BERAU COASTAL MARINE AREA

Project Plan

Rare Pride Campaign

Berau Marine Protected Area, Dewaran Islands

East Kalimantan, Borneo

Indonesia

The campaigns flagship species, the sea turtle.

Hirmen Syofyanto

The Nature Conservancy Indonesia Program

May 2006

Rare Diploma in Conservation Education

University of Kent at Canterbury, United Kingdom

Kent Cohort VI

Table of Contents

4Chapter 1: Site Description

4Introduction

4International Conventions and Legal Aspects

6Biodiversity of Berau Marine Protected Area

6Terrestrial ecosystem

6Marine ecosystem

8Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects

8Demographics

9Economic Aspects

9Cultural Aspects

10Per Capita Income

10Land and Marine Tenure

10Political Situation

11Geological Aspect

11Threats to Berau Marine Protected Area

11Unsustainable Fisheries

11Coral Reef Destruction

12Degradation of Seagrasses

12Turtle Population Decline

13Pollution

13Other Conservation Work

15Chapter2: Stakeholder Matrix

19Chapter 3: Concept Model

19Narrative Summary

20Flagship Species and Slogans

22Chapter 4: Community Pre Survey

22Demographic Profile

22Target Group

23Control Group

23Media Preferences

23Target Group

24Control Group

25Perception and Knowledge on Berau Marine Protected Area Resources

25Target Group

26Control Group

27Flagship Species and Slogan

27Target Group

28Control Group

28Focus Group Discussion and Community Pre-Survey

29Chapter 5: Flagship Species Summary

29Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas, Crite J,2000)

29Distribution

29Behaviour

30Biology

30Size

30Reproduction

30Feeding

31Green Turtle Status

31Green Turtles in Berau

32Chapter 6: The Project Plan

32GOAL:

32SUB-GOAL 1:

47SUB-GOAL 2:

51SUB GOAL - 3:

56Monitoring Plan

65BERAU PROJECT TIMELINE

69References

73Annex 1:

83Annex 2. Result of Focus Group Discussions

Chapter 1: Site Description

Introduction

Berau Marine Protected Area (MPA) is located in Berau Regency in the province of East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur). The regency lies north of the provincial capital of Balikpapan between 116o-119o West and 1o00-2o3 South. Berau Regency has an approximate land area of 24,201 km2, or 2,420,100 ha, and a marine area of 1,270,000 ha. The regency has a large coastal area covering 461.77 km of coastline and around 31 small islands. The capital city of the regency is Tanjung Redeb (Figure1). Approximately 118,096 people reside in the regency in 28,993 households and the area has a population density of 4.88 people per km2. The regency consists of ten sub-districts and 89 villages, including four coastal sub-districts and 25 coastal villages (BPS, 2001).

Figure 1. Map of Berau District (Source; BPS, 2003)

Beraus coastal and marine areas are part of the Indo-Australian region, the richest faunal region in the world in terms of biodiversity. The area also has the highest marine biodiversity in East Kalimantan. Furthermore, this area is located in the center of the Coral Triangle, a region recognized as the global epicenter for coral biodiversity. The Coral Triangle consists of the waters and coastal regions of six countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Timor Leste, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The Coral Triangle covers an extraordinary expanse of ocean encompassing an area of 2.3 million square miles (5.7 million km2).

International Conventions and Legal Aspects

The government of Indonesia has demonstrated considerable commitment to ratifying international treaties on conservation, especially in regards to those agreements that promote the development of marine protected areas. In 1994, the Indonesian government ratified the UN Convention on Biological Diversity by passing national legislation (Act No 5/1994). This legislation created a National Commission on Biological Diversity to promote cooperation between various government agencies and non-governmental organizations to manage biodiversity. The Ministry of National Development Planning drafted a Biodiversity Action Plan for Indonesia. Furthermore, the government of Indonesia has listed 18 species of marine animals as Appendix I endangered species under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (or CBD?) and it has enacted several pieces of legislation in support of its commitment to conserve biodiversity. For instance, in 1990, Indonesia promulgated Act No.5 on the Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems.

The government has also cooperated with UNESCO and IUCN to improve monitoring systems to further protect Indonesian World Heritage Sites (UP-MSI, et. al., 2002). The World Heritage Centre launched a World Heritage Marine Strategy during the 2003 World Parks Congress. The purpose of this five-year strategy is to enhance and expand the World Heritage 'marine sites' global portfolio. This initiative will contribute to the conservation of the most important marine areas in the world as these areas gain protected status as World Heritage sites. In turn, the Marine Strategy will contribute to the World Summit on Sustainable Development objective to establish a representative network of MPAs across the globe by 2012 (IUCN, 2005). The Berau Marine Protected Area has been nominated as one of these Marine World Heritage Sites.

In practice, however, it is difficult to secure sufficient political will from the government of Indonesia to develop and effectively manage Marine Protected Areas. For instance, although the coastal and marine areas of Berau recently received protected status, there is currently no management plan in place to enforce this status and time will reveal the extent to which the national government is willing to support the initiative. Nevertheless, the MPA will serve as a foundation for further MPA network development in the area and it has great potential to serve as an example of how local and national partnerships can manage an MPA in a manner that takes into account local conditions and considerations. This potential is especially high in the case of Berau because of its status as the first large scale MPA to be declared by a regent, or district, government. Under Indonesias de-centralization policy (Act No.31 Year 2004), district governments have a strong mandate to manage their natural resources while continuing to partner with provincial and national governments. Thus, under Act No. 31/2004, the Head of Berau District garnered the authority to declare a Marine Protected Area and on December 27th, 2005 the regent established Berau MPA through Bupati Regulation No.31 Year 2005.

Yet, the new policy of decentralization presents both opportunities and challenges for advancing marine conservation. The development of new regulatory frameworks presents opportunities to embed conservation management and effective natural resource use policies into government infrastructure. District governments, however, generally do not have the resources to design or implement effective management strategies. Consequently, it is extremely important to support local governments to institute effective co-management systems that allow for community involvement. In order to facilitate this support in Berau, a Joint Steering Committee was formed. This committee represents a partnership between local government officials and local, national, and international NGOs. The partnership will work together with the district government of Berau to develop a management system for the MPA that is tailored to local needs and that clarifies management responsibilities. Furthermore, it will help craft MPA regulations and ensure that these regulations are aligned with or embedded in national and provincial regulations.

Currently, Berau MPA has a fully integrated joint management team. This team, known as the Joint Program in the field, is comprised of representatives from local and national government agencies as well as conservation NGOs. The Joint Program was established in May of 2004 as the Berau Joint Marine Secretariat through an Memorandum of Understanding between the local government of Berau and the following NGOs: TNC, WWF, Mitra Pesisir/CRMP II , Kehati, Bestari and Kalbu. This secretariat was formed in order to coordinate marine conservation activities in Berau and the partners work on issues related to the establishment and development of the MPA. Furthermore, in 2004 TNC, WWF, and Mitra Pesisir formally constructed a joint program that shares an integrated administration system and work plan.

Biodiversity of Berau Marine Protected Area

Berau Marine Protected Area is situated on the western side of the Makassar Strait at the nexus of two Indonesian Seas: the Sulawesi Sea and the Java Sea. The marine environment is diverse and dynamic with numerous riverine, coastal and oceanic cetacean habitats in close proximity. These habitats include river deltas, mangroves, shelf and oceanic coral reefs, pelagic waters and seamounts as well as migratory corridors of eco-regional importance (Wiryawan, B. et. al., 2005)

In addition to its coral and fish diversity, the Derawan chain of islands contains Indonesias largest nesting site for endangered green sea turtles, which emerge from the sea every night to lay their eggs on the white sand beaches of Sangalaki Island. Another island in the chain, Semamma, is an important bird sanctuary and Kakaban Island contains the worlds largest and most diverse jellyfish lake, with four unique species of sting-less jellyfish. Kakaban Island is being considered for nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Terrestrial ecosystem

The almost uniformly warm waters that make up 81 percent of Indonesia's seas ensure that temperatures on land remain fairly constant. Split by the equator, the archipelago is almost entirely tropical in climate; the coastal plains average 28C, the inland and mountain areas average 26C, and the higher mountain regions average 23C. The terrestrial flora of the area includes grasses and the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), which, is the dominant tree. Terrestrial fauna in this area is low in diversity and not significant in terms of endemism.

