BestPracticesforLocalGovernmentSolid WasteRecycling,DiversionfromLandfill andWasteReduction December2011 PreparedbyMecklenburgCountyLandUse&EnvironmentalServicesAgency, SolidWasteDivision

Acknowledgement MecklenburgCounty,NCwouldliketothankallofthelocalgovernmentsthatreviewedprofilesand providedcomments,answeredemails,andspokewithourstaffviaphone,providingtheinformation necessarytocompletethisstudy.

TableofContentsExecutiveSummary 1.0Introduction 2.0WasteRecyclingandDiversionBackground 2.1FactorsAffectingWasteDiversion 2.2TheCharacterofSolidWasteandOrganizationofPrograms 2.3InfrastructureandFacilities 3.0Methodology 3.1LiteratureReview 3.2Selectionoflocalgovernments 3.3ProfileDevelopment 4.0BestManagementPracticesProgramElements 4.1CityResidentialCurbsidePrograms 4.1.1ResidentialMultifamily 4.2CountyResidentialPrograms 4.3Commercial/Industrial/Institutional 4.4ConstructionandDemolitionWaste 4.5Schools 4.6EventRecycling 4.7LocalGovernmentInhouseRecyclingPrograms 4.8WastePrevention(Reduce,Reuse 4.9Litter 4.10SummaryofBestPractices AppendixA:LocalGovernmentProfiles Page1 Page4 Page4 Page4 Page6 Page6 Page7 Page7 Page8 Page9 Page10 Page12 Page16 Page17 Page19 Page22 Page25 Page26 Page27 Page28 Page30 Page31

ExecutiveSummaryInpreparationforitsupcomingSolidWasteManagementPlan,MecklenburgCountysolidwastedivision staffconductedastudyof24localgovernmentrecyclingandwastediversionprograms.Staffwas seekingtoidentifyprogramelementsthatoffersuccessfuldiversionofsolidwastefromlandfills. Staffconductedaliteraturereviewandthenselected24localgovernmentstoexamine.Staffreviewed websitecontentandotheravailabledocumentssuchasSolidWasteManagementPlansfromthe selectedcommunities.Aprofilewasdevelopedforeachofthe24localgovernments.Theprofiled communitieswerecontactedviaphoneoremailandaskedtoreviewcompletedprofilesand/or interviewedpriortoprofiledevelopment.Manyofthelocalgovernmentsrespondedwithinformation, somedidnot. LocalGovernmentsProfiled AlamedaCounty,CA Greensboro,NC Philadelphia,PA Atlanta,GA Indianapolis,IN Portland,OR Austin,TX Jacksonville/DuvalCounty*FL SanFrancisco,CA CityofBoulder,CO KingCounty,WA SanJose,CA Chicago,IL Nashville/DavidsonCounty*TN Seattle,WA Denver,CO Oakland,CA TorontoCanada FairfaxCounty,VA Orlando/Orange,FL MetroVancouverBCCanada Fresno,CA OrangeCounty,NC WakeCounty,NC *CombinedCity/CountyGovernment Followingprofiledevelopment,essentialdatawaspulledfromeachprofileandorganizedtoprovide betterunderstanding.Thedatawasorganizedbyprogramcategory,suchasresidentialcurbside,multi family,commercial,andconstruction/demolition. ThedatapresentedintheBestPracticessection,identifysomeprogramelementsthatmaycontribute tothehigherdiversion/recyclinglevelsreported.Followingaresomeoftheprogramelements identifiedbyprogramarea. CityResidentialCurbside mandatoryrecyclingparticipationand/ormandatoryprovisionofrecyclingservice, variableratesystemwheregarbagechargesarebasedonthesizeofsubscribedcontainerand recyclingandcompostingcollectionarefree(i.e.,thelessgarbageyouproduce,thelessyoupay alsocalledPayAsYouThroworPAYT) foodwastecollectionprogram(usuallycombinedwithyardwaste) banondisposalofrecyclableandcompostableitemsinthegarbagecontainer(garbageisnotpicked upifrecyclableorcompostableitemsareintrashorafineislevied). Multifamily Recyclingservicerequiredwithgarbageeitherfreewithgarbageserviceoratanextracharge. Mandatoryrecyclingrequirement Somehavefoodwastecollectionformultifamily

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Commercial Mandatoryrecycling Mandatoryfoodwaste(SanFranciscoisabsolute,othersiffoodwastegeneratingbusiness) Freecollection Styrofoambanforrestaurants Foodservicecontainersmustberecyclableorcompostable(localgovt.decides/approves containers) Recyclingplan Construction/Demolition Mandatoryrecyclingpercentage Economicincentivefeerequiredwithpermit,feereturnedifrecyclingquotamet(5065%) Disposalbans Materialsmustbetakentoacertifiedfacilitywithmandatedrecyclingpercentagerequirements Wastemanagementplanssubmittedwithconstructionand/ordemolitionpermitapplication(thisis usedinconjunctionwithmandatoryordepositfee),andfinalreportingafterprojectcompletion. WasteReduction(Reduce,Reuse) Greenpurchasing(buyrecycled,lowertoxicity) Productreusecenters/exchanges PAYT Grants Educationalpartnerships Optoutofyellowpagesandjunkmail ExtendedProducerResponsibility EventRecycling Recyclingrequirement Styrofoamban Cityprovidescontainersorcollectionservices Recyclableorcompostablefood/beveragepackagingrequirement Manylocalgovernmentsalsohadschool,litterandinhouserecyclingefforts.Thesearepresentedin thebodyofthereport. Thetablebelowprovidesamatrixofprogramelementsandthecommunitiesemployingthem.

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FairfaxCounty,VA OrangeCounty,NC OrangeCounty,FL AlamedaCounty, Philadelphia,PA SanFrancisco,CA Greensboro,NC Indianapolis,IN TorontoCanada X X X X X X X X

Portland,OR

Boulder,CO

Oakland,CA

SanJose,CA X X X X

Atlanta,GA

Denver,CO

ResidentialSingleFamily MandatoryCurbsideRecycling VariableRatePAYT FoodWasteCollection DisposalBan Multifamily RecyclingServiceRequired Mandatory X FoodWasteService Commercial MandatoryRecycling MandatoryFoodWaste RequiredRecyclingSvc. Foodservicecontainersmustbe recyclable/compostable Styrofoamban Construction/Demolition Mandatoryrecyclingpercentage X Economicincentiverefundable depositfeewithpermit DisposalBan Mustusecertifiedfacility WasteReduction Greenpurchasing(buyrecycled, lowertoxicity) Productreuse centers/exchanges Grants Optout(yellowpagesand/or junkmail ExtendedProducer Responsibility EventRecycling Recyclingrequirement X

X X

Austin,TX

Chicago,IL

Fresno,CA

X X X X X X X X

1

X X X

X

X

X 3

4

2

X X

X X

X X X 4 5 X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X

4

X

X X X X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

Recyclable/compostable X X food/bev.packagingrequired Providescontainers/services X X X 1Requiredifmorethan100units),2Mandatoryif50%orgreaterrecyclablesintrash,3requiredif100 employeesormore,4paperandcardboardmandatory,5mandatoryiffoodwastegeneratingbusiness,city decides

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Seattle,WA

1.0IntroductionAsMecklenburgCountystrivesforcontinuousimprovementandinpreparationfortheCountys2012 SolidWasteManagementPlanupdate,MecklenburgCountySolidWastestaffconductedastudyto identifysuccessfulwastediversionpracticesamongcommunitiesintheUnitedStatesandCanada.The Countyreviewedthepractices,policiesandprogramsoftwentyfourcommunities. Profilesofdiversion,recycling,andwastemanagementpracticesandsystemswerecreatedforeach community.Staffwasseekingtoidentifyprogramelementsthatoffersuccessfuldiversionofsolid wastefromlandfills.ThisreportdoesnotincludeaRecommendationsSectionastheintentofthis studywastopresentpracticesandprogramswhichcouldincreaseknowledgeoncurrentandfuture practicesandpoliciesthatdivertwastefromlandfills.Manyoftheprogramsidentified,ifsuccessfully implementedinalocalcommunitycouldbringabouttheexpansionofwastereductionandrecycling. Thisreportcontainsamenuofoptionsforcommunitiestoconsiderforimplementationintotheirwaste managementsystems. Thestudybeginswithadiscussionofwasterecyclinganddiversionbasics.ThisincludesFactors AffectingWasteDiversionwhichprovidesabasicunderstandingofrecyclingandmarketsforrecycled materials.Inaddition,governmentpoliciesthatcaninfluencerecyclingandwastediversionare discussed.TheCharacterofSolidWasteandOrganizationofProgramshelpsthereaderunderstandwhy solidwasterecyclingprogramsareorganizedthewaythattheyare.InfrastructureandFacilities explainsthecriticalroletheseelementsplayinmakingrecyclingandwastediversionwork.The Methodologysectionprovidesresultsfromaliteraturereviewthatwasconducted,howweselectedthe communitiestostudyandhowprofilesweredeveloped.TheBestPracticeschapterpullstheessential datafromeachprofileandorganizestheinformationintoprogramelementcategories(e.g.,residential curbsideprograms,commercial/business,etc.).

2.0WasteRecyclingandDiversionBasics 2.1FactorsAffectingWasteDiversion

RecyclingBasicinformationaboutthenatureofrecyclingishelpfulinunderstandingboththechoicesthat communitiesmakeandtheopportunitiesavailableforrecycling.Inoureconomicsystem,thereisa need/demandforproducts,somanufacturersmakeproductsandthendistributethemthrougha systemofwholesaleandretailoutlets.Theproductsarepurchasedbyconsumersandeventuallythe productsarenolongerusefulordesiredandtheyaredisposed.Recyclingisthereverseofthisprocess wherediscardedmaterialsmustfindtheirwaybacktoamanufactureranditbeginswithprivatesector demandforthematerials(markets). MarketsandMarketDemand(price) Recyclingisonlypossibleifthereisamarketdemandforthematerialsyouwanttorecycle.Thismeans thatthematerialmustbecapableofbeingeconomicallyprocessedintoaformthatiscompetitivewith virginmaterials.Consequently,localgovernmentrecyclingprogramsfocustheireffortsonmaterialsfor whichmarketdemandexistsandtrytocollectandprocessthesematerialsintoaformthatissufficiently freeofcontaminantstobesoldontheprivatemarket.

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Marketsandmarketdemandformanymaterialsmayalsobedrivenbytheinternationalmarketplace. PaperandplasticsproductsareoftenpurchasedbyAsian,IndianandEuropeanmarkets.Inaddition, thevalueofmaterialscanbeaffectedbyinexpensiverawmaterialimportsashasoccurredinthepast withsteelandaluminum.Pricespaidformaterialsmayalsofluctuatebyproximitytothemanufacturer orenduser,andcanbeaffectedbythecostofcollectingandtransportingmaterials. Virginmaterialpricescanaffectthevalueofrecycledmaterials,whenoilpricesincrease(plasticsare madefromoil),itfavorsthevalueofrecycledplastics.Inthecaseofglassbottlesandjars.Glassis madefromlime,sodaashandsand,whichareabundantandinexpensive.Consequently,thepricepaid forrecycledculletataglassfactoryislow(comparedtopaperorplastic).Howthematerialis collectedcanleadtobreakageandmixingofglasscolorsresultinginanegativevalueforglassandmay resultincommunities/businesseshavingtopayformaterialstoberecycled. DisposalFees Thefeesassociatedwithdisposingofwastecanalsoinfluencedecisionstorecycleandhowmuchto recycle.IntheNortheast,wheregarbagedisposalfeesaremuchhigherthanintheSouth,businesses havemuchmoreeconomicincentivetoreducetheirwasteandrecycleasmuchaspossible. PublicPolicy Federal,stateandlocalpoliciescanalsoinfluencerecycling.Thesepoliciesinclude:landfillbans, mandates,incentives,anddisincentives,subsidies,depositlaws,advancedisposalfees,packaging policies,producerresponsibilitylaws,lowinterestloans,grantsandtaxbreaks. Internalpoliciescanalsobeuseful,especiallyifinitiatedbyalargeconsumer.Byrequiringtheuseof recycledcontentpaperbyfederalagencies,thefederalgovernmentwasabletoinfluencerecycled contentstandards,qualityofrecycledcontentpaperanddemandfortheseproducts. Statepoliciesthatbenefitrecyclinghavegenerallyconsistedofrecyclinggoals,recyclingrequirements, recyclinggrants,taxincentives,beveragecontainerdepositlaws,disposalfeesurchargesanddisposal restrictions(bans).ThestateofNorthCarolinahasbanneddisposalofmanyitemsincludingplastic beveragebottles,washers/refrigeratorsandotherwhitegoods,woodenpallets,andaluminumcans. TheStatehasalsoimplementedadisposalsurchargeandapplied12.5%oftherevenuescollectedfrom thatsurchargetorecyclingefforts. Californiahasbeveragecontainerdepositlaws,marketdevelopmentzones,aswellasrecyclinggoals andrequirementsforitslocalgovernments.Oregonhasdepositlawsandrequiresthatmultifamily communitiesoffiveormoreunitshavetheopportunitytorecycle. Localgovernmentpoliciesgenerallyconsistofgoals,recyclingrequirements,incentivesanddisposal bans.MecklenburgCountyhasabusinessrecyclingordinance(requirement)andarequirementthat singlefamilyhomesreceivecurbsiderecyclingandyardwastecollectionservices.Disposalbansare mosteffectivewhentheyaresuccessfullyenforced.Somemunicipalitiesinthecountrymandate residentialrecyclingwhileothersprovidedfinancialincentives(residentschargeddirectlyfortiered garbageservicebutreceiverecyclingserviceforfree).

