Quick Review & Looking Forward

Bell Ringer 11/12/2013m.socrative.com - Room #38178QUESTION:1. Name a classical composer. If you dont know one, name a famous composer youve heard of

Answering today will get you points you dont have to be right (but you probably will be)

The Classical Period - HistoryThe Enlightenment

NEW TAB CLASSICAL PERIODThis is a BIG unit now through December.The Enlightenment - Introduction18th Century (1700s)

The Age of Enlightenment

A change in styles, philosophies, and politics

Art, Music, Dance, and Drama will begin to develop in separate directions at different timesThe Enlightenment - IntroductionMain Themes of 18th century thought:Faith in scienceFaith in human rights arising from natural lawFaith in human reasonFaith in progress

Progress: the assumption that the conditions of life could only improve with time and that each generation made life even better for those followingThe Enlightenment - IntroductionThe age becomes increasingly secular enlightenment, reason, and progress are secular ideas

Politics and business superseded religion

Leadership was wrestled away from the Church

Religious toleration increasedPersecution and the imposition of corporal punishment for religious offense became less popularThe Enlightenment - IntroductionThe ancient thought: the works of the Greeks and Romans would never be surpassed

The modern thought: science, art, literature, and the inventions of their own age were better since they were built upon the achievements of their predecessorsNew TechnologyNew TechnologyTelescopes and microscopes improvedWho invented the telescope?? GALILEO!

The invention of the steam engine gave rise to other machines and paved the way for the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century

Coal fuel takes the place of charcoal

Improvements in iron and steel pave the way for structural improvements in bridges and buildings

New TechnologyThe introduction of power machinery revolutionized the English textile in the late 18th century

Human, animal, wind, and water power were replaced by machine

New TechnologyUndoubtedly the most significant invention: the STEAM ENGINE

First developed in England in 1699

Early steam engines were used to drain mine shafts

Some wealthy people were using steam engines to pump domestic water supplies (filter)

First successful steam engine locomotive 1804Could generate an estimated 1000 horsepowerStarted the Industrial RevolutionPhilosophyPhilosophers and PhilosophesThe PhilosophesThe Enlightenment was concerned MORE with philosophy than invention

Humanitarianism all men and women had a right, as rational creatures, to dignity and happiness

Philosophes: were not philosophers in the usual sense of the word. They were publicists.Pulled thought from great books and translated it into simple terms that could be understood by a reading public

The Philosophes - EncyclopediaThe most serious of all the philosophe enterprises: EncyclopediaIn FranceEditted by Denis Diderot (1713-84)70 volumesTook from 1751-1772 to completeCompilation of scientific, technical, and historical knowledgeMajor contributors Voltaire and Rousseau

Other Things to NoteClassicismAesthetics and ClassicismAesthetics: the study of beauty and theory of art

Classical influences dating from the Renaissance continued to be importantThe excavation of the ruins of the Roman city of Pompeii, found virtually intact, in 1748 caused a wave of excitement

A classical education was considered essential for all members of the upper classesThe Classical PeriodMUSIC CHARACTERISTICSA Review of TermsConcerto: two or more dissimilar musical forces are used such as one or more soloists playing opposite an orchestra

Program Music: illustrates an external idea (music to tell a story)

Absolute Music: purely musical ideas (music for the sake of music opposite of program music)

Sonata: any piece played on instruments thats not a fugue or a concertoOrnamentation Baroque IdeaMary Had a Little Lamb

Ornamented

Common Ornaments

Mordent go up or down one note, then backTurn go up, back, down, and backTrill quickly move between the note and the note just aboveClassical StyleMusic started being composed not only for the aristocracy but to the middle classes as well

Mostly absolute music music simply because it sounds nice

Philosophes inspired composers to seek larger audiences

Excessive ornamentation and excessive complexity (baroque) as not appealing to a wide audienceClassical music will avoid artificial decorationClassical StyleThere was a move toward order, simplicity, and careful attention to form

