best practices for water use at thermoelectric...
TRANSCRIPT
system design &
management
Best Practices for Water Use at
Thermoelectric Facilities
▪ Donny Holaschutz, SDM’10 & inodú cofounder
▪ Jorge Moreno, SDM’11 & inodú cofounder
▪ Carolina Gómez, Sustainable Development Division
Ministry of Energy, Chile
May 8, 2017
2
From left: Jorge Moreno, SDM ’11; Donny Holaschutz, SDM ’10; and
Carolina Gomez
Jorge Moreno and Donny Holaschutz, Cofounders, inodú; SDM Alumni
Carolina Gomez, Sustainable Development Division, Ministry of Energy, Chile
Agenda
• The social challenges created by water use at thermoelectric facilities
• Summary of associated policy and regulatory initiatives in Chile
1. The process
2. The results
• Water use in Thermoelectric Facilities in Chile
• Key Impacts Addressed by Guide
• Alignment between International Best Practices and Chilean Regulation
• Interesting Analysis and Insights Gathered During Guide Definition Process
• Highlights of Guide
• Work in Progress
3
Agenda
• The social challenges created by water use at thermoelectric facilities
• Summary of associated policy and regulatory initiatives in Chile
1. The process
2. The results
• Water use in Thermoelectric Facilities in Chile
• Key Impacts Addressed by Guide
• Alignment between International Best Practices and Chilean Regulation
• Interesting Analysis and Insights Gathered During Guide Definition Process
• Highlights of Guide
• Work in Progress
4
Why was the Ministry of Energy interested in studying good
practices for water use at thermoelectric plants?
5
The Challenge: Environmental impact on marine environment from the lack
of technology which minimizes adverse environmental impacts and the
operation of cooling water systems in thermoelectric power plants
6
The Challenge: Environmental impact on marine environment from the lack
of technology which minimizes adverse environmental impacts and the
operation of cooling water systems in thermoelectric power plants
7
The Challenge: Environmental impact on marine environment from the lack
of technology which minimizes adverse environmental impacts and the
operation of cooling water systems in thermoelectric power plants
8
The Challenge: Environmental impact on marine environment from the lack
of technology which minimizes adverse environmental impacts and the
operation of cooling water systems in thermoelectric power plants
9
Agenda
• The social challenges created by water use at thermoelectric facilities
• Summary of associated policy and regulatory initiatives in Chile
1. The process
2. The results
• Water use in Thermoelectric Facilities in Chile
• Key Impacts Addressed by Guide
• Alignment between International Best Practices and Chilean Regulation
• Interesting Analysis and Insights Gathered During Guide Definition Process
• Highlights of Guide
• Work in Progress
10
1. The process: The Energy Agenda
established in 2014
• Pillar N°1: New role of the State:
– "We will support the development of specific regulations and instruments for the sector, in order to improve the environmental performance of energy projects."
– "One of the initiatives in this line is to develop studies which regulate withdrawal and discharge of the cooling water of thermoelectric plants."
11
1. The process: ENERGY 2050 –
Chile’s Energy Policy
12
VISION AND PILLARS OF THE POLICY
1. The process: Environmentally friendly
energy (Pillar N° 3)
"Energy infrastructure which
generates low environmental
impact. Impacts should be first
avoided, then mitigated and finally
compensated, considering energy
development and its implications in
air, land, marine and inland water
ecosystems."
13
1. The process:
14
TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC, REGULATORY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF
THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANT
TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR COOLING
SYSTEMS
First Study was
developed in year 2014
1. The process:
15
Second Study was
developed in year 2015
PROPOSAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATION FOR WATER USE IN
THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANTS’
COOLING SYSTEMS AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES THAT WITHDRAW AND
DISCHARGE WATER
16
1. The process:
17
1. Workshop in Valparaíso and a
visit to a power plant, October
2015.
2. Technical meeting in Valparaiso,
November 2015 with General
Direction of the Maritime Territory
and Merchant Marine,
Undersecretariat of Fisheries and
Aquaculture, Ministry of the
Environment and Ministry of
Energy.
3.Workshop with Mexican experts
in Santiago, November 2015.
