belgrade kalogeras intra routing

8/8/2019 Belgrade Kalogeras Intra Routing

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IGP: Open Shortest Path First v3

Dr. Dimitrios

Kalogeras

GRNET


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IGP IS/IS

Distance Vector IGPs

RIP

RIP2

IGRP EIGRP

Link State IGPs

OSPF

IS/IS


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OSPFv2

April 1998 was the most recent revision (RFC2328)

OSPF uses a 2-level hierarchical model SPF calculation is performed independently for

each area

Typically faster convergence than DVRPs

Relatively low, steady state bandwidthrequirements


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OSPFv3 overview

OSPF for IPv6

Based on OSPFv2, with enhancements Distributes IPv6 prefixes

Runs directly over IPv6

Ships-in-the-night with OSPFv2


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OSPFv3 / OSPFv2 Similarities

Basic packet types Hello, DBD, LSR, LSU, LSA

Mechanisms for neighbor discovery andadjacency formation

Interface types P2P, P2MP, Broadcast, NBMA, Virtual

LSA flooding and aging Nearly identical LSA types


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OSPFv3 / OSPFv2 Differences

OSPFv3 runs over a link, rather than a subnet

Multiple instances per link

OSPFv2 topology not IPv6-specific Router ID

Link ID

Standard authentication mechanisms

Uses link-local addresses

Generalized flooding scope

Two new LSA types


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LSA Type Review

LSA

Function Code

LSA

Function CodeLSA typeLSA type

Router-LSARouter-LSA

Network-LSANetwork-LSA

Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAInter-Area-Prefix-LSA

Inter-Area-Router-LSAInter-Area-Router-LSA

AS-External-LSAAS-External-LSA

Group-membership-LSAGroup-membership-LSA

Type-7-LSAType-7-LSA

Link-LSALink-LSA

Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAIntra-Area-Prefix-LSA

11

22

44

33

55

66

77

88

99

0x20010x2001

0x20020x2002

0x20030x2003

0x20040x2004

0x40050x4005

0x20060x2006

0x00080x0008

0x20090x2009

0x20070x2007


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Link LSA

A link LSAper link

Link local scope flooding on the link with which

they are associated

Provide router link local address

List all IPv6 prefixes attached to the link

Assert a collection of option bit for the Router-LSA


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Inter-Area Prefix LSA

Describes the destination outside the area but still in the AS

Summary is created for one area, which is flooded out in all

other areas Originated by an ABR

Only intra-area routes are advertised into the backbone

Link State ID simply serves to distinguish inter-area-prefix-

LSAs originated by the same router Link-local addresses must never be advertised in inter-

area- prefix-LSAs


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Configuring OSPFv3 in Cisco IOS

Software

Similar to OSPFv2

Prefixing existing Interface and Exec mode

commands with ipv6

Interfaces configured directly Replaces network command

Native IPv6 router mode Not a sub-mode ofrouter ospf


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Configuration Modes in OSPFv3

Entering router mode

[no] ipv6 router ospf

Entering interface mode [no] ipv6 ospf area

Exec mode [no] show ipv6 ospf[] clear ipv6 ospf[]


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Cisco IOS OSPFv3 SpecificAttributes

Configuring area range [no] area range /

Showing new LSA show ipv6 ospf[] database link

show ipv6 ospf[] database prefix


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OSPFv3 Debug Commands

Adjacency is not appearing [no] debug ipv6 ospf adj

[no] debug ipv6 ospf hello

SPF is running constantly [no] debug ipv6 ospf spf

[no] debug ipv6 ospf flooding

[no] debug ipv6 ospf events

[no] debug ipv6 ospf lsa-generation

[no] debug ipv6 ospf database-timer

General purpose [no] debug ipv6 ospfpackets

[no] debug ipv6 ospf retransmission

[no] debug ipv6 ospf tree


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OSPFv3 configuration example

LAN1: 2001:1:1:1::/64

LAN2: 2001:2:2:2::/64

Eth0

Eth1

Router1

Router1#

interface Ethernet0

ipv6 address 2001:1:1:1::1/64

ipv6 ospf 1 area 0

interface Ethernet1

ipv6 address 2001:2:2:2::2/64

ipv6 ospf 1 area 1

ipv6 router ospf 1

router-id 1.1.1.1

area 1 range 2001:2:2::/48

Area 0

Area 1

Router2


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Cisco IOS OSPFv3 Display

Router 2# show ipv6 route ospf

IPv6 Routing Table - 9 entries

Codes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGP

U - Per-user Static route

I1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea

O - OSPF intra, OI - OSPF inter, OE1 - OSPF ext 1, OE2 - OSPF ext 2

O 2001:1:1:2::1/128 [110/1]

via FE80::205:5FFF:FEAF:2C38, Ethernet0

OI 2001:2:2::/48 [110/2]

via FE80::205:5FFF:FEAF:2C38, Ethernet0

Area 0

Area 1

Router2


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Cisco IOS OSPFv3 DatabaseDisplay

Router2# show ipv6 ospf database

OSPF Router with ID (3.3.3.3) (Process ID 1)

Router Link States (Area 0)

