO) TTOtSe d|i


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35] PRONOUNS 17"Erfit (Tvv vfuv hj/ofuii 1. 3. 6.I will follow along with you.OvToi fixv til SapSeis . . . a^LKOvro I. 2. 4.Now these came to Sardis.Kat OS idavfjixicre Tts wapayyeXXa ... to avvOrjlxa I. 8. 16.And he wondered who was giving out the watchword.32. Ai4t6s as Third Personal Pronoun.The oblique cases

of avToi (but never at the beginning of a sentence) serve inprose as the forms of the personal pronoun of the third person.

npoSoSvat avTiv 2. 3. 22. AtxatcDs eiraiov oto4s 5. 8. 21.To betray him. I beat them justly.H iJ.i^Trjp awerrpaTTev o4t TaCra 1 . 1.8.His mother cooperated with him in this.33. , AtiTds as Intensive Pronoun. In the predicative posi-

tion avT6; ^/uv, a-iros Scfias Sovs, owtos efaxaTiycras avviXa^t Toris

(TTparrjyovi; 3. 2. 4.Though he swore to us himself, and himself gave pledges, yet he

himself deceived and arrested the generals.34. '0 avT6s, the same. In the attributive position avTO's

means same.'O o4t6s a.v{)p, ^ airr) yw^, Toird Taura.The same man ; the same woman ; these same things.Toils oiroiis evp-^a-ETC Koi Tore KaKLO-Tovs Kal vvv v/SpicrTOTaTovs 5. 8. 22.You will find the same men then most cowardly and now most

insolent.35. Reflexive Pronouns. The reflexive pronouns refer to the

subject of the clause in which they stand. They are used much asBK. GR. SYN. ^Digitized by Microsoft


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i8 PRONOUNS [ 36in English, but the forms of the third person are sometimes used forthe first and second person, e.g. avrSyv for ^jj.wv avrutv.

'Eyo) 8e (TOi . . . 8tStt)/xt (i,ovt


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42] PRONOUNS 19T


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20 NOMINATIVE [ 43the corresponding indirect forms 6a-Ti


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so] VOCATIVE, ACCUSATIVE 2147. Nominative for Vocative. The nominative is "sometimes

used in direct address for tiie vocative, especially in poetry.Zev irdrtp "Ihifiiv /j^Setov KvSia-re /AeyttrTe | rjAids 6' os navT iôpai

O Father Zeus, ruling from Ida, most glorious, mightiest, and thou,Sun, who beholdest all things.

VOCATIVE48. Case of Direct Address. The vocative is the case of

direct address. It is used with or without &."AvBpcs o-TpoTiwTai 1. 3. g. 'O clvSpes 1.4. 16.M^vtv aetSe, fled, XlijXijtaSeo) 'AxtXôs A ISing, O goddess, the wrath of Achilles, son of Peleus.

ACCUSATIVE49. Internal and External Accusative. The accusative is

used to denote both the object effected (inner object) and theobject affected (outer object).

Tpdfjiei lirKTToXyjv I. 6. 3.He writes a letter (inner object).'Avayvoii'S Sc air^v I. 6. 4.And when he had read it (outer object).'E(i.e yap tol 6 TraTrjp Trjv /Jiiv tS>v iraihiav iraiSetav . . . fTraiScvev XC 8. 3. 37For my father trained me {outer object) with the training {inner

object) of the boys.The inner object has many varieties, such as the cognate

accusative (cf. 51), the accusative of extent (cf. 55), etc. Espe-cially frequent is this use in the case of neuter pronouns oradjectives.

50. Object Case. The direct object of a transitive verb isput in the accusative case.

Tov avSpa hpui i. 8. 26. 'EvraSâ ewaxaa. o- J. 8. 10.I see the man. Then I struck you.



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22 ACCUSATIVE [51STpeiTTov S' eifiopu I. 8. 29. EXve ras


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59] ACCUSATIVE 23Kai diroTjUTj^eVTES ras Kea\&s iTeXtvT-qaav 2. 6. I.And they were beheaded (being beheaded they died)55. Accusative of Extent. The accusative is used to

express extent of time or space.EvTav6a i/jLeivev T||Ji^pa$ lirrci I. 2. 6.There he remained seven days.'EfeAavvet o-toOhoiis Tptis iropao-d^-yas eiKocrii' I. 2. 7.He marches three days' journey, twenty parasangs.56. Terminal Accusative. In poetry the accusative may be

used to express the Hmit of motion. In prose a preposition isrequired.

'^p)(eipvov'S to apxoiov 1 . 1.6.The Ionian cities had belonged originally to Tissaphernes.58. Accusative in Asseverations. The accusative follows verbsof swearing, and vi? and ^.a., by, in oaths.'OjivviD vfuv fleoiis TrdvTas /cai Tracras 6. I. 31.I swear to you by all the gods and goddesses.N^ Af, (j>r] 6 KCpos i. 7. 9.Yes, by Zeus, said Cyrus.'AAAa fio. TOV'} Oeovs ovK ly


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24 GENITIVE [ 60(cf. 79), divide may take two accusatives, one of the person,the other of the thing.

Kvpov aiTiv irXoia I. 3. 14. TavB' vjios SiSa^o) And. I. 10.To ask Cyrus for boats. Of these matters I shall inform you.'Ava/AV;cro) yap {i)i.ds xai Totis Toil' irpoyovwv tS)v ^fi,Tpu)V KivSivoiPS

3. 2. II.For I shall remind you also of the perils of our ancestors.Tovs T TpoireJouvrCous d.ve.fTTiprjKafX.ai rrjv irVTT|K6vTopov 6. 6. 23.And we have robbed the Trapezuntians of their penteconter.60. Verbs of Doing and Saying. Verbs signifying to do

something to or say something of take two accusatives, oneof the person affected, the other of the thing done or said.

ToiiTOV rdvavrJa 7roiiy(TTe t] Toiis kvvos Koimxri 5.8. 24.You will do to him the opposite of what they do to dogs.ToiJs KopivBtows iroWd tc xat Kaxd eA.eye Hdt. 8. 61.Of the Corinthians he said many bad things.61. Object and Predicate Accusative. Verbs signifying to

name, choose, appoint, m,ake, consider, etc., take two accusa-tives, a direct object, and a predicate accusative referring tothe same person or thing.

Kai iroT^ptt C|ie iKoX&Tf. 7. 6. 38.And you called me father.AiKao-Tois 8 Toiis \ox.a7o\is eirOH^travro 5.7. 34.And they made the captains judges.\y^vwv ixeydXwv koI Trpaeuiv, ovs 01 ^vpoi 6covs iv6p,i^ov 1 . 4. 9.Of large and tame fish which the Syrians regarded as gods.

For the accusative with prepositions, see 348-358.For the accusative absolute, see 278.

GENITIVE62. Genitive and Ablative. The genitive has two mean-

ings, that of a true genitive (of), and that of the lost abla-Digitized by Microsoft


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66] GENITIVE 25tive, whose place it has taken, denoting separation {from).In most of its uses this distinction is clear ; in a few there isroom for doubt.

Limiting a Noun ; Adnominal Genitive63. Possessive Genitive. The genitive may denote the

possessor.'O T^s PaoriX^fflS 7uvoik6s d8e\


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26 GENITIVE [ 6767. Genitive of Measure. The genitive may denote the

measure of extent, duration, or value.Tpioii' |iT]Vwv ij.l(t66v 1 . 1 . 10. Evpos irX^Opoi) 1.4.4.Three months' pay. A plethrum in width.68. Partitive Genitive. The genitive may denote the

whole of which the governing substantive expresses a part.Marov Tiii^pas I. 8. 8.The middle of the day.Ot 8c Siw^avTES tS>v iirirewv I. 5. 3.Those of the horsemen who started in pursuit.'Ov CIS Kal 'SevocjiSiv rjv 3. I. 10.Of whom Xenophon also was one.69. Predicate Genitive.The adnominal genitive may stand

in the predicate after copulative verbs.*E


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74] GENITIVE 2771. With Verbs of Endeavor. Many verbs of endeavor,

signifying to take hold of, touch, claim, aim at, attain, hit,miss, make trial of, begin, etc., take a genitive object.

Mr; a-rrTecrdai, rrj^ KdpT|s I. 5. 10.Not to touch the hay.QuTO 8dv ToxPTwv Tvy)^a.viv 2. 6. 18.He thought it necessary to get these.AuToB ^imprev I. 5. 12. To? X6yov Si ^px^TO 3. 2. 7.He missed him. And he began his speech.72. With Verbs of Sensation. Some verbs of sense per-ception and mental action, signifying to taste, smell, hear,

perceive, understand, remember, forget, desire, care for, spare,neglect, admire, despise, etc., take a genitive object.

BovAcTat ow Kox (7 Toiroiv ytvcraaOai 1 . 9. 26.He therefore wishes you also to taste these.Akovov


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28 GENITIVE [ 75lipOÔvXtVUV TOUTCOV Kol TTpOTTOVilV 3 . 1 . 37-To plan and toil for these.'YnepKOL&rjVTai S' fl|JLwv 5. 1.9.And they are stationed above us.

Genitive with Verbs, as Adverbial Modifier75. With Verbs of Plenty or Want. Verbs of plenty or

want may be followed by a genitive of material (cf. 66).'ETTt/XTrXao-av x^Pô" Kovcni I. 5. 10.They filled (the skins) with hay.''Etj/iX.ovTO S' 6 XocfiOi tSiv iiririuv I. 10. 13.And the hill was bared of the horsemen.76. Genitive of Cause. Verbs of emotion (joy, grief,

anger, etc.) may be followed by a genitive of the cause ofthe emotion.