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2.2TheCharacterofSolidWasteandOrganizationofPrograms Wastereductionprogramsacrossthecountryaregenerallyorganizedintoresidentialwaste, commercialwaste,andconstruction/demolitionwaste.Thereasonforthisisthatthesewastesources aredifferentincharacterandstrategiesmustaddresstheirdifferencesaswellaswherethewaste materialsarebeinggenerated. Residentialwasteisfairlyhomogenousacrossthecountry.Aresidentinahotterclimatemayconsume morecoldbeveragesthansomeoneinacoldclimate,butgenerallyweallshopatthesamechain stores,consumethesameproductsandgeneratesimilarwastes.Therearesomepredictable differencesbetweenhomeownersandmultifamilyresidents.Ahomeownerwillconsumemorehome improvementproductsandgenerateyardwasteforexample.Allresidentialhouseholdsgeneratefood waste. Commercialwastestreamstendtobethelargestportionofsolidwasteincitiesandtowns.Theyare alsothemostdiverseincharacter.Differentbusinesstypesgeneratedifferentwastestreams. Restaurantsgeneratefoodwasteandfoodpackagingmaterials(primarilycardboard).Officebuildings generatemostlypaper.Retailgeneratesmostlycardboard.Manufacturingwasteconsistsoftransport packagingwasteandprocesswaste.Whiletransportpackagingwasteispredictable(wooden pallets/crates,plasticstretchwrap,corrugatedcardboard),processwastedependsonthetypeof productbeingmanufactured.Processwastethatislandfilledcanincludedewaterednonhazardous sludgeorfoundrysand. Inthisreport,commercialwasteissometimesreferredtoasCIIorcommercial/industrial/institutional. Commercialincludesrestaurants,retailandofficebuildings.Industrialwouldbethemanufacturing facilitiesmentionedabove.Institutionalconsistsofhospitals,universities,prisonsandothersimilar largewastegenerators. Constructionanddemolitionwasteconsistsmainlyofconcrete,metal,treatedanduntreatedwood, roofingmaterials,drywall,dirt,sandandgravel.Thereisadifferencebetweenconstructionwastesand demolitionwastesintermsofrecyclability.Painteddrywallisnotrecyclable,sothismaterialislostin demolition.Itisalsodifficulttodifferentiatebetweentreatedanduntreatedwoodwhenthewoodis aged,sothisisalsoamaterialthatisrarelyrecycledindemolitionprojects. Mostprogramsinlargercitiesaddressresidentialhouseholdhazardouswasteaswellaselectronics, tiresandwhitegoodsastheseareeitherbannedoratleastproblematicinlandfills.

2.3InfrastructureandFacilities Wastemanagementrequiresinfrastructure.Infrastructureincludescollectioninfrastructure (collectors/haulers),processinginfrastructureandenduseordisposalinfrastructure.Priortothe adventofrecycling,infrastructuregenerallyconsistedofgarbagecollectorsanddisposalfacilities.Now therearerecyclingprocessingfacilitieswhichsort,packageandtransportrecyclablestomarket. Inordertorecycleyardwaste,ayardwasteprocessingfacilityisrequired.Ifyouwanttorecyclefood waste,amoresophisticatedversionofayardwasteprocessingfacilityisrequiredtoaddressodorsand avoidproblemswithanimal/insectpests.

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Intheprofilesection,wetriedtocataloguethefacilitiesthatthelocalgovernmentoperatedtoaddress itswastemanagementneedsandgoals.

3.0Methodology 3.1LiteratureReviewThisstudybeganwithaliteraturereviewwhichsoughttoidentifybestpracticesorbenchmarking studiesthatwererelevantandaccessible. Indeterminingwhichprogramstoreview,consultantsandlocalgovernmentrecyclingmanagers nationwide,knownfortheirlongtermleadershipandcommitmenttorecyclingandwastereduction werecontacted,aswellasreviewsofwastediversionlistserves,andinternetresearch. AvailableStudies:OutstandingProgramComparisons Countystafffoundavarietyofcomparativestudiesofrecyclingprograms,conductedduringvarious periodsoftimeandcoveringspecificgeographicareas.AstudyofnotewasoneconductedforMetro VancouverBC(Canada)bySkumatzEconomicResearchAssociates(SERA)entitled2007NorthAmerican WasteManagementSystemsComparisonStudy:OutstandingCommunitiesandProgramsinNorth America&Beyond.SERAprofiled19NorthAmericancommunitiesand7specialtyprogramsforatotal of26..Thestudyidentifiedbestpracticesandprovidedaquantitativeanalysisofleadingalternatives. Thestudyreportedcurbsiderecyclingresultsrangingfrom98to791poundspercapitaperyear.Most rangedfrom120to250poundswithSeattlereporting301pounds.Thestudyfoundthatresidential curbsideyardwasteprogramsalonecollectonaverage117pounds/person/yearandaddingfoodwaste increasesthisto219pounds. Bansondisposalofrecyclablematerialswerenotfoundtoincreaserecyclingrates,thepoundsper capitawerenearlyidenticalandthediversionratewasactuallyhigherforcitieswithoutbans. Theresultsindicatedthatafocusoncommercialprogramsmaybethenextbeststepascommunities withcommercialprogramshadhigherdiversionrates.Communitiesthathaveregulatedcommercial haulers(Portland)reportsignificantresults. Someofthemostuseful(andlikelyeffective)regulationsinclude:1)makinghaulerpermits contingentonofferingrecycling,and2)requiringthecostofrecyclingtobeembeddedinthe trashfeesorecyclingdoesntcostbusinessesmore. Forthefullreport,see: http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/solidwaste/planning/ReportsforQA/SERA WasteManagementSystemsComparisonStudy.pdf AvailableStudies:Commercialonly In2002theCityofAnnArborMichigancommissionedaCommercialRecyclingStudyconductedby ResourceRecyclingSystems.Thestudyincludedbestpracticesprofilescoveringcommercialand commercialorganicwastediversion.TheStudywassubsequentlyusedinAnnArbors2007SWMP

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update,especiallybythecityappointedcommercialrecyclingimplementationcommittee. http://www.a2gov.org/government/publicservices/systems_planning/recycle/Documents/City%20of%2 0Ann%20Arbor%20Commercial%20Recycling%20Support%20Recommendations%20(2006).pdf (programprofilesbeginonpage33,abouta1/5ofthewayintothedocument) Theprofiledprogramscoveredcommercialrecycling,commercialorganics,andC&Drecycling. AvailableStudies:C&Donly SurveyandanalysisofC&DRecyclingPrograms,2008,wascompletedfortheCityofSanJosebyR3 Consulting.ThestudyprovidesdetailedcomparisonsofCaliforniaC&Dprogramsandlaysoutoptions forSanJosetoconsider. Thestudycanbefoundat: http://www.sjrecycles.org/constructiondemolition/pdf/cddd_Survey AnalysisCDPrograms_110408.pdf GovernmentPoliciesforIncreasingtheRecyclingofConstructionandDemolitionDebris,2007(Cochran, Henry,Dubey,andTownsend)providesaconcisediscussionofpolicyoptionsforC&Ddebrisrecycling. Policiesdiscussedinclude:directregulation(requirements,bans),marketincentives(e.g.,disposalfees), andeducation.Thefullreportcanbereadat: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/publications/shw/recycling/InnovativeGrants/IGYear7/fi nalreports/ClayIRGRecyclingFinalDeliverable_10_23_2007.pdf CountystaffconductedtheirownanalysisofUSProgramswithExceptionalC&DWasteReduction Policiesforthe2009SolidWasteManagementPlan.Atablelocatedonpage612oftheplanliststhe programsandpoliciesthatyieldedexceptionalresults. http://charmeck.org/mecklenburg/county/SolidWaste/Documents/Final%202009%20SWMP%20623 09.pdf

3.2SelectionofLocalGovernments SelectionProcess Basedontheliteraturereview,localgovernmentswereselectedfortheirrecognitionandleadingefforts inrecyclingandwastediversionandthosewithsimilardemographicsorprogramstoMecklenburg County.Manycommunitieswellknownfortheirrecyclingeffortstendedtobecongregatedinwestern states,notablyCalifornia,WashingtonandOregon,withStatemandates,highlandfilldisposalfees and/orcommunitiesdesirousofwasteminimizationefforts. CommunitieswerealsoselectedfromtheeasternhalfoftheUnitedStatesthatwerewellknownfor theirrecyclingandwastereductionefforts,comparableinsize,hadnotableprogramelementsforwaste reduction,orwasaprogramthathasbeenreviewedorreferencedasleadersinotherareasof governance. Countyvs.Cityvs.RegionalAuthority Allgovernmentalprogramshavejurisdictionalboundariesandrolesthattheyfulfill.InMecklenburg County,theCityandTownsallprovidegarbage,recyclingandyardwastecollection.TheCounty

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providesprocessingofcurbsiderecyclablesandyardwaste,dropoffcentersforrecycling,household hazardouswaste,batteries,tiresandmanyotherservices.Wastediversion,fromagovernmental perspective,entailsanetworkofstatemandates/goalsandcity/countyinitiativesandrolesthat culminatesinthewastediversionratethatisachieved.Thisistrueforeverycommunityprofiled. Thisisilluminatedforthereaderbytheadditionofasectiontotheprofilethatdescribestheroleofthe governmentalentitybeingprofiledandtheirroleinwastereduction,whilealsodiscussingbrieflythe otherplayersinthatlocalgovernmentsoverallwastereductionstrategy. LocalGovernmentsProfiled AlamedaCounty,CA Greensboro,NC Atlanta,GA Indianapolis,IN Austin,TX Jacksonville/DuvalCounty*FL CityofBoulder,CO KingCounty,WA Chicago,IL Nashville/DavidsonCounty*TN Denver,CO Oakland,CA FairfaxCounty,VA Orlando/Orange,FL Fresno,CA OrangeCounty,NC *CombinedCity/CountyGovernment Philadelphia,PA Portland,OR SanFrancisco,CA SanJose,CA Seattle,WA TorontoCanada MetroVancouverBCCanada WakeCounty,NC

3.3ProfileDevelopmentMecklenburgCountystaffdevelopedcommunityprofileswiththeassistanceofmunicipal representativesacrosstheUnitedStatesandCanada.Thefocusofthiseffortwasprogramsthat divertedwastefromdisposalthroughreduction,recycling,reuseorcompostingprograms.Additional informationonprogramsandinfrastructurewascapturedthatsupportedtheintegrationofsolidwaste management.Researchwasconductedthatutilizedthefollowingprocess: Reviewofthewebsitesdocumentingallprogramelementsidentifiedonthesite ReviewofSolidWasteManagementPlansandOrdinancesifavailable Programprofilesdrafted Questionswerehighlightedwebsitedidnotaddress Municipalrepresentativeswerecontactedseekingreviewofthevirtualdocumentsand providedwithadditionalrequestsforinformation

Thelevelofparticipationbylocalgovernmentsvariedandrangedfromreviewingthevirtualprofile, providingdetailedreviewandfeedback,providinglimitedinformationornoresponseatall.