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count

0 1.1.1.1 2009 0x8000000A 0x2DB1 1

0 3.3.3.3 501 0x80000007 0xF3E6 1

Net Link States (Area 0)

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum

7 1.1.1.1 480 0x80000006 0x3BAD

Inter Area Prefix Link States (Area 0)

ADV Router Age Seq# Prefix

1.1.1.1 1761 0x80000005 2001:2:2:2::/64

1.1.1.1 982 0x80000005 2001:2:2:4::2/128

Link (Type-8) Link States (Area 0)

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Interface

11 3.3.3.3 245 0x80000006 0xF3DC Lo0

7 1.1.1.1 236 0x80000008 0x68F Fa2/0

7 3.3.3.3 501 0x80000008 0xE7BC Fa2/0

Intra Area Prefix Link States (Area 0)

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Ref lstype

0 1.1.1.1 480 0x80000008 0xD670 0x2001

107 1.1.1.1 236 0x80000008 0xC05F 0x2002

0 3.3.3.3 245 0x80000006 0x3FF7 0x2001


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Cisco IOS OSPFv3 Detailed LSADisplay

show ipv6 ospf 1 database inter-area prefix

LS age: 1714

LS Type: Inter Area Prefix Links

Link State ID: 0

Advertising Router: 1.1.1.1

LS Seq Number: 80000006

Checksum: 0x25A0

Length: 36

Metric: 1Prefix Address: 2001:2:2:2::

Prefix Length: 64, Options: None

show ipv6 ospf 1 database link

LS age: 283

Options: (IPv6 Router, Transit Router, E-Bit, No Type 7-to-5, DC)

LS Type: Link-LSA (Interface: Loopback0)

Link State ID: 11 (Interface ID)

Advertising Router: 3.3.3.3LS Seq Number: 80000007

Checksum: 0xF1DD

Length: 60

Router Priority: 1

Link Local Address: FE80::205:5FFF:FEAC:1808

Number of Prefixes: 2

Prefix Address: 2001:1:1:3::


Prefix Address: 2001:1:1:3::



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1

OSPFv3 on IPv6 Tunnels overIPv4

IPv6Network

IPv4Backbone

IPv4Backbone

IPv6

Tunnel

IPv6

Tunnel

IPv6 Tunnel

IPv6

Network

IPv6Network

interface Tunnel0

no ip address

ipv6 address 2001:0001::45A/64

ipv6 address FE80::10:7BC2:ACC9:10 link-local

ipv6 router ospf 1 area 0

tunnel source Ethernet1

tunnel destination 10.42.2.1

tunnel mode ipv6ip

!

ipv6 router ospf 1

interface Tunnel0no ip address

ipv6 address 2001:0001::45C/64

ipv6 address FE80::10:7BC2:B280:11 link-local

ipv6 router ospf 1 area 0

tunnel source Ethernet2

tunnel destination 10.42.1.1

tunnel mode ipv6ip

!

ipv6 router ospf 1


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References

RFC 2740 OSPF for IPv6

RFC 2328 OSPF version 2


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IGP: IS-IS

Not that different form

OSPF


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IGP IS/IS

OSI in the magic fantasy world everything iseither an End System (ES) or an IntermediateSystem (IS.)

ES=Hosts

IS=Routers

IS/IS: Aprotocol to let Intermediate Systems talk

to other Intermediate Systems. IE: Router toRouter. IE: Routing

ISO 10589 specifies OSI IS-IS routing protocol for CLNS traffic


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IGP IS/IS

IS/IS carries routing information for the OSI protocols.

Type/Length/Value discipline instead of byte code for

capabilities

It is also VERY easy to modify to carry otherprotocols,

like IPv4 and IPv6.

The language is different, but the concepts are the same

as in OSPF (Well, not really, but close enough.)

OSPF Areas=IS/IS Levels

OSPF Neighbors=IS/IS Adjacencies

DR = DIS


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IGP - IS/IS

Two Level hierarchical architecture: Levels Two(backbone) and Level One (stub.)

Level 2Level 1

Level 1

Level 1

Level 1


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IS-IS Standards

IETF IS-IS for IP Internets WG

http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/isis-charter.html

ISO 10589 specifies OSI IS-IS routing protocol for CLNS traffic

RFC 1195 added IP support, also known as Integrated IS-IS

(I/IS-IS)I/IS-IS runs on top of the Data Link Layer

Requires CLNP to be configured

Draft RFC defines how to add IPv6 address family support to IS-

IS

http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-isis-ipv6-05.txt Draft RFC introduces Multi-Topology concept for IS-IS

http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-isis-wg-multi-topology-

06.txt


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IS-IS for IPv6

2 Tag/Length/Values for IPv6 routing

IPv6 Reachability TLV (0xEC)

External bit

Equivalent to IP Internal/External Reachability TLVs

IPv6 Interface Address TLV (0xE8)

For Hello PDUs, must contain the Link-Local address

For LSP, must only contain the non-Link Local address

IPv6 NLPID (0x8E) is advertised by IPv6 enabled routers


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Single SPF rules

single SPF per level for OSI, IPv4 and IPv6

If IS-IS is used for both IPv4 and IPv6 in an area, both

protocols must support the same topology within this area.