T^s cXevSepias . . . tJs vfm'S iyia eiSai/xovt'^to I- 7. 3.Of the freedom on which I congratulate you.Mi) (jLvrjcTiKaK'âtiv jSacrtXea avroU t^s (tvv Kvpep lirio-TpareCas 2. 4. I.That the king would bear them no grudge because of the expedi-

tion with Cyrus.77. Causal Genitive in Exclamation. In exclamations the

causal genitive may be used without any verb expressed.Era-e Trpos avTOv, t^s tvxtis XC 2. 2. 3.He said to himself, ' What a misfortune !

'

78. Genitive of Crime. Verbs of judicial action, signify-ing to accuse, acquit, convict, judge, punish, etc., take anaccusative of the person and a genitive of the crime. Butcompounds of Ka-rd take a genitive of the person and mayhave also an accusative of the crime.

Ti/jLtup-qcracrdai avTOV'i r^s liriBô-cias 7. 4. 23.To punish them for the attack.KaraSiKaû) enauToii 6. 6. 15.I condemn myself.



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83] GENITIVE 2979. Genitive of Separation. Verbs of separation and dis-

tinction, signifying to be distant, differ, remove, abstain, de-prive (of. 59), etc., may be followed by the genitive.

'ATrEr^oi/ T^s x*P*8pos ofTov oktIo CTTaSious 3- 4- 3-They were distant from the ravine about eight stades.'H Se oxpis TJX^KTpov ovSiv Sie8a\|i.uv (jTepo/xivovi avOpiairov; I. 9- 13*Men deprived of feet, hands, and eyes.80. Genitive of Comparison. Verbs of superiority and

inferiority may be followed by the genitive of comparison.To 8c Trj iiri/jLeXtLo. irepiuvai twv (X'v 1 . 9. 24.His surpassing his friends in thoughtfulness.'A/SpoKO/Aas Se ixTTtprjcre t^s |>'0'Xi|S I- 7- 12.But Abrocomas came too late for the battle.81. Genitive of Source. Many verbs may be followed by

a genitive of source.Ma^e 8e |iou xai rdSe XC 1 . 6. 44.And learn from me this also.TouTwv xai TrvvOdvofiM. on ovk ajSarov icm to opos 4- 6. i?-From these I ascertain also that the mountain is not impassable.ToiouTctfv p.eV ia-T irpo76vv 3. 2. 13.Of such ancestors are ye.82. Genitive of Price. Verbs of buying, selling, apprais-

ing, and the like, may be followed by a genitive of the price.'AiriSoTO TrevTiJKOVTa SapeiKfflv 7. 8. 6.He sold it for fifty darics.MiKpa p.Tpa TToXkov dp7ptoD 3. 2. 21.Scant measure for much money.83. Genitive of Time. The genitive may express the time

(in poetry also the place) within which an action takes place.Digitized by Microsoft


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30 GENITIVE [ ^4BacrtXeus ov jia-)(UTai Se'xa TKiepwv I. 7. 18.The king will not fight within ten days.OuTTO) S^ TToXKov xpovou I. 9. 25. "EppôvTat ireStoio B. 8oi.Not for (within) a long time. They proceed in the plain.TiyvtTaL TTj's vvktos x''^'' iroWiy 4- 4- 8-Much snow fell during the night.

Genitive with Adjectives and Adverbs84. Of Endeavor, Sensation, Power, Plenty, Want, etc.The genitive may depend on adjectives and adverbs of mean-

ing akin to that of verbs which take a genitive.Tfiv e/XTretjotos airoO iyovrtav 2. 6. I (cf. 71).Of those acquainted with him.KaBpa Tu)v (TTpoTiaiTuv 1 . 3 . 8 (cf. 72)Without the knowledge of the soldiers.'AyptW OiipCiav TrX.i^pr]s I. 2. 7. (cf. 75).Full of wild beasts.av/ida-mi Tov xdWovs koL fityidovs 2. 3. 15 (cf. 76).Marvelous for beauty and size."Aîot, T^s l\uBepos I. 7. 3.Worthy of freedom.85. With Adjectives of Transitive Action. Some adjec-

tives of transitive action take an objective genitive."Ekplvov 8 avTov /cat tZv eis tov Trokepiov tpyov, to^lktjs re koI aKovTicretos,

cjuXofxadicTTaTOV koI /xeXtTrjpoTaTov 1. 9. 5.And they judged him to be most eager to learn and practice also

the arts of war, both archery and javelin throwing.'Eir7T)7/i(Ui' . . . TMv djLKî To^tK 2. I. 7.Skilled in military tactics.

86. Genitive after Comparatives. The genitive is usedafter the comparative degree of adjectives or adverbs (cf.the use of t^, tkan, 363).



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9o] DATIVE 31Herav o ot raurj; iinroi //.iioves fjikv tuji/ IIcpcriKCv 4. 5. 36.And the horses here were smaller than the Persian horses.IIoXu yap tZv Xirirav trpt^ov Oarrov 1. 5. 2.For they ran much faster than the horses.87. With Adverbs of Place. The genitive is used with

adverbs of place, such as eto-o), within; e^co, sKTOf, otitsidetrepav, beyond ; ttov, where.

Eto-O) T^s Td(|>po I. 7. 16. 'Eyyvis irapaScfo-ov 2. 4. 14.Within the ditch. Near a park.Hi l/cacTTOs lrvy)(o.vt rmi vdirovs wi/ 6. 5. 22.At whatever part of the glen each one chanced to be.88. Genitive Absolute.A noun and a participle may

stand together in the genitive absolute (cf. 277). For thegenitive with prepositions, see 345-358.

DATIVE89. Dative, Instrumental, and Locative. The dative has

three fundamental meanings, that of the true dative, theremoter object {to ox for), that of the lost instrumental, whoseplace it has taken, denoting means, instrument, etc. {with orby), and that of the lost locative, of place or time {in or at).In most of its uses this distinction is quite clear.

90. Indirect Object. The indirect object of a transitiveverb is put in the dative.

'O Se KCpos virKTyyATo.!. -^/jlloXlov iroo-i Sumeiv ov irparepov i^epcni I. 3. 21.And Cyrus promised to give to all half as much again as they had

been receiving before.TaCra ot alperoi avayyiXKovcTL roTs o-TpaTKarais I. 3. 21.This the delegates report to the soldiers.'Yiruryyoviw.L |i.tv T-qv /j.ccrdoopdv J. 6. 26.I promise you your pay.



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32 DATIVE [ 9191. Dative Object of Intransitives. Many intransitive

verbs, some of which are transitive in EngHsh, take a dativeobject. Such are those meaning to befit, belong, benefit, serve,obey, assist, trust, abuse, threaten, be angry, etc.

'EjSoTj^ow ttW^Xois 4. 2. 26. 'ETrwri-euoi' yap air^ I. 2. 2.They aided each other. For they trusted him.T^ t]\iK?, tTTptTre I. 9. 6. 'AAA' yTreiXow ovt$ 5. 6. 34.It suited his time of Mfe. But they threatened him.Ot SI (TTpaTiuiTOL e-)(aXeiT(uvov toTs o-TpaTt]7ois I. 4. 12.But the soldiers were angry with the generals.

92. Dative of Advantage or Disadvantage. Almost anyverb may be followed by the dative of the person (or thing)for whom something is done.

"AAAo Se (TTpd.TVfi/x. airia (TW(.\(.yi.TO I. I. 9.And another army was being collected for him.Hp(OTO)V tCvI ot ITTTTOl TpecjjOLVTO 4. 5. 34.They asked for whom the horses were bred.At jidXavot tSiv (jioivLKuiv toTs olK^rais drreKeivTO 2. 3. 15.The dates were laid aside for the slaves.93. Ethical Dative. The person whose feelings sympa-thize with the action may be added in the dative. This is

often scarcely to be translated.Tt o-oi fnaOi^croimi Ar. Nub. in.What would you have me learn?Sax^/ooo-wijs apa ov BeiQcrii r)\uv T0 veaviais PI- R. 389 d.Will not our young men stand in need of temperance?94. Dative of Possessor. The dative of the possessor is

used in the predicate after el/ii and yiyvo/jLai (cf. 69).AvTtj av aAA.17 7r/3d


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98] DATIVE 53ApofWi iyivero tois o-TpoTicSrats i. 2. 17.The soldiers began to run.Tt' i(TTai Tot's OTTpaTiciTais ; 2. I. 10.What will the soldiers have ?95. Dative with Compounds. The dative is used as object

of many compound verbs, especially those with iv, aiiv, e-iri,and some with tt/jo'?, Trapd, irepl, viro.

ToTs "EX\i)o-i


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34 DATIVE [ 99'iliKoSo/JirfTO Se irXtvOois 3. 4. 7-It had been built of bricks.Kat aTTOKTavcu kiytrai avro's Trj kwurov \af\ 'ApTayep


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I OS] DATIVE 35103. Dative of Time. The dative is used to express time

when, chiefly of day, night, month, year, and names offes-tivals. In general a preposition is required.

Tg 8c airg T||Ji4p(j, I. 5. 12. A^Xov 8e Tovtro tij wrtpal^ lyivero 2. 2. 18.And the same day. And this became evident the next day.104. The Dative of Place. The dative in poetry may express

place where. In prose some local datives remain as adverbs, asra-m-Q, here, KwAoj, in a circle. In general a preposition is required.

To^' Ufioio-iv tyw/ A 45.With a bow on his shoulders.Ilvpa TToAAa tKttov kvkXu eTrt Twv opioiv 4. I . II.They burned many camp fires round about on the mountains.105. The Dative with Adjectives, etc. The dative is used

freely with adjectives, adverbs, and verbal nouns to expressrelations similar to those with verbs.

Tois Btots viroxa 2. $ 7-Subject to the gods.AvT$ iJ,3XX.ov iX.(yvi tii/at 17 Po


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36 THE VOICES io6TocrovTcj) ^Stovfco, oo-ip TrXei'o) KKTrjfJiai XC 8. 3. 40.I live more pleasantly the more I possess.For the dative with prepositions, see 347-358.

