Bell RingerThis is called a Leadership TreeEach kid has reached a different level of leadership.

You task is to choose which kid represents you best with regards to this class. Write an analytical paragraph explaining why you chose the kid you did.

Bonus: Pick which kid you think I am as your teacher. Feel free to be honest—you won’t hurt my feelings

The South and the West TransformedChapter 8

The New SouthMany people began to call for the

South to become more industrialized◦Pre-Civil War the South just shipped

raw materials (cotton, ore, wood)◦Urban cities developed in Nashville

and BirminghamMore small farms popped up as

the old plantations deteriorated

The New SouthRailroads were still found mostly

in the North◦Southern cities were isolated from

the rest of the nation until the 1890s/1900s

◦Once they began connecting areas new cities became more successful such as Atlanta, Dallas, and Nashville

◦Southerners petitioned the federal government to pay for these new railroads

The New SouthThe South lagged behind despite

these changes◦Mostly due to the Civil War’s destruction

of their regionTo develop they needed natural

resources, labor, and capital◦They had resources, but labor had been

killed off during the war, and capital was spent on the war

◦You also needed well trained people to work and people who had money to spend

The New SouthThe South spent less on education than

anywhere else (still true in many cases)◦Public education was limited

Skilled workers were discouraged by low wages so they stayed in the North◦ If they lived in the South they would move

northMost of the South’s wealth was put in

the hands of few people◦The banks in the South didn’t survive so

there were few ways to get loans

Southern Farmers Face Hard TimesMost Southerners had relied on cash crops

◦These are crops that are sold for cash instead of being grown for personal use

◦Cotton and tobacco had been the most popularBecause the South had an excess supply of

cotton it dropped the price (value) of it◦This meant farmers were getting less money for

the same amount of cotton◦The boll weevil (bug) began destroying cotton

crops These issues led to cotton production dropping by 50%

in some areas

Southern Farmers Face Hard TimesA group of farmers in Texas came

together to deal with the crisis that they were facing◦They created the Farmers’ Alliance◦There goals were:

Force railroads to lower freight prices so they could sell stuff to the North

Regulate interest rates that banks could charge for loans

◦They would achieve both (eventually)

Black Southerners Gain and LoseReview: What were the 13th, 14th, and

15th amendments?Because African Americans could

vote and serve in the military (still faced HEAVY discrimination)

The Farmers’ Alliance (in some areas) allowed for black people to join their organization◦This opened the door to seeing that

interracial groups could easily work together

Black Southerners Gain and LoseAfrican Americans also gained

access to education◦The government and northern

philanthropists paid for schools for black people

◦These schools were able to teach black people at least how to read and write Other schools went further to actually

teach them the same subjects that white kids learned

Black Southerners Gain and LoseBefore we get to warm-fuzzy we

must remember that racism was still really strong

The Ku Klux Klan intimidated black people◦There goals were to keep society

segregated Even churches that were once integrated

were no segregated

◦They also pushed to remove all black government officials

Black Southerners Gain and LoseCongress passed the Civil

Rights Act of 1875◦Guaranteed black patrons the right

to ride trains and use public facilities (hotels, etc.)

The Supreme Court would later limit this law by saying that these issues were left for local governments to decide◦This opened the door for Southern

businesses to enforce discriminatory laws

AssignmentTurn in your Mass Culture

worksheetIf you were in charge of the

South’s “comeback” what do you think would have been necessary to rebuild it in a way that discrimination would have been limited and their economy would have been prosperous? ◦Write a two paragraph response

including as many details as possible

Westward Expansion and the American IndiansMore than 250,000 Natives lived west of the

Mississippi◦ While most Americans didn’t know what the

difference was between them, there were very distinct cultures of Natives

Geography was a significant influence◦ In the northwest, tribes were larger as food

supply was plentiful◦ In the southwest tribes were smaller due to lack

of food In NM/AZ the Natives were able to grow corn, beans,

and squash There you will find cliff dwellings

◦ Many tribes were nomadic, following herds

Westward Expansion and the American IndiansThe tribes had a common thread—they

viewed nature as sacred not a resource◦This led to many conflicts with the white people

Under Andrew Jackson the Natives had been sent to the “Great American Desert” (Oklahoma)◦They were moved again when the Americans

decided they wanted to build a transcontinental railroad

◦The Natives were put onto much smaller pieces of land called reservations Could not find food not had freedom which resulted in

poverty and suppression

Westward Expansion and the American IndiansThe Natives were “attacked” by

the white people in two other ways◦Diseases killed off a large portion of

the population◦The buffalo they depended on were

killed off, typically for sport, with the meat and hides left to waste

New Settlers and Native Americans ClashWith increased communication and

transportation technology the collision between Americans and Natives became inevitable

“If you strike into the broad, free West, and make yourself a farm from Uncle Sam’s generous domain, you will crowd nobody, starve nobody, and neither you nor your children need evermore bet…”◦What is this snippet from the New York

Tribune forgetting about?

