benefits of bkd management to idaho’s chinook facilities · 0 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75...
TRANSCRIPT
BENEFITS OF BKD MANAGEMENT TO IDAHO’S CHINOOK FACILITIES
BY A. DOUGLAS MUNSON , DR. MARILYN J. BLAIR, SAM ONJUKKA, AND STEVE ROBERTS
Background
OregonIdaho
Washington
Columbia R.
0 25 50 75 100 km
Paci
fic O
cean
SA
OX
RR
MC SF PA
POCW
DW
RRCR
EF
0 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.1
Num
ber o
f Chi
nook
Fem
ales
Optical Density
Selecting Culling/Segregation Cut-Off OD ValuesA Concept (Good KPL Antibody)
Low HighNeg
RISK OF VERTICAL TRANSMISSION
RISK INTOLERANT RISK
TOLERANTUSUAL OD FOR
CULLING
0 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.1
Nu
mb
er o
f Ch
ino
ok
Fem
ales
Optical Density
Selecting Culling/Segregation Cut-Off OD ValuesA Concept (Good KPL Antibody)
Low HighNeg
RISK OF VERTICAL TRANSMISSION
RISK INTOLERANT RISK
TOLERANT
HIGH BKD SEGREGATION
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
PERCENT DFAT+
BROOD YEAR
SAWTOOTH HATCHERY PRE-SMOLT SAMPLING
INSP
HBKD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
% C
UM
UL
AT
IVE
MO
RT
AL
ITY
PE
RC
EN
T D
FA
T +
BROOD YEAR
SAWTOOTH HATCHERY PRE-SMOLT SAMPLING
INSP
HBKD
% MORT
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
PERCENT
NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4OPTICAL DENSITY
SAWTOOTH HATCHERY
1991-20012002-2006
ADULT ELISA VALUES
ADULTS AT SAWTOOTH HATCHERY: 1991-2006
• INCREASE IN NUMBER OF FISH CATEGORIZED AS ELISA NEGATIVE AND LOW
• 1991-2001: 80 PERCENT OF FEMALES WITH ELISA OPTICAL DENSITIES BELOW 0.25
• 2002-2006: 98 PERCENT OF FEMALES WITH ELISA OPTICAL DENSITIES BELOW 0.25
• 1991-2001: 913 ADULTS 2002-2006: 1756 ADULTS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
PERCENT
NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4OPTICAL DENSITY
SAWTOOTH HATCHERY: 1991-2001
1991-2001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
PERCENT
NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4OPTICAL DENSITY
SAWTOOTH HATCHERY: 2002-2006
2002-2006
PRLBINSP
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
PERCENT DFAT +
BROOD YEAR
McCALL HATCHERY PRE-SMOLT SAMPLING: 1987-2004
PRLB
HBKD
INSP
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
% C
UM
UL
AT
IVE
MO
RT
AL
ITY
PE
RC
EN
T D
FA
T +
BROOD YEAR
McCALL HATCHERY PRE-SMOLT SAMPLING
PRLB
INSP
%MORT
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
PERCENT
NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4
OPTICAL DENSITY
McCALL HATCHERY
1991-20012002-2006
ADULT ELISA VALUES
ADULTS AT McCALL HATCHERY 1991-2006
• INCREASE OF PERCENT OF FISH CATEGORIZED AS LOW AND NEGATIVE
• 1991-2001 93 PERCENT OF FISH WERE CATEGORIZED AS LOW OR NEGATIVE
• 2002-2006 95 PERCENT OF FISH WERE CATEGORIZED AS LOW OR NEGATIVE
• 1991-2001 3049 RETURNING ADULTS
• 2002-2006 11,948 RETURNING ADULTS
McCALL 1991-2001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4
OPTICAL DENSITY
PER
CEN
T
McCALL 2002-2006
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4
OPTICAL DENSITY
PER
CEN
T
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
PERCENT
Neg 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4
OPTICAL DENSITY
SF CLEAWATER:1991-2006
1991-20022003-2006
ADULT ELISA VALUES
ADULTS AT CLEARWATER HATCHERY FROM SF OF THE CLEARWATER RIVER
• INCREASE IN NUMBER OF FISH CATEGORIZED AS ELISA NEGATIVE
• 1993-2002: 76 PERCENT OF FISH HAVE OPTICAL DENSITIES BELOW 0.25
• 2002-2005: 93 PERCENT OF FISH HAVE OPTICAL DENSITIES BELOW 0.25
• 1991-2001: 1740 ADULTS• 2002-2006: 1892 ADULTS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
PERCENT
Neg 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4
OPTICAL DENSITY
SF CLEARWATER: 1991-2002
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
PERCENT
Neg 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4
OPTICAL DENSITY
SF CLW 2003-2006
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
PERCENT
NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4
OPTICAL DENSITY
POWELL
1991-20022003-2006
ADULTS AT POWELL SATELLITE 1991-2006
• INCREASE IN NUMBER OF FISH CATEGORIZED AS ELISA NEGATIVE
• 1991-2001: 90 PERCENT OF FISH HAVE OPTICAL DENSITIES BELOW 0.25
• 2002-2006: 96 PERCENT OF FISH HAVE OPTICAL DENSITIES BELOW 0.25
• 1991-2001: 2292 ADULTS• 2002-2006: 1608 ADULTS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
PERCENT
NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4