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4.0BestManagementPracticesProgramElements Inthissection,programelementsthatlocalgovernmentswithhighdiversion/recyclingratesexhibitand /orsuccessfulprogramelementsarehighlighted. Leadersinrecyclingandwastereductionallhadanoticeablecommitmenttoachievingahighdiversion orrecyclingrateasobservedinthefollowingpractices: Goalsetting Publicparticipationintheplanningprocessandimplementationprocessesinpursuitofestablished goals Commitmentandsupportofelectedofficials Mandatoryprogramswithenforcedparticipation Requiringprivatesectorhaulersandprocessorstoprovideservicesandreportresults(willingnessto franchiseexclusiveservicerightsinordertocontrolservicedeliveryandachieveobjectives). Knowledgeableandcommittedstaffs

Goals/Results Table4.0providesanoverviewofgovernmentswithdiversionorrecyclingratesof40%orgreater. Diversionisoftencalculatedastotalquantitydiverteddividedbytotalquantitydivertedplusdisposed. However,whatiscountedasdivertedvariesfromstatetostateandsometimesevenbetweenlocal governments.Recyclingrateisusuallythetotalrecycledtonnagedividedbythereferencewaste stream(totalMSWortotalresidentialwasteforexample).Aswiththediversionrate,whatiscounted asrecyclingvariesfromcommunitytocommunityaswellasthereferencewastestreamwhichmakes comparisonchallenging. Whetherthecommunityestablishedadiversionorrecyclinggoal,youhavetoappreciatethatthese communitiesareseriousaboutrecyclingandwastediversion.Goalsrangefrom4075%inthenear term(2015atthelatest)andupto90%(zerowaste)inthelongerterm.Measuringresultsmayvary fromcommunitytocommunity,butacommunityssuccessisdeterminedbytheaccomplishmentofits goalsandsatisfactionofitscustomers. ConsiderKingCountyWashingtonsprogramwhichserves1.28millionpeople.Ofthe1,682,971tonsof wastegenerated,theyrecycled815,490anddisposedof867,481tons(excludesC&D).

Table4.0:GovernmentswithWasteDiversionorRecyclingRatesof40%orHigher. Pop. Government Served Goals DisposalFeesAlameda CountyCA 1.5 million 75%diversionby2010 By2020,lessthan10%byweight oflandfilledmaterialwillconsistof recyclables/organics 103,600 60%WR2007;70%2012;85% 2017;Zeroby2025 Landfill$38$50 TransferStations$65 $120

TotalProgram Results69%diversion(2009)

Boulder,CO

Chicago,IL

2.69 million

$82.75/ton@local 3448%(mixedinfoon transfersta.,$19.25/cu. website) yd.@landfill(1520miles away) 45%

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GovernmentFairfaxCounty, VA Fresno,CA KingCounty, WA Oakland,CA OrangeCounty, NC

Pop. Served1.08 million 480,000 1.28 million 390,724

Goals25%ofMSWrecycled

DisposalFees$53/ton

TotalProgram Results42% 75%diversion R48%(62%ifasphalt &concreteincluded) 66%diversion(2008) 56%wastereduction (comparedto9192 baselineyear).Does notincludeC&Din calculation. 67%recyclingrate 77%Diversion 70%diversion R53.7% D67%(2010) R55%

D75%2012:D90%2025 R55%2015 R70%2020 90%reductionindisposaltonnage by2020 133,100 61%percapitawastereduction

$117.82/ton

Zerowastestreamgrowth,recycle $89.53/ton 75%by2015 SanFrancisco, 805,235 75%diversionby2010,Zerowaste CA by2020 SanJose,CA 945,942 75%diversionby2013Zerowaste by2022 Seattle,WA 608,660 R60%(2012),R70%(2025) $40/ton excludesC&D Toronto 2.6 D70%2010 $100/ton million Metro 2.3 70%Diversionby2015 $97permetrictonne Vancouver,BC million D=DiversionRate;R=RecyclingRate

Portland,OR

AsindicatedinTable4.0,someprogramsestablishzerowastegoals.Zerowasteappearstobemost oftenmeasuredas90%wastediversionbysomefuturedate.Beyondnumericalgoals,someprogram goalscontainedlanguagethataddressestheeffectsofmarketsandtheeconomyorincorporated sustainability,forinstance: SanJosepromotingthehighestandbestuseofmaterialstoeliminatewasteandpollution,withan ultimategoalofreducingwastegenerationbymorethan90% KingCountyadoptedZeroWasteofResourcesasaprincipledesignedtoeliminatethedisposalof materialswitheconomicvalueandaviablemarket. AlamedaCountyestablishedacriterionthatlessthan10%oflandfilledmaterialwillconsistof recyclables/organicsby2020 PortlandaddedMakethewholesystemmoresustainableandsaferforgarbagehaulersand neighborhoodsandReducetoxicsandgreenhousegases. Thefollowingprogramsestablishedspecificgoalsbysector,forexample: SanFranciscoincreaseresidentialdiversionto55%,increasecommercialdiversionto80%, increasecitygovernmentdiversionto85% MetroVancouverincreasingrecyclingfromapartmentsandcondosfrom14%to30%, increasingrecyclingforhousesfrom44%to65%

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Someprogramshavestateregulatoryrequirementsthatmotivatetheirefforts,forexample: Californiarequires: 50%diversionby2000 newlawrequiresrecyclinginmultifamilycomplexesifmorethan5units AB2176,requiresspecialeventsandpublicvenuefacilitieswithover2,000participantsperday todevelopandimplementasolidwastemanagementplanandimplementrecyclingandwaste reductionstrategies. OregonStatelawrequires: Localgovernmentsmustprovideweeklyresidentialcurbsidecollectionofsourceseparated recyclablematerials Recyclingcollectionserviceprovidedtomultifamilydwellingcomplexeshavingfiveormore units OregonAdministrativeRules(OAR3400900040) 4.1CityResidentialCurbsidePrograms(usuallysinglefamilyupto4unitresidentialbuilding) Table4.1aprovideshighlightsofcityresidentialcurbsideservices.Athreecartsystem,garbage, recyclingandmixedfood/yardwaste,seemstobethemostprevalentforhighyieldcommunities.Most oftheprofiledlocalgovernmentprogramswithhighrecycling/diversionratesemployedoneormoreof thefollowing: amandatoryrecyclingprogram, avariableratesystemwheregarbagechargesarebasedonthesizeofsubscribedcontainerand recyclingandcompostingcollectionarefree(i.e.,thelessgarbageyouproduce,thelessyoupay alsocalledPayAsYouThrow) foodwastecollectionprogram(usuallyallowedtobecombinedwithyardwaste) abanondisposalofrecyclableandcompostableitemsinthegarbagecontainer(garbageisnot pickedupifrecyclableorcompostableitemsareintrash). Everyotherweekgarbagecollectionwithweeklyrecyclingandyard/food. Whileimplementingtheadditionoffoodwastetotheirweeklycurbsidecollectionofyardwaste, PortlandOregonisalsoswitchingtobiweeklygarbagecollection.AlamedaCountymakestheirgarbage containerthesmallestofthethree. Participationisamixofenforcement(mandatoryorenforceddisposalbans),incentives(cheaperratesif yourecycle/compostPAYT/variableratesystems),oracombinationthereof.Someprogramsusefines toenforce,othersdonotcollectgarbageifrecyclable/compostablematerialsremaininthegarbage containers.

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Table4.1aCityResidentialCurbsidePrograms Recycling YardWaste FoodWaste Collection CollectionAtlanta, GA Voluntary weeklybins 30,000tons collected annually

GarbageWeekly

OtherReCartprogram withRecycle Bankfor96gal. singlestream pilot Chargedextraif garbagein recyclingcart CenterforHard toRecycle Materials (CHARM) 38dropoffs, BlockCaptain program

Results3lbs/hhld perweek recycling, 13.3lbs. hhld/wk. yardwaste

AustinTX

Boulder CO

biweekly90gal. Singlestream Freewith garbageservice Svc.Required

Weeklyfree withgarbage service Haulersmustprovide32gallon biweeklycombinedyard/food service+upto3bagsofleaves and3bundlesofbranches Weeklybtw. Apr.1Nov. 30

Variablerate PAYTweekly (30,60,90 gall.Carts) Weekly, VariablePAYT

D46%

Chicago,IL Biweeklysingle streamcart system

Weekly

Denver, CO FresnoCA

Voluntary96 gall.biweekly Mandatory Weekly96gall.

Every3weeks

Pilotcoll.65 gal.cart. $29.25/qtr. Combinedyard/foodcollection Weekly96gall.

Weekly96gall.

Greensbor o,NC

Biweekly96 gall.single stream Biweekly96 gall.rollcart $6.75/mo.

Weeklyloose leafpickup

Weekly

Indianapo lis

Oakland CA Philadelp hia,PA

Weekly64gall. Singlestream Mandatory singlestream

Commingled withtrash mostofyear, collected separatelyleaf seasonNov.7 Dec.2 Combinedyard/foodcollection Weekly64gall. Commingled withtrash mostofyear, collected separately duringleaf season

Weekly WTE facility

HHWcoll.from home$15 charge Finesfor contamination appliedto utilitybill Biweeklybulky itemcoll.29 publicrecycling sites 27dropoffs, ToxDrop program, Pedestrian recycling

DSS collected rateis8%, private collection rateis19%, diversion rateis45% 55% partic., 79%setout D74% Partic.rate 90% 61%

4982tons in2010

Weekly, VariablePAYT Weeklywith nocontainers provided.32 gallonper weeklimit

RecycleBank incentive program

19% diversion rate(2011)

13

Portland OR

RecyclingPAYTweekly 6068gal.blue recyclingroll cartand13.5 16gal.yellow bin(glass) Mandatory RequiredSvc. Recyclables prohibitedfrom disposalintrash

YardWaste Collection

FoodWaste Collection

GarbageEveryother week.

OtherSmallgrants program

ResultsR51%

Combinedyard/foodcollection

San Francisco SanJose Seattle, WA

Mandatory Yard/food RequiredSvc. Yard/food (Yardwaste disposalban)

Mandatory Yard/food PAYT Yard/food

PAYT

D60% 60% R70.3% (66.1 lbs./hhld. Month) 2010 Bluebin 94%Partic. Greenbin 87%Partic. SF=63% diversion

Toronto

Mandatorybi weeklysingle stream

Biweekly10 monthsper year

Mandatory weeklyincludes animal waste/bedding, diapers

Biweekly, PAYT

PAYTGarbage isuncollectedif recycling,food oryardwaste inside CurbsideE waste

R=RecyclingRate,D=DiversionRate,hhld =household,SF=Singlefamily,

Theadditionoffoodwastetocurbsidecollectionandthechoiceoffoodwastestoinclude,dependsin largepartonthefacilityusedtoprocessthematerials.Mostprogramscominglingfoodandyard wasteallowednonmeatfoodwaste,somealsoallowedmeatandbones,Torontoswentasfarasto allowanimalwasteandbeddingplusdiapers.Table4.1bdisplaysmaterialsincludedincurbside collectionforthesecommunities.Thenumberofmaterialsacceptedrangedfrom8to21.The communitieswiththehighestnumberofmaterialsacceptedwereSeattle(21),Toronto(18)andFresno andPortland(eachwith17).

14

Table4.1b:MaterialsCollectedCurbside AlamedaCounty,CA OrangeCounty,NC Philadelphia,PA SanFrancisco,CA TorontoCanada X X X X X X X X X X X X X Greensboro,NC Indianapolis,IN

Portland,OR

SanJose,CA X X X X X

Boulder,CO

Oakland,CA

Chicago,IL

Paper,news,magazines Paperboardboxes CorrugatedCardboard Cartons(gabletop) Coatedpapers(hotdrinkcups) Shreddedpaper Asepticpackaging Plastics1&2bottles Plastics15+7bottles Plastics17incl.clamshells, delitraysexceptStyrofoam Plasticlargerigid PlasticBags(baggednotloose) PlasticLids(3in.orwider) AluminumCans AluminumFoil TinandSteelCans AerosolCans(empty) ScrapMetal(2x2x2or30lbs) Metaljarlids&steelbottle caps GlassBottlesandJars Oilfilters UsedMotorOil Textiles Electronics Fluorescentbulbs YardWaste Foodwasteveggieonly Foodwastew/meat,dairy

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X

X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

15

Seattle,WA

Atlanta,GA

Denver,CO

Austin,TX

Fresno,CA

4.1.1ResidentialMultifamily Itwasobservedthatmunicipalitieswithhighdiversionratesrequirethatmultifamilyhousingreceive recyclingservices,inadditionsomeprogramsaddedfoodwasteservice.Otherobservedpractices included,chargingcustomersifrecyclingisfoundintheirgarbagecontainers,suchasinSeattle.Table 6.1.1providesanoverviewofCityprogramsformultifamilyresidents. Table4.1.1:ResidentialMultifamily(MF)Programs Recycling Yardand Other Results FoodWasteAlameda Mandatory CountyCA Atlanta,GA Mandatory StateLawrequiresrecyclingservices inMFpropertiesover5units MFpropertiesmustcontractwith privatehaulerstoproviderecycling perCityOrdinance UniversalRecyclingOrdinance=by 2014recyclingrequiredof26units orgreaterMF Haulersprovidinggarbagemustalso providerecyclingatnoextracharge MFcommunitieswithunder8units receiverecyclingservice Recyclingofcardboardandpaper forMFproperties Duplexesandquadraplexesreceive recyclingservice Duplexesandquadraplexesreceive recyclingservice

Austin,TX

Requiredif100 unitsormore Freesvc.Req. Mandatory Mandatory Req.Svc. Req.Svc. Feebasedsvc.