Marine ecosystem

The Berau MPA is situated in East Kalimantan (Borneo) at the junction of the Sulawesi (or Celebes) Sea and the Java Sea. The marine waters are strongly influenced by the Indonesian Flow Trough (the major tropical oceanic exchange current between the Pacific and Indian Oceans), periodic deep-sea up-welling from the Sulawesi Sea, and major river outflows. The inter-island passages between the major reef complexes and islands are governed by substantial tidal and oceanic exchange currents ranging from 2-4 knots. This makes for a diverse and dynamic marine environment. The MPA lies in the Coral Triangle which harbors the most diverse reefs on Earth. The Coral Triangle has been identified by major international biodiversity conservation organizations as a global priority conservation area and it is home to over 600 reef-building coral species, or 75 percent of all species known to science, and more than 3,000 species of reef fish. Over 150 million people live within the Coral Triangle, of which an estimated 2.25 million are fishermen who are dependant on marine resources for their livelihoods (Green, A & P. Mous, 2003). The Berau MPA is also a part of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion, which lies at the apex of the Coral Triangle and is shared by Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The Sulu and Sulawesi marine ecoregion ranks among the most diverse and productive marine systems in the world, and it is widely considered by marine experts to have exceptional bio-diversity and it is of extraordinary global conservation significance (Trono B. R and Cantos B.J. A, 2002).

Coral Reef Ecosystem

The reef system of Berau Marine Protected Area consists of six main islands (Pasir Panjang, Derawan, Semama, Sangalaki, Kakaban and Maratua), a unique delta-front patch reef complex, fringing reefs and three atolls. The atolls of Kakaban and Maratua cover 19 km2 and 690 km2 respectively and Muaras reef stretches 288 km2. Additionally, the north coast of the Sangkulirang Peninsular has a ringing reef that stretches 180 km2. A total of 413 confirmed scleractinian hermatypic coral species have been recorded in the area. With the confirmation of additional species of coral, Beraus marine area will have a final total of around 460 to 470 species putting it in second position, after Raja Ampat, for the highest diversity of hard coral species in Indonesia (Turak, E.,2003).

One study revealed that there are 832 species of fish in 272 genera and 71 families in the waters of Berau MPA. An additional 40 species, 16 genera, and 6 families were recorded around the Sanggalaki-Kakaban islands, bringing the overall species total of the area to 872. Gobies (Gobiidae), wrasses (Labridae), and damselfishes (Pomacentridae), are the dominant groups in both number of species and number of individuals (Allen, G.R. 2004).

Seagrass Ecosystem

The Seagrasses of the coastal and marine areas of Berau optimally grow in a fine mud substrate, in waters that do not exceed 10 meters in depth, where temperatures range from 28~30 C, the salinity is around 35 psu, and the current speed is 0.5 m/s 20 percent. There are at least 8 species of seagrass in Berau MPA and 85 species of fish from 34 families depend closely upon seagrass ecosystems (Wiryawan, B, et. al, 2005)

Mangrove ecosystem

Bengen, D.G, et. al., (2004) reported that there are 26 mangrove species in Berau MPA which cover 80.277 ha. Results from economic valuation studies show that the economic value of mangroves in Berau for a 10 year period are as follows: (1) US$ 295.78/Ha/y (direct value), (2) US$ 726.26/Ha/y (indirect value), (3) US$ 15.00/Ha/y (option value), and (4) US$ 358.46 (existence value).

Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects TC "D. Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspect" \f C \l "2"

Demographics

There are 25 settlements in 7 sub-districts in the Berau Regency and Tanjung Redeb village is the capital of Berau District (Figure 2). There are 23,239 people living in the coastal areas within the Berau MPA and a total of 136,628 (!This differs from stat in first paragraph) people live in the larger Berau district (BPS, 2003). The five coastal villages with the highest population are Tanjung Batu village with 2,188 people, Kasai village with 1,960 people, Talisayan village with 1,523 people, Batu Putih village with 1,445 people, and Radak Buyung-Buyung village with 1,513 people.

Figure 2. Map of villages/settlement in and around Berau Coastal Marine Area (Source: BPS, 2003)

No

Village Name

Households

Population

1

Tanjung Redeb

3357

16781

2

Pulau Derawan

371

1.370

3

Tanjung Batu

547

2.188

4

Kasai

472

1.960

5

Teluk Semanting

80

458

6

Pegat Batumbuk

131

450

7

Payung Payung

118

538

8

Bohe Silian

182

682

9

Teluk Harapan

162

707

10

Teluk Alulu

126

558

11

Mantaritip

225

910

12

Tabalar Muara

87

370

13

Tubaan

193

965

14

Radak Buyung Buyung

300

1.513

15

Pisang Pisangan

160

640

16

Karang Bajau

158

467

17

Biatan Muara

57

435

18

Talisayan

356

1.523

19

Batu Putih

444

1.445

20

Balikukup

127

910

21

Teluk Sumbang

158

527

22

Pantai Harapan

156

686

23

Tanjung Perepat

175

987

24

Biduk Biduk

208

1.229

25

Giring Giring

200

955

26

Teluk Sulaeman

388

1.243

Table 1. Population In and Around Berau Marine Protected Area Source: BPS, 2003

Economic Aspects

A combination of factors, including the low educational attainment of most residents, limited access to land, poor soil quality, low levels of rainfall, and limited water supply, push local communities to rely on extracting marine resources for their livelihoods. Ninety seven percent of the population in coastal areas relies upon fishing activities to meet their basic needs while the remaining 3 percent work as traders or civil servants (Hopley and Suharsono, 2000). The characteristics of local fishing communities are as follows: their daily and seasonal income is highly variable, their fish catch is perishable and must be marketed quickly, they must secure a large working capital to invest in fishing equipment and there is a high risk in investing in such equipment, their share of the profit for selling fish is low, and the traditional methods for processing marine products result in low quality products.

Cultural Aspects

Communities living within the coastal zones of the Berau MPA are predominantly Bajau, Sulu, Bugis, Jawa, Mandar, Makassar, Buton, Madura, Manado, Timor, Banjar, Berau and Lombok ehtnicities. Most community members speak Bahasa Indonesia but commonly use the Bajau and Bugis languages in daily conversations. There are 5 languages used by local communities living in and around the Berau MPA: Bajau, Bugis, Jawa, Berau, and Banjar. Ninety percent of residents in the area practice Islam. The communities fall under the political jurisdiction of the Berau District which is governed by a Bupati (Head of District), and at the community level, Village Representatives preside over local affairs.

Per Capita Income

East Kalimantan Province has the nations highest per capita income (BPS, 2003). In 2002, the annual per capita income in the province was Rp. 8,500,000.00 (USD 850), while nationally it was Rp. 7,055,462 (USD 705). In 2002, economic growth in the region was at 4.4 percent when including oil and gas sectors and at 5.79 percent when excluding oil and gas sectors. The total income of East Kalimantan Province amounted to Rp 25.6 million (including oil and gas sectors) and Rp 10.06 million (excluding oil and gas sectors) in 2002.

Seawater potencies cover 4,484,283 ha along Makasar Bay and Sulawesi Sea and have large potential fisheries. The area has the potential to produce about 341,000 tons/year; however, the actual rate of production only reached 133,273 tons/year or 30 percent of the estimated potential production capacity. Thus, there is great opportunity to develop the fisheries sector of this province. The sustainable production of the fisheries sector (sea, public waters, salt waters and fresh waters) could reach about 339,998 ton/year despite the fact that real production was only 154,341.3 tons.

Land and Marine Tenure

Most people residing within Berau MPA live along or near the coast in small communities. Community members have settled small plots of land upon which they build dwellings, construct traditional shrimp ponds or dry fish. Some villagers hold official land titles while others only have permit from the Head of Village and the Head of Sub-District. In regards to marine resources, community members must go to the Berau Fisheries Agency to obtain a permit to carry out fishing activities. In Berau, it is not uncommon to find traditional laws that govern the community use of marine resources. However, village communities do not enforce any formal fisheries management systems based upon local knowledge and customary law. Furthermore, fishermen can exploit marine resources in almost all areas and no punishment exists for either the over-exploitation of marine resources or the use of non-traditional fishing practices. TC "D.4. Income per Capita" \f C \l "3"

Political Situation TC "E. Political Situation" \f C \l "2"

Following Indonesias independence in 1953, the post-colonial government designated Berau as a Special Region to be headed by the former Sultan of Sambaliung (doesnt seem especially pertinent to the subject at handthink about cutting). In 1959, however, Beraus status was changed to that of kabupaten under Act No. 27 Year 1959 when the province of East Kalimantan was officially formed. Administratively, Berau MPA is part of Berau District. Under new regulations on decentralization and autonomy (Act No. 32 Year 2004 on Regional Government) the population of Berau District is now divided into 13 sub-districts (Kelay, Talisayan, Tubaan, Tabalar, Biduk-biduk, Pulau Derawan, Maratua, Sambaliung, Tanjung Redeb, Gunung Tabur, Teluk Bayur, Batu Putih, Tabalar Muara).