THE VERBTHE VOICES: ACTIVE, MIDDLE, AND PASSIVE

106. The Active Voice. In the active voice the actionproceeds from the subject.

TL(T(Tapvrj^ SioPttWei tov Kvpov I. 1-3.Tissaphernes slanders Cyrus.107. The Middle Voice. In the middle voice the subject

is not only the agent, but is concerned in the action, usuallyas a direct or indirect object.

Ilvp tKaov Koi IxptovTO 4. 4. 12.They kindled a fire and anointed themselves.To Se CTTpaTCVfJux liropCJero (tXtov ottojs eSwaro 2. 1.6.And the army procured food for itself as it could.108. The Passive Voice. In the passive voice the subject

is represented as acted upon.^Tpa/revfjui aiT(S o'vvtKiyiTo I. i. g.An army was being collected for him.T/DHToSes elo-nv^x'l"'''"''' 7- 3- 21.Stools were brought in.

Vses of the Middle Voice109. Directly Reflexive Middle. The middle, in its mostobvious sense, is a direct reflexive.Aovoiiai. 'Aird-y^ao-Oai.I wash myself. To hang oneself.Aeicas p.f] i(j> apirayrjv rpAiroiTo to (TTparevfUi 7. i. 18.Fearing lest the army might betake itself to plunder.



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113] THE VOICES 37no. Indirectly Reflexive Middle. More commonly the

reflexive notion self is an indirect object.MeVctv TE avTOV /c'Xev


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38 THE VOICES [ 114Concerning the Passive Voice

114. Passive of Verbs that govern the Genitive or Dative. Many intransitive verbs are used in the passive, the geni-tive or dative object of the active becoming the subject of thepassive.

"ApxeirBtti eirtWa/wit I. 3. 15 (cf. 73).I know how to be ruled.'Eiri(rTeu


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39 i2o] AGENCY WITH THE PASSIVEniTTd). Ba\A(o.Fall, be thrown. Throw.*'V'- ii.LU>KU>.Flee, be pursued. Pursue.

Fare well, be benefited. Benefit.ES OKOUO). ES Aeyo).Be well spoken of. Speak well of.'Air^Bttvtv VTTO ^iKavSpov J. l. 15. ES eiraOov vir eKcivov I. 3. 4.He was killed by Nicander. I was benefited by him.Miya Si iv ukovciv viro iaKi(T)(i\.iiav avOpiairwv 7. 7. 23.And it is a great thing to be well spoken of by six thousand men.

Agency with the Passive118. Agent with 'Yird. The agent after passive verbs is

regularly expressed by {mo with the genitive (cf. 100, 291).AStKEifffet vofii^ti 4(j)' ^fi5>v I. 3. 10.He thinks himself wronged by us.TlepieppuTO 8' avTrj vno tov Mdcr/ca I. 5. 4.And this was encircled by the Mascas.119. Agent with 'Ek. The preposition ex, when used with the

agent after passive verbs, retains the notion of source (cf. 345).IloXeis ... Ik ySacriXeius 8e8o/u.eVai I. I. 6.Cities given by (a gift from) the king.120. Agent with Ilpds or Ilapd. Both irpo's (cf. 357) and

irapd (of. 355) are occasionally used with the agent after passive verbs,retaining more or less of their distinctive meaning.

'O/ioXoyeiTat irpos itovtmv Kpa.TUTTO's 8^ yeveV^ai Oepwrrevuv (


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40 THE TENSES [ 121

The Tenses of the IndicativeClassification

121. Period of the Action. The tenses are classified inaccordance with the period of the action, as past, present, orfuture. Those of the present or future are called primary(ox principal^ tenses, those of the ^dL^\. secondary (or historical')tenses.Past : ejpa(f)OV, eypa^fra, iyeypd^r].

Present : , yeypa


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127] PRESENT TENSE 41

Continuance : I ^^'"'*^". ,[ it was (being) written

Attainment: it"""^*" .1^ it was written

The Passive VoiceSecondary Primary

Past Present Futurer 7p(êT-ai (cf. 113)

ypd(f>eTai J it will be writtenit is (being) written I (writing)it is written J 7pa0^(reTat

\ it will be writtenr iyiypavTO -yiypairTai. yeypdêrai

t will ha\written

Completion: ^T^T'""^^" yiypaTTo,^ yeypdêrac[ it had been written it has been written it will have been

THE PRESENT TENSE124. Specific Present. The present represents an action

as going on at the present time.Nt)i/ eyo) Oappu triiv rots Otdt'S /MoiXXov ^ t6t koX dpa(TVTp6i tl)i,i vvv rj

Tore KoX OLVOv TrXuia irCvw, dAA' o/ucos ovBlva irala 5. 8. 19.Now with the favor of the gods I am more confident than then,and I am bolder now than then, and I drink more wine, butnevertheless I do not strike any one.

125. Universal Present. The present also expresses ageneral truth (cf. 148).

Ot hxTpoi Kdouiri koX Tnvou


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42 IMPERFECT TENSE [ 128Trj yap orpaTta OVK ta-n to. iTTiTrjBtui, d /JOj kfj^l/o/jLcOa to )(o>piov 4. 7- 3-For the army will not have provisions, unless we capture the place.

128. Present of Etjii. The present of tlfu, go (with its com-pounds), is regularly future in sense. 'EXeuo-o/u,ai is poetic.OvK ifiPr](T6fjic6a ; oi/c ^i(i.ev avToi; Dem. 4. 44.Shall we not embark, shall we not ourselves go forth?SeS va-TCpo? etji' iitto yalav P 333.After you I shall go beneath the earth.

129. Historical Present. The present may be used inlively narration to express a past action.

'I2s eiSe KA.eapi^oi' SieXawoi/Ta, tin


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136] Imperfect tensE 43Kai TTpSiTov iihi l8dKp6 Trokvii xpovov ecrrtas- ot Se bpSivTK ISavnoJov

Kai 4


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44 PERFECT TENSE [ i37For the modal uses of the imperfect in conditions, wishes, and

final clauses, and for the iterative sense with av, see 207, 208, 210, 328.

THE PERFECT TENSE137. Tense of Completed Action. The perfect tense ex-

presses an action as completed in the present.TT6\eVTT)KV 2. 1 . 4.He has died (is dead)Ot TToXifuoL (riiVi\T|Y|i^voi elo-l koj. avajK-q ii,a,)(e.(i9(u 6. 4. 21.The enemy have (are) assembled, and it is necessary to fight.138. Perfect of Resulting Condition. Many perfects have

become practically presents of a resulting condition (cf. 142).Me/AV7j/iiai. K-eKTrj/juu.I have recalled, I remember. I have acquired, I possess.

I stand.Suye ovSi opSiv yiyvu>crKK ovSk aKOvwv \i.(fivi\


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144] PLUPERFECT AND AORIST TENSES 45H fiiv yap tvTaîa (Tioêiv 8oKc7, ^ Se araûx ttoXAoiis ^8ij diroX


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46 AORIST TENSE [ 145'SiTpovOov 81 ouSets cXa^Ev i. 5. 3.But no one caught an ostrich.'Ek tovtov fipeflTjo-av apxovTii 3. I. 47-After this leaders were chosen.

145. Ingressive Aorist. The aorist of verbs expressinga state or condition may denote entrance into that state orcondition.

'Ev6crr\iri 6 'AXuaTTrjs Hdt. I. 19.Alyattes fell sick.OvTio fikv lirXovTT)(re rj oiKirj avrq Hdt. 6. 125.Thus this house grew rich.146. Aorist for Perfect. The aorist is used as a convenient

substitute for the perfect where a verb has no perfect in commonuse, or where the perfect has a special sense (cf. 138, 139).

Tt ^Tj's; Ti


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152] FUTURE TENSE 47148. Gnomic Aorist. The aorist may express a general

truth, or a frequentative action. It is then to be translatedby the present (cf. 125).

*Av 8e Tts TOvTtov Ti Trapa/iaLVr), ^yj/jluxv auTots iTriita-av XC i. 2. 2.And if one of them transgresses at all, they impose a penalty onhim.

Hptire 8' As ore tis SpCs tlpiirev N 389.And he fell as when an oak falls.149. Impatient Aorist. The aorist is used for a present in

impatient questions.Tt ovv oil %ir\yf\ fi/uv Trjv ^vvovmav; PI. Prot. 310 a.Why don't you tell us of the meeting?150. Dramatic Aorist. The aorist may be used in dialogue of

that which has just been said. It must be translated by the present.Os uvi]a'as , OTi /xoyis direKptvw iiro tovtiovI avayKa^ofxevos PI- Ap. 27 c.How kind of you to reply (how you oblige me because you reply)

reluctantly and under compulsion at their hands !For the modal uses of the aorist in conditions, wishes, and final

clauses, and for the iterative sense with av, see 207, 208, 210, 328.

THE FUTURE TENSE151. Action about to take Place. The future representsan action as about to take place. It may denote either

continuance or attainment.Tpa.il/(i>. 'Eyo) 8e avrtica ij^w 2. 1.9.I shall be writing, I shall write. And I will return presently.I will be writing, I will write.Et fikv Sij Si'/cata irol.i\


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48 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE [ i53Kat ovTroT (pd oiSct's 1 . 3. 5.And no one shall ever say (= let no one ever say !).153. Gnomic Future. The future may be used, as in English,

to express a general truth based on expectation.OiSk aAAou owScvos iiJupv)(ov KecâX^s êilo-eTai Alyvrrriuiv ovSei'S Hdt. 2. 39.Nor of any other animal's head does (will) any Egyptian taste.154. Periphrastic Future with MeXXw. The future is ex-

pressed periphrastically by /icAXco with the infinitive, future, or present,rarely aorist (cf. 170, 242, 245, 247).