Classical rather than neoclassical or classical revival, because although the other arts returned to Greek and Roman prototypes, music had no known classical antecedents to revive.It turned to classical ideals, though not to classical models (because none existed)This period in Drama and Art is referred to as NEOCLASSICAL or new classical. They are looking to the Greeks and Romans and making it something newClassical StyleFive Basic Characteristics:Variety and Contrast in Mood Major to minor, happy to sad, etc.Flexibility of Rhythm/TempoCould push and pull, speed up or slow downPredominantly Homophonic TextureAll parts will work togetherMemorable MelodyGradual Changes in DynamicsDynamics didnt exist before the classical period

Well look at each of these individually in the next few slides.Classical Style - CharacteristicsVariety and Contrast in MoodBaroque typically dealt with a single emotionWith classical, moods could change within movements or even within themestheme in music refers to a recurring melodic ideaCould be more gradual or suddenWell controlled, unified, and logical

Example: Beethovens Moonlight SonataClassical Style - CharacteristicsFlexibility of RhythmExplores a wide variety of rhythmsUtilizes unexpected pauses, syncopations, and frequent changes from long to shorter notes (or even slower to faster tempos)Syncopation a rhythm with accents on the upbeat (in between beats)May be sudden or gradual

Example: Mozart Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Classical Style - CharacteristicsPredominantly Homophonic TextureTexture is also flexible with sudden and gradual shifts from one texture to another but mostly homophonic with all lines working togetherSimpler texture than Baroque piecesA work may begin homophonically, with a melody and simple accompaniment, and then shift to complex polyphony featuring two simultaneous melodies or melodic fragments among the instruments, back to simple homophony

Example: Mozart Symphony no. 40Classical Style - CharacteristicsMemorable MelodyThemes tend to be very tuneful and often have a folk or popular flavor (easy to sing)Melodies tend toward balance and symmetryHave two phrases of equal lengthPhrase musical sentence, music comes to an endingThe second phrase often begins like the first, but ends more decisively

Example: Beethovens Symphony No. 9 Finale (2:52)

Classical Style - CharacteristicsGradual Changes in DynamicsThe replacement of the harpsichord with the pianoThe piano was more capable of handling dynamic patternsCrescendo: gradually getting louderDiminuendo: gradually getting softer

Example: Beethovens 5th SymphonyThe Classical OrchestraSimilar to our orchestra today, minus a few instruments

Strings: 1st Violins, 2nd Violins, Violas, Cellos, BassesWoodwinds: 2 Flutes, 2 Oboes, 2 Clarinets, 2 BassoonsBrass: 2 French Horns, 2 TrumpetsPercussion: 2 Timpani

No Trombones or other percussive instruments yet

New addition from Baroque the clarinet

Approximately 30 string players (approx. 40-50 instrumentalist total)Classical FormsClassical Forms - SonataChange of definition more specific now

Sonata: a piece forOne or two keyboard instrumentsFor another instrument accompanied by keyboard instrument

Composition included several movements

Example: Beethovens Pathetique (mvt. 2)

Classical Forms - SymphonyThe word symphony comes from the Latin symphonia meaning sounding together

A symphony is an extended composition typically lasting between 20 and 45 minutes and exploring the broad range of tone colors and dynamics

Example: Beethovens Symphony 5Mvt. 1 BeginningMvt. 2 7:26Mvt. 3 17:25Mvt. 4 22:48Classical Forms Sonata FormNot to be confused with sonata, sonata form is applied to the first movement of a symphony

Three main sections:Exposition presents the musical themesDevelopment themes are treated in new ways, developed in different keysRecapitulation themes return

ABA Design

When we look at specific symphonies by Mozart and Beethoven over the next week, I will show you how sonata form worksClassical Forms Theme & VariationsTheme & VariationsWidely used as an independent piece or as one movement of a symphony, sonata, or string quartetThe theme is repeated over and over, each time with some changeCould be mood, rhythm, dynamics, and so on

Example: Mozart Twinkle Twinkle Little Star VariationsListening Recognition PracticeOn the Quiz and Test youll need to recognize certain famous pieces of music. They will always be ones weve gone over in class that have stood the test of time (still very popular today.)Listening Recognition PracticeOn your paper is a list of pieces you heard today that youll need to recognize on the next quiz and test.

For today, simply write the number next to what you think is being played.

Once we study these pieces more closely over the next few days, Ill ask you to match the composer with the title. We will add a few more.