Geological Aspect TC "F. Geological Aspect" \f C \l "2"

The islands of Kalimantan lie in the midst of an extremely complex tectonic region where three major plates, the Indo-Australian, the Philippine-Pacific and the Asian, intersect. The areas between these major plates are the composite domain of smaller micro-continental and oceanic fragments. Throughout history, the region has been volcanically active and the islands of Kalimantan are bounded by three marginal basins (South China, Sulu and Celebes seas), micro-continental fragments of south China origin (Dangerous Grounds, Reed Bank) to the north-northeast, mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina and Peninsula Malaysia) to the west-northwest and the Javanese volcanic arc to the south. Major tracts of eastern, central and northern Kalimantan are covered by tertiary sedimentary rocks, which were deposited in lacustrine, fluvial marginal-marine or marine environments (Wilson M.E.J, and Steve J. M, 1999).

Threats to Berau Marine Protected Area

Unsustainable Fisheries

Fisheries are a major activity in Indonesia and it has been estimated that 60 percent of protein consumption is derived from fisheries. About 90 percent of all fisheries are artisanal, with products for local consumption or for sale in local markets (Reef Base, 2005). The marine resources of Berau MPA are threatened by unsustainable fishing practices including illegal fishing, unregulated fishing, unreported fishing, over-fishing, and especially destructive fishing. Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) fishing not only puts the livelihoods of the legal fishermen at risk but it also has an enormous impact on the marine environment and the species living within this environment.

In addition, there are strong indications that the current level of fishing pressure is much higher than fish stocks can sustain. A map that was created to document fishing grounds indicates that fishermen fish in coral reef and mangrove ecosystems. Although fish diversity was relatively high, there were obvious signs of over fishing. Napoleon wrasse, which are a good indicator of fishing pressure, were rare (Allen, G.R. 2004). A short study indicates that since 1999 the catch per unit of effort per fishermen (groupers and prawn) has declined by over 40 percent for reef fish (Wiryawan, B. et.al, 2005).

Coral Reef Destruction

The World Resources Institute (2004) estimated that 88 percent of Southeast Asian reefs are threatened by human activities, with over-fishing and destructive fishing being the most pervasive threats. This is certainly true in the Berau MPA where a number of destructive fishing practices threaten not only the health of the reefs but also the livelihoods of fishers. For example, gleaning activities, primarily conducted by women to collect non-fish biota in inter-tidal coastal areas, destroy the reefs. Reef gleaners collect crustacean, mollusk, echinoderm and mantas but they also decrease the marine stock, cause physical damage to coral reefs and disturb the ecological balance of marine ecosystems (Hopley, D. and Suharsono, 2000). The abalone fishery has also destroyed large areas of coral reefs in recent years. Many fishermen dig through the reefs, using compressors and crow bars (in a method called 'meting'), in search of abalone and other marine invertebrates. The fishermen break and trample over the coral in the process leaving behind them fields of nearly 100 percent dead coral rubble.

Another destructive fishing practice is that of cyanide fishing. Cyanide poisons are used extensively to catch live reef fish for consumption and ornamental purposes. The concentrations of dissolved poison that are released are not meant to kill but only to tranquilize the target fish thereby facilitating their capture. The live food-fish trade concentrates on the catch of Groupers and Napoleon Wrasse. Cyanide fishing is done by divers, using "hookah" compressors and hoses to supply air. On Derawan Island, divers have also reported that the Crown of Thorn (Acanthaster plancii) is more evident possibly indicating a decline in Triton.

Degradation of Seagrasses

The industrial and commercial development of coastal areas has already altered and polluted seagrass ecosystems in many countries and urbanization, the mismanagement of agriculture, and the grazing livestock on coastal dunes has contributed to the degradation of these ecosystems in other nations. Human induced global climate change may also impact the distribution of seagrasses as sea levels rise and severe storms occur more frequently (WCMC. 2005). Seagrass provides habitat for fish and shellfish from nursery areas in the shallows out into the deeper ocean and they perform important ecological functions; they filter coastal waters, dissipate wave action and anchor sediments. Seagrasses often occur in proximity to, and are ecologically linked with, coral reefs, mangroves, salt marshes, bivalve reefs and other marine habitats. Seagrasses are the primary food of dugongs and green sea turtles, both of which are highly charismatic yet endangered species of great public interest. In Berau MPA, coastal development, pollution, and sedimentation all contribute to the degradation of seagrass ecosystems.

Turtle Population Decline

Globally, the sea turtle population is in decline because sea turtles are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts during every life-stage from egg to adult. Unfortunately, the harvest of sea turtle eggs remains legal in several countries despite substantial subpopulation declines (WWF, 2005). Mortality associated with entanglement in marine fisheries is the primary incidental threat that responsible fishing techniques present to sea turtles and drift netting, shrimp trawling, dynamite fishing, and long-lining can also result in the death of turtles. (Cheng I Jiunn and Tien-Hsi Chen, 1997).

Pollution stemming from human activities also endangers sea turtles. Non-degradable trash, including balloons, bottles, vinyl films, styrofoam, twine, and, especially, plastic bags are deadly to turtles. Furthermore, artificial lighting from coastal developments not only disturbs females while they are nesting, but it also disorients new hatchlings, causing them to migrate inland where they have a greater chance of dying due to predation or dehydration (Bugoni Leandro, et. al, 2001). In Berau MPA, the illegal collection and trade turtle eggs poses the greatest threat to turtle populations . The meat and carapace of the green sea turtle fetch a high price and there is great demand for these products on the black market.

Conversion of Mangroves

Some communities in the coastal areas of Berau practice aquaculture for shrimp and milk fish (Chanos chanos). The productivity of ponds in the Berau coastal area is relatively low at 100 kg per Ha. However, pond operators often harvest wild shrimp that entered their ponds as well (DPK, 2002). Local communities use mangroves in the Berau delta area, especially for fishing. Over the past 10 years however, much of the mangrove forests have been converted to shrimp or fish ponds. For example, in 1997, mangrove forests covered 53,500 Ha (be consistent with Ha or ha) of the Berau delta area and only 450 Ha were devoted to aquaculture activities. By 1999, however, mangrove forests only covered 49,000 Ha. This implies that the conversion rate during that time was 50 Ha per day (Bengen, D.G, et. al, 2004).

Mangrove forests form one of the primary coastal ecosystems in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In recent years, the pressures of an increasing global population, and the ensuing expansion of agricultural lands and industrial and urban development, have caused the destruction of a significant proportion of mangrove ecosystems.

Pollution

Numerous activities, even those taking place far inland or on the high seas, may have a deleterious effect on coral reefs (WCMC, 2005). In Berau Regency, mining operations and timber exploitation lead to deforestation and increase erosion in the area thereby affecting the Berau watershed. Although, near-shore reefs have adapted to the occasionally high deposits sediments, and generally thrive in the turbid waters where the freshwater from Berau River meets the sea, any major change in the Berau River flow regime (and this appears likely considering the land activities in the catchment area over the last years) could seriously threaten the areas reefs, particularly those situated closest to the shore (Turak, E. 2003). As soil is washed into rivers and out to sea, the sediments silt along the reefs lining the coast and as the water becomes murky it stops sunlight, which is vital for coral growth, from reaching the reef. In addition, if sediment settles upon the corals, it may smother them. Furthermore, communities discharge waste into the river to be washed out to sea where it may then pollute the corals and beaches.

Other Conservation Work TC "H. Other Conservation Works and Agencies" \f C \l "2"

Currently, there are two large organizations that work on conservation issues in the Berau Marine Protected Area: The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and World Wildlife Foundation-Indonesia (WWF). Both are international organizations. There are also a number of local community organizations that work in the area, primarily to build community awareness; these organizations include conservation cadres, Bestari, the Turtle Foundation, Kalea, Lapperma.

The Nature Consevancy (TNC) marine conservation program has worked in Berau since 2002. Its program includes conservation education and awareness, community development, resource use monitoring (surveillance), and policy support components. Under policy support activities, TNC helped create local regulations on fishing gear and collaborative management issues. TNC is also assisting the district government (Ministry of Forestry Nature Protection Department) and the Park to design an MPA Management Plan based on extensive ecological and socio-economic surveys. WWF has worked closely with the district government since 1998 to monitor the green turtle population and on other turtle conservation activities. The organizations also carried out surveillance of the green turtle through instigating a tagging program on Derawan and Sangalaki Islands. The surveillance team discovered that approximately 2,500 green turtles nest in the Berau Marine Protected Area.

