Maria Lelli, Carlo Liberto, Gaetano Valenti

EXPERT PANEL FOR POLLUTING EMISSIONS REDUCTION – EXPAPER Roma, 19 gennaio 2017

Benefici ambientali della mobilita ̀ elettrica nell’area di Roma

ENEA Research on Transport Systems

Innovative vehicle technology

New mobility concepts and tools

STMA - Laboratory of Systems and Technologies for Sustainable Mobility and Electric Energy StorAge

Research staff: 25 permanent members

Innovative Vehicle Technology

Laboratory Equipment and Instrument:

•Vehicle Rolling test bench

•Engine test bench equipment

•Battery/Super-Capacitors Testing Hall – Equipment

Research and Experimental Activities:

•Battery/Super-Capacitors Hybrid Energy Storage System

•Contactless Charging Solutions

•Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Technology

•Fuel Cells and Methane/Hydrogen mixtures fueled engines

•Simulation Tools for Vehicle Evaluation and Testing

•Remote diagnostic/monitoring of vehicles and goods

New mobility concepts and tools

Demonstrating better urban transport solutions: •Mobility management •Alternative mobility services •Demand Responsive Transport System •City logistics • Intelligent Transport System application

Developing and applying analytical models and tools to support: •Estimation of National Transport policy and funding •Multimodal freight transport planning and management (SILOG, SIFEG) •Traffic management including emergency situations (STREET, ROMA

Project) •Mobility management actions (HOWMOVE) •Urban transport monitoring and planning (PRIMO) •Energy consumption and emissions analysis (ECOTRIP) •Green driving (STYLE) •Urban freight delivery operations (CITYLOG) •Pedestrian safety in high-frequented places (SIMP) •Shift towards e-mobility for Public Transport, private cars and fleets

Overview of the study

Objective: gaining a better understanding of the changes in energy demand, as well as in CO2 and selected air pollutant emissions from the expected development of electric mobility in urban area.

Scope: conducting a complete well-to-wheel life cycle assessment for different prospective scenarios taking into consideration the diffusion of electric passenger cars and PT buses in the metropolitan area of Rome.

Approach: combining and analyzing data and information from multiple sources:

1. Extended floating car data system; 2. Stationary traffic detectors; 3. ATAC’s Open Data Portal; 4. Statistics and trends for the vehicles registered in Rome; 5. Figures on energy production and imports; 6. Scientific publications and reports on emission factors and

energy efficiency.

• refers to technology that collects trajectory information from a set of individual vehicles which float in the traffic flow; • is an affordable and reliable way to identify traffic states and to understand mobility and

spatio-temporal traffic patterns;

Extended Floating Car data-OctoTelematics

More than 2.5 million of vehicles equipped with On Board Units (OBU) in Italy (4.0 million in the world);

offer integrated and seamless telematics solutions for insurance companies, car rental and fleet management, motor manufacturers and governmental authorities

OBUs collect different measurements and the vehicle position every 2 kilometers or 30 seconds transmit the data to a remote control center every 40 records

Rome FCD collections

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Raw floating car data processing

trip/trajectories reconstruction

Paths identification on digitalized road map

Raw data cleaning and validation Storing into PosygreSQL/Postgis

Map-Matching algorithm steps

Digitalized road network

GPS trajectories set

Path computation between candidate links

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Candidate links identification

Path selection

Octo floating cars penetration rate estimation

Floating Cars flows Traffic flow measures

Average penetration rate of 6,43%

95% confidence interval 6,31% to 6,54%

Loop Inductive Traffic detectors

Rome Public Transport Open Data

This dataset provides PT schedules and geographic data in the The General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) format

Rome bus network figures Number of bus stops: 8.179 Length of network: about 5000 km Number of lines/routes: 324 Number of weekday trips: 34.417 Weekday km travelled: 383.000 km

ECOTRIP© OUTLINE

A software tool designed to provide geo-referenced

estimates of fuel consumption and atmospheric

pollutant emissions from large numbers of travel

traces collected by fleets of vehicles over long time

periods.

Its estimation procedures consider the speed-

dependent hot emission factors described in the

EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook (2013

update Sept. 2014);

The Artemis deliverable 3 (Dec. 2013) is considered

to estimate the cold start emissions for passenger

cars.

