Ministarstvo kulture Republika Hrvatska Ministry of Culture Republic of Croatia

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Minislarslvo kulture

Republika Hrvatska Ministry

of Culture Republic

of Croatia

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Luka Bemc

Zastitna arheologija u okolici Varazdina

Arheoloska istrazivanja na autocesti Zagreb - Gorican

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Luka Bekic

ZASTITNA ARHEOLOGIJA U OKOLICI VARAZDINA Arheoloska istrazivanja na autocesti Zagreb - Gorican i njezinim

prilaznim cestama.

s prilozima Darka Komse i Zorka Markovica

Luka Beki}

RESCUE ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE VARA@DIN ENVIRONS Archaeological Research on the Zagreb Gori~an Highway and its

Access Roads

With Contributions by Darko Komso and Zorko Markovi}

ZAGREB, 2006.

PREDGOVOR

Zastita arheoloskih kulturnih dobara jedan je od vaznijih ciljeva iz djelokruga Ministarstva kulture. Dosljednom primjenom Zakona o zastiti kulturnih dobara otvara se mogucnost da arheoloska nalazista budu istrazena, dokumentirana pa i prezentirana javnosti kao posvjedocenje najdavnijih vremena i povijesti ovih prostora. U vrijeme ubrzane izgradnje i razvoja zemlje, ta “zakopana” svjedocanstva ne smiju se ugroziti strojevima, pa se tako njima u posljednje vrijeme u njih pridaje znatna paznja i briga, sto je desetljecima nedostajalo.

Ubrzana gradnja cestovne infrastukture nakon Domovinskog rata pokrenula je brojna zastitna arheoloska iskopavanja na mnogim dionicama. Isprva skromnije, danas se ova istrazivanja vode organizirano i sustavno na svim dionicama u izgradnji, prema najvisim standardima struke.

Ova knjiga prva je u nizu izdanja koje opsirno predocuju znanstvenoj i siroj javnosti rezultate zastitnih arheoloskih istrazivanja provedenih prilikom izgradnji cesta i autocesta. Tema knjige su istrazivanja prilikom gradnje Autoceste Zagreb - Gorican, te novih obilaznica gradova Varazdinske i Medimurske zupanije koji su izravno povezani s tom vaznom prometnicom Serija ce se nastaviti izdanjem koje ce predociti vazne nalaze sa dionica koje vode kroz Karlovacku i Licko-senjsku zupaniju, a potom i s novih cesta kroz Dalmaciju, Slavoniju i Istru.

Vrijedni arheoloski nalazi i otkrica ugledali su svjetlo dana kao jos jedan pozitivni ucinak izgradnje cesta i autocesta. Ti arheoloski nalazi svjedocanstvo su veza s ostatkom Europe, dokaz da su komunikacije i povezivanje bile uspostavljene od davnih vremena. Povezivanje kultura i suradnja bili su sastavni dio zivljenja, bas kao sto nam to i danas omogucuju novoizgradene prometnice.

Vozeci se autocestom lijepim predjelima Hrvatske, nismo ni svjesni da su se pod novim asfaltom nalazila brojna arheoloska bogatstva. Ova knjiga dat ce nam uvid u jedan dio tog bogatstva i ispricati pricu kako su ona sacuvana za buduce narastaje.

Ministar kulture EH mr.sc.Bozo Biskupic

FOREWORD

The preservation of archaeological cultural wealth is one of the foremost goals in the Ministry of Culture’s sphere of activity. The consistent implementation of the Cultural Goods Preservation Act allows for the research and documentation of archaeological sites, and their presentation to the public as a testimony to the deepest past and history of the region. In a time of increased construction and development in the country, these “buried” testimonies must not be threatened by machinery -considerable attention and care has been afforded them in recent times, which had been lacking for decades.

The accelerated construction of road infrastructure that has followed the Homeland War has launched numerous rescue archaeology excavations on many sections of new roadways. At first on a modest scale, today these excavations, being undertaken on all sections under construction, are well organised and systematic, following the highest standards of the profession.

This book is the first in a series of editions that offer the scientific and wider public detailed results of rescue archaeology research undertaken during the construction of roads and highways. The book focuses on research made during the construction of the Zagreb -Gorican highway and new bypasses of the towns of the Varazdin and Medimurje counties that are directly linked to this vital roadway. The series will continue with an edition presenting the key finds from road sections running through the Karlovac and Lika-Senj counties and then from the new roads through Dalmatia, Slavonia andlstria.