Chapter2: Stakeholder Matrix

From the beginning, local stakeholders in Berau district have been involved in and will continue to be involved in the decision making process to establish and to manage and enforce the Berau Marine Protected Area. Beginning with the pre-project planning stage, stakeholders received up-to-date information on the area and on direct and indirect factors which would contribute to their understanding of the state of the coastal and marine biodiversity of Berau MPA. In the latest stakeholder workshop, 37 participants came together to determine the concept models for socializing the Berau MPA and for soliciting stakeholder participation in the development of a management plan for the Berau MPA (???? Im totally guessing here because I dont know understand this paragraph) The workshop was held in Hotel Bumi Segah on January 12th, 2006. The conceptual models that were created during the workshop, that are described in the remainder of this document, and that comprise much of TNC-WWFs community outreach program, are largely based on the work of Richard Margoluis and Nick Salafsky which is described in their 1998 publication Measures of Success: Designing, Managing, and Monitoring Conservation Development Projects. Their approach has been re-worked and re-tooled to fit the needs of Joint Program WWF-TNC staff and local counterparts working on site assessments for projects supported by Rare (explain who RARE is perhaps). In developing concept models, TNC-WWF staff also drew upon a methodology known as Braining, Naming, Ordering as an adaptation of the Technology of Participation (ToP) concept developed by Sherwood Shankland and the Institute of Cultural affairs. A list of participants from the workshop to design concept models, as well as their motives and their potential contributions are described in the following table.

No

Participant/ Stakeholder Organisation/Affiliation

Sector:

(Private, NGO, Government, Individual, Education etc.)

Name

Key Issues of Organization/Person

Stakeholders Contribution

(what the stakeholder may bring to the meeting)

Stakeholders Interest/Motive

(what the meeting can give to stakeholder)

1

Secretary of`Village Giring-Giring

Government

Ramli

Destruction and degradation of marine resources, decrease of marine resources, surveillance

Knowledge in Berau MPA management

Sustainability of marine resources

2

Education Agency of Berau District

Education

Harjoko

Education, life skills

Knowledge in life skills and of community issues in Berau MPA

Berau MPA action plan for community

3

Head of Sub-district Talisayan

Government

Datu Kesuma

Over-fishing, regulation, illegal fishing

Knowledge in Berau MPA management

Berau MPA management system, implementation

4

Head of Sub-district Maratua

Government

Zulfikar

Over-fishing

Knowledge in Berau MPA management

Berau MPA management system, implementation

5

Bestari

NGO

Marwan

Juriansyah

Hanni

Community base management, community participation,

Knowledge in community development

MPA management implementation, local community socialization

6

Nature Conservation Board

Conservation

(NGO?)

Hutomo Mulyo

Conservation in situ and species conservation

Knowledge of collaborative management Berau MPA

Community appreciation and commitment of nature conservation

7

Head of Sub-district Pulau Derawan

Government

Iramsyah

Information and socialization, community perceptions of marine resources, surveillance

Knowledge of surveillance, natural resources management, key person to be involved in the project

Incorporation of stakeholders

8

Head of Berau Fisheries Agency

Government (standardize formattingall centered or all aligned with top)

M.Hatta A

Tenteram Rahayu

Dwi Raharjo

MPA management system, marine resources sustainability

Knowledge of marine resources management, information on marine resources trends

MPA management system, concept and model of community on Berau MPA

9

Berau Environment Board

Government

Widya Astuti

Community participation

Knowledge of environmental issues

MPA management system, concept and model of community on Berau MPA

10

Sangalaki Dive Resort

Private

Y.N Batara

Zonation of Berau MPA

Knowledge of tourism issues

MPA management system, concept and model of community on Berau MPA

11

Lapperma

NGO

Diana

Suwardi mangenre

Dahlan

Berau MPA management concept, community participation

Knowledge of community participation

MPA management system, concept and model of community on Berau MPA

12

Head of village Pantai Harapan

Government

Abdullah A

Marine resources, habitat degradation

Knowledge of traditional marine resources, community approaches

Marine habitat, coral reef health

13

Secretary of Sub-districts Biduk-biduk

Government

Abdillah

Over-exploitation, illegal fishing, surveillance

Knowledge of marine resources, coordination

Berau MPA management system, surveillance system

14

PT Barwill

Private Company

Ruben

Destructive fishing

Knowledge of and experience with marine resources

Marine resources sustainable livelihoods

15

Berau Police Resort

Law Enforcement

A.Indrawan

Destructive fishing

Knowledge of law enforcement and surveillance topics

Berau MPA management system, surveillance system

16

WWF

NGO

Audrie

M.Halim

Darwis

Indra Mahyudin

Dewi satriani

Green turtle, breakish lake, fisherman activity

Knowledge of Berau MPA strategic plan and information on Berau Marine Resources, community participation, and publications

Berau MPA strategic plan, community participation

17

Head of Village Tanjung Batu

Government

M.Taher

Community income, poverty

Knowledge of marine resources

Community livelihoods

18

Navy

Surveillance

Hermanto

Destructive and illegal fishing, surveillance

Knowledge of marine resources management

Community benefits of marine resources

19

Secretary of Sub-District Tabalar

Government

Kamaruddin

Community participation, MPA management

Knowledge of marine resources

Community benefit of Berau MPA

20

Berau Legal Desk

Government

Mansyur Aswadi

Coral reef, green turtle

Knowledge of government relations

Berau MPA strategic plan, community participation

21

Nabucco Dive Resort

Private

Yusnadi

Marine resources, shipping line

Knowledge of marine affairs

Berau MPA concept support

22

Head of Sub-District Biatan

Government

Munawar

Community participation, poverty

Knowledge of marine resources

Berau MPA concept support

23

Berau Forestry Agency

Government

Suharni

Green turtle, coral reef, seagrass, mangrove

Knowledge of marine resources

Berau MPA concept support

24

Berau Planning Board

Government

Agus Haerudin

Coastal plan, marine resource sustainability

Knowledge of MPA and spatial plan

Marine resources management for government

25

Head of Sub-district Batu Putih

Government

Makrunsyah

Berau MPA concept model

Knowledge in marine resource

Berau MPA management system

26

Berau Economic Desk

Government

Abdurrachim

Lack of capacity

Knowledge of management

Berau MPA management system

27

The nature Conservancy

NGO

Handoko

Katerina

Trie Soekirman

Berau MPA concept model, community participation, conservation,

Knowledge of conservation, communication, MPA management system

Berau MPA management system

Figure 3. Stakeholder Meeting Explaining Concept Model

Figure 4. Stakeholder Meeting Berau MPA Stakeholders

Figure 6. Stakeholder Meeting- Lesson Learned Gathering Limiting and Success Factors

Chapter 3: Concept Model

Narrative Summary

The Berau Marine Protected Area strives to conserve the biodiversity of the coastal and marine areas of Berau district. This goal entails conserving the coastal and marine resources of the area as well as preserving the ecosystems and species communities within which Berau MPA biodiversity is found. Many activities threaten the status of Beraus biodiversity including marine pollution, destructive fishing (blast and cyanide fishing), over-fishing, illegal fishing, reef mining, endangered species hunting and mangrove destruction. In addition, in order of priority, the illegal extraction of natural resources, coral mining, over-fishing, and lack of integrated regional development also degrade the marine and coastal environment of the region. The coastal and marine biodiversity within Berau MPA is comprised of marine and coastal natural resources including the biggest nesting population of the endangered Green Turtle. The Green Turtle and other species of marine fauna are threatened by destructive fishing practices such as bomb and cyanide and trawl net fishing. The illegal trade in wildlife also poses a threat to many marine species and it is exacerbated by socio-cultural traditions, economic conditions, and market demand. For example, stakeholder meetings revealed that coastal communities in the area often do not earn sufficient income from their livelihood activities and that when they are engaged in destructive activities they often lack the capacity to create alternative livelihoods.

The marine resources of the Derawan Archipelago are threatened by unsustainable fishing practices such as illegal fishing, unregulated fishing, unreported fishing, over-fishing and, especially, destructive fishing. Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) fishing not only puts the livelihoods of the legal fishermen at risk but also has an enormous impact on marine species and ecosystems. In Berau, the predominant threats to the survival of the Green Turtle are the collection of and trade in turtle eggs and turtle carapace. Although progress has been made to protect turtle nesting beaches, the poaching of eggs and the hunting of adults is still common. Furthermore, pollution from the Berau River watershed and from the shipping industry could seriously threaten marine and coastal biodiversity. Community waste is also discharged into the sea where it pollutes both corals reefs and beaches.In addition, the increased pressure resulting from a growing population has led to the conversion of more land for agricultural purposes and for industrial and urban development all of which have contributed to the destruction of a significant proportion of the areas marine resources.

The recent shift in national policy to support decentralized governance presents both challenges and opportunities to managing natural resources in general and Marine Protected Areas in particular. The development of new regulatory frameworks presents opportunities to embed conservation management and effective natural resource use policies in the government infrastructure. However, district governments generally do not have the resources to design or implement effective management. Lack of coordination among government agencies presents an obstacle to the integrated management and conservation of the marine biodiversity of Berau MPA. Furthermore, surveillance and monitoring teams lack the capacity to execute their day-to-day MPA resource protection activities as well as the capacity to interact intensively with communities. Yet, the effectiveness of MPA management is largely determined by the success or failure of surveillance and monitoring activities.