'O K BvâvTiou ap/JLOCTTrj'; \iiWii ijêiv 6. 4. 18.The governor from Byzantium is about to come.McWofiEV TOVTOv; tlpêiv 3. 3. 1 6.We are going (intend) to prevent them.155. Periphrastic Future of the Past. The imperfect of

jncXXu) with the infinitive may express a future of the past.TlX,rj


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i6ij TENSES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE 49158. Future Perfect for Future. Where the perfect has a

present sense (cf. 138, 139), the future perfect is a simple future.Ovx ovTcos ^T^|i SxTTTcp TTpotrOfv XC 6. 2. 17.They (ap/j-ara) will not stand as before.Ot TvpavvoL ovSiv ayaOov tovto KeKT^jo-ovrai PI. G. 467 a.In this the tyrants will not possess any advantage.

The Tenses of the Other Moods159. Not in Indirect Discourse. The tenses of the sub-

junctive and imperative, and of the optative and infinitivenot in indirect discourse, are the present, of continuance, theaorist, of attainment, and the perfect, of completion. Theperiod of the action is determined by the context.

160. Subjunctive Present: Aorist. Of the subjunctivemood the present and aorist tenses differ in general onlyas continuance differs from attainment ; cf . the imperfectindicative : the aorist indicative (cf. 122).

M-^ dva|i.^vti>)j.ev aXKavi . . . aXX ij/Aeis ap^tafuv 3. I. 24.Let us not wait for others, but ourselves begin.AoKC? fxoi KaraKavcrai tcis d/ta^as, . . . iva p,-q to. ^f-vyrj ^p.Civ


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50 TENSES OF OPTATIVE AND IMPERATIVE [ 162UepL/JLeviTe icrr av iyu> (\9a 5 . 1.4.Wait till I (have) come.162. Perfect Subjunctive. The perfect subjunctive expresses

completed action.AiSoiKa \i,y] Tiva Xy/drjv v/uv ireiroi'iiKxi Dem. 19. 3.I fear lest it may have caused some forgetfulness in you.163. Optative Present : Aorist. Of the optative mood (not

in indirect discourse) the present and aorist tenses differ ingeneral only as continuance differs from attainment ; of. theimperfect indicative : the aorist indicative (cf. 122).

OfiSe yap av M?y8oKOs /x,e . . . Iiraivoti], 1 c|cXativoi|ii tovs evepyerai 7. 7. II.For Medocus would not praise me, if I should banish my bene-

factors.Oio el 7ravTS ^6oiv Uepdai, ttX'^Oci ye ov)^ \imppaXol\i.t6' av Tovi iroXe-

/iiovs XC 2. 1.8.Not even if all the Persians should come, would we surpass theenemy in numbers.164. Aorist Optative in Temporal Clauses. But the aorist

optative in temporal clauses (cf. 234), after iwei, iweiSrj, etc., when,after, etc., is regularly prior to the time of the leading verb (cf. 161).

Ous phi tSot evTaKTO)? . . . lovras, TtVes re etev ^pdira, Kal eiret iriOoiTOi-ir-pvei XC 5. 3. 55.He asked those whom he saw marching in good order who theywere, and when he had found out he praised them.

165. Perfect Optative. The perfect optative expresses com-pleted action.

rjOei(Tav 8e pr] XvTTa Tis oxrirep Kvaiv qpiv enireirrcoKoi 5. 7. 26.And they feared lest upon us, as upon dogs, some madness mighthave fallen.

166. Imperative Present : Aorist. Of the imperative moodthe present and aorist tenses differ in general only as con-tinuance differs from attainment ; cf . the imperfect indicativethe aorist indicative (cf. 122).



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169] TENSES OF IMPERATIVE AND INFINITIVE 51AAAa SiaX^Yov koI ft&Be irpSirov tlvcs tlaiv 4. 8. 5.But talk with them and find out first who they are.Hap' rnjuw h\ aird'yycXXc raSe 2. I. 20.But fi-om us carry back the following reply.^dviiTc Tu>v Xo-)(a.yS>v apiaroi 3. I. 24.Show yourselves the best of captains.Kai oral SoxeT ravT', i^rj, dvoTsivdTw tt^v X^P"" 3- 2- 9-And whoever approves of this, said he, let him raise his hand.167. Subjunctive in Prohibitions. In prohibitions, the

aorist imperative is replaced as a rule (the second personalways in prose) by the aorist subjunctive (212, 239). ThusXOe : \vaov : : (li] \ve : fji,rj Xvcrj)^.

Mr] eKSuTe/tie 6. 6. 17.Do not give me over.Cf. T


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52 THE TENSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE [ 170"Ep^o) yap TpirjpeK wcrre eXeiv ro Ikuvuiv irXoiov I. 4. 8.For I have triremes (so as) to catch their boat.170. MeWo) with the Future Infinitive. The future infini-

tive is used only in indirect discourse except after /icWo) (cf. 154, 245).0


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178] OPTATIVE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE S3Kat ^atrtXet av ttoAAoC aiioi yivoiVTO ti PovXoiro


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54 PARTICIPLE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE [ 179'Evioi Se (i^acrtV), ovS ei jne/xygd tc /cat j3ov\oio, 8vo(rflai av aTroSovi/ai

1.7.5.And some (say) that, not even if you should remember, and wish

to, could you pay. (O. R. Svvmto av.)Kat (a(r6ai avTOS to Tpav/jA rjij.-qv

TO TpaVfJUl.)179. The Future Infinitive. The future infinitive repre-

sents only the future indicative.Tov . . . CTTpaTriyov jrpocrSoKui TavTa irpd|eiv 3. I. 14.I expect the general will do this. (O. R. Trpd^u.)180. The Aorist Infinitive. The aorist infinitive may repre-

sent the aorist indicative or optative.Miacrav I. 3. I.And they said they had not been hired for this. (O. R. ip.i(Tdw6r]iJi.v.)EirL


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i88] PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE 55Ai)T(jJ KBpoK . . . lino-TpaTEvovra Trpfiros ^yytiXa 2. 3. 19.I was the first to announce that Cyrus was marching against him.

(O. R. iviiTTpaTtvci.)OrSa 8k Kol "^oiKparr) SciKvvvra rois (ruvov(nv lavTov KaXbv KayaOov ovTaXM I. 2. 18.And I know that Socrates also showed to his associates that he was

a good and noble man. (O. R. iSeUvv.)184. The Future Participle. The future participle always

represents the future indicative.Ayvoet Tov eKeWev 7rdA.e/xov Sevpo rifovTa. Dem. i. 15.He does not know that the war in that quarter will come here.

(O. R. ,if^.)185. The Aorist Participle. The aorist participle may

represent the aorist indicative or optative.Ajrep iroXXovs Kol v/j.ei'S itrre iraScivTas 5. 8. 15.Which very things you also know that many suffered. (O. R.

STra^ov.)'Os ouTws ir6piYev6|ievos av Tmv avTiCTTacruoTwv I. I. 10.On the ground that he could thus get the better of his opponents.

(O. R. ircptyevotjiHji/ av.)186. The Perfect Participle. The perfect participle may rep-

resent the perfect indicative or optative, or the pluperfect indicative.Ov yap qSccrav avrov reOvriKdra I. lo. 16.For they did not know that he was dead. (O. R. TiOvrjKe.)187. The Future Perfect Participle. The future perfect par-

ticiple always represents the future perfect indicative.

TENSES NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE188. Relative Time.The participle has, absolutely, no time

of itself. Its tenses, not in indirect discourse, express timepresent, past, or future, relatively to that of the leading verb.



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56 PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE [ 189189. The Present Participle. The present participle is

regularly used of an action contemporaneous with that ofthe leading verb.

Kvjoos Si xjiiXriv ex" ''''^v Ke


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197] INDICATIVE MOOD 570 Xa^uv TO xpvf'oi' (TTpaTeviux. o-vveX-i^ev I. 1.9.And he took the money and collected an army.

'AKOvo-avTcs 8' ol (TTpaTuoTOLi. i)(aXe!raivov I. 5. II.And, on hearing (him), the soldiers were angry.194. The Aorist Participle for Present. The aorist participle

is sometimes used of action contemporaneous with that of the lead-ing verb, especially when the latter is an aorist (cf. 275).

KaA,(i)s, iT], ewoLrjcra'; irpoi7r(iv XC 1.4. 13.You have done well, said he, in forewarning me.195. The Perfect Participle. The perfect participle isused of action completed at the time of the leading verb.OvTos 8e TtTO'Yii.evos irvyxo-vev im. t


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S8 INDICATIVE MOOD [ 198SôvSas rj mXe/jiOv &ira,yi(K& ; 2. i. 23.Shall I report a truce or war?

198. In Relative Clauses. The indicative stands in rela-tive clauses, except those that express general or future con-ditions (cf. 221, 233), or are future potential (cf. 226).

Swrejtu/fev avTrj CTTpariuiTas oii Mei/cov tl\i 1.2. 20.He sent with her the soldiers whom Menon had.AZpa a vo|i,(êTai irapa, âcriXel Ti/iia I. 2. 27.Gifts, such as are esteemed at court.199. In Temporal Clauses. The indicative stands in tem-

poral clauses, unless they are conditional (cf. 222, 234).ETret il


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204] INDICATIVE MOOD 59in object clauses introduced by the declarative conjunctionsoTi or (?, iAat

Aeyovicriv OTi /SacrtXeiis K\eiii 2. 1.8.They say that the king commands.AiSdtTKeti' (re /iovXoiJuu As (rv ^/xtv ovk 6p6S>i airio-TEis 2. 5. 6.I wish to show you that you are not right in distrusting us.202. In Consecutive Clauses. The indicative stands in

clauses of actual result (cf. 252, 374) after mo-re, so that, andin relative clauses of result.

flcTTe PaaiXtvi Trjv jJ-hi irpoi eavTov e7rt/8ovA.ijv ovk jjo-OdveTO I. I. 8.So that the king did not perceive the plot against him.'Oo-TE KOI iXTaTre.jx.Trofi,evov avToiv ovk (6(\


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6o INDICATIVE MOOD [ 205'Ottcos Se Koi v/tets //. Iiraiv^o-ere i/jLol ^eXijcrei 1.4- 16.And I shall take care that you also shall praise me.'Ottcos ow t(r


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212] SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 6iaorist in a wish that would alter the past. This is a post-Homeric construction.