Boulder,CO Chicago,IL Denver,CO Fairfax County,VA FresnoCA Greensboro NC KingCounty WA OaklandCA Orange CountyNC Philadelphia PA PortlandOR

Yard/food combined

D17%

Property owners/managers arerequiredto providerecycling serviceadequate forthenumberof households.The centrallylocated collectionarea musthaveatwo sortrecycling systemforglass andcommingled paper,plasticand metal.

Yardonly Req.svc.

MFresidentssortrecyclablesin96 gallonrollcartsforafeeof$19per unit MFcommunitieswithunder6units receiverecyclingservice Recyclingstationsmustbeas convenientastrash. Recyclinginformationmustbe providedtonewresidentswithin30 daysofmoveinandonanannual basisthereafter. technicalassistanceincludingfree posters,refrigeratormagnetsand largedurablesigns.Staffwillhand delivermaterialsandspeakto residentsoneonone. PropertyManager'sGuidefor SuccessfulMultifamilyRecycling.

16

Recycling

Yardand FoodWasteMandatory

Other

Results

AllMFhave recycling,75%have foodwaste SanJoseCA Mandatory MonthlyServicefee Seattle,WA Mandatorysvc. Mandatoryfood Recyclingcontainercontamination= 29.6%recyclingrate, wastesvc. billedatgarbagerate,recyclingin 29.6lbs./hhld2010 garbage=$50fine.freekitchen carryoutbuckets,disposalban Toronto Required Foodonly Freecentralizedewastecollection 18%diversionrate Canada Participation,City Weekly containerforeachbuilding.City providesinunit collection. providesfreeinunitkitchen recycling Mandatoryif catchers containersfor utilizingCitys residents collectionsvc. Metro Mostmultifamilybuildingsreceive Vancouver recyclingservicethroughthe BC municipality SF=singlefamily,MF=multifamily,YW=yardwaste,R=recyclingrate,D=diversionrate

SanFrancisco Mandatory CA

Multifamilyhousingdoesnottypicallyproducealotofyardwasteandconsequentlyitisoftentreated thesameascommercialyardwaste,generatedbylandscapingcompanies. Multifamilyhousingconsistentlyyieldslowerdiversion/recyclingratesthandoessinglefamilyhousing. AlamedaCountyhasconductedaseriesofstudiestoaddressparticipationandyieldsfrommultifamily housing.ThemostrecentwastheMultifamilyDwellingRecyclingEvaluationReportDecember2008. (http://www.stopwaste.org/docs/mfd_evaluation_rpt.pdf) 4.2CountyResidentialPrograms Traditionallyandinallcasesobserved,citiesprovidedorcontractedfordirectcollectionservicesto singlefamilyorcurbsidesolidwasteservices.Formultifamilyhousing,citieseitherprovidedservicesor setpoliciesforserviceprovision.TheCountysroleasobservedinthisstudy,wastosetpolicyand/orin asupportiveroleinprovidingfacilitiesandprocessinginfrastructure. Table4.2highlightsprogramsofferedbythecountiesincludedinthisstudy.

17

Table4.2:CountyResidentialPrograms Goal RecyclingAlameda CountyCA Weekly64gall.

Yard&Food WasteWeekly64gal. Yard/food

Garbage Other32gal. HHWand Ewaste

Results75%setoutrate andavg.monthly wgtis70lbs/hhld (85lbs/hhldfor organics)

Fairfax County,VA

Weekly64gal. singlestream

Jacksonvill e/Duval County,FL

Weeklysingle stream

Mar Dec. separateyard waste collection Limitedto5 cu.Yds. Weeklyofyard waste

Weekly 96gal.

HHWanddrop offcenters

King CountyWA

Percapita generatio nof14.2 lbs/wkby 2020 25% recycling

Nashville/ Davidson TN Orange CountyFL Orange CountyNC

SFRecycling ServiceRequired, biweeklysingle stream.MF recyclingservice optional Monthly96gal., USDonly Mandatory2bin system.Weekly Providesweekly svc.forCarrboro, ChapelHilland Hillsborough. Providesbiweekly svctorural residents.2bin systempaper& containers.95gall. cartsat95%ofMF complexes SF&MF

Yard/food 98%ofsingle family customers have 3timesper year Yardwaste only,Weekly, 3cu.yd.limit

Weekly 2032 gall.can, twicea weekw/ fee Weekly, PAYT

HHW&ewaste 54%participation facility rate(2009)

Weekly 96gal., USDonly 2x/wk. 50gallon

HHWandE wasteevents, dropoff centers. Electronics disposalban HHWand Ewastedropoff centers HHW,bulky 1x/wk. 3Rfeeto financewaste reduction.5 recyclingonly dropoffs+5 convenience centers

SFR54% YW95% MFR10%

R44%

61% waste reduction percapita

Avg.20 lbs/hhld/mo. recycling Towns=85% participation, Rural=60 %participation

20% Dropoffsitesonly waste reduction percapita SF=singlefamily,MF=multifamily,YW=yardwaste, R=recyclingrate,D=diversionrate,USD=Urbanservice district,HHW=householdhazardouswaste

Metro Vancouver, BC* Wake County,NC

Educa tion

Dropoff centers, disposalban HHW

R44%

18

4.3Commercial/Industrial/Institutional Perhapsthemostimportantwastestreamtoapplywastediversion/recyclingstrategiesisthe commercialsector.Commercialwasteoftenmakesup50%ofanurbancommunityswastewiththe remaindergeneratedbyresidentialandconstructionactivities. Itisobservedthatmandatoryrecyclingormandatoryprovisionofserviceisbeingimplementedbyhigh performancecommunitiesasamechanismforaddressingbusinesswaste.Californiahasalawpending thatwouldrequireallbusinessesgenerating4cubicyardsorgreaterofwastetorecycle.SanFrancisco addspayasyouthrow(PAYT)orvariableratefeesystemtoitsmandatorytoreinforceresults. Austin,Texasloosermandatoryrequirementof100employeesormoreisyieldingtoatighter restrictionaddressingbusinesssquarefootage. Somecommunitieshaveaddedcommercialfoodwasteprograms.OrangeCounty,NCprovidesfree serviceto30largegenerators.PortlandandSeattlemakeitmandatoryiffoodwasteisgenerated. RecognizingtheneedtoaddresscommonlyusedmaterialsthatareNOTrecyclable,severalcommunities bannedtheuseofStyrofoaminfoodservicesor,alternativelybannedtheuseofnonrecyclableand noncompostablematerials.Thesecommunitiesalsorequirethatbusinessespurchasefroman approvedlistorthattheyapprovethematerialsbeforetheyareintroduced. Commercialresultsvariedfrom25to63%diversion/recycling.SanFranciscoreported95%of restaurantsparticipating.Table4.3provideshighlightsfromtheprofiledcommunities.

19

Table4.3:Commercial,Institutional,IndustrialWaste Recycling FoodWasteAwaitingpendingstate lawreq.recyclingif4cyor greater Requiredif100employees ormore;Cityprovidesw/ garbagecollectionto downtownarea&small businesses

Other/NotesBusinessPartnership(assistance,grantsupto$70k,lowinterestloansupto $240k),BusinessEfficiencyAwards,CompostatWork,Landfillbanonplant waste,SmallBusinessHhldHazWasteProg. FreeAssistance,Business Recognitionprogram.,UniversalRecyclingOrdinance =by2015recyclingrequiredifsq.ft.greaterthan26,000

Results*

AlamedaCounty CA AustinTX

BoulderCO

Mandatorywithbusiness license&privategarbage contract FairfaxCountyVA Mandatory FresnoCA Mandatoryif50%or greaterrecyclable materialsintheirwaste stream Cityprovidesifbus. Providesdumpster Cityprovidestosmallbus. w/nomorethan10cans LimitedMetroservice providedtocorearea Mandatory,same materialsasres. Countycollectsrecyclables at210locations(free).

ChicagoIL

Technicalassistance,BusinessZeroWastestartuprebate,BusinessRecycling Coupon,CommercialCompostingCollectionIncentive.Cityfacilities,suchas CHARM,arealsoopentobusinesses. Mustinclude3 recyclableitems

25%diversion

19%diversion

Mustincludecardboardandmixedpaper.Ifannualwastestreamof100tons oravg.occupancyof200,additionalrecyclablematerialrequired.

GreensboroNC Jacksonville/Duv alCountyFL KingCountyWA MetroNashville TN OaklandCA OrangeCountyFL OrangeCounty NC

Divert2500tons/yr. from30businesses. Targetsonlylarge generators.

CalledTeamRecycleProgram,feesrangefrom$30$60/monthbasedon#of collections.Citywontemptydumpsterifcontaminated. YardwastecollectionincludedinCitycontracts.Businessescantakeappliances toCitysApplianceCenter. CountyconductsstudiesinsupportofCityprograms.BusinessHHWis R63%2009 acceptedfromexemptedSWGsatweekendwastemobileevents. Landfillbansonyardwaste,cardboard&electronics.Tech.Assistanceto businessesseekingtoestablishorexpandwastereduction&recycling. Smallbusinessrecyclingprogram,PolystyreneBan Therehasbeennodedicatedbudgetorstaffforcommercialrecycling educationorenforcementforpast5years. 3Rfeehelpsfinance.LandfillbansandWasteaudits.Privatecontractor 900tons/yr collects/processesfoodwaste. recyclables diverted

20

PhiladelphiaPA PortlandOR

RecyclingMandatory Mustrecyclepaperand containers. Mandatory PAYT

FoodWaste Mandatoryiffood wastegenerating business Mandatory PAYT

Other/NotesSubmitrecyclingplan(includingeducationprogram),whichislinkedto propertytaxdatabase. Cityprovidesassistance&resources.Progressmeasuredthruquarterlyreports fromhaulers.BusinessRecognitionProgramw/certification.Polystyrene& singleusebagbanforrestaurants,grocerystores&retailers. 80%comm.goalor25,000tonsdiverted;canpurchase recyclable/compostablegoodsthruGreenBusinessprogram;commercial compliancetoolkit;SanFranciscoGreenBusinessProgram;ewastelandfill banandpolystyreneban;mattressrecycling;commercialwood,scrapmetal andlargeplasticrecycling;tirerecycling;windowglassrecycling;Styrofoam dropoff;VSQGHHWdropoffprogram Transitioningtofranchisesystemw/singlehaulertoachieve75%diversion; smallbus.HHWdisposalatHHWfacilities;banonplasticcarryoutbagsin 2012. Selfhaulingtorecyclingstations,Freeconsultingservices, Disposalban:paperOCC,yardwaste$50fineif10%foundingarbage

Results*

R64%

SanFranciscoCA

95%foodsvc participating

SanJoseCA

R22%

SeattleWA

Paper&cardboardnot allowedingarbage. CustomerswithCity contractedcartbased servicereceiverecycling forfree. BusinessesusingCitysvc. receivefreeorganicsand recyclingcoll.Svc (mandatory)

Toronto

Styrofoambanfor foodservice containersmustbe recyclable/compostabl e,musthaverecycling binsplacedat locations. BusinessesusingCity svc.receivefree organicsandrecycling coll.svc(mandatory) Plantointro2015ban ondisposaloffood scraps

R58.9%per 2010per SWMP,44000 tonsfood divers.