Nevertheless, stakeholders are committed to supporting the local government to put effective co-management systems in place that will allow for community participation and involvement. The Berau MPA partnership will work together with the district government to develop a system which is tailored to local needs and that clarifies management responsibilities. It will also solicit the involvement of communities through a wide variety of activities including: raising public awareness and support through sporting events, local school competitions and conservation campaigns, creating community cooperatives, holding public commemoration days, and supporting micro enterprise endeavors, etc.

Flagship Species and Slogans

The stakeholder meeting selected three target species for the campaign:

1. Sting-less Jelly Fish

2. Manta Rays

3. Green Turtle

The first stakeholder meeting also drafted four catchy slogans:

1. I Love My Marine; Kucinta Laut Berau

2. Sustain My Nature ; Lestari Alamku

3. Coral Reef Its My Home, Sand and Marine Its My World ; Terumbu Karang Rumahku, Pasir dan Laut Duniaku

4. Conserve Our Marine for Our Prosperity ; Laut Dikelola Rakyat Sejahtera

Chapter 4: Community Pre Survey TC "Community Survey Result" \f C \l "1"

A community survey was conducted to obtain additional information on community knowledge and perceptions and to test the underlying assumptions and information that was gathered from the stakeholder meeting regarding the initial concept model. The survey questionnaire consisted of 27 questions in both open-ended and closed formats (multiple choice) pertaining to the respondents personal data (sex, age, and occupation), their media preference, their knowledge of marine resource issues, and their opinion on a Berau MPA flagship species and campaign slogan (See Annex 1.). Ten enumerators were chosen from Joint Program TNC-WWF staff, fisheries services staff, and local NGO members. Students trained the enumerators on survey techniques, Survey Pro 3 (Apian Software) question and answers entry techniques, and provided them with a print-out of survey guidelines.

The outreach campaign will target communities in five villages and surveys were conducted in each of these villages: Balikukup (910), Giring-Giring (955 people), Pantai Harapan (686 people), Teluk Semanting (458 people) and Tanjung Batu (2,188). The total target population is 5,197 people. Five percent of the population, or 363 respondents, was included in the sample in order to obtain representative data (Table 1). The control group came from the village of Talisyan, the capital of Talisayan Sub- District, and it included 75 respondents.

No.

Village Name

Population*

Sample (5%)

1

Talisayan**

1523

75

2

Balikukup

910

48

3

Giring-Giring

955

47

4

Pantai Harapan

686

37

5

Teluk Semanting***

458

47

6

Tanjung Batu

2188

109

Table 1: Population and Survey Sample in Berau Marine Protected Area

*As of January 2004

**Control group

***10 percent of population

Demographic Profile TC "A. Respondents Sex, Age, Occupation, Education Profile" \f C \l "2"

Target Group TC "A.1. Target Group" \f C \l "3"

The majority of the 288 respondents were male (75.3%) presumably because in local culture females are shy and tend to avoid interaction with strangers. As well, females are not generally the household decision-makers and so they may not be as equip to convey information to interviewers. In the target area, 60.4 percent of respondents were between the ages of 22-50 years old, which, for purposes of the survey was considered to be the productive age group. The other 39.6 percent of respondents were between 15-21 and 51-65 years old.

Most community members in the target villages have had minimal schooling. The surveys revealed that 57.6 percent of respondents graduated from elementary school, 17.4 percent of respondents graduated from junior high school, 13.9 percent of respondents graduated from high school, 8.3 percent of respondents had never been to school, and only 2.1 percent of respondents had a university degree. Consequently, community outreach materials will need to be crafted so that they can be easily understood by individuals who possess only a basic education. Furthermore, it is likely that because many community members have not had much schooling, they will have one of two reactions to the establishment of the MPA. It is probable that they will either accept the MPA concept because they see that other individuals support it or, they will oppose the MPA model because they do not fully understand the concept and are therefore skeptical of the idea. [Im guessing because the following sentence does not make senseIf this is the case then most likely the community will fall into early majority and late majority - a group that will follow the concept if they see that other people adopt it or a group that always question the concept with skeptical look. ]

Of the 288 respondents, 57.5 percent were fisherman, 18.4 percent were housewives, 9.7 percent were businessmen, 4.2 percent were fish traders, 3.5 percent were civil servants, 2.8 percent were teachers, 1.7 percent were farmers, and 2.4 percent were either students or unemployed.

Control Group TC "A.2. Control Group" \f C \l "3"

Similar to the findings from the sample sites, most respondents from the control site were male (81.3%). Among the 75 respondents, 72 percent were between the ages of 18-51 years old revealing that most respondents at the control site are in the productive working stage of their lives.

Of the 75 respondents from the control group, 37.3 percent had graduated from elementary school, 26.7 percent had graduated from junior high school, 24 percent had graduated from high school, 9.3 percent had graduated from a university and 2.7 percent had had no formal education. These results differ from those found in the target villages and they reveal that community members from the control site were more likely to possess higher levels of education. This finding is important because it is probable that respondents with higher levels of education would have different perceptions and knowledge of natural resource issues than those individuals who have had only basic schooling. (Consequently, in the future it may be necessary to find a control site where the respondents educational background more closely corresponds with that of the community members living in the target villages).

The primary occupation of respondents at the control site was fishermen (57.3%). The remaining respondents worked as businessmen, housewives, civil servants, teachers, or farmers.

Media Preferences TC "B. Media Preferences" \f C \l "2"

Target Group

A number of survey questions were drafted to document from which sources community members received information and to ascertain which of those sources community members trusted as valid sources for reliable information. Respondents were asked the degree to which they trusted different media sources to disseminate reliable information. Respondents in the target area gave the following replies regarding the degree to which they believed that various information sources distributed reliable public service messages: a.) television: reliable 65.6 percent and very reliable 21.2 percent b.) government officers: reliable 71.2 and very reliable 8.3 percent c.) religious leaders: reliable 63.9 percent and very reliable 10.1 percent d.) Head of Village and staff: reliable 69.1 percent and very reliable 3.5 percent, and e.) radio: reliable 57.6 percent and very reliable 12.8. Fishermen in the target area prefer and trust the following five information sources: television (reliable 69.7% and very reliable 19.4%), government officer staff (reliable 75.2% and very reliable 8.5%), law enforcement staff (reliable 77% and very reliable 3.6%), religious leaders (reliable 66.1% and very reliable 10.9%) and radio (reliable 63.6% and very reliable 12.1%).

Respondents in the target area perceived that the top five trustworthy sources of information regarding the coastal marine environment were government officers (19.8%), friends and family (15.6%), radio (12.8 %), religious leaders (11.15%) and law enforcement staff (10.8%). These findings illustrate that word of mouth and person to person communication methods are important means for disseminating ideas, messages and knowledge about the marine environment to communities.

Respondents in the target area listen to the following radio stations: RRI Palu (70.3%), RRI Makassar (17.2%), and RRI Samarinda (12.5%). These results suggest that it would be advantageous to approach RRI Palu in Center Culawesi to broadcast public service messages from the outreach campaign. Of those respondents, most listen to the radio between 06.00-10.00 or between 10.00-14.00 and many respondents replied that they had no set time during which they listened to the radio. During the above time frame, most of the radio programming is dedicated to news coverage, music requests or talk shows. This preferred time indicated that the fishermen listens the radio at their main activity (does not make senseI would cut this sentence). Respondents replied that their favorite radio programs were Dangdut (57.8%), news (48.4%), or pop music (14.8%). Most respondents prefer to listen to music in Bahasa Indonesia.

Respondents in the target area mostly read newspapers or magazines. Of those respondents, 80 read the Kaltim Post, 24 did not have a favorite newspaper and 22 read Kompas. The Kaltim Post has a Berau local news and politics section. These results illustrate that community members in the target group read to obtain information about local issues. This inclination to choose written materials as an information source will facilitate the community outreach programs approach of conveying information through the use of media print including not only newspaper articles but also fact-sheets, brochures, booklets, etc.

Control Group TC "B.2. Control Group" \f C \l "3"

In the control group, fishermen listed the following five media sources as the most trustworthy sources of information:

a.) government officers: reliable 65.4 percent and very reliable 15.4 percent

b.) religious leaders: reliable 73.1 percent and very reliable 7.7 percent

c.) television: reliable 69.2 percent and very reliable 11.5 percent

d.) radio: reliable 69.2 percent and very reliable 3.8 percent, and

e.) Head of Village and staff: reliable 84.6 percent.

Respondents in the control group perceived the top five trustworthy sources for information about the coastal marine environment to be:

a.) government officer: 21.4 percent

b.) Head of Village and staff 10.3 percent

c.) radio 10.7 percent d.) religious leaders 10.70 percent

d.) law enforcement staff 14.7 percent and

e.) other 32.2 percent.

Similar to the findings at the target sites, word of mouth is an important source of information but respondents at the control site consulted a wider range of media sources to gain information on coastal and marine issues.