Valuable archaeological finds and discoveries have come to the light of day as yet another positive effect of the construction of roads and highways. These archaeological finds bear witness to links with the rest of Europe, proof that communications and associations have existed since the distant past. Linking cultures and cooperation were a part and parcel of the way of living, just as is facilitated today by the newly constructed roadways.

Driving on highways through stunning parts of Croatia, we were not even aware that there were numerous archaeological treasures under the new asphalt. This book will offer us a window to one part of that wealth and tell the story of how they were preserved for future generations.

Minister of Culture of the Republic of Croatia Bozo Biskupic, MSc

IMPRESSUM Izdavac / Publisher: Ministarstvo kulture RH Ministry of Culture RH

Suizdavac / Copublisher: Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Croatian conservation Institute

Za izdavaca / For publisher: mr.sc. Bozo Biskupic / M.A.

Geodetske izmjere i izrada tlorisa / Geodetic surveying and ground plans: Damir i Biserka Ostrek Ante Jukic (Ciglenica)

Restauracija keramickih nalaza / Restoration of ceramic finds: Mladen Mustacek, Sluzba za arheolosku bastinu, Hrvatski restauratorski zavod, Zagreb Mladen Mustacek, Archaeological Heritage Service, Croatian Conservation Institute, Zagreb

Urednik /»t t for : mr. Jasen Mesic/ MA.

Izvrsni urednik / Managing Editor: mr.sc.Luka Bekic / MA.

Tekstovi / Texts:: mrsc.Luka Bekic / M.A., Darko Komso, dr.sc.Zorko Markovic /Ph.D.

Recenzenti / Consultant Editors: : red.prof.drAleksandar Durman, Odsjek za arheologiju, Filozofski fakultet, Sveuciliste u Zagrebu red.prof.dr.Mitja Gustin, Institut za dediscino Sredozemlja, Univerza na Primorskem, Kopar Professor Aleksandar Durman Ph.D., Department for Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy University of Zagreb Professor Mitja Gustin Ph.D., Institute for Mediterranean Heritage, University of Primorska, Kopar

Lektura / Language Editor: Salih Isaac

Prijevod na engleski / English translation: Neven Ferencic

Crtezi / Drawings: keramika / Ceramics: Luka Bekic metal / Metals: Luka Bekic kamen / Stone: Darko Komso, Ivo Juricic i Luka Bekic

Fotografije / Photographs:: terenske / Field photos: Luka Bekic, Ante Vrankovic manji predmeti / Small objects: Luka Bekic veci predmeti / Larger objects: Vid Barac, Natalija Vasic

Nacrti proffla / Section drawings: Robert Cimin, Igor Miholjek, Helena Nodilo

Restauracija metalnili nalaza / Restoration of metal finds: : Damir Doracic, Arheoloski muzej u Zagrebu Damir Doracic, Archaeological Museum in Zagreb

Odredenje kamenili izradevina / Identification of stone artefacts: Darko Komso, Arheoloski muzej Istre u Puli Darko Komso, Archaeological Museum qflstra, Pulei

Odredenje zivotinjskih kostiju / Identification of animal bones:: prof.dr.sc.Kresimir Babic, mr.sc.Tajana Trbojevic Vukicevic. Ana Stilinovic, Laboratorij za arheozoologiju, Veterinarski' fakultet Sveucilista u Zagrebu drsc.Mario Jurisic, Sluzba za arheolosku bastinu, Hrvatski restauratorski zavod, Zagreb Professor Kresimir Babic Ph.D., Tajana Trboievic Vukicevic MA., Ana Stilinovic, Laboratory for Arckaeoaoology Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zagreb Mario JurisiePh.D., Areh„. „ al Heritage Service, Croatian Conservation Institute, Zagreb

Odredenje ljudskih kostiju / Identification of human bones: drsc.Mario Slaus, Mario Novak, Odsjek za arheologiju, Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti Mario Slaus PKD., Mario Novak, Division for Archaeology Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts

Reljefna karta / Relief map: Damir Jurkovic, Mladen Kolarek

Koncept i dizajn / Concept and design: GLOBALDOTHR, Zagreb

Tisak / Print: Kratis, Zagreb

Naklada/ Print run: 1000

Zagreb 2006.

