Bell Quiz:Bell Quiz: Use Pages Use Pages 578-583578-5831.1. Who was used in the pacific as radio Who was used in the pacific as radio

operators and spoke a “code” that the operators and spoke a “code” that the Japanese could never break?Japanese could never break?

2.2. What was the importance of the American What was the importance of the American victory at the Battle of the Coral Sea?victory at the Battle of the Coral Sea?

3.3. What battle in the Pacific was the turning What battle in the Pacific was the turning point in the war?point in the war?

4.4. How many Japanese troops and U.S. troops How many Japanese troops and U.S. troops died in the Battle for Iwo Jima?died in the Battle for Iwo Jima?

5.5. After the Battle For Okinawa how many After the Battle For Okinawa how many American lives did Churchill predict would American lives did Churchill predict would be lost in an allied invasion of Japan?be lost in an allied invasion of Japan?

AnswersAnswers1. 1. Navajo Indians “code talkers”Navajo Indians “code talkers”

2. The U.S. saved Australia from 2. The U.S. saved Australia from being taken over; first U.S. victory being taken over; first U.S. victory against Japan.against Japan.

3. The Battle of Midway.3. The Battle of Midway.

4. Japanese troops=20,500.4. Japanese troops=20,500.

U.S. troops=6,000 U.S. troops=6,000

5. 1 million American lives5. 1 million American lives

ObjectivesObjectives

Identify key turning points in the Identify key turning points in the war in the Pacific.war in the Pacific.

Describe the Allied offensive Describe the Allied offensive against the Japanese.against the Japanese.

Japanese AcquisitionJapanese Acquisition

6 months after Pearl Harbor, the 6 months after Pearl Harbor, the Japanese had conquered an empire Japanese had conquered an empire larger than the Third Reich. larger than the Third Reich.

The Japanese had control of Hong The Japanese had control of Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, and much of China. Burma, Thailand, and much of China.

They also conquered many islands in They also conquered many islands in the pacific.the pacific.• The Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake The Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake

Island, and the Solomon Islands.Island, and the Solomon Islands.

PhilippinesPhilippines The Japanese invaded the The Japanese invaded the

Philippines on December 8, Philippines on December 8, 1941 with their air attack on 1941 with their air attack on Clark Air Base.Clark Air Base.

American and Filipino troops American and Filipino troops battled the Japanese for battled the Japanese for several months for control of several months for control of the islands before losing.the islands before losing.

General Douglas MacArthur General Douglas MacArthur was the commander of the was the commander of the Allied forces on the islands.Allied forces on the islands.

On March 11, 1942 President On March 11, 1942 President Roosevelt ordered MacArthur Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to leave the Islands. to leave the Islands. MacArthur escapes and leaves MacArthur escapes and leaves the troops to be captured. the troops to be captured.

MacArthur utters the infamous MacArthur utters the infamous words, “I shall return!”words, “I shall return!”

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March The Bataan Death March was The Bataan Death March was

the forcible 60 mile transfer the forcible 60 mile transfer of 90,000 to 100,000 of 90,000 to 100,000 American and Filipino American and Filipino prisoners of war on foot by prisoners of war on foot by the Japanese army.the Japanese army.

Prisoners were abused and Prisoners were abused and murdered -Beheadings, cut murdered -Beheadings, cut throats and casual shootings throats and casual shootings were the more common and were the more common and merciful actions — compared merciful actions — compared to bayonet stabbings, rapes, to bayonet stabbings, rapes, disembowelments, numerous disembowelments, numerous rifle butt beatings and a rifle butt beatings and a deliberate refusal to allow deliberate refusal to allow the prisoners food or water.the prisoners food or water.

The march lasted for nearly a The march lasted for nearly a week with temperatures week with temperatures nearing 100 degrees. nearing 100 degrees.

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March 18,000 POW’s died on 18,000 POW’s died on

the March to Camp the March to Camp O’Donnell. O’Donnell.

Men were weak and Men were weak and dying from dysentery at dying from dysentery at the camp at an alarming the camp at an alarming rate. rate.

Eventually the healthy Eventually the healthy prisoners were prisoners were transferred to camps transferred to camps outside of the outside of the Philippines. Philippines.

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March

This process began with This process began with American prisoners moving American prisoners moving from Camp O’Donnell to from Camp O’Donnell to Cabanatuan-a prison camp Cabanatuan-a prison camp in the northeast part of the in the northeast part of the island.island.

Many of these American Many of these American prisoners then were sent prisoners then were sent from Cabanatuan to prison from Cabanatuan to prison camps in Japan, Korea, and camps in Japan, Korea, and Manchuria working as slave Manchuria working as slave laborlabor..

All prisoners were released All prisoners were released at the end of the war.at the end of the war.

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March The 512 prisoners-of-The 512 prisoners-of-

war who still remained war who still remained at the Cabanatuan at the Cabanatuan Prison Camp as of Prison Camp as of January 1945 were January 1945 were freed during an attack freed during an attack on the camp led by on the camp led by United States Army United States Army Rangers later known Rangers later known as the Raid atas the Raid at Cabanatuan.Cabanatuan.

All 512 prisoners were All 512 prisoners were rescued. Only 3 rescued. Only 3 rangers were killed.rangers were killed.

Bombing of TokyoBombing of Tokyo By spring of 1942, the By spring of 1942, the

allies began to turn allies began to turn the tide against the the tide against the Japanese.Japanese.

On April 18th the U.S. On April 18th the U.S. began a bombing raid began a bombing raid on Tokyo and other on Tokyo and other Japanese cities.Japanese cities.

Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle led the James Doolittle led the attack with 16 attack with 16 bombers.bombers.