Respondents in the control group predominantly listen to RRI Jakarta (40.6 %), RRI Palu (31.3 %) and RRI Samarinda (21.9%). Of those 75 respondents the majority did not have designated time that they listen to radio (46.9%), but of those that do, they listen to the radio between 06.00-10.00 (37.5 %), 10.00-14.00 (18.8 %), and 14.00-18.00 (9.4%).

Most respondents in the control group read newspapers or magazines and they most frequently read the Kaltim Post (73.3%), Tribun Kaltim (17.8 %) or they do not have a preferred newspaper (17.8 %).

Perception and Knowledge on Berau Marine Protected Area Resources TC "C. Perception and Knowledge on Komodo National Park Resources" \f C \l "2"

Target Group TC "C.1. Target Group" \f C \l "3"

Of the respondents in the target area, only 18.8 percent knew that Beraus coastal and marine area is a conservation area and 81.2 percent were unaware of the protected status of the area. Furthermore, the survey findings revealed that only 16 percent of fishers knew that Berau MPA exists. Therefore, promoting community awareness of the status of MPA Berau should be a priority.

99.9 % of the respondents perceived that the Does Beraus coastal and marine areahave a benefit for them and only 0.1 % perceived that is not benefit for them.

Of those interviewed, the majority of respondents used the area of Berau MPA for commercial fishing purposes (171), some used the area for subsistence fishing (128), some respondents replied that they did not use the area of Berau MPA for any activities (37), some respondents did not know for what purposes they used the area of Berau MPA (25), and a few respondents replied that they used the area for recreational purposes (4). Tanjung Batu has the highest percentage of villagers who use the area for commercial fishing.

Two hundred eighty-five respondents said that Berau MPA is important to them and 212 respondents replied that the area was important for food security, 176 of respondents replied that it was important for earning an income, and 21 respondents replied that the area was important for providing them with a place to live. (People were allowed to choose more than one answer). These findings reveal that the majority of people who live adjacent to or inside the boundaries of Berau MPA consider that the areas coastal and marine environment is important in their lives. The results obtained indicate that fishing for commercial purposes and fishing for subsistence are the two primary activities that are done inside the Berau MPA.

The respondents (53.8 %) disagree that coral reefs in their communities are in good conditions and dont need special protection, 25.3 percent of respondencts agree that reefs are in good condition and 20.8 percent were not sure of the conditions of the reef.

Sixty-six percent of the fishermen perceived that the health of coral reefs is getting worse and that the reefs need special protection, however 24 percent perceived that the health of coral reefs are in good condition and do not need special protection, while 10 percent perceived it is[it is what? Doesnt make sense], and the remainder of the fishermen respondents were not sure about reef conditions. A greater percentage of respondents in Giring-Giring and Pantai Harapan villages perceived that the health of the coral reef is getting worse and needs more special protection.

Many respondents replied that some fishing technique practices damage Beraus coastal and marine resources (60%), some respondents answered that there were no fishing practices that damage the marine resources of the region (20.5%) while some respondents were not sure about whether there were fishing techniques that damage the coastal and marine resources of the area (17.4%). Based on survey responses, community members from Teluk Semanting, Balikukup and Giring-Giring villages perceived that the principle threat to their livelihoods is destructive fishing activities (>60%). Respondents also perceived the top five fishing practices that damage Beraus coastal and marine resources to be: blast fishing (155), cyanide fishing (102 %), the use of trawl nets (55), reef gleaning (30) and mangrove destruction (15). (Respondents were allowed to choose more than one answer).

The survey revealed that respondents believe that community members use destructive fishing techniques in order to fulfill their subsistence needs (91), for economic motives (86), or because of a lack of knowledge about the consequences of using destructive practices (38). These findings illustrate that the development of alternative livelihoods and improving the sustainability of fishing for the communities will help to dissipate the vaillagers need to engage in fishing activities that damage or destroy the coastal and marine resources of the area.

Of those respondents in the target area, most (53.5 %) did not know any methods of sustainable fishing, 25.3 percent did not know any methods because they were not fishermen, and only 21.2 percent were aware of and used sustainable fishing methods (hand line 54.1 %, and net 50 %). When asked only to fishermen, the survey revealed that 78 percent of the fishermen did not know any methods for sustainable fishing, only 23 percent of the fishermen knew a sustainable fishing method and fished using these methods.

At the target sites, most respondents (79%) agree that coral reef and coastal environments are important because they protect the beach and villages from the impact of large storms.

From 228 respondents, only 36.1 % said easy to communities protected coastal and marine on their village. Respondents on Giring-giring, Balikukup and Pantai Harapan are the top 3 village communities can protected coastal and marine.

Control Group TC "C.2. Control Group" \f C \l "3"

At the control site, only 20 percent of respondents were aware of the fact that Beraus coastal and marine region is a conservation area.

One hundred percent of the respondents perceived that Beraus coastal and marine areas do benefit them. This difference in responses between the target sites and the control site is probably a reflection of the higher levels of education that individuals at the control site possess.

Of those 75 respondents who said that Berau MPA is important to them, 34 replied that the area was important for food security, 30 respondents said that the area was important because it contributed to income generating activities and 11 replied that they were not sure why the area was important.

Respondents used Berau MPA for subsistence fishing (34), for commercial fishing (30), or for recreation purposes (6). Eleven respondents were not sure for what purposes they used the MPA and 8 respondents replied that they did not use the area for any activities. Again, the results demonstrate that fishing for subsistence and commercial purposes fishing are the two principle activities that community members undertake inside the Berau MPA.

Most respondents (53.8 %) disagree with the statement that the coral reefs in their community are in good condition and dont need special protection, 25.3 percent of respondents agreed with the statement and 20.8 percent of respondents were unsure of the condition of the reefs adjacent to their community.

Sixty-six percent of the fishermen stated that the health of coral reefs is worsening and that the reefs need special protection, however 10 percent believed that the health of the coral reefs are in good condition and do not need special protection. Seventy percent of respondents believe that some fishing techniques damage Beraus coastal and marine resources, 13.3 percent of respondents stated that there were not any fishing practices that damaged the resources and 16 percent of respondents were uncertain of whether destructive fishing practices existed. Again, it is probable that the higher levels of education exhibited by respondents at the control site contribute to their superior understanding regarding the degraded state of marine resources.

In addition, when this question was posed only to fishermen, 64 percent of this group believed that some fishing techniques damage or destroy Beraus coastal and marine resources. Eighteen percent, however, did not perceive any fishing techniques as destructive and 18 percent of fishermen where unsure if any fishing practices were harmful to marine and coastal resources.

Respondents perceived the top five destructive fishing practices to be: the use of trawl nets (42), blast fishing (34), cyanide fishing (18), reef gleaning (4) and mangrove destruction (4). It is interesting to not that in the control group, most respondents perceived the use of trawl nets to be the largest threat to the health of the marine ecosystem probably reflecting the fact that many local fishers in this village primarily catch prawns.

According to the survey, most community members believe that people engage in destructive fishing practices to fulfill their subsistence needs (37), for economic motives (31), or because of a lack of law enforcement (13).

In the control area, most respondents (58.7 %) did not know of any methods of sustainable fishing, 24 percent of respondents were aware of and used sustainable fishing methods (hand line 50 %, and net 50 %) while 17.3 percent of survey participants did not use sustainable fishing methods.

Most survey respondents at the control site (84%) agree that coral reef and coastal environments provide important protection services for the beach and the village and that these environments are important for the future security of the village.

Flagship Species and Slogan TC "D. Flagship Species and Slogan" \f C \l "2"

Target Group

Fifty percent of respondents interviewed chose Green Turtles to be the species to represent the MPA while 33.3 percent of those interviewed chose dolphins and 8 percent chose lobsters.

TC "D.1. Target Group" \f C \l "3"

Of those respondents who chose Green Turtles to represent their area, they did so because Green Turtles are famous (117), a source of income (78), beautiful (50), endangered (42) and unique (40).

Twenty-four percent of those interviewed prefer the Berau MPA pride slogan to be: Laut Berau adalah Kehidupanku (Berau Sea It is My Life)

Control Group

Fifty percent of those respondents interviewed chose Green Turtles as the species to represent Berau MPA, 33.3 of respondents chose dolphins, and 5.3 percent chose groupers.

TC "D.1. Target Group" \f C \l "3"

Of those respondents who chose the Green Turtle as the flagship species, they did so because they are famous (45), beautiful (24), and unique (16).

Twenty-nine percent of those interviewed preferred the following Berau MPA pride slogan: Laut Berau adalah Kehidupanku.

Focus Group Discussion and Community Pre-Survey

Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and Community Pre-Surveys provide the community outreach staff with information on how community members feel about an issue. These activities also allow staff members to fill in critical gaps in the community members knowledge regarding Berau coastal and marine issues (see Annex 2.)