12,000tons recyclables& 9,500tons organicsin 2010 Disposalbans,webbasedguidancedocumentsonbusinesssustainability& wasteassessments

MetroVancouver

WakeCountyNC

Technicalassistance,annualwastereductiongrantsupto$10k&2multi materialrecyclingfacilitiesopentobusinesses R=Recyclingrate,D=Diversionrate,OCC=oldcorrugatedcardboard,hhld=household

21

4.4ConstructionandDemolitionWaste Constructionanddemolitionwaste(C&D)isrelativelyhomogenouscomparedtobusinessorresidential waste.Constructionitselfisaphasedprocesswitheachphaseyieldingsimilarmaterials.Thiscreates opportunitiesforrecycling. ManylocalgovernmentC&Dprogramshavehighdiversionratesandemployspecificpolicytoolsto achievetheirobjectives.Strategiesinclude: Recycling/Diversionrequirements(mandates) Economicincentivesfeeordepositrequiredduringpermitting,depositisrefundedifrecycling goalismet. Disposalbans AllmixedC&Dmaterialsmustbetakentoanapprovedrecyclingfacility.Facilitiesarecertified bythelocalgovernmentandmustmeetaspecificrecyclinggoal. SanJoseoffersauniqueincentiveprogramwherebycontractorsmustpayadepositthatisfully refundablewithproperdocumentationthattheC&Ddebrishasbeendivertedfromburialinthelandfill. Thegoaltheymustmeetis50%ofprojectwastediverted.Allpermittedprojectsmustpaythedeposit (afewexemptionsapply).ThereareanumberofcertifiedfacilitiesavailabletoSanJosebuilders.These facilitiesarecertifiedtorecycle50%ofwastereceived.Builderscansimplytaketheirwastetooneof thesefacilities,providetheirpermit#uponarrivalandthepermit#isrecordedalongwiththeweight ticket.Thismakesiteasyforthebuildertoapplyforadepositrefund.

KingCountyandSanFranciscohavemixedwasteprocessingfacilitieswithrequiredminimumrecycling rates.Allconstructionwasteisthensimplyfilteredthroughthesefacilitiestoachieveresults.Some communitiesadditionallyrequirearecyclingplanbesubmittedtoshowhowtheyproposetomeetthe mandatoryrequirements.

22

GovernmentAlameda CountyCA

Table4.4:ConstructionandDemolitionWasteDisposal Bans

RecyclingCountyC&DOrdinance (appliestoCountyProjects). Allbutonecommunity withinAlamedahaveC&D Ordinancerequiring50%or greaterdiversionrates.

Facilities

NotesSmallCommercial GreenMaterialRebate Programofferscash incentivesfor purchasingrecycled contentbuilding materials.Inaddition, aCarpetTilePilot programexistsin whichexcesscarpet tilescanbedonated forreuse.

ResultsFrom20002010, thepercentageof C&DWaste Identifiedinthe wastestreamfell from21%to12%. Theprogramhasa goalof8000tonsof newwastediverted annually

Boulder,CO

Construction50%req. Demolition65%

Chicago,IL

R50%(2007)

Fresno,CA

Mandatoryiftheproject generates8cubicyardsor greateroftrash

Jacksonville/D uvalCounty, FL KingCounty, WA

AllC&D

Oakland,CA

Jobsitesmusthaveseparate containersforrecyclable materialsandnonrecyclable materials Requiresrecycling100%of asphaltandconcreteand 65%ofallotherC&Dwaste

Undercontractwith WMtohandlethis material. OneC&DMixed processingfacility. 12facilitiesthat processasphalt,brick concrete,porcelain (private) 3DryWallandSheet Rockreuse/recycling facilities(private) 5buildingmaterials reusefacilities (private) NomixedC&D processorsinBoulder, butseveralspecialty recyclersareavailable. 16facilitieswillaccept allmixedC&Dmaterials 28Facilitieswillaccept sortedmaterialsonly 5Cityapprovedmixed C&Dprocessors.1City approvedspecialty processor AllfacilitiesinCity requiredtomeet80% diversionrate 6C&Dmixed processingfacilities

C&Dwastecounted separatelyfrom overallresidential andcommercial tonnage

D83%in2010.

D65%

Statereq.sourcesep. D90% eff.2009

Orange County,NC

CleanWood Wasteand Metal

RegulatedRecyclable MaterialOrdinance.OCC, cleanwoodandscrapmetal required.MusthaveWM plan.

Undercontractwith WM.Sameresources asAlamedaCounty,CA 2asphalt,brick, concrete,&porcelain recyclers(private). 2buildingmaterials reuselocations 4certifiedmixedC&D materialsreclamation facilities.

PartofAlameda County,CA

Addingshingles laterthisyearto requiredlist. Theeconomic downturnhaseffect

VolumeofC&D wastefellalmost 50%after Ordinance implemented& continuestofall.

23

Portland,OR Concrete, asphalt,land clearing, cardboard, metal,wood San AllC&D Francisco, CA

SanJose,CA

75%recyclingrequiredif totaljobcostisgreaterthan $50,000.Preconstruction recyclingplanrequired.$500 finefornoncompliance. AllC&Dmustgoto registeredfacilitiesrecycling aminimumof65%.Full Demolitionprojectsmust submitaDemolitionDebris RecoveryPlan,providinga minimumof65%diversion fromlandfill. Incentiveprogram.Deposit required,refundifthey recycle50%ofwaste.

3mixedC&Dmaterials processors

onC&Drecycling tonnage Operatesvoluntary C&Dreuseprogram attransferstations. Diversionratehard tocalculatedueto lackoftracking mechanismsfor privatesector sourceseparated C&Dmaterials The21Citycertified recoveryfacilitiesmust divert50%ofmaterial generatedfromnew constructionand demolitionprojects. Nearly100% diversionon source separated material; averageof55% diversionon MixedC&D In2008,diverted 866,000tonsof C&DWaste, (79%oftotal materials received) Newsolidwastemgt. R61.4% planwillrecommend D65.6% 70%diversionrate. Wastediversion rateconsistsof By2013,implement recyclingand transferstationfloor beneficialuse sortingprogramfor (boilerfuel) loadsthatappearto be50%recyclable. $40/ton

2registeredfacilities locatedinsidecitylimits ofSF. 10additionalfacilities locatedintheregion.

21Citycertified recoveryfacilities. 11sourceseparated 5other/specialty MixedC&D: 3transferstations 4landfillswith MixedC&D operations 4processors focusedonMixed C&D

Seattle,WA

Metro Vancouver,BC

Metal, Asphalt, bricks,OCC concreteby 2012 Clean wood, carpet, gypsum, plasticfilm by2013 Tearoff asphalt shinglesby 2014 CleanWood (2015)

R60%(2012),R70%(2025) 90/10Rule:C&Drecycling collectioncontainerscannot containmorethan10%non recyclablematerials.

3permitted, commingledC&D processingfacilities.

2015Mandatoryonsite

Atleasttwoprivately operatedmixed Processingfacilities. Numeroussmall recyclingdepotsarein operation.

AllPrivatemixed wasteprocessing, LicensedbyMetro

D80%

D=Diversion;R=Recycling

24

4.5Schools Asseeninthetablebelow,allschoolprogramsvarywidelyamonglocalgovernmentsacrossthe country.Someschoolsystemsreceivenosupportandothersreceivededicatedemployees,programs, andsponsorships.OneCountyofparticularinterestisKingCounty,Washington.KingCountyhasa programcalledSWDsGreenSchoolsProgramwhereassistanceisgiventoover400schoolsin11school districts.ItisthevisionofthisprogramforallschoolsandschooldistrictsinKingCountytopractice resourceconversationandengagetheirstudentsandstaffinenvironmentalstewardship.The differenceinthisprogramincomparisontoothersisthatitoffersa3tiersystemwhereeachtier achievesdifferentlevelsofcertificationtowardssustainabilityandstewardship.Level1focuseson wastereduction,recyclingandhazardousmaterialsmanagement.Level2establishesandimplements anenergyconservationprogram.Level3addresseswaterconservationandpollution.Eachlevelof certificationhelpseachschooleducate,promote,andenhanceeachteacher,studentandstaffs knowledgeofenvironmentalstewardshipwhichhascreatedthebackboneofanexemplaryprogram. Table4.5:Schools Government RecyclingServicesProvided Numberof Notes Support FacilitiesAlameda CountyCA BoulderCO SOME Irecycle@schoolEducational Program EcoCycleProvides support/servicestopublic schools Collection,Containers(18&95 118 gal.),Presentations,Instruction, &EducationalMaterials Allpublicschoolsarerequiredto recyclemixedpaperand cardboard NoDedicatedProgram Will makepresentationsuponrequest EducationalClasses, Presentations,andIncentive Programs Educationalsupportservices +400(11 schooldistricts) BayFriendlyschool gardensprogram

ResultsN/A N/A

DenverPublic Y WorksCO FairfaxVA N

90 Tons/M onth N/A

FresnoCA Greensboro NC KingCounty WA

Limited Y

N/A N/A

Y

Orange County/NC

Y

HaulingServicesProvided

Orange County/ OrlandoFLA WakeCounty NC Metro Vancouver

Limited

EducationalPresentationsand IncentiveContests FeedTheBinProgram(Mixed 170 Paper),EducationalPresentations Homecomputersareacceptedat schools,anduseofabest practicesguidancedocument

Y

Y

SchoolsProgressthrough 3tierlevelsof environmental participation. Haspilotcomposting programwith1ea. Elementary,Middleand HighSchool PublicSchoolsystemhas ownrecyclingcoordinator andcontracts Separatedumpster cardboardcollection service

N/A

N/A

N/A

661 Tons PerYear

25

Government Support

RecyclingServicesProvidedAllcommercialestablishments thatarerequiredtohavea Chicagobusinesslicenseand contractforprivategarbage collectionarerequiredtohave recyclingprograms.

Numberof Facilities

Notes

Results

Chicago,IL

4.6EventRecycling Eventrecyclingprogramsarepracticedbymanyofthelocalgovernmentsexaminedinthisstudy.Event recycling,whilenotyieldingalargeamountofwastediversion,reinforcesarecyclingethicandprovides awaytorecyclewhileawayfromhomeorbusinesswhererecyclingcontainersmaybeavailable.Some communitieshavecreatedpoliciesthataddressourthrowawaysocietyandrequireeventvendorsto userecyclableorcompostablefoodandbeveragecontainersthathavebeenapprovedbythelocal government.Somerequireeventorganizerstosubmitarecyclingplan,othersproviderecycling containersandservices.Table4.6highlightssomeoftheseprograms. Table4.6EventRecycling EventRecycling ResultsAlameda PUBLICRESOURCESCODESECTION4264842648.7 (AB2176,Montanez, CountyCA Chapter879,Statutesof2004),thelargevenuesandlargeeventsrecycling law,requireslargevenue(2,000+participantsperday)facilitiesandlarge events(asdefinedbyPublicResourcesCode42648(b)and(c))ineachcity andcountytoplanforsolidwastereductionanduponrequest,report informationregardingtheirwastereductioneffortstotheirlocal jurisdiction.ThelawalsodirectstheDepartmentofResourcesRecycling andRecovery(formallyknownastheCaliforniaIntegratedWaste ManagementBoard(CIWMB))toprovideguidanceandassistanceto venuesandlocaljurisdictionsinmeetingtheirobligations. Atlanta Effective1/1/2007,thecityofAtlantaenactedan ordinancethatrequires GA recyclingatoutdoorevents. AustinTX OnOctober22,2009,CityCouncilpassedresolution20091022040 directingtheCityManagertoproviderecyclingservicesatallCity sponsoredandCitycosponsoredevents. ThecityofAustin,inconjunctionwithKAB(KeepAustinBeautiful)offers anEventRecyclingRebateasanincentiveforeventorganizerstomake theiroutdooreventsmoresustainableandhelpreducetheamountof trashsenttothelandfill.Itemseligibleforrebate:plasticbottles; aluminumcans;cardboard.