CIP - Katalogizaoija u piiblikaoiji Naoionalna i svenoflisiia kiijiznioa - Zagreb

UDK 902.2(497.5-37 Varazdin)

BEKIC, Luka Zastitoa arheologija u okolioi Varazdina : arheoloska istrazwanja na autooesti Zagreb - Goriean i

njezinim prilaznim eestama = Rescue archology in the Varazdin Environs : areheologieal research on the Zagreb Gxirican highway and its access roads / Luka Bekic ; s prilozima Darka Komse i Zorana MarkoYica ; <prijevod na engleski NeYen Ferencic ; crtezi i fotografije Luka Bekic ... et al>. -Zagreb : Ministarstvo kulture BH : Hrvatski restauratorski zavod, 2006.

Tekst usporedo na hrv. i engl. jeziku.

ISBN 953-6240-57-2 (Ministarstvo kulture)

I. Varazdin i okolica — Arheoloska istrazwanja II. Varazdin i okolica — Arheoloska nalazista

300811069

UVOD PREFACE

U ljeto 2002.g., tadasnji Odjel za zastitu arheoloske bastine MMstarstva kulture, preuzeo je nadzor nad izgradnjom autoceste Zagreb - Gorican, na dionici Breznicki Hum - Varazdin, te prikljucnim obilaznicama obliznjih gradova.

Za organizaciju i vodenje arheoloskog nadzora i iskopavanja bio je zaduzen autor ove knjige. Tijekom visegodisnjih arheoloskih radova na ovim cestama izveden je niz arheoloskih iskopavanja, sondiranja i pregleda. Vrlo zanimljivi arheoloski nalazi, poradi njihova povijesnog znacenja, prikazuju se strucnoj, ali i siroj javnosti u opseznom monografskom izdanju. Ovom su knjigom obuhvaceni rezultati zastitnih arheoloskih radova na novim prometnicama kroz Varazdinsku i Medimurskuzupaniju.

Na prostoru autoceste Zagreb - Gorican i prikljucnih obilaznica nije poduzet prethodni arheoloski pregled prije gradnje, niti preliminarna arheoloska sondiranja. Iznimku cini prostor izmedu Drave i Plitvice te iskopavanja dvaju nalazista na torn prostoru, Semovec-Kupinje i Zbelava-Pod lipom iz 1997.godine. Stoga je trebalo je obaviti pomni i zurni pregled dionica od Breznickog Huma do Varazdina, ali istodobno i voditi arheoloska iskopavanja novopronadenih nalazista, sto je, s obzirom da su se gradevinski radovi gotovo po cijeloj trasi vodili vec mjesecima, i to istovremeno, bilo veoma tesko kvalitetno realizirati.

Dodatno opterecenje prouzrocili su i radovi, primjerice izgradnja visekilometarskih prilaznih cesti, obilaznica naselja, regulacija rijeka i potoka, kamenolomi, stovarista materijala, gradnja dalekovodne, vodovodne, kanal izaci jske , telekomunikacijske mreze te razliciti dragi iskopi povezani s izgradnjom trase. Za nadzor gradevinsMh radova na dionicama od Breznickog Huma do Varazdina bio je uz autora dodatno zaduzen apsolvent arheologije Ante Vrankovic. S obzirom na opisane uvjete u kojima se trebalo raditi, sastavljen je mali, opremljeni arheoloski mobilni tim. Ovaj tim reagirao je na trenutacna dogadanja na trasama i pristupio iskopavanjima cim se ustanovilo da su gradevinski radovi ostetili neko novo nalaziste. Arheoloski radovi zapocinjali su u roku od dva dana od pronalaska, kako se gradevinski radovi ne bi pretjerano dugo obustavljali.

Prilikom pronalaska takvih nalazista, neosteceni prostori iskopavani su standardnim arheoloskim iskopom i sondama, a gradevinskim radovima

In the summer of 2002 the Ministry of Culture’s former D e p a r t m e n t for the Pro tec t ion of Archaeological Heritage took over supervision of the construction of the Zagreb - Gorican highway on the Breznicki Hum to Varazdin section and it’s bypasses of nearby cities. The author of this book was charged with organising and leading the archaeological supervision. A series of archaeological excavations, exploratory trenches and surveys were carried out during several years of archaeological works on these roads. Very interesting archaeological finds, on account of their historical significance, are presented to the expert and wider public in a comprehensive monograph. This book covers the results of rescue archaeology carried out on the new roads passing through the Varazdin and Medimurje Counties.

Prior archaeological surveys were not undertaken prior to construction on the area covered by the Zagreb - Gorican highway and it’s connecting bypasses, nor were preliminary archaeological exploratory trenches dug. The exception was on the area between Drava and Plitvice and the 1997 excavation of two sites in that area, Semovec-Kupinje and Zbelava-Pod lipom. Careful and quick surveys had, therefore, to be carried out, of the area from Breznicki Hum to Varazdin, and concurrent archaeological excavations had to be made of newly-discovered sites that, considering the fact that cons t ruc t ion work had been underway simultaneously along practically the entire route for months, was very difficult to carry out properly.