Chapter 5: Flagship Species Summary

Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas, Crite J,2000)

The flagship species helps to increase community awareness of the importance of conserving Beraus coastal-marine biodiversity. The green sea turtle is an attractive marine species that is highly mobile and that has friendly characteristics and mannerisms. Green sea turtles have historically been an integral part of the coastal and marine environment of Berau and they continue to be an important species today. As a flagship species that will help support the successful implementation of the MPA and in doing so they will help not only themselves but also the many species with which they co-exist.

Kingdom

: Animalia

Phylum

: Chordata

Class

: Reptilia

Order

: Chelonia or Testudines

Family

: Cheloniidae (sea turtles)

Genus

: Chelonia

Species

: mydas

Common name: Green Sea Turtles.

Local name

: Penyu Hijau, Bokko

Distribution

Green turtles inhabit temperate, tropical, and subtropical waters worldwide. They have a circum global distribution and they can be found throughout tropical and, to a lesser extent, subtropical waters (Atlantic Ocean eastern central, northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest, western central; Indian Ocean eastern, western; Mediterranean Sea; Pacific Ocean eastern central, northwest, southwest, western central) (Crite J, 2000). Green turtles are highly migratory animals and they undertake long journeys through geographically disparate habitats in the course of their migration. They nest in more than 80 countries worldwide. Their movements within the marine environment are not well understood but scientists believe that green turtles inhabit the coastal waters of over 140 countries (WWF, 2005)

The turtles primarily inhabit open water and coastal habitats; marine turtles are excellent navigators and they frequently migrate hundreds or even thousands of kilometers between foraging and nesting grounds. They spend their lives at sea but return to land to lay their eggs. Indonesia harbors some of the most important nesting sites in the world and the Berau Islands host some of the largest nesting colonies in Indonesia. (WWF, 2005)

Behaviour TC "Behaviour" \f C \l "2"

Baby turtles use their egg tooth to break out of their shells when they hatch. Female turtles lay many eggs because the probability that an egg will develop into a turtle and that a hatchling will survive to adulthood is extremely low. Frequently, animals such as raccoons, foxes, coyotes, ants, and even people will dig up the eggs and eat them. However, if the eggs are not eaten, the hatchlings will start moving their flippers after they break out of the egg. When they do this, the sand starts to fall below them, pushing them up out of the hole so that they can make their way to the sea. As soon as they get to the sea, they start to drift off. They spend a few years floating at sea eating plankton at the surface. During this time, their shell is soft and they are subject to severe predation by fish. After a few years of eating plankton, they move to shallow waters to feed on sea grasses. To avoid predators, the young turtles will dive below the surface and swim away. Young green turtles are most vulnerable because they may be eaten when they hatch, when they are crossing the sand on their way to the ocean, and during their first couple years at sea. Predators in the sand include ghost crabs, ants, snakes, gulls, opossums, rats, and vultures. There are also many predators in the water such as sharks, dolphin fish, kingfish, needlefish, and bottle-nosed dolphins.

Biology

Green turtles, so called because of the green color of the cartilage and fat deposits that surrounds their internal organs, are dark black-brown or greenish yellow. Their protective shells are made of three parts; the carapace (upper portion), the plastron (lower portion), and the scutes (scales) (Crite J, 2000). Green turtles cannot pull their heads inside their shells. They have limbs that are paddle-like which they use to swim with and heads that seem small compared to the size of their body (WWF, 2005). Green sea turtles have a fascinating life history--they live a long life, they do not mature until late in life, and they travel great distances during their lifetime. Green sea turtles are strictly herbivorous and subsist predominantly on marine algae and grasses (Crite J, 2000).

Size

Green sea turtles range from 71 to 153 centimeters in diameter (?) and weigh up to 205 kilograms. They can grow to be 1.5m in length making them the largest cheloniid turtle. Males are larger than females and the tail is longer, extending well beyond the shell.

Reproduction

Males and females mature between 10 and 24 years. The breeding season of the turtles is dependent upon what latitude they are found in. Internal fertilization takes place when the male and female copulate. This is the only time there is vocalization. Like many species, there is male competition. One male may try to bite another male who is copulating with a female. Mating occurs underwater or on the surface about one kilometer from the shore. Sometimes the female will retain enough sperm to nest several times that year. Nesting occurs every three to six years. When the female is ready to lay her eggs, she leaves the water, crawls onto the sand and starts digging for hour and hours until her flippers will not allow her to dig deeper. She then lays 100 to 200 eggs. This group of eggs is called a clutch. She covers them with sand to protect them from predators, the sun, and the heat. Pacific Green Turtles lay fewer eggs than do Atlantic Green Turtles. The gestation period of the turtles lasts 40 to 72 days, depending on the location. (Crite J, 2000).

Feeding

Green sea turtles predominantly feed on sea grasses or algae (Crite J, 2000) and coral reefs and mangroves are critical habitats for the turtles. Only healthy marine environments of excellent quality (i.e. rich in nutrients with no pollution) will be able to support the habitat needs of the turtles. Ecologically, protecting the green sea turtle will help to save the Kalimantan marine ecosystem (seagrass, coral reef and mangrove ecosystems), as well as promote the protection and conservation of terrestrial ecosystems in order to prevent the pollution of the marine ecosystem from terrestrial activities. Coral reefs themselves provide a protective barrier to other delicate ecosystems such as mangroves. Meanwhile coastal wetlands are the breeding and nursery grounds of countless species of fish and shellfish. Pollution may cause destruction of the marine habitat and species extinctions which in turn would affect food security and have a negative impact on the local communities.

Green Turtle Status

The green sea turtle is protected species under CITES (??? Or IUCN) and is listed as a IUNC -Red List Category EN A2. This status signifies that the turtles have an observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 90 percent over the last 10 years (Hilton-Taylor C, 2005). The extensive decline in its numbers in all major ocean basins over the last three generations comes as the result of the over-exploitation of eggs and the hunting of adult females at nesting beaches as well as both juveniles and adults in foraging areas. Also, to a lesser extent, incidental mortality results from marine fisheries and the degradation of marine and nesting habitats. The impact of these threats on the global population of green sea turtles is hard to estimate because of the species migratory lifestyle making it difficult to collect accurate data particularily because scientists are unsure of how many times a female may nest in any given year. [IUCN Red Data List categorized data deficient which biological aspects have been known but the abundance and/or distributions are lacking.]

Green Turtles in Berau

Berau Marine Protected Area has the largest nursery ground in Asia and probably in the world. The nesting population of green turtles in the Derawan Islands is more than 5000 females per year and it is undoubtedly one of the largest nesting populations in Southeast Asia. However, the numbers of turtles have been decimated (over a 90% decline) in the last 50 years, mainly as a consequence of the practice of collecting and selling eggs. The sale of egg concessions is under local government control and is one of the major sources of income for the local government. Meat and carapace of green sea turtle also fetch a high price on the black market. One important conservation success was the full protection of Sangalaki (the major turtle rookery) and Derawan Islands from turtle egg harvesting. Currently, the local government is working to strengthen and expand the partnership between key local government decision makers, the private sector, including the local and national tourism industry, to create a sustainable financing scheme for managing the turtle population in the region, and to create a management plan for the recently designated Berau MPA which covers 1.27 million hectares of waters of Berau District.

A lot of fisherman catch turtles illegally and some people in the area, mostly men, believe that eating turtle eggs and meat will increase potency. The green sea turtle contributes to ecotourism and as such a healthy turtle population is an economic asset for the district. Some carvers also use the carapace as a handy craft and they can sell them for a high price. In order to protect green sea turtles, countries will have to cooperate on an international level

Chapter 6: The Project Plan TC "Komodo National Parks" \f C \l "1"

GOAL:

To protect Berau coastal-marine biodiversity and to conserve a large multi-purpose Marine Protected Area (MPA) for the benefit of communities today as well as for the benefit of future generations.

SUB-GOAL 1:

The TNC-WWF Joint Program (TNC-WWF) will conduct an education and conservation awareness program in the following fishing and coastal communities: Tanjung Batu, Teluk Semanting, Pantai Harapan, Giring-Giring and Balikukup in order to promote the active participation of community members in protecting Berau MPA resources and to prompt them to halt their destructive, illegal activities.

OBJECTIVE (01):

By the end of April 2007, 40 percent (up from 16%) of respondents in the five communities will be aware of the protected status of Berau MPA. Refer to question No. 12 on the Survey.

FACTOR IN CONCEPTUAL MODEL TARGETED BY THE OBJECTIVE:

Lack of conservation awareness.

PROJECT ASSUMPTIONS:

1. The questionnaire survey reflects that within the target population, only 16 percent of community members are aware of the status of Berau MPA.