New Settlers and Native Americans Clash During the Civil War, the Natives attempted to resist

white encroachment by attacking settlements in MN◦ American response was to fight back and push the Sioux all the

way to the Dakotas In 1864, after a series of Sioux attacks that led to hefty

distrust between the two groups, a group of CO militia opened fire on an unarmed camp of Cheyenne and Arapaho◦ The camp had been ordered under protection by the U.S. Army◦ The Natives tried to signal friendship by holding up the

American flag◦ In the end many were left dead

After the Civil War, white and black soldiers were sent to subdue the Natives◦ Anything you could plunder you were allowed to simply take◦ Government said it was necessary to maintain order

New Settlers and Native Americans ClashIn 1866 Red Cloud (Plains) lured Cpt.

William Fetterman’s troops into an ambush◦All troops were killed

This led many to question the U.S.’s Native policies◦Reformers called for education of Natives◦The Indian Peace Commission was

created to determine how to peacefully resolve the issue with Natives They concluded that lasting peace would only

come if the Natives assimilated

New Settlers and Native Americans ClashThe Fort Laramie Treaty was signed in

1866◦ U.S. agreed not to build RR through Sioux territory

and they abandoned three forts◦ The Sioux agreed to live on reservations

The U.S. government would provide the land and adequate supplied through the use of an agent

The Bureau of Indian Affairs was in charge of overseeing the reservations ◦ The agents who were supposed to disburse

payments/supplies often stole it That led to battles with horrible outcomes

◦ Honest agents often didn’t have the necessary supplied to help the Natives

The End of the Indian Wars

Natives were kept in impoverished areas◦Failed promises led to frustration◦Frustration led to young warriors turning

violent Americans crushed these uprisings

The U.S. government failed to uphold the Treaty of Medicine Lodge◦The Red River War was fought in response

to white buffalo hunters on Native lands, white lawlessness, and supplies not being delivered

◦The Comanche lost this war

The End of the Indian WarsWhite people rushed to the Black Hills (SD) to

find gold◦ This and the eastern part of MT were Sioux hunting

landsCrazy Horse and Sitting Bull led a group to

drive out the white people◦ U.S. responded by sending in troops led by George

Custer◦ Custer’s 250 came across 2000 Natives

Crazy Horse led a charge at the Battle of Little Big Horn All of Custer’s men were killed

◦ Sitting Bull escaped to Canada by the time reinforcements showed up, but Crazy Horse and his men surrendered

The End of the Indian WarsIn Idaho the government wanted

to move the Nez Percés ◦Most had become Christians as well

as successful horse/cattle breeders◦They ran for 1,300 miles before Chief

Joseph surrendered “I will fight no more forever” They were banished to Washington, D.C.

The End of the Indian WarsNatives in Wounded Knee, SD

held a religious revival based on the Ghost Dance ◦A spiritual dance that declared that

peace would come after the white man—referring to the afterlife but Americans took it to be more of a threat

◦Governmental officials, fearing this attitude order the arrest of Sitting Bull

◦Hostilities broke out killing about 100 people

The Government Promotes Assimilation“There is not among these three hundred

bands of Indians one which has not suffered cruelly at the hands either of the Government or of white settlers. The poorer, the more insignificant, the more helpless the band, the more certain the cruelty and outrage to which they have been subjected…It makes little difference where one opens the record of the history of the Indians; every page and every year has its dark stain…”

Helen Hunt JacksonA Century of Dishonor

Is this someone who supports assimilation?

The Government Promotes AssimilationCongress passed the Dawes

General Allotment Act (a.k.a. Dawes Severalty Act)◦Replaced reservations by giving each

Native family 160 acre farm What about their tribal life and communal

property?

◦They hoped that the younger Natives would embrace farming culture and integrate with the rest of American society Didn’t work…

Miners Hope to Strike it Rich