All interfaces configured with IS-ISv6 MUST support IPv6

All interfaces configured with IS-IS for both protocols MUST

support both of them

Otherwise Multi-Topology IS-IS (separate SPF)


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IS-IS Single Topology

IPv4-IPv6 enable router

Area A

Area B

Area C

Area D

IPv4-only enable router


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Restrictions from Single SPF

Not really suitable for an existing IPv4 IS-IS network withscattered IPv6 support.

If IS-IS for both IPv4 and IPv6 then the IPv4 and IPv6topologies MUST match exactly. Cannot run IS-IS IPv6 on

some interfaces, IS-IS IPv4 on others.

Form adjacencies with similarly-configured routers.

E.g. Problem with An IS-IS IPv6-only router on adjacencywith an IS-IS IPv4/IPv6 router. (Exception is over L2-only

interface)

Cannot join two IPv6 areas via an IPv4-only area. L2adjacencies will form OK but IPv6 traffic will black-hole in theIPv4 area.


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IS-IS Multi Topology


Area A

Area B

Area C

Area D


The Multi-Topology software will create two

topologies inside Area

IPv4 and IPv6.

IPv4-only routers will be excluded from theIPv6 topology


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IGP IS/IS

Always use Wide Metrics.

Always set your metrics.

Always disable Level 1 and force Level 2.

OSI MTU must be


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IGP IS/IS Cisco Interface Config

interface POS0/0

description BACKBONE: OC48 to IPLSng

mtu 9180

ipv6 enable

ipv6 address

ip router isis

ipv6 router isis clns mtu 1497


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IGP IS/IS Cisco Routing

router isis

redistribute connected metric-type external

!

address-family ipv6

redistribute connected

exit-address-family

net 49.0000.0000.0000.0006.00 is-type level-2-only

metric-style wide


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IGP IS/IS Cisco Commands

ipls-gsr#sh clns neigh

System Id Interface SNPA State Holdtime Type

Protocol

clev-gsr PO2/0 *HDLC* Up 21 L2 IS-IS

IPLSng PO0/0 *HDLC* Up 26 L2 IS-IS


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IGP IS/IS Cisco Commands

ipls-gsr#sh isis top

IS-IS paths to level-2 routers

System Id Metric Next-Hop Interface SNPA

atla-gsr 588 IPLSng-re0 PO0/0 *HDLC*chin-gsr 262 IPLSng-re0 PO0/0 *HDLC*

clev-gsr 324 clev-gsr PO2/0 *HDLC*

dnvr-gsr 1194 IPLSng-re0 PO0/0 *HDLC*

hstn-gsr 1457 IPLSng-re0 PO0/0 *HDLC*

ipls-gsr --

kscy-gsr 550 IPLSng-re0 PO0/0 *HDLC*losa-gsr 2850 IPLSng-re0 PO0/0 *HDLC*


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IGP IS/IS Lab

Bring up IS/IS on your EXTERNAL links.

Your external interfaces will be advertised by

IS/IS while your internal interface will beadvertised by your BGP aggregate.

Longest Match and Distance/Preference will

keep things working correctly.


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Multi-Topology IS-IS

Multi-Topology IS-IS against the limitations of a

single SPF process on networks where both IPv4

and IPv6 topologies cannot be aligned, while

maintaining the current IS-IS IPv6 functionalities.

IS-IS extension by additions of new Type Length Value

(TLVs).This IS-IS extension impacts adjacency forming,

prefix advertisement and Intermediate Systems reachability.

Maintenance of 2 topologies, one for IPv6 and one

common topology for IPv4 and ISO.


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Multi-Topology IS-IS extensions

New TLVs attributes for Multi-Topology extensions.Multi-topology TLV:

MT Intermediate Systems TLV

Multi-Topology Reachable IPv4 Prefixes TLV

Multi-Topology Reachable IPv6 Prefixes TLV:

Multi-Topology ID ValuesMulti-Topology ID (MT ID) standardized and in use in Cisco IOS:

MT ID #0 standard topology for IPv4/CLNS

MT ID #2 IPv6 Routing Topology.


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Multi-Topology IS-IS Restrictions

NOT compatible with the single SPF model, as new TLV are used totransmit and advertise IPv6 capabilities.

All routers that run IS-IS for IPv6 are expected to enable multi-topology

within the network.

A transition mode (refer to documentation) is provided for existing IS-IS

IPv6 network to migrate to Multi-Topology IS-IS IPv6.

IPv4, IPv6, or IPv4/IPv6 for either level-1 level-2 or level-1-2. But if IPv4

and IPv6 are configured on the same interface, they must be running

the same IS-IS level

Tricky adjacency between Multi topology and non multi topology (IPv4

is fine though). Wide metric is required to be enabled globally on the Autonomous

System to run


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Multi-Topology IS-IS example


Area A

Area B

Area C

Area D


The Multi-Topology software will create two

topologies inside Area

IPv4 and IPv6.

IPv4-only routers will be excluded from theIPv6 topology

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