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway Midway is an island which lies Midway is an island which lies

northwest of Hawaii.northwest of Hawaii. The island was of strategic The island was of strategic

importance to both the U.S. importance to both the U.S. and Japan. and Japan.

American code breakers American code breakers were able to determine the were able to determine the date and location of the date and location of the attack, enabling the attack, enabling the forewarned U.S. Navy to set forewarned U.S. Navy to set up an ambush of its own. up an ambush of its own.

The Allies successfully The Allies successfully defended Midway.defended Midway.

During the Battle of Midway During the Battle of Midway the Japanese lost four aircraft the Japanese lost four aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes. planes.

The Battle of Midway was a The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific turning point in the Pacific War inflicting irreparable War inflicting irreparable damage to the Japanese damage to the Japanese carrier fleet.carrier fleet.

Island HoppingIsland Hopping LeapfroggingLeapfrogging or or Island HoppingIsland Hopping was a military was a military

strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan. It involved attacking some islands against Japan. It involved attacking some islands but not others, effectively strangling the but not others, effectively strangling the unattacked islands by not allowing them to be unattacked islands by not allowing them to be resupplied.resupplied.

This saved time, men, and supplies.This saved time, men, and supplies. General Douglas MacArthur greatly supported this General Douglas MacArthur greatly supported this

“island hopping" strategy in his effort to regain “island hopping" strategy in his effort to regain the Philippines.the Philippines.

Battles in the PacificBattles in the Pacific The first Allied offensive began in August 1942.The first Allied offensive began in August 1942. 19,000 troops stormed Guadalcanal in the 19,000 troops stormed Guadalcanal in the

Solomon Islands.Solomon Islands. Guadalcanal marked Japan’s first defeat on landGuadalcanal marked Japan’s first defeat on land. . In October 1944, the Allies defeated the Japanese In October 1944, the Allies defeated the Japanese

at the Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines).at the Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines). 178,000 Allied troops and 738 ships retook the 178,000 Allied troops and 738 ships retook the

Philippines. Philippines. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was a disaster for Japan.The Battle of Leyte Gulf was a disaster for Japan. They lost 3 battleships, 4 aircraft carriers, 13 They lost 3 battleships, 4 aircraft carriers, 13

cruisers, and almost 500 planes.cruisers, and almost 500 planes. General MacArthur wades ashore announcing General MacArthur wades ashore announcing

“People of the Philippines: I have returned.”“People of the Philippines: I have returned.”

KamikazeKamikaze The Japanese threw The Japanese threw

their entire fleet into the their entire fleet into the Battle of Leyte Gulf.Battle of Leyte Gulf.

They tested a new war They tested a new war tactic: kamikaze attacks.tactic: kamikaze attacks.

Pilots crashed their Pilots crashed their planes loaded bombs planes loaded bombs into Allied ships.into Allied ships.

The Japanese launched The Japanese launched 424 kamikaze pilots 424 kamikaze pilots during the Battle of during the Battle of Leyte Gulf.Leyte Gulf.

They sank 16 ships and They sank 16 ships and damaged 80 others.damaged 80 others.

Iwo JimaIwo Jima The Island of Iwo Jima was The Island of Iwo Jima was

critical to the U.S. as a critical to the U.S. as a base.base.

From Iwo Jima the Allies From Iwo Jima the Allies could launch bombing could launch bombing raids against Japan.raids against Japan.

Almost 21,000 Japanese Almost 21,000 Japanese troops were ready to troops were ready to defend the island rooted defend the island rooted in tunnels and caves.in tunnels and caves.

More than 6,000 marines More than 6,000 marines died taking this island. died taking this island.

Only 200 Japanese Only 200 Japanese survived the invasion.survived the invasion.

The only obstacle The only obstacle between the Allies and a between the Allies and a final assault on Japan was final assault on Japan was the island of Okinawa. the island of Okinawa.

Video Clip: 10 MinutesVideo Clip: 10 Minutes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDyMgKtPl-c&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Battle of OkinawaBattle of Okinawa April 1945, U.S. Marines invaded Okinawa.April 1945, U.S. Marines invaded Okinawa. Fighting on Okinawa lasted until June 21, Fighting on Okinawa lasted until June 21,

1945.1945. The Japanese unleashed 1,900 kamikaze The Japanese unleashed 1,900 kamikaze

attacks on the U.S., sinking 30 ships, attacks on the U.S., sinking 30 ships, damaging 300 more, and killing 5,000.damaging 300 more, and killing 5,000.

7,500 American lost their lives.7,500 American lost their lives. 110,000 Japanese died. 110,000 Japanese died. The lose of life at Iwo Jima and Okinawa left The lose of life at Iwo Jima and Okinawa left

the Allies searching for a new plan of the Allies searching for a new plan of invasion for the island of Japan. invasion for the island of Japan.

Navajo Code TalkersNavajo Code Talkers The Navajo Code Talkers, whose ranks exceed 400 during the

course of World War II in the Pacific Theater, have been credited with saving countless lives and hastening the end of the war. The Code Talker's served in all six Marine divisions from 1942 to 1945.

The Code Talker's primary job was to talk and transmit information on tactics, troop movements, orders and other vital battlefield information via telegraphs and radios in their native dialect. 

A major advantage of the code talker system was its speed. The method of using Morse code often took hours where as, the Navajos handled a message in minutes.   It has been said that if was not for the Navajo Code Talker's, the Marines would have never taken Iwo Jima.    

The Navajo's unwritten language was understood by fewer than 30 non-Navajo's at the time of WWII.  The size and complexity of the language made the code extremely difficult to comprehend, much less decipher. 

The Navajo code talkers finally received national recognition in 1969.