2. People will protect their resources if they know the benefits Berau MPA will provide

UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS:

1. The provision of accurate information on Berau MPA status and the MPAs benefits will lead to significant increase in community members awareness of coastal and marine issues in general and Berau MPA in particular.

2. People will support the mission of Berau MPA if they understand the benefits confer, if they feel that the objective will ultimately benefit them, and if they know how to support it.

3. People will buy into a new concept if they understand that concept and think that the concept is good for them (isnt this the same assumption as number 2?).

4. Using Pride Methodology, TNC-WWF can capture peoples attention and they will be more likely to support the project.

ACTIVITY-1 (A1): BUMPER STICKERS

Production and distribution of catchy bumper stickers to raise public interest in and awareness of Berau MPA status, the flagship species, and key conservation messages.

Why do this activity? Putting bumper stickers on a vehicle is a good way to publicize a message because stickers are highly visible and the vehicles will spread conservation messages as they travel.

How will this activity be carried out? Working with local artists to draw a flagship picture, 2500 will be printed and distributed in five target villages.

Who will be responsible for this activity? Project counterpart, Hirmen work with local artists.

Who will this activity target? General public, particularly fishermen in the five communities.

Where will this activity take place? Tanjung Batu, Teluk Semanting, Pantai Harapan, Giring-Giring and Balikukup and the stickers will be distributed to people or school kids during community or school events.

When will this activity take place? The production of stickers will begin in May 2006 and the distribution will take place throughout July, September, November, and December of 2006.

Assumptions: People usually like a nicely designed sticker and that they will stick the bumper stickers on their vehicles where people will be able to see the stickers.

Pre-requisites: (Local) artists to draw flagship species, printing company

Monitor:

What (Indicators): Percentage of respondents who are aware of Berau MPA status and its benefits measured in survey

How (Method and Task): Survey; develop pre and post test questionnaire, administer questionnaire to target and control communities, compare post-survey with initial survey.

ACTIVITY-2 (A2): POSTER

The production and distribution of catchy and informative posters to raise public interest and knowledge about Berau MPA status, flagship species, and marine habitats.

Why do this activity? Posters are a highly visible and attractive way to spread messages about the status and mission of Berau Marine Protected Area, marine environment and habitat, and ecotourism potential.

How will this activity be carried out? Work with local artists to draw poster, 750 posters will be printed and distributed in the five target villages.

Who will be responsible for this activity? Project counterpart, Hirmen will work with local artists.

Who will this activity target? General public, particularly fisherman in the five target villages.

Where will this activity take place? Tanjung Batu, Teluk Semanting, Pantai Harapan, Giring-Giring and Balikukup (in public areas).

When will this activity take place? Production in May 2006 and distribution in June, August, October and December 2006.

Assumptions: People can read and that a nicely designed poster will attract people to read key conservation messages.

Pre-requisites: (Local) artists to draw flagship species, printing company.

Monitor:

What (Indicators): Percentage of respondents who are aware of Berau MPA status and its benefit.

How (Method and Task): Survey: develop pre and post test questionnaire, administer questionnaire to target and control communities, compare post-survey with initial survey; the number of posters distributed and the number of posters that are seen posted in communities.

ACTIVITY-3 (A3): BILLBOARDS

The production and placement of at least two billboards in target area. Produce a billboard with a picture of the flagship species painted in eye-catching colors with the campaign message to attract general public interest in the MPA.

Why do this activity? To reinforce conservation messages to the general public. Billboards are highly visible, particularly at busy intersections or docks and placing them in key locations will reinforce conservation messages to the target audiences.

How will this activity be carried out? Work with local artists to draw billboard and place the billboards in the main entrances of two target villages.

Who will be responsible for this activity? Project counterpart, Hirmen with support from conservation cadres in target villages.

Who will this activity target? General public in five target villages.

Where will this activity take place? Two spots will be chosen in two of the following villages: Tanjung Batu, Teluk Semanting, Pantai Harapan, Giring-giring or Balikukup; locations chosen should be community meeting areas where the target audience normally assembles, such as a fish auction place.

When will this activity take place? Production in July 2006, placement in August 2006.

Assumptions: People can read; that people will read the billboards if they are in a location where they are easy to spot.

Pre-requisites: (Local) artists, key conservation messages, approval from Head of Village and Head of Berau Fisheries Agency, billboard materials and paints.

Monitor:

What (Indicators): Percentage of respondents who are aware of Berau MPA status and its benefit.

How (Method and Task): Survey: develop pre and post test questionnaire, administer questionnaire to target and control communities, compare post survey with initial survey; billboard remains in place for at least 10 months during the campaign

ACTIVITY-4 (A4): FACT SHEET PRODUCTION

Production and distribution of fact sheet to the communities in order to convey that by conserving the marine environment community members are simultaneously supporting the sustainability of their livelihoods and to emphasize that marine conservation confers many benefits to local communities. The fact sheet for the coastal communities will emphasize the communitys role in conserving nature, how they can become involved in conservation awareness activities, and how they can help to conserve nature.

Why do this activity? To educate the public about the flagship species, the status and mission Berau Marine Protected Area, the marine environment, its link to habitat, and its importance to ecotourism. Fact sheets can provide in-depth yet concise information about Berau MPA.

How will this activity be carried out? Produce, print, and distribute 2500 fact sheets about Berau MPA, the importance of protecting the area, and the opportunities for the public to participate in Berau conservation activities in the five target villages.

Who will be responsible for this activity? Project counterpart, Hirmen will work with local artists.

Who will this activity target? General public, particularly the coastal communities in the five target villages.

Where will this activity take place? Tanjung Batu, Teluk Semanting, Pantai Harapan, Giring-Giring and Balikukup.

When will this activity take place? Production in May 2006 and distribution in June, August, October and December of 2006.

Assumptions: People can read and they will actually read the facts sheets.

Pre-requisites: (Local) artists to draw flagship species, printing company.

Monitor:

What (Indicators): Percentage of respondents who are aware of Berau MPA status and its benefit.

How (Method and Task): Survey:L develop pre and post test questionnaire, administer questionnaire to target and control communities, compare post-survey with initial survey.

OBJECTIVE (02):

By the end of April 2007, 86 percent (up from 66%) of fishermen in the five communities will state that coral reefs are threatened and agree to protect them. Refer to question No. 17 on the Survey.

FACTOR IN CONCEPTUAL MODEL TARGETED BY THE OBJECTIVE:

Lack of conservation awareness.

PROJECT ASSUMPTIONS:

1. The questionnaire survey reflects that within the target population, only 66 percent of fishermen were aware that the conditions of the coral reef environment in Berau MPA are getting better.

2. Minimum exposure to information about coral reefs causes a lack of understanding about the conditions of the reefs.

UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS:

1. [Providing real and accurate data on the relationship between marine ecosystems and fisheries resources in Berau MPA will lead to significant change of knowledge of those people who got exposed to the messages. Needs clarification]

2. People will support conservation efforts if they understand the benefits that these efforts will confer in their lives and if they feel that conservation activities will ultimately benefit them.

3. People need to be exposed to information about the natural environment and its relevance in their life before they will be concerned about environmental issues (?The underlying assumptions in general should be clarifiedthey do not translate well as they stand)

4. Using Pride Methodology, TNC-WWF can capture peoples attention and they will be more likely to become involved in supporting conservation efforts .

ACTIVITY-1 (A1): VILLAGE VISIT

Conduct community outreach activities in five villages by hosting discussions with fishermen groups in the communities and by presenting the biological monitoring survey results from Berau Marine Protected Area.

Why do this activity? In order to inform the fishermen about the current condition of marine resources in Berau MPA, the relationship between the health of marine ecosystems and fishery resources, and the impact of destructive fishing practices on the environment. Community visits also offer an opportunity for face-to-face communication and dialog with fishermen.

How will this activity be carried out? Project counterpart and Hirmen will visit five target sites five times each month to run 45-minute long community discussions with 20-minute of presentation on the biological status of Beraus coastal and marine areas. In this 45-minute discussion a flip chart and video will be used.

Who will be responsible for this activity? Project counterpart, Hirmen.

Who will this activity target? Fishermen and fish traders in five target villages.

Where will this activity take place? Tanjung Batu, Teluk Semanting, Pantai Harapan, Giring-Giring and Balikukup .

When will this activity take place? June, July, September, October, December of 2006 and January, March of 2007.

Assumptions: The villagers agree to attend the discussions and to actively listen and participate in the meetings; logistics can be organized.

Pre-requisites: Permit from Head of Steering Team, permit from Head of Sub-District Pulau Derawan, Biduk-Biduk and Batu Putih, permit from Five Head of Villages, Berau Biology Monitoring survey results, Coral Reef Flip Chart, Video Cassette.

Monitor:

What (Indicators): Percentage of fishermen are aware of Berau MPA status and who can demonstrate that they understand the MPA mission as it relates to the marine environment and fisheries resources.

How (Method and T