4. Workshop in Concepcion,
November 2015
Workshops and other activities
1. The process: Stakeholders
18
• Ministry of the Environment
• Undersecretariat of Fisheries and
Aquaculture
• Ministry of Economy
• Ministry of Public Works
• General Direction of the Maritime
Territory and Merchant Marine
• Superintendence of the Environment
Government Services:
1. The process: Stakeholders
19
• Association of Generators of Chile
• Colbun
• Enel
• Aes Gener
• Engie
Private Sector:
1. The process: Stakeholders
20
Ministry of Energy:
Sustainable Development Division
Legal Division
Project Management Unit
Security and Energy Markets Division
Energy Regional Ministerial Secretariat of Antofagasta,
Atacama, Valparaíso and Bio Bio
2. The results: Guide with good practices for the
use of cooling water at thermoelectric power plants
21
Indicative guide aimed at
reducing impacts on marine
biota by the withdraw and
discharge of water from
thermoelectric plants
2. The results: Proposal of a compulsory
regulation
22
Ministry of the Environment can't
regulate, because they regulate
pollutants
Undersecretariat of Fisheries and
Aquaculture can regulate through
Fisheries Law
One of the objectives of this Law is:
“The conservation and sustainable
use of hydrobiological resources
through the application of the
precautionary approach, an
ecosystem approach to fisheries
regulation and the safeguarding of
marine ecosystems where such
resources exist."
Agenda
• The social challenges created by water use at thermoelectric facilities
• Summary of associated policy and regulatory initiatives in Chile
1. The process
2. The results
• Water use in Thermoelectric Facilities in Chile
• Key Impacts Addressed by Guide
• Alignment between International Best Practices and Chilean Regulation
• Interesting Analysis and Insights Gathered During Guide Definition Process
• Highlights of Guide
• Work in Progress
23
Water Use in Thermoelectric Facilities
24
Water Use in Thermoelectric Facilities
25
(Wet or Dry Systems)
Water Use in Thermoelectric Facilities
26
(Wet or Dry Systems)
Water Use in Thermoelectric Facilities
27
(Wet or Dry Systems)
System Design & Operational tradeoffs: Complex interactions
driven by techno-economic, environemental, policy (environmental
& social), and social (facts & perceptions) requirements
28
Water Use
Water WithdrawalWater Consumption
Cost
Efficiency of the Thermoelectic Power Plant
Environmental Impact (Air Pollutants)
Environmental Impact (Impingement, Entrainment, Discharges)
Coastal Planning & Land Use
Sustainability
Environmental Impact (Noise)
Safety
Resilience
Rubustness
Scalability
MaintenabilityReparability Modularity
Water use in Thermoelectric Facilities in Chile
29
Differences in Geographical Context: The US Case
30
Water BodyNumber of
FacilitiesPercentage
River 349 52 %
Lake 134 20 %
Great Lakes 48 7 %
Estuary 117 17 %
Ocean 22 3 %
[Source: US EPA 2014]
Facility Proximity Analysis:
30% the facilities have at least one
facility located at least 5 miles from
another facility
62% the facilities have at least one
facility located at least 15 miles from
another facility
Exclusion and collection technologies installed
in water intake systems in Chile as of 2016.
31
Exclusion and collection technologies installed
in water intake systems in Chile as of 2016.
32
Installed Exclusion and Collecting Technologies Quantity
Travelling Screens 24
Trash Racks 27
Wedge-Wire Screens 2
Fish Nets 14
Fish Nets + Air Bubble Barriers 2
Rack on Siphon Intake 4
Fish Handling and/or Return Systems 3
Agenda
• The social challenges created by water use at thermoelectric facilities
• Summary of associated policy and regulatory initiatives in Chile
1. The process
2. The results
• Water use in Thermoelectric Facilities in Chile
• Key Impacts Addressed by Guide
• Alignment between International Best Practices and Chilean Regulation
• Interesting Analysis and Insights Gathered During Guide Definition Process
• Highlights of Guide
• Work in Progress
33
Key Impacts of Withdrawing Water
34
Impingment Entrainment
Key Metrics:
▪ Number of Individual (fish, Larvae, Eggs) Lost per Year
▪ Number of Adult Equivalent Losses (1-year-age) per Year
▪ Other metrics
Entrainment Mortality?