Overayear'stime,staff providedrecyclingservices toatotalof17events resultingin:10tonsof recyclablescollected Average44%diversion rate Morethan200total volunteersrecruited Eventsaveraged30 eventrecycling containersandrelated suppliesdeliveredand loanedbySWSto organizersperevent

King

WashingtonStaterequiresbeveragevendorsatofficialgatheringsand

26

County WA

EventRecycling

Results

eventstoproviderecyclingforsingleservingplastic,glass,andaluminum containers.Eventorganizersareaalsoresponsibleformonitoringand servicingrecyclingbinsduringevent,andhavingtherecycleditemshauled toaRecyclingandDisposalStation Oakland SeeAlamedaCounty.Oaklandprovideseducationalmaterialsforthe CA largerevents Orange OrangeCountySWSprovidesbinsandcartsservice,includingpickup,to CountyNC smallquasipublicevents.Theyalsolendrecyclingtoolssuchasbinsto privateandlargerevents. Portland Voluntaryprogram.TheBPSprovideseducationalmaterialsandClear OR Streambins. San SpecialEventsOrdinancerecycling& compostingrequirement.Eventsare Francisco requiredtoprovideadequatecollectionofrecycling,compostingand trash.Eventorganizersarerequiredtoeducatedemployeesand contractors,includingjanitors,onhowtoseparatematerials.Enforces PUBLICRESOURCESCODESECTION4264842648.7(AB2176,Montanez, Chapter879,Statutesof2004) SanJose Workshops,grants,banonEPS+recyclingreq.if1000attendee. PUBLIC RESOURCESCODESECTION4264842648.7(AB2176,Montanez,Chapter 879,Statutesof2004), Seattle, Eventvendorsmustuserecyclableorcompostablefoodpackagingand WA collectmaterialsatevent.Cityapprovespackaging.Mustrecycleplastic bottles,aluminumcans,glassbottles,cardboard,newsprint,paper. Toronto Cityprovidesblueandgreenbinserviceatnocost(garbageisevent organizerresponsibility).OrganizersrequiredtosubmitWMplan Metro EducationalSupport Vancouve r,BC

8895%diversionrate(canand bottlesandoccasionalgarbage picks)

4.7LocalGovernmentInhouseRecyclingPrograms Inthespiritofpracticewhatyoupreach,localgovernmentsneedtoadheretothesamepracticesand philosophiesthattheycommunicatewiththelargercommunitythattheygovern.Sincegovernmentis essentiallyabusiness,theyshouldpracticethesamepoliciesandpracticesthatarecommunicatedto thebusinesscommunity.Theseincludemeetingrecyclingrequirementsandrecyclingothermaterials suchastonercartridgesandbatteries,practicingwastereductiontechniquessuchastwosidedcopying andprinting,purchasingrecycledcontentproductsandmaterials,reducingtoxicityofmaterialsused andsettinggoalsforfurtherwastereduction.Table4.7providesinformationonhowcommunitiesin thisstudyhaveaddressedthisinhouserecycling.

27

Table4.7:LocalGovernmentInhouseRecyclingPrograms Government Program Goal Notes (Y/N)Alameda CountyCA Yes Createdseveralmodelpolicydocumentssuchas disasterdebrismanagement,environmentally friendlypurchasing,greenbuildingsforpublic agencies,andBayFriendlyLandscaping RecentlegislationallowstheCitytoacceptfree recyclingservicesforMixedOfficePaperinCity Hall,CityHallEastandCityCourt. Zero RecyclingContainersateverydesk,common Waste areas,facilities,andbuildings.Acceptallitems Policy acceptedinresidentialcurbsiderecycling Program. Allcommercialestablishmentsthatarerequired tohaveaChicagobusinesslicenseandcontract forprivategarbagecollectionarerequiredto haverecyclingprograms. Recyclablesarecollectedfromcityowned buildingsandfacilities Countycoderequiresallinstitutionsto providea recyclingsystemforcardboardandmixedoffice paper Greensboroservicestheirowncontainersat govt.buildings. TheCityofIndianapolishasastaffoftwo personsthatcollectsfrominternaldepartments asapartofthePublicWorkscollectionprogram. AllbusinessesarerequiredtosubmitaRecycling Plan 85% ExecutiveDirective0802,Required Diversion DepartmentalWasteAssessments,Resource ConservationPlans,andAnnualReports. 100% ZeroWasteStrategicPlanincludesdiverting Diversion 100%ofwastetoawastetoenergyfacility. 70%by WasteDiversionTeam(Cityagencies,Boards, 2010 Commissions,andDivisions)

ResultsN/A

Atlanta,GA

Yes

Austin,TX

Yes

N/A

Chicago,IL

Yes

Denver,Co

Yes

FairfaxCounty, Yes Virginia Greensboro, NC Indianapolis, IN Philadelphia, PA SanFrancisco, CA SanJose,CA Toronto Yes

Yes Yes

85%Diversion

Yes Yes

67%Diversion

4.8WastePrevention(Reduce,Reuse) Managementofwaste,whetheritiscollectedandtransportedtoalandfill,orifitiscollectedand transportedtoarecyclingorcompostingfacility,coststimeandmoney,andcreatespollution(vehicles ontheroad,productmanufacturinganditsassociatedwastesandpollution,etc.).Wastepreventionis themosteconomicalwaytomanagewaste,ifitisntgenerateditdoesntneedtobemanagedandallof theassociatedcostsandpollutioncanbeavoided.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhasheld Reduce,Reuseatthetopofitswastemanagementhierarchysinceitfirstweighedinonwaste managementmanyyearsago.Despitethelogicofwasteprevention,thisremainsoneofthemore difficultareasforlocalgovernmentstoaddress.Themanufacture,importationanduseofproductsthat arenotrecyclableorcontainhazardoussubstances,arenotissuesthatlocalgovernmentshavemuch influenceover,yetsomelocalgovernmentsaresupportingextendedproducerresponsibilityinitiatives

28

thatmayleadtofuturechangesinproductsupplierdecisions.Table4.8providesanoverviewof profiledlocalgovernmentprograms. Table4.8:WastePrevention:SourceReduction GovernmentAlameda CountyCA

GeneralBayFriendly Gardening, Education irecycle @school program ZeroWaste planning

ReduceStopWaste Business Partnership,includes grantsandLowinterest loansforwaste prevention,

ReuseUseReusables(transport packaging),

Extended Producer ResponsibilityGreenPurchasing initiative

Austin,TX

Boulder,CO

Fresno,CA KingCounty, WA

HomeRebateChallenge, CompostClasses WasteReduction EducationforBusinesses, PAYT Partnerships ZeroWasteTechnical withEcoCycle, AssistancethroughPACE, PACEandthe BusinessZeroWasteStart Centerfor UPRebate,PAYT ReSource Conservation Recycling Grantsfor municipalities $1million/yr (includes waste prevention), Education irecycle @school& Service learningWaste Reduction 3RFee,Public Educationand outreach EcoConsumerProgram, homecomposting, grasscycling

FreeChemicalsatReuse Store

CenterforHardtoRecycle Materials(CHARM)

OldCoats,GiftofSight (glasses),Donateprograms Onlineexchange,TakeIt Backnetwork,

Oakland,CA

GreenPackaging Ordinance(Polystyrene ban),PAYT

Orange County,NC Portland,OR

HomeCompostingClasses PortlandRecycles!Small grantsforwaste prevention&education PerfectlyGoodprogram, FoodServiceWaste ReductionOrdinance, Junkmailprogram,Zero Wastegrants

SalvageSheds

Styrofoambanfor retailvendors Neighborhoodcollection days,Donateprogram ExtendedProducer Responsibility Resolution

SanFrancisco, CA

29

Government SanJose,CA

General

ReduceHomecomposting,plastic bagban,GoGreen SchoolsProgram,PAYT Optoutofyellowpages andjunkmail.Home composting, wastereductiongrants, ResourceVenturewebsite andlinks,PAYT

Reuse

Extended Producer Responsibility

Seattle,WA

TakeitBack&reusable GreenPurchasing materialsdiversion program program,Ediblefoodwaste Recovery,Reusable shoppingbags ReUseCenters

Toronto, Canada Metro Vancouver,BC Canada

Educational JunkMail(RedDot) Homecomputerstakento ExtendedProducer tools,media Sustainableschoolsbest schoolsforreuse Responsibility campaigns, practicesdocument Regulations videos,and website SF=singlefamily,MF=multifamily,YW=yardwaste,R=recyclingrate,D=diversionrate

4.9Litter Somelocalgovernmentwastemanagementprogramsincludelittermanagement,whileforothersitisa separateprogram(usuallyKeepAmericaBeautifulKABorstatehighwaydepartmentprogram).Table 4.10highlightsprogramidentifiedinourstudythataddresslitter. Table4.9:LitterPrograms Government LitterPrograms Results*AtlantaGA AustinTX ChicagoIL AdoptaSpotLitterReductionProgram StreetSweepingSystem Res.Streetsswept 6/yr,majorstreets swept1/month SpringClean&GreenEvent Cityprovidestools&bags Remove6,200tonsoftrash fromroadwaysperyear 9,800+volunteersfrom380+ communitygroupsparticipated Volunteercleanupeffortsover thelastyearresultedin9,857 volunteersparticipatingin555 cleanupstotaling19,766 volunteerhoursvaluedat $385,634.66,resultinginthe collectionofanestimated 13,871bagsoflitter

DenverCO KeepDenverBeautiful&GraffitiPrevention&Removal Jacksonville/Duval CleanItUp,GreenItUpcommunityimprovementinitiatives CountyFL

PhiladelphiaPA

GreensboroNC

LitterPrevention&CleanUpProgram Streetcleaningunit,900 bigbellysolarreceptaclesinstalled,UnlitterNetworkfor businesses CleanUpProgramforillegaldumpsite,GreatAmericanCleanUp andNCBigSweep

30

IndianapolisIN MetroNashville TN Toronto

Pedestrianrecyclingcontainersinstalled,GreatIndyCleanUp MetroBeautification&EnvironmentCommission Coordinates GreatAmericanCleanUp&AmericaRecyclesDay,graffiti prevention&adoptastreetprogram. Newpedestrianlitterbinsw/cigarrette buttreceptacles,litter reportedto311;BeautifulStreetsprogram.community gardens,neighborhoodmurals&improvepublicspacesprojects

4.10SummaryofBestPractices Followingisasummaryofprogramelementssharedbylocalgovernmentswithhighrecycling/diversion rates. CityResidentialCurbside amandatoryrecyclingprogram, avariableratesystemwheregarbagechargesarebasedonthesizeofsubscribedcontainerand recyclingandcompostingcollectionarefree(i.e.,thelessgarbageyouproduce,thelessyoupay alsocalledPayAsYouThrow) foodwastecollectionprogram(usuallyallowedtobecombinedwithyardwaste) abanondisposalofrecyclableandcompostableitemsinthegarbagecontainer(garbageisnot pickedupifrecyclableorcompostableitemsareintrashorafineislevied). Multifamily Recyclingservicerequiredwithgarbageeitherfreewithgarbageserviceoratanextracharge. Mandatoryrecyclingrequirement Somehavefoodwastecollection Commercial Mandatoryrecycling Mandatoryfoodwaste(SFabsolute,othersiffoodwastegeneratingbusiness) Freecollection Styrofoambanforrestaurants Foodservicecontainersmustberecyclableorcompostable(localgovt.decides/approves containers) Recyclingplan Construction/Demolition Mandatoryrecyclingpercentage Economicincentivefeerequiredwithpermit,feereturnedifrecyclingquotamet(5065%) Disposalbans Materialsmustbetakentoacertifiedfacilitywithmandatedrecycling%requirements Wastemanagementplanssubmittedwithpermitapplication Finalreportingafterprojectcompletion WasteReduction(Reduce,Reuse) Greenpurchasing(buyrecycled,lowertoxicity)

31

Productreusecenters/exchanges PAYT Grants Educationalpartnerships Optoutofyellowpagesandjunkmail ExtendedProducerResponsibility EventRecycling Recyclingrequirement Styrofoamban Cityprovidesfreesvc Recyclableorcompostablefood/beveragepackagingrequirement Thefollowingtableprovidesamatrixofprogramelementsandthecommunitiesemployingthem.