ISiWc (Toi, (0 nepticXtts, TOTE c\c /U,V KvpOS ^TJV 2. 1.4.Would that Cyrus were alive.AW S(^cXes Trapa vrfucriv aSaKpvTOi Kal amj/JLUnv \ i^trfloi A 415.Would thou wert sitting tearless and unharmed by the ships.210. In an Unattainable Purpose. The past tenses of the

indicative are used with tva or m in clauses of unattainable purposedepending on some expression of non-reality (cf. 208, 320, 321).

'AAAo, tre eXPV" cyX'^P^^J '"" ct'vovo-ta iylyvtTO PI. Prot. 335 c.But you should have yielded to us in order that our conversationmight continue.*E8t TO, ivexvpa Tore \aîw, u)S (lUjS' tt iôvXero 48iivoTO iâTrarav

7. 6. 23.You should then have exacted pledges so that he could not have

deceived you even if he would.THE SUBJUNCTIVE

In Independent Sentences211. The Hortatory Subjunctive.The subjunctive, chiefly

of the first person, is used in exhortations and the like."Iv (i.ai.vcll|i9a, /i.r;S' ai(TXpS>i diro\


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62 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD [ 213M^ iroi^cr^S ravra 7. I. 8.Do not do this.Mt/Sev 6.6v\i,i[a-r\rt euiKa ruiv yeyevriiievoiv 5. 4. 19.Do not be at all discouraged on account of what has happened.213. Deliberative Subjunctive. The subjunctive, chiefly

of the first person, is used in questions of appeal, nearlyequivalent to a future indicative. It is sometimes precededby /8ou\ei or ^ovXeade without a connective.

MtjS' diroKpCvo|iai ovv ; XM i. 2. 36.Then I am not even to reply?Ai$c


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219] SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 63Oil yap iroi roiovs iSov avepai, ouSe t8u|xai A 262.For I never yet saw, nor shall I see such men.'Eyo) Si K a-yu BpwnytSa KaXXnrdprjOV A 1 84.And I shalx fetch the fair-cheeked Briseis.

In Dependent Clauses217. In Final Clauses. The subjunctive stands in final

clauses after 'Iva, qj?, ottoj?, /tt^ {o^pa poetical), in primarysequence (cf. 205, 229).

Karajuci/E Iva. kox trepl Digitized by Microsoft


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64 OPTATIVE MOOD [ 220Tuiv aXktav eTrt/icXcTat oVtus av OiipSo-iv XC I. 2. 10.He takes care that the others may hunt.220. In Conditions. The subjunctive is used in conditions

after idv {^v, dv), 2/(315, 323).'Eav T TK iri^EnTai Ttav X6)((iiv, o TcX-qcriov PorqBricru 4. 8. 13.And if one of the companies be hard pressed, the next one will help.*Av 8e irX^TiTt, iaruv ivOevSe fjikv eh StvwTn^v -jrapaTrX-evdai 5.6. lo.But if you go by ship, you can sail along from here to Sinope.221. In Conditional Relative Clauses. The subjunctive

is used in conditional relative clauses after S? dv, 6pT| 7. 3. 37.That part of the army leads whichever from time to time is suited

to the ground.222. In Conditional Temporal Clauses. The subjunctive

is used in conditional temporal (local, and modal, cf. 375)clauses after otuv, iireiSdv, eto? dv, irplv dv, etc. (cf. 234, 373).

"EtDS ii.\v av iropfi Tts, )(pS>fWJ,, eireiSav 8e aTTiivai PovXrirai, . . . avronK KaicGsTTOtbi I. 4' 8.

As long as any one stays by me, I make use of him, but when hedesires to go away, I injure him (them).

"YjUiSs, eTTCtSav CKeitre ilKiiTe, Scio/J-eOa ojs av 8wi4|ie9o KaWuTTa 6. 6. 36.When you come there, we shall receive you as well as we can.

THE OPTATIVEIn Independent Sentences

223. The Optative of Wish. The optative is used to ex-press a future wish (cf. 208), with or without el'^e, et 70/3(poetic aXQe, al 70/3).

TovTors /*>' 01 Bi.01 diroTeC


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227] OPTATIVE MOOD 65noXA,a /*ot KayaOa y^voiTo 5. 6. 4. Ai yap 8^ outcus etr) A 189.May many good things be mine ! O that this may be so !224. Imperative Optative. The optative of wish some-

times has almost the force of a command.Mi;t TToXcfmre AaKESai/uofiW


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66 OPTATIVE MOOD [ 228In Dependent Clauses

228. Optative and Subjunctive. In dependent clausesthe optative, save in indirect discourse (297 ff.), correspondsto the subjunctive as secondary to primary, i.e. it followssecondary tenses in the same constructions in which the sub-junctive follows primary tenses (cf. 294, 295).

Aefo]/, 'va oStoi dira'yY^Woxrtv 7. 2. 35.Speak, that these may report.A-^Xos ^v . . . i'TnOvjJ.Stv Se Ti/jLaaOai, iva TrXeiui KcpSaCvoi 2. 6. 21.And he was evidently desirous of being honored, that he might

make larger gains.229. In Final Clauses.The optative stands in final clauses

after Zva, &>?, oVft)?, /jlij, {o(^pa), in secondary sequence (cf . 2 1 7).S'tXos iôvKtro civai rots fxiyiaTa Swa/xivoi's, iva, dSiKUiv /xt] SiSoCt) Blktjv

2. 6. 21.He wished to be a friend to those who were most powerful in

order that he might not pay the penalty of his wrongdoing.'HvayKacra 8c ere tovtov ayetv

fir] oil, with verbs of fear, in secondary sequence (cf. 218, 338).EoPovvTO fir] eiriOoiVTO avrots 3- 4. l-They feared lest they might attack them.Eôâro . . . /xij oi SivaiTo e/c t^s x'^'P"-^ iêXduv 3. I. 12.He feared that he would not be able to go out of the country.231. In Object Clauses with "Oirws. Verbs of effort (to

strive, plan, etc.) sometimes take the optative with ottci)?, insecondary sequence, instead of the future indicative (cf . 204,219, 236). Digitized by Microsoft


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235] OPTATIVE MOOD 67EKeAevE Siawpa^ai ottws eis to Tet;;^os lo-^\9oi 7. I. 38.He bade him manage to enter within the wall.ATreKpivaro on avriS /ie'A,ot ottcos KaXws Sxoi I. 8. 13.He replied that he was taking care that all should be well.232. In Conditions. The optative is used in less vivid

future and past general conditions after el, 1/(317, 324).Av iXwiOOiv efiaVTov crTepTJcrai/xi, ci


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68 OPTATIVE MOOD [ 236'E\eyev on ^ 680s


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242] IMPERATIVE AND INFINITIVE MOODS 69THE IMPERATIVE

239. Commands. The imperative is the mood of com-mand, but the aorist imperative is scarcely used at all inprohibitions (167, 212).

'Airi'VYeWe raSe 2. I. 20. *AAAa WvTwv I. 4. 8.Report as follows. But let them go.M-^ eav)i.dETc I. 3. 3. MijSets iju.w \eyiTa I. 3. 15.Marvel not. Let no one of you say.'H/xij/ elire Tt \ey6s 2. I. 15. 'Avareivdru Trjv x^^pi^ 3- 2. 9.Tell US what you intend. Let him raise his hand.

Cf. M'^ iroiijcrijs raBra y. 1.8. Cf. M^ exSoiTe ju, 6. 6. 17.Do not do this. Do not give me over.240. Imperative in Dependent Clauses. The imperative is

sometimes used in relative clauses, particularly after ola-ff o, and after

'AAX oI(t6 Spao-ov ; tco crKiXa Oive ttjv Trerpav Ar. Av. 54.But do you know what you must do? Strike the rock withyour leg.

Aeyovcrtv Se Kai aAAovs tlvos aXKoi Tropovs, wv tXctrfl' ocrTis VjUiv av/jifjii-pav 8oKi Dem. i. 20.

And others mention certain other means, of which choose which-ever seems to you advantageous.

241. Substitutes for Imperative. A number of other formsmay be used as substitutes for the imperative (cf. 212, 224, 256).THE INFINITIVE

In Indirect Discourse242. After Verbs of Thought and Expression. The infini-

tive is used in indirect discourse depending on verbs of say-ing, believing, and thinking (298).

'OpjoKor^&i ovv Trepi i/ji aSt/cos 7e7vii


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70 INFINITIVE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE [ 243Oin Trjv vfiercpav dperrjv ircpiYev^o-Boi. av t^s (8a(ri\e'(os SwajU.(i)s 2. I. 13.You think that your valor would overcome the force of the king

(O. R. ircptyevoLTo av).243. Historical Infinitive. In continuous narrative the

verb of saying {e.g. XeyeTai) is sometimes implied but notexpressed. The infinitive then must be translated as anarrative tense of the indicative.

Kai Tov Kxipov OLKOvaavTa KeXcBcrai Tail's kpfjajviw; lirupiaOax Tw K/jouroi',TLva TovTOv liriKaXioiTo Hdt. 1 . 86.And Cyrus, having heard him, bade the interpreters ask Croesuswho this was on whom he called.

244. In Dependent Clauses by Assimilation. In indirectdiscourse the infinitive may stand by assimilation even in dependentclauses. This is commonest in relative and temporal clauses.