Water Flow
Source
Water Body
To
Industrial
Process
Facility Design Parameters, Organism’s Biological Traits
and Population Behaviors which determine effects of
impingement and entrainment
35
TowardsThermoelectricFacilities
SpawningAreas
FishMigration
Patterns
OrganismsNear
Intake
PopulationBehaviors
1
2
3
Facility Design Parameters, Organism’s Biological Traits
and Population Behaviors which determine effects of
impingement and entrainment
36
BodyLength1
2 SwimSpeed
Tolerable
Temperature
4
HeadCapsule
Depth
5 Others
Organism’sBiologicalTraits
TowardsThermoelectricFacilities
3
SpawningAreas
FishMigration
Patterns
OrganismsNear
Intake
PopulationBehaviors
1
2
3
Facility Design Parameters, Organism’s Biological Traits
and Population Behaviors which determine effects of
impingement and entrainment
37
BodyLength1
2 SwimSpeed
Tolerable
Temperature
4
HeadCapsule
Depth
5 Others
1
Organism’sBiologicalTraits
Facility’sDesignParameters
Intake
Location2
3 ScreenSizeand
Type
Approach
Velocity
4 VolumeofWater
Withdrawn
TowardsThermoelectricFacilities
5
6
7
ChangesinTemperature
UseofChemicals
Pressure
3
SpawningAreas
FishMigration
Patterns
OrganismsNear
Intake
PopulationBehaviors
1
2
3
The Fish’s Swimming Ability and its
Susceptibility to Entrainment
38
[Source: Technical Evaluation of the Utility of Intake Approach Velocity as an Indicator of
Potential Adverse Environmental Impact under Clean Water Act Section 316(b). EPRI, Palo
Alto CA, 2000. 1000731.]
The Larvae’s Morphological Variations and
its Susceptibility to Entrainment
39
[Source: HDR Inc. 2016 & T. Hogan 2015]
Head
Capsule
Depth
Agenda
• The social challenges created by water use at thermoelectric facilities
• Summary of associated policy and regulatory initiatives in Chile
1. The process
2. The results
• Water use in Thermoelectric Facilities in Chile
• Key Impacts Addressed by Guide
• Alignment between International Best Practices and Chilean Regulation
• Interesting Analysis and Insights Gathered During Guide Definition Process
• Highlights of Guide
• Work in Progress
40
Holistic Analysis of Regional Context - Assessed
Systemic Needs and Found Opportunities to
Promote Institutional Alignment
41
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MetricsStakeholder
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MetricsStakeholder
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Key Processes
Strategic
Objectives
+11 Stakeholders
Wide range of objectives
Complex Regulatory Context (Laws,
ByLaws, Procedures, Guides)
Complex requirements (metrics &
processes)
Ambiguity
Lack of metrics
Procedures
StructurePromote
Alignment Lack of requirements for regulating
environmental impact of
withdrawing water
Policy Benchmark: Best Practices in some OECD
Countries
42
Clean Water Act Section 316(b) Water Framework Directive
Integrated Pollution Prevention
and Control Directive
Marine Strategy Framework
Directive
To reduce impingement and
entrainment of fish and other
aquatic organisms at cooling
water intake structures used by
certain existing power
generation and manufacturing
facilities for the withdrawal of
cooling water from waters of the
United States.
To establish a framework for
the protection of inland surface
waters, transitional waters,
coastal waters and
groundwater which:
a)…
b)…
c)…
d)…
Policy Benchmark: Best Practices in some OECD
Countries
43
Clean Water Act Section 316(b) Water Framework Directive
Integrated Pollution Prevention
and Control Directive
Marine Strategy Framework
Directive
To reduce impingement and
entrainment of fish and other
aquatic organisms at cooling
water intake structures used by
certain existing power
generation and manufacturing
facilities for the withdrawal of
cooling water from waters of the
United States.
To establish a framework for
the protection of inland surface
waters, transitional waters,
coastal waters and
groundwater which:
a)…
b)…
c)…
d)…
In US: Each State can
define particular
procedures and
requirements to apply
rule 316(b), for
example, regarding
entrainment impact
assessment and cost-
benefit analysis of
water intake
alternatives.