ECOTRIP© was implemented in Java in a complete

Open Source environment, including the database

PostreSQL and its spatial extension “PostGIS”, to

facilitate advanced geo-spatial queries and map

model results

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Car Specs 100% Electric Drivetrain Regenerative braking drive mode Lithium-Ion Battery: 24 kWh Overall length: 4.455 mm

Kerb weight: 1.500 kg Max. speed: 140 km/h Max. engine power: 80 kW

Experimental Campaign • More than 3000 kilometers traveled in urban and interurban roads • Test bench using standard driving cycles

Experimental Investigation of energy consumption in Nissan Leaf

Consumption factors for electric cars

• 4 urban buses categories: MINI, MIDI, STANDARD, ARTICULATED

• 3 load factors: 0%, 50%, 100% • 5 slope gradients: -4%, -2%, 0%, 2%, 4%

• On 23 real driving cycles (Ravenna, Torino, Bologna): Mean speed: from 10 to 17,5 km/h Trip length: from 3 to 39 km

EC (kWh/km) = aVb

Consumption factors for electric buses

Simulations: Università degli Studi dell’Aquila - DIII3 – Ing. Villante

Processing To Tank Consumption

Electric Energy Cycle: • Literature data • Official statistics:

• ISPRA • TERNA

• Our measures on charge station and battery charge operations

Fuel Cycle: • JRC: WTT Report • Phases: transformation near market Conditioning & distribution

WTT = WTP + PTT PROCESSING + DISTRIBUTION + REFUELLING

Processing To Tank Emissions

EMEP-EEA INVENTORY GUIDEBOOK: ENERGY AND REFINERY emissions in relation to energy used, not produced (Electricity, fuels)

ELECTRIC ENERGY:

• Emission Factors estimation from ISPRA annual E.E. production, included FER, and ISPRA annual emissions

• CO2 emission factor: ISPRA estimation for E.E. production

FUELS: Emission Factors estimation from • ISPRA annual sector emissions (evaporative and gas flaring emissions included) • MiSE National Energy Balance: Oil refineries (Petroleum Refineries) products

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SCENARIOS

PASSENGER CARS: - CURRENT FLEET: ACI - 2.7 millions - 5% annual renewal for 10 years: 50% new cars - SC.1: new cars 3% hybrid, 7% by gas fuels, Euro 6 by

conventional fuel - SC. 2: new cars 20% BEV (10% of the total fleet), 3%

hybrid, 7% by gas fuels, Euro 6 by conventional fuel

PUBLIC TRANSPORT BUSES: - Current fleet: ATAC - 2.440 BUSES (400 CNG buses) - SC.1: old diesel buses substituted by diesel EURO VI

buses and 10% electric buses - SC.2: old diesel buses substituted by diesel EURO VI

buses and 30% electric buses

SCENARIO INVARIANTS: Vehicles registrations and km ( 20109 vei-km and 132106 bus-km)

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RESULTS – ENERGY CONSUMPTION

SCENARIO 2

- PASSENGER CARS: •Annual final energy consumption for BEV (371,1 GWh) 2,5% of annual E.E. consumption of Rome Province •E.E. production needed daily for BEVs: 1,45 GWh in weekdays, 1,18 GWh on holydays • primary energy consumption reduction = 12%

- PUBLIC TANSPORT: -E.E. production needed daily for electric buses service: 120 MWh in weekdays - 71 MWh for holydays

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RESULTS – POLLUTANTS AND GHG EMISSIONS

PASSENGER CARS

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

PTW Emissions reduction

PTW Emissions reduction

• Sc.2: 29% CO2 eq. emission lower than Current Sc., 27% lower than Sc.1

• Sc.2: 15% CO2 eq. Emissions lower than Current Sc., 9% lower than Sc.1

• DIESEL EURO 6: waiting for RDE EU directive…

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Upgrades and conclusions

Critical aspects: - EURO VI/6 vehicles emissions underestimation - Electric vehicles (city car, buses) consumption measures

Future studies and developments:

- Hybrid Plug-In vehicles - More “structured” Scenarios - Infrastructure aspects (battery charge stations – EE needs for electrical buses

service..) - …

THANK YOU for

YOUR ATTENTION