Eti/ai Xlepcas kavTini ^eXTLOVs, oijs ovk av dvao-xeo-flai avTov /SacnXevovTO's2. 2. I.(He said) there were Persians better than himself who would not

endure him as king.12s 8e apa fiiv irpoo-Tfivoi tovto . . . Js Tpis 6vofm(Tax (243) SoA-uva

Hdt. I. 86.And when this thought came to him, he thrice called on Solon.245. After Verbs of Hoping, etc. Verbs of hoping, prom-

ising, swearing, and the like, generally take the future infini-tive on the principle of indirect discourse (cf. 242), but theymay also take a present or aorist complementary infinitive(cf . 247). Even ^7;/lh' is occasionally thus used in Homer.

'O S' i7reo"j(TO dvSpi c/cdtTTO) 8(4(r6iv itkvTf. apyvptov juvos I. 4. 13.But he promised to give to each man five silver minae.'Ojudcrat ^ //.^v Trop6i)


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248] INFINITIVE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE 71H7retA,'j


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72 INFINITIVE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE [ 249249. Infinitive of Purpose. The infinitive is used to ex-

press purpose (cf. 259), particularly after verbs of choosing,giving, etc.

EtA.ovTo 8e ApaKoVnov . . . Spo'/iov . . . liriiJicXTiOiivtti 4. 8. 25.And they chose Dracontius to take charge of the running.TauTTji' T^v \pa.v iTreTptij/e Siapirao-ai rots "EAAijotv I. 2. 19.This country he gave over to the Greeks to plunder.

Special Uses250. After Comparatives and "H. The infinitive after the

comparative with tj depends on the implied notion of ability. It maybe introduced by (mttc or is (252).

To yap voa-riixa ;u,e?^ov rj ^ipnv Soph. OT 1293.For the distress is too great to bear.'RktOovto aiiTov iXa/TTU) i)(ovTa Syva/XLV ^ cocrTe Toy's


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257] INFINITIVE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE 73SwEO-iTfov ' (jxe. In a similar way the infinitive is

used with i' (S, itj)' utc, on condition that.Oi 8 ifJMuav OLTToSwa-eiv i(j>


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74 INFINITIVE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE [ 258The Articular Infinitive

258. As a Noun in Case Relations. The infinitive with thearticle is used freely in all noun constructions, as subject, ob-ject, with prepositions, etc.

Tuli' yap ii.o.yr) vikwvtuw Kat to cipxciv k(TTi 2. 1.4.For even the sovereignty belongs to the victors.To fikv SioppCiTTeiv aa xaipav 7. 3- 23.The distribution (of food) he let pass.'AAAt; 7rp6a


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264] ATTRIBUTIVE PARTICIPLE 7516 fxfv es rrjv yrjv ^fiMv lo-pAWeiv . . . iKavoi cifft Th. 6. 17.They are able to invade our land.TA Kara toBtov ftvai i . 6. 9.As far as he is concerned.

The Participlethe attributive participle

262. As a Verbal Adjective. The attributive participlehas the function of a verbal adjective. It is often best trans-lated by a relative clause.

01 irapdvTes EAA.i;vs I. J. 16. To Sia^atvov aTpaTivfia 4. 3. 24.The Greeks who are present. The army that was crossing.'OpSi(Ti 8e rous Sia^aiveiv Kii>Xvv paStios avoKTivvvvruyv Kai dvaPiuirKO)i.^V(i>v y av, ei otoi

T ^


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76 CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE [ 265265. Predicate Periphrases. The participle may be used in

the predicate after dfii, practically as a periphrastic tense-form.

'Hv 8c avTrj ij crrparr/yia ovSiv aXXo 8\)vo|i^vi] y aTToSpavai 2. 2. 13.But this plan of campaign amounted to nothing else than flight.^lXokivSvvoi Te ^v Kal ^yaepas koI vvktos ayav im, Tovi; TroXefitovi 2. 6. 7.He was fond of danger, and by day and by night ready to lead

against the enemy.THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE

266. Sphere of the Circumstantial Participle.The partici-ple may define the circumstances of an action, implying avariety of relations to the leading verb, such as time, means,manner, etc. It may agree with the subject or with somepart of the predicate.

'AKOvo-as (w. subj.) 8e raCra 6 4>aXrvos iyiXjacre 2. i. 13.And Phalinus, when he heard this, burst out laughing.Hafovra (w. obj.) 8' avTov oiKovTLêi Tis TraXrio I. 8. 27.As he was striking, some one smites him with a javelin.'AKOvo-ao-i Tols orpaTTjyoTs TaJra eSofc to crTpaTev/jM OTJvayaycri' 4. 4. 19.When the generals heard this, they resolved to collect their army.267. Of Time. The circumstantial participle may define

the time of an action.IIoXw xPvov 8ioX.ex9^VT6s dAAÂ.ois air^XOov 2. 5. 42.After a long conference with one another they departed.Tavra irotô-ovTs ^piorcwroiovvTO 3. 3. i.When they had done this they breakfasted.268. Of Means.The circumstantial participle may expressthe means of an action.Kpta ovv eo-9ovTs 01 (TTpanZrai Sicyiyvovro I. 5. 6.So the soldiers subsisted by eating flesh.Ois TTOo-i xp'if'Evoi Kpia hj/ovTe'S rjadwv 2. I. 6.By using all these iheîgUhakei^ Mkdoafte^heir meat.


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272] CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE 77269. Of Manner. The circumstantial participle may de-

fine the manner of an action.Eirt T Tov apjuaros Ka6^)i,EVos Ttjv Troptiav cTOteiTO koj. oXt'yous iv rd^ei

i\iav irpo avToiv I. 7. 20.He made the march sitting on his chariot, and with but few in linebefore him.

A.Trri\6ov owScv airoKpivd|i,voi 2. 5. 42.They went away without replying.270. Of Cause. The circumstantial participle may express

the cause or ground of an action, often with are, ola, or olov(as the author's thought), or with m? (as another's thought).

Ot yap KoA.;^ot, arf. iKirfirTOiKdres TUyv oiKiuiv, ttoXXoI rjcrav aOpooi 5- 2. I.For the Colchians, since they had been expelled from their homes,

were collected in large numbers.EdavariLdrj vtto tS>v iv Trj ^TrdpTy reXSiv ws oireiOwv 2. 6. 4.He was condemned to death by the magistrates in Sparta on theground of disobedience.

271. Of Purpose. The circumstantial participle may ex-press the purpose of an action. It is generally future, oftenaccompanied by w?.

'O 8' avrip avTYji Xaytbs i^X^TO 9i|p4o-wv 4. 5. 24.But her husband had gone off to hunt hares.M^ dvap,iv(op.e.v aXKxyws i(f>' ^/uas iKdetv irapOKoXovvTas im to. KtiXXuTTa

epya 3. I. 24.Let us not wait for others to come to us to encourage us to the

noblest deeds.OuTe (Tvvi^X.9ofi.v (I)S /8acnA,i iroX6|ilj


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78 CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE [ 273M'^ iropCcras apUTTOV 2. 3. 5.Unless he provide breakfast.

273. Of Concession. The circumstantial participle mayexpress a concession. It is often accompanied by Kai orKaiTrep.

Ot 8e jSdpjSapoi SiaPPt)K6Ts Tov TiypijTo, ov fiivToi KOTac^aveTs lycrav2. 4. 14.

And the barbarians, though they had crossed the Tigres, werenevertheless not in sight.

eXoD(rt KaX iroXXjairXacnoL ovres p-rj Be)(cv Tts, (US eTSe KXiap)(ov SieXawovra, trjcri rrj a^ivrj l. 5. 12.And one who was splitting wood, when he saw Clearchus ridingthrough, hurled his ax at him.275. Of the Same Action. The circumstantial participle

and the leading verb may describe different aspects of thesame action (cf. 194).

KatTOt TaBra irpoTTuv ri IttoUi; Dem. 9. 15.And yet, in doing this, what was he doing?AiKrjV eStSocrav KaKWs o-Ki]vo


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2 79] SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE 79with any word in the main part of the sentence, may be usedin the genitive or accusative absolute to express many of thesame relations as those above, i.e. time, cause, etc.

277. The Genitive Absolute.A noun (or pronoun) and aparticiple are put in the genitive absolute, if the noun standsin no case-relation to any word in the main part of the sen-tence.

EcXcilovTOs KvpoD iXa^ov t^s ^utvrji tov OpdvTav I. 6. 10.At the command of Cyrus they took Orontas by the girdle.'Are Ota\iAvov rolv Taipo)v iroXXr]


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8o SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE [ 280(a) 'E^aipE TavTa ttKoiwv 7. 2. 4.He rejoiced to hear this.

E(Se KXeapxov SieXavvovra I. 5. 12.He saw Clearchus riding through.

(b) 'IctOl /xivTOi, avoTjTO's oiv 2. I. 13.But be assured you are a fool.*H/cov(r KIpov iv K-lXikm ovra I. 4. 5.He heard that Cyrus was in Cilicia.

Noi in Indirect Discourse280. With Verbs of Beginning, etc. The supplementary

participle follows verbs of beginning, continuing, ceasing, andthe like, agreeing with the subject.

IIo\e|iuv Sicye'vETO 2. 6. 5- OijTrOTe itravoiJ.rjvriiJ.a'S olKrCpwv 3. I. 19.He continued fighting. I never ceased pitying ourselves.'AireLprjKa r/Brj cnjerKevaJ6|ivos koI PaSC^uv 5. I. 2.I am tired now of packing up and walking.281. With Verbs of Emotion. The supplementary parti-

ciple follows verbs of emotion, agreeing with the subject, orsometimes with the direct or indirect object.

HSo;ua( fjiiv, w KXiapx^, aKoiav crov t^povijiov; Xdyous 2. 5. 16.I am glad, Clearchus, to hear sensible words from you.IIei6o|i.lvoi.s avTois ov /j.eTafjLeX.'qcrei "] . I. 34.They will not repent of their obedience.282. With AavBdvo), etc. The supplementary participle

with \avddva>, Tvy^^^dvco,


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287] ' SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE 81^A/xcjiOTepoi, uS^oj/To Kara twv irerpSiv ep


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82 THE VERBAL IN -Te'os [ 288lectual perception (cf. 284), in agreement with either subjector object.