In EU: Member States
shall bring into force
the laws, regulations
and administrative
provisions necessary
to comply with this
Directive
Policy Benchmark: Best Practices in some OECD
Countries
44
Clean Water Act Section 316(b) Water Framework Directive
Integrated Pollution Prevention
and Control Directive
Marine Strategy Framework
Directive
To reduce impingement and
entrainment of fish and other
aquatic organisms at cooling
water intake structures used by
certain existing power
generation and manufacturing
facilities for the withdrawal of
cooling water from waters of the
United States.
To establish a framework for
the protection of inland surface
waters, transitional waters,
coastal waters and
groundwater which:
a)…
b)…
c)…
d)…
Specific requirements
defined in terms of
metrics that the
operator of the power
plant can directly
manage.
To reduce impingment
it prescribes 7
alternatives.
To reduce entrainment
it requires that the
Director must
establish the BTA
entrainment
requirement for a
facility on a site-
specific basis.
Agenda
• The social challenges created by water use at thermoelectric facilities
• Summary of associated policy and regulatory initiatives in Chile
1. The process
2. The results
• Water use in Thermoelectric Facilities in Chile
• Key Impacts Addressed by Guide
• Alignment between International Best Practices and Chilean Regulation
• Interesting Analysis and Insights Gathered During Guide Definition Process
• Highlights of Guide
• Work in Progress
45
46
Total Investment Cost Analysis for Cooling Systems
Cooling System for 260
MW Coal Plant
Once through
Cooling
Cooling Tower Cooling Pond Air Cooled
Condenser
Cost of Water
Intake or
Withdrawal
System
Overhead
Siphon
k US$ 160- 267
per meter
k US$ 160- 267
per meter
k US$ 160- 267
per meter $0
Submarine
System
k US$ 67 -133 per
meter
k US$ 67 -133
per meter
k US$ 67 -133
per meter
$0
Installed
Cooling
Component
Cost
Mejillones N/A M US$ 5,6 – 6,5 M US$ 7,2 - 8,7 M US$ 45,6 - 50,9
Quintero N/A M US$ 5,7 – 6,7 M US$ 7,9 - 9,4 M US$ 45,6 - 50,9
Quillota N/A M US$ 5,7 – 6,7 M US$ 8,7- 10,2 M US$ 58,3 - 62.2
Coronel N/A M US$ 5,7 – 6,7 M US$ 6,3 - 7,8 M US$ 46,1 -51,4
Condenser Cost18– 44 US$/m3 hr
(*)
18– 44 US$/m3
hr (*)
18– 44 US$/m3
hr (*)
Cost of pumping system Cost of pumping system $0
Other Significant Costs to
Consider
Intake Protection
System cost
Water Use Permit
cost,
Development &
Engineering Costs,
Piping costs
Intake Protection
System cost
Water Use Permit
cost,
Development &
Engineering Costs,
Piping costs
Intake Protection
System cost
Water Use Permit
cost,
Development &
Engineering Costs,
Land Costs
Land Costs,
Development &
Engineering Costs
Once Through Cooling vs. Closed Loop
Cooling System
47
Mejillones Quintero Coronel
Wetbulb Temperature (1%) 20 oC 18,5 oC 19,5 oC
Dry Bulb Temperature (1% Wet Bulb) 24 oC 24 oC 25 oC
Relative Humidity (1% Wet Bulb) 70% 59% 60%
Water Avaliable Ocean Ocean Ocean
Water Quality 34,4 g/l 34,4 g/l 34,4 g/l
Average Water Temperature 17 oC 15 oC 14 oC
Power Loss for 10 oC Temperature Increase 5.74% 6.15% 7.87
Power loss for 30 oC Discharge Temperature 7.05% 7.87% 9.51%
The conversion of a once through cooling system to a closed loop cooling system for an ocean location power plant imposes significant costs in terms of performance, operation, and, ultimately, cost of electricity.