32

FairfaxCounty,VA

OrangeCounty,NC

OrangeCounty,FL

AlamedaCounty,

Philadelphia,PA

SanFrancisco,CA

Greensboro,NC

Indianapolis,IN

Portland,OR

Boulder,CO

Oakland,CA

SanJose,CA

Atlanta,GA

Denver,CO

ResidentialSingleFamily MandatoryRecycling Participation VariableRatePAYT FoodWasteCollection DisposalBan Multifamily RecyclingServiceRequired Mandatory X FoodWasteService Commercial MandatoryRecycling MandatoryFoodWaste RequiredRecyclingSvc. Foodservicecontainersmustbe recyclable/compostable Styrofoamban Construction/Demolition Mandatoryrecyclingpercentage X Economicincentiverefundable depositfeewithpermit DisposalBan Mustusecertifiedfacility WasteReduction Greenpurchasing(buyrecycled, lowertoxicity) Productreuse centers/exchanges Grants Optout(yellowpagesand/or junkmail ExtendedProducer Responsibility EventRecycling Recyclingrequirement X

X X X X X X X

Austin,TX

Chicago,IL

Fresno,CA

X X X X X

X X

X X

X X X 4 5 X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

Seattle,WA X 4 X X X X X X X

X X X

1

X X X

X

X

X

X

X 3

4

2

X X

X X X X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Recyclable/compostable X X food/bev.packagingrequired Providescontainers/services X X X 1Requiredifmorethan100units),2Mandatoryif50%orgreaterrecyclablesintrash,3requiredif100 employeesormore,4paperandcardboardmandatory,5mandatoryiffoodwastegeneratingbusiness,city decides

X

33

TorontoCanada

34

AppendixA:LocalGovernmentProfiles

AlamedaCounty,California SolidWasteManagementServices Populationservedbyprogram:1,510,271(2010Census)

1.0DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled:TheAlamedaCountyWasteManagementAuthorityandRecyclingBoard(WMA)isanindependentagency, whichwasestablishedin1976toprovidewastemanagementplanningandprograms.In1990,theSource ReductionandRecyclingBoardwasestablishedbyanactofthevoters,andintegratedintotheexisting Authority.Thetwoboards,theWasteManagementAuthorityandRecyclingBoardandtheSourceReduction andRecyclingBoard,sharethesamestaff,withoverlapsonboardmembership. TheWMA's17memberboardofelectedofficialsincludesrepresentativesfromeachofthefourteencity councils,theCountyBoardofSupervisorsandtwosanitarydistrictboardsthatmainlyserveunincorporated areas.TheAuthorityoperatesundera"JointExerciseofPowersAgreement[JPA]forWasteManagement", adoptedbythememberagencies. Initially,theJPAgavetheAuthorityresponsibilityfortheCountySolidWasteManagementPlan.Later,itadded theCountyHazardousWasteManagementPlanand,in1990,theCountyIntegratedWasteManagementPlan. TheAuthority'srolealsogrewtoincludeprogramdevelopmentaswellasplanning. Before1990,theAlamedaCountyPlanningDepartmentprovidedstaffingonan"asneeded"basis.However, in1990,theAuthorityestablishedanindependentstaffthatnowhasnearly30positions.Theirwebsite www.stopwaste.orgisacomprehensiveoverviewofalleffortstoreducethewastestreamforAlameda County.Thebudgetfortheseeffortsis$17million,ofwhich$2millionisearmarkedforoutreachprograms and$5millionforfundingpassthroughtomemberagencies.TheAnnualBudgetforFiscalYear201112can befoundhere,http://www.stopwaste.org/home/index.asp?page=509. ThefollowingareasarelocatedwithinAlamedaCounty:Alameda,Albany,Berkeley,CastroValley(Castro ValleySanitaryDistrict),Dublin,Emeryville,Fremont,Hayward,Livermore,Newark,Oakland,Piedmont, Pleasanton,SanLeandro,SanLorenzo(OroLomaSanitaryDistrict)andUnionCity.EachCity(withthe exceptionofBerkeley,whichispublicallyownedandoperated)contractsoutfortheirgarbageandrecycling services. TherearecurrentlytwoactivelandfillsintheCounty.(Athirdisintheprocessofbeingclosed.)Theyare ownedbyWasteManagementandRepublicrespectively.Landfillchargesvaryfrom$38.00to$50.00perton andtransferstationsfrom$65.00to$120.00.(Approximately$20pertonoflandfillchargesconsistoffees passedthroughtostateandlocalentities,includingStopWaste.Org.)TherearenoWastetoEnergyfacilitiesin AlamedaCounty.

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernmentMeasuressetoutasearlyas1990wantedtoachievea75%diversionfromlandfillby2010.(Thestate mandatesa50%recyclinggoal.)BasedonDatafrom2009,a69%diversiongoalwasreached.Each municipalitywithinAlamedaCountyalsocalculatestheirindividualdiversionrate, 1

http://www.stopwaste.org/docs/diversionratesbyjurisdiction.pdf.However,anewcriterionhasbeen establishedforthecountythatby2020,lessthan10%oflandfilledmaterialwillconsistofrecyclables/organics (byweightaspartoftheMSW).A2008WasteCharacterizationStudyshowed60%oflandfilledMSWwas recyclable,(48%organics12%recycling),http://www.stopwaste.org/docs/rbfinalinitialstudynegdeca.pdf. ThefullWasteCharacterizationStudycanbefoundhere,http://www.stopwaste.org/docs/acwcs2008r.pdf.

3.0SingleFamilyResidentialWasteManagementEachresidentreceivesthreecarts.Thisincludestwo64galloncartsforrecyclingandorganicsanda32gallon cartforgarbage.Recyclingisnotcurrentlymandatory,butthereisadraftordinanceunderconsiderationto effectthatchange.UntilthisOrdinanceispassedtherecannotbeanyinspectionsorrecyclingenforcement. Everycityandsanitarydistrictprovidescurbsiderecyclingandyardwastepickuponaweeklybasiswiththe exceptionofOroLomaSanitaryDistrict,whichprovidescurbsiderecyclingonabiweeklyschedule.Theonly otherdifferentiationintherecyclingprogramsisintheCityHayward,whichdoesnotacceptfoodscrapswith yardwaste. Thefollowingisagenerallistofwhatisacceptableforcurbsiderecycling: #1PETEBottles(CRV) #1PETEBottles(nonCRV) #1PETEWideMouthContainer #1#7NarrowneckBottles #2HDPEBottles(CRV) #2HDPEBottles(nonCRV) #4LDPEBottles(CRV) AerosolCans(empty)(Nohazardousmaterial) AluminumCans(CRV) AluminumCans(nonCRV) AluminumFoil&Pans AluminumScrap Appliances(small/nonworking)(Includestoasters,mixers,etc.) AsepticPacks(DrinkBoxes) BatteriesHousehold/Flashlight(forAlamedaresidentsonly) BeerBottles BeverageContainers(mixed) Bimetal(CRV) BottlesGlass(CRV) BottlesGlass(nonCRV) Cardboard Catalogues/Magazines CerealBoxes Chipboard ChristmasTrees DrinkBoxes(asepticpacks) Envelopes(reuse) FluorescentTubes/Bulbs/Lamps(forAlamedaresidentsonly) FoodScraps(Collectedinyardtrimmingscart;includesallfoodproducts;coffeegrounds,filtersand teabags;andfoodsoiledpaper) 2

GlassBottles(CRV) GlassBottles(nonCRV) GrassClippings Juice/Soy&RiceMilkBoxes JunkMail(recycle) Leaves Magazines MargarineTubs(widemouth) MetalScrap(Nomorethan30poundsperrecyclingpickup) MilkCartons(paper) MilkJugs(#2HDPE) Newspaper OilFilters(ContactACItorequestafreeplasticbagforoilfilterrecycling) PaintLatex(forAlamedaresidentsonly) Paper(mixed) Paper(white) Paperboard PlasticBottles(CRV) PlasticBottlesNarrowneck(#1#7) TelephoneBooks TinCans UsedMotorOil YardTrimmings Yogurtcups(widemouthcontainer) BulkyCleanupservicesareavailableinalljurisdictionsexceptforPleasantonandareasfollows:Alameda, Albany,Berkeley,SanLeandroandCastroValleySanitaryDistrictprovidethisserviceonceayear;Emeryville, Fremont,Oakland,UnionCityandOroLomaSanitaryDistrictprovideBulkCleanUptwiceayear;Dublin, LivermoreandNewarkprovidetheservicethreetimesayear;andPiedmontwillprovidepickupsfourtimesa year.Theavailabilityoftheservicevariesinwhetheritisprescheduledoroncallandinwhetherthereare limitsontheamountoftrashthatwillbecollected.TheCityofHaywardwilldoaBulkyCleanUponceayear byappointment,butonlyforewasteitems. AlamedaCountyhasa75%setoutrate,andtheaveragemonthlyweightforrecyclingis70lbsperhousehold forrecyclingand85lbsfororganics.Extensivebackyardcompostinghasbeenineffectforatleast15yearsin AlamedaCounty.Itisestimatedthat20%ofhomeswithayard,compost, http://www.stopwaste.org/docs/compostsurveysummary.pdf.Currently,allofthecompostfacultiesare privatelyheldandarelocatedoutsideoftheCounty.However,InJuly2006,theAuthorityBoardinitiateda newprocesstoidentifylocationssuitableforincountycomposting.TheBoard,throughworksessions,is consideringoptionsforsecuringthenecessaryorganicsprocessingcapacity. AnotherservicethatisavailabletoresidentsisBayFriendlyGardening.TheBayFriendlyGardeningprogram providesresourcesandinformationtohelpresidentsmakeenvironmentallyfriendlygardeningchoices.Itis notaparticularstyle,butanapproach.BayFriendlyGardenersworkwithnaturetoreducewasteandprotect thewatershedsoftheSanFranciscoBay.

3

Thereisanaveragerateof$25.00amonthforthemandatoryresidentialservices(notparticipation),whichis usuallybilledquarterlybydirectbilling.Frequencyandavailabilityofcollectionservicesforresidentialrefuse variesgreatlyamongjurisdictions.Acomprehensiveguideisavailableonthewebsite, http://www.stopwaste.org/docs/residential_recycling_services_in_alameda_county.pdf.

4.0MultiFamilyResidentialWasteManagementAnewStateLaw(AssemblyBill341)requiresrecyclingservicesinanymultifamilydwellingover5units. However,despitethisfact,recyclinginmultifamilybuildinghasbeenrelativelyunsuccessful.Theissues revolvearoundcontamination,andunfortunately,qualitydataisnotavailable,asthemajorityofmultifamily accountsarepickeduponcommercialroutesbyfrontendloaders.Thisisduetothefactthatindividual residentsofmultifamilyhousingarenotabletosignupforrecyclingservicesontheirown.Thelastcasestudy ontheissuewascompletedin2008,MultifamilyDwellingRecyclingEvaluationReportDecember2008. Thischartillustratesthetypesofrecyclablematerialsthatareacceptedfromapartmentsinthevarious jurisdictionswithintheCounty. Mixed Glass Alum., Alum. Aerosol Scrap Plastics Plastics Yard Motor Latex Milk& Paper, Bottles Steel Foil& Cans Metal #1&2 #37 Waste Oil Paint Juice Cardboard, &Jars &Tin Pans Empty (Food Cartons Newspaper Cans Scraps) X X X X X X X F X X X X X X X X X F X X X X X X X X X X X X W W F X X X X X X X X X

Alameda Albany Berkeley Castro Valley Dublin X X X X X X X X Emeryville X X X X X X X X Fremont X X X X X W W Hayward X X W WS Livermore X X X X W W Newark X X X X W W X Oakland X X X X X X X X O D OroLoma X X X X X X X Piedmont X X X X X X X Pleasanton X X X X X San X X X X X X Leandro UnionCity X X X X X X X X X Uninc. X X X X W W X Areas F=includesfoodscraps;W=includeswidemouthcontainers,lidsorplates;D=Dry,emptycansonly;S=#6Clean Styrofoam;O=Oilfilters

X X X

4

5.0Business/CommercialRecyclingBusinessesaredefinedbyzoninginAlamedaCounty.Churches,hospitals,privateeducationalinstitutionsand FederalBuildingsallfallundertheBusiness/Commercialrecyclingumbrella,andtherefore,havetocontract withaFranchiseHolderorproviderforthatdistrict. TheStopWasteBusinessPartnership,institutedin1998,isaprogramofStopWaste.Orgthatofferscompanies andinstitutionsinAlamedaCountyfreehelptoloweroperatingcosts,increaseefficiencyandprotectthe environmentthroughrecyclingandwastepreventionimprovements.TheStopWasteteamismadeupofboth privateandpublicserviceprofessionalsandservicesprovidedincludefreepublicationsandtools(casestudies, guides,postersandvendorlists);fundingassistance(grantsrangingfrom$5,000$70,000andlowinterest loansrangingfrom$50,000$240,000forwasteprevention,reuseandrecyclingprojects);expertadviceand recognition(BusinessEfficiencyAwardsandfreepublicityasacasestudyoronlinesuccessstory). Businessesalsohavetheopportunitytocompost,andagain,freeevaluations/sitevisitsareofferedbytheStop Wastepartnership.TheCompostatWorkguideprovidesadditionalinformation, http://stopwaste.org/docs/compost_at_work.pdf. BayFriendlyLandscapingisawholesystemsapproachtothedesign,constructionandmaintenanceofthe landscapeinordertosupporttheintegrityofoneofCalifornia'smostmagnificentecosystems,theSan FranciscoBaywatershed.TheBayFriendlylandscapeprofessionalcancreateandmaintainhealthy,beautiful andvibrantlandscapesby: LandscapinginharmonywiththenaturalconditionsoftheSanFranciscoBaywatershed Reducingwasteandrecyclingmaterials Nurturinghealthysoilswhilereducingfertilizeruse Conservingwater,energyandtopsoil Usingintegratedpestmanagementtominimizechemicaluse Reducingstormwaterrunoff Creatingwildlifehabitat

LandfillBanCalRecycleandtheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardaredevelopingastatewidemandatorycommercialrecycling measure,slatedtogointoeffectin2012.Itislikelythatthislaw,oncedeveloped,willapplytoallbusinesses thatgenerateatleastfourcubicyardsofwasteaweek.Untilmandatorycommercialrecyclingisapproved,the Countycannotperforminspectionsorenforcementofcommercialrecyclingprograms.However,in2010, AlamedaCountyinstitutedalandfillbanprohibitingthedisposalofplantdebris(e.g.grass,leaves,shrubbery, vinesandtreebranches)incountylandfills.Plantdebrismustbeseparatedfromallgarbageanddepositedin thedisposalfacilitysdesignatedcleangreenareaoradesignatedorganicscartorcollectionbin.Theban appliestoanypersonororganizationgeneratingsignificantamountsofplantdebristhathaulsthematerialto disposalfacilitiesinAlamedaCounty,orplacesitinbinsforcollection.Thisincludes: Residentiallandscapersandgardeners Commerciallandscapersandgardeners Commercialandresidentialpropertymanagers Municipalitiesandinstitutions(e.g.colleges,hospitals) Businessesandinstitutionssubscribingto4cubicyardsormoreofweeklysolidwastecollection service. 5

Landscapersandorganizationsthatfailtoseparateplantdebrisfromwastecanbefined.However,thegoalof theordinanceiscomplianceandenvironmentalprotection,notthecollectionoffines.