'HtSei yap /cat dirci.pT)K6Tas Tovi (TTpa.Tiu>Ta


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293] SEQUENCE OF MOODS 83291. Agency with the Verbal. The agent with the verbal

is put in the dative (cf. 100), but with the impersonal con-struction it is sometimes accusative.

IIopcuT^ov o r||itv Toiis irpmTovi (rraOfiov's As av BvvtofuOa /laKpoTa/rovi2. 2. 12.We must make the first marches as long as possible.

'It&v av eiTj d(Curo\Uvo\is (sc. 17/ias) XM 3. II. I.It would be best for us to go and see.

SEQUENCE OF MOODS AND TENSES292. Tenses. There is no law of sequence of tenses, as

in Latin. Usually congruity of thought causes primarytenses to follow primary tenses, and secondary secondary,as in English. Still the point of view is free to shift.

'Ejrei Sk T6Te\VTriKv, dira77^\\T 'Aptatcu on ij/icis viKuniv T ^SacrtXeaKal &i opare ovSeU In ^/jiiv |j,dxcTai 2. I. 4.

But since he is dead, report to Ariaeus that we are victoriousover the king, and, as you see, no one is fighting with us anylonger.

UXr/O'iov r[v 6 (rraO/Jibs ev6a c|uXXe KaraXveiv I. 8. I.The halting place was near, where he was to stop.293. Sequence of Moods. In certain dependent clausesthere is a law of sequence of mood, distinguishing primary

sequence from secondary sequence. Here primary tensesof the leading verb take primary sequence, and secondarytenses secondary sequence. But in final clauses and inindirect discourse primary sequence also is allowed with-secondary tenses.

A^^ova-C Ttves otl iroXXa wm^xvci I. 7. J.Some say that you make many promises."EXsyov OTL Trepl cnrovSZv TiKOiev 2. 3. 4.They said that they had come about a truce.



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84 SEQUENCE OF MOODS [ 294"E\67v on TO a-rpdrevfrn diroStSuo-i 7. 6. 3 (here aTroStSon; is possible)He said that he gave back the army."E^t-yov oTi KCpos /j-iv TiivriKtv 2. 1 . 3 (here T$vriKot is possible)They said that Cyrus was dead.294. In Final Clauses. In final clauses the subjunctive

stands in primary sequence (217), the optative in secondarysequence (229).

TlavTO. iroitiT^o {sc. icrrl) is /Aijiror' iwl ToTs /Bap^dpoLS yeviifiiia 3. I. 35.We must use all means never to fall into the barbarians' power.*EKd\e


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299] INDIRECT DISCOURSE 85Elire Tiva yvui)j.r)v X''S 2. 2. lo.Tell what opinion you have."EXe'yev oti ri oSos '^ctoito tt/dos fiacnXia I. 4. 11 (O. R. 17 080s earai).He said that the expedition was to be against the king."O TL Sc iroffjo-oi ov Swo-'iiiiTive 2. I. 23.But what he would do he did not declare (O. R. rt Troiiyo-ets /)T


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86 INDIRECT QUESTIONS C 300as see, hear, perceive, know, etc. The participle may be in agree-ment with either the subject or the object (287).

'EytyvtotTKOi' airoiis 01 EXXi;vs Pou\o(i.'vovs aTrteVat 3. 4' 3^- > The Greeks knew that they wished to depart.^vvo&a. i/MVTiS TrdvTa i^(vtr\Uvos avTov I. 3. 10.I am conscious that I have deceived him in all things.

INDIRECT QUESTIONS300. Moods and Tenses. Questions indirectly quoted fol-

low the same laws in regard to moods and tenses as the oti-clause in indirect discourse (cf. 296).

OiiK i


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305] INDIRECT AND DIRECT DISCOURSE 87EpovXcuero ... el Tre/XTroUv Ttvas t) Travres touv I. 10. 5.He took counsel whether they should send some or all should go.

RELATION OF INDIRECT TO DIRECT DISCOURSE303. After Primary Tenses. After on or oj?, and in in-

direct questions, the moods and tenses in both principal andsubordinate clauses remain unchanged when the leading verbis in a primary tense.

'Epel ovoeii ojs eyoi, ecu? fjiev av iropfi tis, xP!"'*'' I 4- ^No one shall say that I make use of a man, as long as any one staysby me (O. R. Iws piv av irop^ tis, xP'i''"''''') 304. After Secondary Tenses.When the leading verb is

in a secondary tense, primary tenses of the indicative or anysubjunctive, in both principal and subordinate clauses, maybe changed to the corresponding tenses of the optative, ormay be retained unchanged (cf. 293).

Ot 8' eXeyov oTi to. jAv Trpos fJiefrrj/J-^piav Trj'S iin ^aj3v\S>va (ir\ koIMjjSiaV, St' TjCTTTtp TlKOltV 3. 5. I5.

And they said that the region to the south lay on the road toBabylon and Media through which they had come (O. R. eo-rt,lJKTe)

"EXevov on KCpos ph/ Ti9vx\Ktv, 'Apiaio's 8e Tes . . . ett) 2. I. 3.They said that Cyrus was dead and Ariaeus had fled (O. R. TeOvrjKe,

Etircv on to avvOrjpa irap^pxeTai hevrcpov rjBr] I. 8. 16.He said that the watchword was now passing along the second

time.305. "Otl with Direct Discourse. Even the appropriate

changes in the person of pronouns and of verbs may not be made,and then on or ws introduces what is practically direct discourse.

'O 8e arreKpivaTO on ovS' d vvotfMiv, w Kvpe, uol y av tn Sdjoiiii I. 6. 8.And he replied; "Not even if I should become (your friend),O Cyrus, would I ever again seem so in your eyes."



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88 INDIRECT AND DIRECT DISCOURSE [306^lirev OTL avTOS l|ii ov SriTets 2. 4. 16.He said : " I am myself the man you seek."306. Secondary Tenses after Secondary Tenses. When theleading verb is in a secondary tense, the secondary tenses of the

indicative generally remain unchanged, but sometimes the imperfectand aorist (if it be the leading verb of the direct discourse) becomerespectively the present and the aorist optative.

"E-ypa\|/tt oTi ySacriXeiis IÊirXd-yT) 2. 3. I.I wrote that the king was terrified (O. R. iieirXdyr])"E\7v oTi OVK av TTore TrpodiTO, kird airai ipiXos airots l-y^vero 1 . 9. 10.He said he would never abandon them when once he had become

their friend (O. R. av TrpooifirjV, eytv6ji.-qv)'Eir^ptTO aiiTov El 6ir\iTioi. 5. 8. 5.Then he asked him whether he had been a hoplite (O. R. wirXi-

TcuEs ;)

307. Secondary Tenses in Unreal Conditions. The moodsand tenses of unreal conditions (318, 321) remain unchanged inindirect discourse.

"ItTTe OTI oiS' av lyMye ItrTao-Coôv, el aXXov e'CKiirii 6. I. 32.Be sure that, if you had chosen another, I should not be in revolt

either.

Aiyciv irpos KXiavSpov in ovK av liroT|o-v Ayao-ias ravra, el /j,-}) iyu>avTov K4\\io-a 6. 6. 15.To say to Cleander that Agasias would not have done this unless

I had bidden him.308. Change of Present to Imperfect, etc. In Homer, after

secondary tenses in indirect discourse the present and perfect indica-tive become imperfect and pluperfect respectively, as in English (cf.292). The older usage survives occasionally, even in Attic.

HitrÊTO OTI TO MeVftJVOS crTpaTtvfxa. ^8ij ev KiXiKi'a riv 1 . 2 . 21.He perceived that Menon's army was already in Cilicia (O. R. iari).EiropoDo-e . . . yiyvuicrKuiv o ol auTos iireCpexE x^^P"-^ AiroAXmv E 433.He rushed upon him, although he knew that Apollo himself was

defending him {OP&PWk^ll^Jpsoft


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3" THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE 89INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS

309. The Leading Verb. In the infinitive and participialconstructions of indirect discourse (cf. 298, 299) the leadingverb of the direct discourse is put in the corresponding tenseof the infinitive or participle (cf. 178 ff.).

Oi/Mii yap av ovk axapLaro)^ fwi i\ii.v 2. 3. 18.For I think it would not be a thankless task (O. R. ovk Slv ?xoi).Eiril fitrOtTO SiaPEPijKdTas, ri(Td-q 1.4. 16.He was pleased when he perceived that they had crossed (O. R.

Sia^c^rjKacn)

310. The Dependent Verbs. The dependent verbs followthe same laws as after on or m? (303, 304).

KaTaoîcrciv t tcis irvXas iâijav, d firj iKovre^ dvoCgovo-iv 7. I. 16.And they said they would burst in the gates if they (the others)did not voluntarily open them (O. R. Karacrxia-ofiev, dvoiitrc).O S UTTOTxeTO av8pi iKa.a-T(j} Saxrav jreVre dpyvpiov p.vS.'S, iirav eis Ba;8u-XSiva JiKOKri 1.4. 13.

And he promised to give each man five silver minae when theycame to Babylon (O. R. Smo-o), ^k-titi).

EJfai'TO (TiDTT^pia OxxTUv, h/Oa TrpS>TOv is 'piXiav yrjv d(|>K0ivT0 5. i. i.They vowed to sacrifice thank offerings for safety as soon as they

came to a friendly country (O. R. dva-ofisv, a.LKU3iMv)

THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE311. Protasis and Apodosis. Conditional sentences are

made up of two parts, the principal clause, or apodosis, andthe dependent clause, or protasis. The protasis usually, butnot always, precedes.

El jtiev i/AEts iOeXere iôpp,dv em Tavra, lirecrâi v/uv /SovXopai 3. I. 25.If you will take the initiative in this, I desire to follow you.KaA.(us ecTTot, rjv êos OcXy 7. 3. 43.It will be well, if God will.