Recommended a Once-Through Cooling System
with a Properly Designed Intake which Minimizes
Adverse Environmental Impacts
A Once-Through Cooling System located in the Chilean Coast with a Properly Designed Intake and which Minimizes Adverse Environmental Impacts:
1. Allows for a more energy efficient thermoelectric facility which reduces emissions
2. Can reduce entrainment to a level commensurate with the flow reduction associated with closed-cycle cooling (i.e., 90%)
3. Most cost effective solution in Chile
48
Challenges Measuring Through Screen
Velocity
49
[Source: Costasur]
Approach Velocity Adopted Instead of
Through-Screen Velocity
50
7.62 cmScreen
Through-Screen
Velocity
Approach
Velocity
30 cm
Agenda
• The social challenges created by water use at thermoelectric facilities
• Summary of associated policy and regulatory initiatives in Chile
1. The process
2. The results
• Water use in Thermoelectric Facilities in Chile
• Key Impacts Addressed by Guide
• Alignment between International Best Practices and Chilean Regulation
• Interesting Analysis and Insights Gathered During Guide Definition Process
• Highlights of Guide
• Work in Progress
51
1. More Efficient Thermoelectric Facility
52
Other Losses (5%)
Flue Gases (11.9%)
Heat to Cooling System (46.3%)
Electricity (36.8%)
Heat in (100%)
Coal Unit
Heat in (100%)
Natural Gas
Combined Cycle
Unit
Flue Gases (20%)
Other Losses (3%)
Heat to Cooling System (26.8%)
Electricity (50.2%)
[Source: Anna Delgado, 2012]
2. Adequate Selection of Water Intake Location
• Guidelines to conduct a study which can show if an intake withdrawal location is adequate – Annex 12 of Study for Ministry of Energy
• It is important to consider the following criteria for the intake location:
– If the intake location is near a spawning area
– The number of individuals near the intake
– If intake location intersects with a migration route
– The intake location significantly affects the life cycle of a valuable species
• The thermocline is not a good indicator of how the intake will impact the water body.
• The intake should be located at a depth of between 5 meters and 15 meters divers can maintain and repair if needed.
53
3. Selection of Cooling System
• A preferred option for the Chilean Coast is the Once-Through Cooling System:
– which has a properly designed, operated and maintained water intake and discharge system;
– and has a water intake system which minimizes adverse environmental impacts
• A closed loop cooling system is the preferred option in coastal zones where there the altitude at which the facility is located makes it inefficient to pump the water required by a once through cooling system
• A dry cooling system – in areas where there is water scarcity.
54
4. Reduce Intake Velocity
• To operate a water intake system with a maximum water
intake velocity of 15cm/sec. The design water intake velocity
should be estimated a distance which is less than 8 cm
away from the intake screen.
• Operate a water intake system with a maximum average
velocity of 15 cm/sec.
55
5. Properly Designed Intake which
Minimizes Adverse Environmental Impacts
56
Wedgewire
Screens
[Source: Johnson Screens]
5. Properly Designed Intake which
Minimizes Adverse Environmental Impacts
57
Travelling
Screens
with Fish
Return
System
[Source: Siemens]
5. Properly Designed Intake which
Minimizes Adverse Environmental Impacts
58
Velocity Cap
[Source: Alden Lab]
5. Properly Designed Intake which
Minimizes Adverse Environmental Impacts
59
Other Options
[Source: Geiger]
Agenda
• The social challenges created by water use at thermoelectric facilities
• Summary of associated policy and regulatory initiatives in Chile
1. The process
2. The results
• Water use in Thermoelectric Facilities in Chile
• Key Impacts Addressed by Guide
• Alignment between International Best Practices and Chilean Regulation
• Interesting Analysis and Insights Gathered During Guide Definition Process
• Highlights of Guide
• Work in Progress
60
Chilean Guide with Methods to Assess
Intake Impacts – Cost-Benefit Analysis
61
[Source: EPRI 2002]
Acknowledgments
62
Carl Bozzuto, Independent Consultant
Questions?
63
Guide:
http://www.minenergia.cl/archivos_bajar/ucom/publicaciones/Guia_Buenas
_Practicas_Termoelectrica.pdf
system design &
management
Best Practices for Water Use at
Thermoelectric Facilities
▪ Donny Holaschutz, SDM’10 & inodú cofounder
▪ Jorge Moreno, SDM’11 & inodú cofounder
▪ Carolina Gómez, Sustainable Development Division
Ministry of Energy, Chile
May 8, 2017