6.0ConstructionandDemolition:AllofthejurisdictionslocatedwithinAlamedaCounty,withtheexceptionofPleasanton,haveadopted ConstructionandDemolition(C&D)DebrisRecyclingOrdinances.ThereisalsoaCountyC&DOrdinancethat appliestoallCountyownedprojects,regardlessoftheirlocation.Thedominantmodelwithinthese Ordinancesrequiresdiversionof100%ofconcreteandasphaltfromthelandfilland50%ofallothermaterials. However,someofthemunicipalitiessimplyrequirea50%totaldiversionrate;theydonotspecificallyaddress concreteandasphalt.TheCountyOrdinancerequiresthatatleast50%ofthetotaldebrisgeneratedbya coveredconstructionordemolitionprojectbedivertedfromthelandfillthroughrecyclingorreuse,butthat traditionalpublicworksprojectscoveredundertheordinancemustobtaina75%diversionrateforasphalt, concreteandearthdebris. ThethresholdatwhichaprojectbecomescoveredundertheOrdinancesvariesgreatlybyjurisdiction.Some requireallpermitteddemolitionprojectstocomply,whileothersonlyaffectdemolitionprojectsabovea specificvalue.Thisdesignatedvaluerangedfrom$3,000to$40,000.Fornewconstructionprojects,the thresholdvaluerangedfrom$50,000to$300,000.Projectsfallingbelowapplicablethresholdsweresimply encouragedtocomplyandnotrequired.Thesuccessoftheseprogramsvariesasdoestheenforcementand tracking,dependinguponthecity. OtherC&DrecyclingprogramsincludeaCarpetTilePilotProgramwhereexcesscarpettilesfromrenovations thatarestillingoodconditioncanbedonatedtooneofthreeparticipatingfacilitiesforreuseandother documentresources.TheseincludeasampleC&DWasteManagementPlan;aBuildersGuidetoReuse& Recycling,whichincludesadirectoryforC&Dandlandscapingmaterials;andaDesignforReuseprimer.

GreenBuildingsBusinessesthatownoroccupysmallcommercialfacilitiesinAlamedaCountyareeligibletoparticipateina greenmaterialsrebateprogramthroughEnergyUpgradeCaliforniainAlamedaCounty.Administeredby StopWaste.Org,theSmallCommercialGreenMaterialsRebateProgramofferscashincentivesforpurchasing recycledcontentproductsinconjunctionwithothergreenbuildingupgradesincommercialtenant improvementsorretrofits. TheProgramprovidesexpertswhocanhelpinthespecificationandselectionofappropriategreenmaterials upgrades,avalueupto$1,000perproject.Theyalsohelpparticipantsnavigatetheenergyandwater efficiencyrebatesceneintheirarea,providinganunbiasedopiniononcosteffectivestrategies.Finally,they issuearebateupto$2,500tooffsettheinvestmentoftimeand/ormoneyforinstallingpreferredgreen materials. Rebatesareavailableforthefollowingrecycledcontentmaterials: Carpet Ceilingtiles Ceramictile Recycledpaintforexteriors Buildinginsulation Salvagedmaterials 6

Recycledcontentaggregate

Earlyin2010,theCaliforniaBuildingStandardsCommission(CBSC)andtheDepartmentofHousingand CommunityDevelopment(HCD)finalizedthefirststatewidemandatorygreenbuildingcodeinthecountryfor newlyconstructedbuildings:Title24,Part11oftheCaliforniaBuildingStandardsCode(commonlycalled CALGreen).CALGreentookeffectasofJanuary1st,2011. IndevelopingCALGreen,CBSCandHCDsignificantlyraisedtheminimumenvironmentalstandardsfor constructionofnewbuildingsinCalifornia.MandatoryprovisionsinCALGreenwillcontributetopublichealth throughfundamentalgreenbuildingpractices,whichreducetheuseofVOCemittingmaterials,strengthen waterconservation,requireconstructionwasterecyclingandextendstormwaterpollutionpreventionefforts tomostjobsites.

7.0EventRecyclingIn2004,theStateofCaliforniapassedAB2176,alawthatrequiresspecialeventsandpublicvenuefacilities withover2,000participantsperdaytodevelopandimplementasolidwastemanagementplanand implementrecyclingandwastereductionstrategies.Thismakesrecyclingavailableandconvenienttothe publicattendinglargevenuesandevents,whilepromotingplanningforrecyclingatthoselocationsduring designandoperation.Thelawalsorequiresthatlocalcitiesandcountiesreportonprogresswithwaste reductionandrecyclingatthetop10%oflargevenuesandspecialeventsintheirannualsolidwasteand recyclingreportingtotheState. Inordertocomply,theeventoperatormustsubmittheposteventwastemanagementinformationtothe localagency(cityorcounty),uponrequest.Theinformationrequestedincludes: Nameandlocationofeventorvenue Descriptionofeventorvenue Briefdescriptionoftypesofwastegenerated Typesandamountsofwastedisposedanddiverted Descriptionofexistingsolidwastereduction,reuseandrecyclingprograms Ifnoprogramsareinplace,descriptionofwhytherearenoprograms Contactinformationforresponsiblepersonssubmittingtheannualreporttothelocalagency

Eventoperatorsmustalsoformallyreviewandupdatetheirwastemanagement/recyclingplaneverytwo years.IftheeventconformstotheStatesdefinitionofalargeevent,theoperatorshould: Meetwithlocalwastehaulersandrecycledmaterialsbuyers Developasolidwastereductionplan Developaprogramimplementationtimeline Consultwithlocalorganizationstodevelopasuccessfulrecyclingprogram: o Recyclingcoordinatoroflocalagency o Localfoodbanks o Communityconservationcorps Addressthetypesofwastematerialgeneratedbytheeventorfacility: o Paper 7

o Cardboard o Bottlesandcans o Foodandfoodsoiledpaper Considerimplementingthefollowingprograms: o Minimizetheuseofplastics,especiallyplasticfilmusedinpackaging o Reducethevolumeorweightofwastematerials o Purchaserecyclableandlongerlastingproducts o Purchaseproductsmadeofrecycledmaterials. o Donatetocharity o Resellusablematerials o Recycleorcompostmarketablematerials

ASpecialEventsBestPracticesGuideforwastereductionisavailableonthestopwastewebsite, http://www.stopwaste.org/docs/specialeventsswp.pdf.Thisguideprovidesaplanforgettingstarted,a suggestedeventrecyclingtimeline,recyclingtipsforspecifictypesofevents,samplecontractandpolicy languageandaposteventrecyclingworksheet.

8.0GreenPurchasingStopWaste.Orgworkswithallpublicagenciesandlargeemployers,aswellasSchoolstopromotegreen purchasing.Theorganizationoffersfreefactsheetsandotherresourcestohelpentitiesmakemore sustainablepurchasingdecisions. AnothergreenpurchasinginitiativethatStopWaste.OrgisinvolvedinistheUseReusablescampaign.Thisis ajointprojectwiththeReusablePackagingAssociation,withthesupportoftheEnvironmentalProtection AgencythroughaClimateShowcaseCommunitiesgrant.Launchedin2007,thecampaignprovidesfree educationalresources,trainingworkshopsandexpertadvicetohelpbusinessestransitiontoreusable transportpackaging.Transportpackagingincludespallets,boxes,cratesandothercontainersusedtoship ingredients,partsandproductsbetweenproducers,manufacturers,wholesalersandretailers.Reusable transportpackagingreplacesonetime(andlimiteduse)palletsandboxeswithdurable,reusabletotes,bins andpallets.

9.0SchoolsandotherPublicAgenciesPublicschoolsareresponsibleforcontractingtheirownsolidwasteandrecyclingservices. Theirecycle@schoolprogramisopentoallpublicschoolsinAlamedaCountyandsomecharterschools.The programprovidesfreetechnicalassistance,teachertrainingandeducationresources(includingateachingkit onthe4Rs)toassistindesigningand/orenhancingadistrictwiderecyclingprogram.Publicschoolscanalso requestafree45minuteassemblyduringwhichstudentswilllearnhowtoreducetheircarbonfootprintby foodscraprecyclingandreducingconsumption.Aninitiativethatisspecifictofifthgradeclassroomsisthe4Rs StudentActionProject,whichengagesstudentsinaddressingrealenvironmentalissuesattheirschoolandin theircommunity. TheServiceLearningWasteReductionProject(SLWRP)isapartnershipbetweenStopWaste.Orgs irecycle@schoolprogram,theAlamedaCountyOfficeofEducationandmiddleandhighschoolsinAlameda County.SLWRPseekstoempowerstudentsbyincreasingtheirwastereductionknowledgethroughengaging 8

activelearningexperiences.Ateamofteachers(typicallyaboutfivefromeachschool)receivesupportand trainingfromACOEandStopWaste.Orgtodevelopinclasslessonsaswellaspracticalschoolwidewaste reductionstrategiesoncampus. Fieldtripstotheawardwinningirecycle@schoolEducationCenterofferfourthgradestudentsanopportunity tolearnfirsthandwhathappenstotheirrecyclables,garbageandgreenwasteataworkingmaterialrecovery facilityandtransferstation.Fieldtripstotheirecycle@schoolEducationCenterprovidereallifeapplicationof conceptstaughtintheclassroomintheareasofphysicalscience,lifescienceand investigation/experimentation. Fieldtripsinclude: AtwohourprogramincludingavisittotheEducationCenter,GarbagePitandMaterialRecovery Facility Anopportunitytotracethepathofyardwaste,recyclablesandgarbagefromcurbsideto remanufactureordisposal Learningaboutthe4Rs(Reduce,Reuse,Recycle,Rot)andexploringhowstudentsindividualactions canhelpreducewaste AhandsonactivityintheEducationCenteralignedtotheStateContentStandards SimulatethesortingofrecyclablesinaMaterialsRecoveryFacility(MRF)usingair,magnets,screens andmanualsorting Meetingprofessionalsmodelingwastereductionpractices PreandpostfieldtriplessonsalignedtoCaliforniaStateStandards Freebuspickupanddropoffatschool

BayFriendlyschoolgardensisanotherschoolprogramthatprovidesaholisticapproachtocreatingand maintainingschoolgardensandhandsonlearningopportunities.Theydemonstrateecologicalconceptsand environmentallyfriendlypracticesthatfosterasenseofstewardshipinstudentswhileprotectingtheSan FranciscoBaywatershed.

LocalGovernmentsStopWaste.Orghascreatedseveralmodelpolicydocumentsthatlocalgovernmentscandownloadfromtheir website.Theseaddressissuessuchasdisasterdebrismanagement,environmentallyfriendlypurchasing,green buildingforpublicagencies,BayFriendlylandscapingforpublicagenciesandC&Drecycling.

10.0HouseholdHazardousWasteTherearefourpermanenthouseholdhazardouswastefacilitieslocatedthroughouttheCountyinOakland, Hayward,LivermoreandFremont.ThefirstthreeareopenThursdaythroughSaturday,whiletheFremont facilityisopenWednesdaythroughSaturday.StateRegulationslimittheamountofwasteonemaytransport to15gallonsofliquidwaste,or125lbsofsolidwaste.Therefore,individualitems/containersmustbeno largerthan5gallonsorweighnomorethan50lbsiftheyaredroppedoffatoneoftheselocations. Allfourfacilitiesacceptthefollowingmaterials: Paint,stain,varnish,thin