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90 THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE [312312. Forms of the Protasis. The protasis may be ex-

pressed by a conditional participle (272), or by a relative ortemporal clause (221, 222, 233, 234) instead of a formal con-dition.

AXXov fMV 6\6|j,voi oi;^ evpriatTe e/jx crTacrtaôvTa 6. 1 . 29.If you choose another, you will not find me in revolt."O Ti ov 8^11 TrdcTOjxaL I. 3. 6.Whatever may be necessary I will endure.313. Particular and General Conditions. Conditional sen-tences may be either particular (referring to a specific act

or state), or general (including several or many specific acts orstates in a general statement). In future conditions (315,317), and in unreal conditions (318, 321), this distinction isnot grammatically important ; but for present and past gen-eral conditions distinct forms were developed.

Classification of Conditions314. Present or Past Particular Conditions. Present or

past particular conditions take the appropriate tenses ofthe indicative in both clauses, with nothing imphed as tofulfillment.

Et ovv Po\ir9, e^'o-Tiv vfilv ij/u.as "KsiÂv (Tvî.fxAyQni'i 5. 4. 6.Now if you wish, you can take us as allies.Et fxkv ETT dyaSo) lK6\acrii two., a|i,M vTciytiv St/cijv 5. 8. 18.If I chastised any one for his good, I deem it right to receivemy deserts.

Cf. Ous (i/CKpous) 8e fiji] cvpio-Kov, Kcvorcicîov avroZs liroCT)


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3i8] THE CONDITIONAL SENTElStCE 9ithe subjunctive (220) in the protasis, and some future form inthe apodosis.

Ti ecTTOi Tois (TTpaTtioTats, ear avTui TaiJTa xapto-uvTai ) 2. I. lo.What will the soldiers have, if they oblige hira in this ?AXAovs ir^iiil/ov, av ix-q Tives e^eXouo-iot a(v


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92 THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE [ 319El /JAV TJirto-TdiitOa crat^Ss . oiSiv av 8i u)v ^ttcXXo) Xeyeiv 5- I- l-If we were certain (the present fact is ovk iTn


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324] THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE 93Cf. OTTOTEpov TovTwv liToCiiirev, ovSevos &-v rfrrov 'AOrjvaimv irXovcrioi rio-ov

Lys. 32. 23 (cf. 312).Whichever of these (things) he had done, they would be no less

rich than any of the Athenians.322. Use of Imperfect or Pluperfect. The imperfect or

pluperfect indicative may be used in either clause of a pastunreal condition to express continuance or completion re-spectively.

Et 8e TOVTO TravTES eTroioS|iev, aTravTcs av dirrnXd/AEâ 5. 8. 13.And if we had all acted in that way, we should all have perished.Ov yap av Tiil/aT avrZy irapovTutv yifimv (= ei ij/aek irap^jpiev), ^ ovk av

upKCÔjJiEv avTOv, SxTTf. T^s dprjvrii 8iT)napT^Kei., Kal ovk av afKârtpa A\t,KOL TTjV dpyvTjv Kol TO, ^((Dpla. Dem. 18. 30.

For, had we been there, he would not have laid hands on them, orelse we would have refused to administer the oaths to him, sothat he would have missed the peace, and would not havesecured both, viz., the peace and the strongholds.

General Conditions323. Present General Condition. The present general

condition has ^dv (av or ^V) with the subjunctive (cf. 220)in the protasis, and a present indicative or its equivalent inthe apodosis.

Tas 8e a)Ti8as, av Tis Ta;)(t) o.vio-T'Q, otti Aa/*j8aviv I. 5. 3.Bustards, if one rouse them suddenly, may be caught.AStKouvTa, 17V A-a/Jj^s, KoXoêts ; XC. 3. I. 11.Do you punish a wrong-doer, if you catch him ?

Cf. Ot Se avSpES elo-iv 01 TTOiovi/TES o Ti av h/ raii /taxats 7t7vr)Tai. 3. 2. 18,But men are the doers of whatever is done in battles.324. Past General Condition. The past general condition

has et with the optative (cf. 232) in the protasis and the im-perfect or its equivalent in the apodosis.^ Digitized by Microsoft


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,4 THE PARTICLE Av [ 325Ei Se 8^ iroT iropeiioiTO Kal ttKuittoi n^Woiev oxptaOai, irpoUKoXSiv Tous


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33 1 THE PARTICLE 'Av 95AlTfpi&TUV OV aVTOVS TlXiyOLiV PI. Ap. 22 b.I was wont to ask them what they meant.OiSei'a av ttcottotc d4>eC\cT0, aSX aei TrXet'o) irpocreSiSov I. 9. 19.He was never wont to take from any one, but always to add more329. With Future Indicative, etc., in Homer. Homer uses

av (/ce) with the future indicative, the subjunctive, or the optative, ina principal clause nearly or quite like a simple future (216, 227).

'O 8c Kv K6xo\(i(rtTai ov (cev ikco/mw A 139.And he will be angry to whom I shall come.Et Bi Kc fxr] Soirjcrtv, iyi) Se kiv a^Tos ^wiiai A 324.And if he do not give her up, I will myself take her.NSv yap kiv tKoi ttoAiv B 1 2For now he will (can) take the city.

330. The "Av of Apodosis Retained. The dv of apodosisis retained in indirect discourse, and in general when finiteforms with dv are changed to infinitives or participles.

'Avap-xia ov Kal araxtq. ivofu^ov ij/ias diro\6


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96 THE NEGATIVES [ 332332. In Final Clauses. Occasionally dv is also joined to

the final particles &)?, ottib? (p^pa), in primary sequence.Xp^ . . . irpouexeiv tov vovv, s a,v to 'TrapayyeXXo/i.tvov Svvr\a-di TroLtiv6. 3. 18.It is necessary to take heed, that you may be able to do what is

ordered.Ata T^s fr^s X'^P"-'' "f"* ^fiS.i Bitcds ov clSupiev XC 5. 2. 21.You will lead us through your country in order that we may

know.

333. The "Av of Protasis Lost. When the subjunctive ofthese clauses (331, 332) becomes optative in indirect discourse(304), dp is lost.

EvfavTO cr(i)Ti/pta Owrtiv, v6a TrpStrov eis i\iav y^v d


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338] THE NEGATIVES 97*Apa |Jiii Sia/SdWta-Oai Sofas; XM. 2. 6. 34.You will not think yourself slandered, will you?336. Subjunctive and Imperative with Mrj. The subjunc-

tive and imperative always take /a^.Mt| |U.eAA(ujuEV 3. I. 46. Mt) 6avfia^eTe i- 3- 3.Let us not delay. Marvel not.MijSe jU,vT0i toJto /u.iov So^rjfTc exv 3. 2. 17.But do not suppose, however, that you are the worse off for this.

In Dependent Clauses337. Clauses with Ov. Causal clauses, indicative result

clauses (cf. 202), and oVt or


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98 THE NEGATIVES [ 339'Hvayxacra St ci tovtov ayetv ws htj airoXoiTo 5. 8. 8.And I forced you to carry him that he might not perish.Aturas ju,^ ov tt/dcotos irapaSpafJioi ets to \u>pi.ov 4. 7. II.Fearing that he might not get by first into the place.

With the Infinitive and Participle339. The Infinitive. The infinitive regularly takes /i?;,

save in indirect discourse, where ov is the general rule.El \i.iXKo\x,tv TovTovi CLpyeiv uxTre \i.t\ BvvacrOai ySAaiTTetv ^/iSs 3. 3. 16.If we are to hinder them from being able to injure us.Olpai yap av ovk dxapt'orajs jixoi xv 2. 3. 18.For I think it would not be a thankless task.'E/8o(i)i/ Sc dAA;\ois nil Oelv Sp6p.to 1.8. 19 (O. R. /jLrj SetDjuev, 336).They shouted to one another not to go on a run.340. The Participle. The participle regularly takes ov,save when conditional (272), or equivalent to a general rela-

tive clause.04 TToXi) oe TrpoeXrjXvOoTiav avTuiv c?rKâtvTat TraA.iv 3. 3. 6.And when they had advanced a little way, he again appeared.Ml) jropra9 apitiTOv 2. 3. 5.Unless he provide breakfast.Ot (IT) oura/xei'Ot SLareXeaai rrjv 68ov IwKripcvcrav acriTOt 4. 5 . II.Those who could not finish the journey passed the night without

food.Redundant Negatives

341. After Verbs of Hindering, etc. After verbs and phrasescontaining a negative idea, such as hindering, forbidding, denying,a redundant p.r) is often placed before the infinitive.

ATTOKtoXvorat Tovs EAAijvas (it] IXQav eis t^v ^pvyiav 6. 4. 24.To prevent the Greeks from entering Phrygia.MtKpov |e6rjvai I. 3. 2.He narrowly escaped/3}îagas4p]/i^(fej,/âth.


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345] PREPOSITIONS WITH ONE CASE 99342. Mt| ov. After these verbs and phrases, when themselves

accompanied by a negative adverb, the double negative /i^ ou com-monly precedes the infinitive.

Oi Sui/aroi avrriv lo-xetv eicrl 'Apyeioi (li] o4k i^iivai Hdt. 9. 12.The Argives cannot restrain her from going out.Tt e/i7roSa)v (I'l o^x'' airoOavuv; 3. I. 13.What prevents {i.e. nothing prevents) their being killed ?343. Ov |iTi. The aorist subjunctive (cf. 215) or the future

indicative is used with ov ixrj as an emphatic negative future.Ta /i.V yap ^evia oii [it] yh/rjrai rrj arpaTia rpiuiv ^/Ji.cplov criTa 6. 2. 4.For the hospitable gifts will not provision the army for three days.Toils . . TTOvrjpotis 06 \

bevier brief greek syntax

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