OPTICAL DENSITY
POWELL: 1991-2002
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
PERCENT
NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4
OPTICAL DENSITY
POWELL 2003-2006
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
SAW RR MCC PAH CLW POW
CULLING SEGR W/O
COMPARISON OF ELISA-BASED PROGRAMS BY CHINOOK SALMON ADULT RETURNS TO IDFG FACILITIES
NU
MBE
R O
F AD
ULT
S R
ETU
RN
ING
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.6
SAW RR MCC PAH CLW POW
CULLING SEGR PRIOR
PER
CEN
TCOMPARISON OF ELISA-BASED PROGRAMS BY SMOLT TO ADULT RETURNS TO
IDAHO FISH AND GAME CHINOOK SALMON FACILITIES
BKD MANAGEMENT OF OREGON SPRING CHINOOK CAPTIVE BROODSTOCK PROGENY REARED
AT LOOKINGGLASS HATCHERY
Sam Onjukka ODFW – Fish Health Services
Eastern Oregon University, La Grande, Oregon
ELISA OD Distribution for Oregon Captive Broodstock Females Surviving to Maturity 1998-2009
0102030405060708090
100
0 to 0.199 0.2 to 0.399 0.4-0.799 0.8 to 1.999 ≥ 2.0
Perc
ent
LR Females (N=1228)CC Females (N=1314GR Females (N=843)
Low Hi-Mod Clin GrossELISA OD Range
Low-Mod
BKD Management for Lostine River, Catherine Creek and Grande Ronde BY98-2009 Captive Brood Progeny Reared at Lookingglass
Brood Year
LR CullOD Level
CC CullOD Level
GR CullOD Level Comment
1998 None None None 1st yr. low production1999 2.0* 2.0* None *Not all culled >2.02000 0.8 0.2 0.22001 0.8 0.2 0.22002 0.8 0.4 None* *All GR reared
including BKD highs2003 0.8 0.8 > 0.620* *1 of 2 GR females 2004 0.8 0.8 0.22005 0.4 0.8 0.8* *1.009 GR female kept2006 0.4 0.8 N/A* *No GR F1’s to smolt2007 0.2 0.8 0.82008 0.2 0.2 0.22009 0.2 0.4 0.2
Juvenile ELISA Detections (OD ≥ 1.000) in mort/moribund Captive Broodstock Progeny at Lookingglass Hatchery
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Lostine River
Catherine Creek
Grande Ronde River
Brood Year
Perc
ent O
D ≥
1.
000
Bacterial Kidney Disease
Management - Chinook Salmon…dead fish don’t return!
Steve RobertsWashington Department Fish & Wildlife
Fish Health Specialist, March, 2007
BKD Management Tools
• Pre-spawning adult antibiotic injections
• Adult female BKD screening – destruction and/or segregation
• Preventative antibiotic feedings
Priest Rapids Falls Chinook
• Outcome:• No history of BKD
• BKD-ELISA testing (1994 – 96) < 1.0 % females with O.D. > 0.2
Tucannon Spring Chinook
• Program: 132 K yearling smolts
• BKD Management:• 1. Adult erythromycin injections
• 2. Adult female BKD screening – no segregation or destruction
• 3. Single erythromycin feeding
Tucannon Spring Chinook
• Outcome:• BKD-ELISA adult testing (1992 to present): < 6.5%
females with O.D. > 0.2
• Little annual variation in adult BKD-ELISA
• Minor BKD losses in juveniles – Out of last 10 broodyears - only 2000 & 2002 broodyear.
Lyons Ferry Fall Chinook
• Program: 900 K yearling smolts and 4.8 M sub-yearling smolts
• BKD Management: • 1. Adult erythromycin injections • 2. Adult female BKD screening – selection of progeny
from BL females for yearlings. Mixed and untested females in sub-yearlings
• 3. Single erythromycin feeding
Lyons Ferry Fall Chinook
• Outcome:• BKD-ELISA adult testing (1991 to present): < 6.4%
females with O.D. > 0.2
• Some minor annual variation in adult BKD-ELISA
• Some BKD outbreaks in yearlings
• No BKD outbreaks with sub-yearlings
Summary
• Bacterial kidney disease management is customized for chinook salmon stocks and rearing programs
CONCLUSIONS
• HATCHERY MANAGEMENT PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN PREVENTING BKD TRANSMISSION
• THE POSITIVE AFFECTS OF ELISA-BASED CULLING (IDFG):– NO BKD EPIZOOTICS– REDUCED PRE-SMOLT MORTALITY– DECREASED ELISA OD VALUES IN ADULTS IN 3
GENERATIONS– IMPROVED SARs
CONCLUSIONS continued
• INTUITIVELY HATCHERY OUT-MIGRANTS WITH LOWER LEVELS OF RENIBACTERIUM POSE LESS RISK OF HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION TO WILD/NATURAL SALMON DURING COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION
BECAUSE OF THE SUCCESS OF THE ELISA PROGRAM
• BOTH CLEARWATER AND McCALL HATCHERIES DO NOT FEED ERYTHROMYCIN MEDICATED FEED
• ALL OTHER CHINOOK HATCHERIES FEED ONLY 1X
• McCALL HATCHERY DOES NOT INJECT ERYTHROMYCIN INTO RETURNING ADULT CHINOOK
• CLEARWATER HATCHERY IS ANALYZING INJECTION VS NON-INJECTION ADULT CHINOOK OPTICAL DENSITIES
• DISCUSSING RESEARCH PROJECT AT SAWTOOTH HATCHERY : IMPACTS OF REMOVAL OF ERYTHROMYCIN MEDICATED FEED TREATMENTS.