A further burden was caused by works on, for example, the construction of many kilometres of access roads, bypasses of settled areas, the regulation of rivers and creeks, quarries, material dumps, the construction of a high power line, waterways, a sewage network and various other excavations related to the route’s construction. Undergraduate archaeology student Ante Vrankovic was, along with the author, charged with overseeing construction work on the Breznicki Hum to Varazdin section of the route. Given the described conditions for this undertaking a small, equipped, mobile archaeological team was assembled. This team reacted to events as they happened on the route and carried out excavations as soon as it was established that construction work had damaged some new find. Archaeological works commenced within two days of unearthing a find so that construction work would

izbacena zemlja je pregledana kako bi se skupilo not be overly delayed. sto vise pokretnih nalaza. Pristup iskopavanju During the locating of such sites, the undamaged prilagodavan je razlicitim situacijama u kojima su areas were excavated using standard archaeological nalazista zatecena. Svi prikupljeni nalazi (metal, excavation procedures and exploratory trenches keramika, kamen itd.) konzervirani su i po while the earth displaced by the construction work mogucnosti rekonstruirani. Prikupljana je i was examined in order to gather as many finds as odredena kolicina uzoraka zemlje i ugljena koji su possible. The approach to excavation was adjusted kasnije analizirani, kao i zivotinjske te ljudske kosti. to the varying states in which the sites were found. Svi iskopi te pronadeni nepokretni nalazi All gathered finds (metal, ceramics, stone, etc.) were dokumentirani su totalnom geodetskom stanicom, conserved and, if possible, reconstructed. A quantity a na osnovi toga izradeni su tlorisi. Karakteristicni of soil and charcoal samples were gathered for later profili dokumentirani su klasicnim tehnickim analysis, as were animal and human bones. All digs crtanjem na milimetarskom papiru i potom and the located features were documented by a digitalno obradeni te georeferencirani. complete geodetic survey based on which ground

Unatoc tome sto je u strucnim krugovima plans were drawn. Characteristic sections were vladalo uvjerenje da na podrucju autoceste Zagreb documented by the classic method of drawing on - Gorican ne mozemo ocekivati brojna arheoloska millimetre-grid graph paper, later to be digitalised nalazista, pomni nadzor nad izvodenjem and geo-referenced. gradevinskih radova dokazao je upravo suprotno. Despite the reigning opinion in expert circles that Prilikom izgradnje pronadena su mnogobrojna we could not expect numerous archaeological sites arheoloska nalazista, sto na samoj trasi, a sto uz on the area of the Zagreb - Gorican highway, detailed nju. Neka su velika i viseslojna, a druga mala ili u supervision of the construction work being carried tragovima, ali sveukupno cine potpuno novu i out proved precisely the opposite. Many znatno dublju sliku naseljavanja ovog prostora od archaeological sites were uncovered during the kamenoga do danasnjega doba. Nazalost, vecina construction, on the route itself and around it. Some nalazista ostecena je provodenim gradevinskim are large and multi-layered, some small and in radovima, no na svima su provedena istrazivanja traces, but in all they form a new picture of significant u skladu s mogucnostima pa su tako barem depth of this area’s inhabitation from the Stone Age djelomicno dokumentirana. to the present. Most of the finds were, unfortunately,

Buduci da nisu bila izvedena prethodna damaged by the construction works, but research rekognosciranja i time kvalitetnija prethodna was carried out on all of them as the circumstances istrazivanja od pronalazenja do samih terenskih allowed and they were, at least in part, documented. iskopavanja, ovdje prikazani radovi zapravo vise Since prior surveying had not been carried out, spadaju u domenu “spasilacke” arheologije nego and thereby better prior research from the point of zastitne. I zato je sve sto se nalazi u ovoj knjizi discovery to the field digs themselves, the works zapravo neocekivani i veliki dobitak za nasu struku, presented here fall more into the category of kojeg ne bi bilo bez osobnog entuzijazma svih koji “salvage” archaeology rather than rescue. This is su bili ukljuceni u te projekte. why everything in this book is actually an unexpected

and great profit to our profession, unimaginable Luka Bekic without the personal enthusiasm of all those who

took part in this project.

Luka Bekic

GROMACE 1 KOD VARAZDINSKIH TOPLICA Rimska cesta

GROMACE 1 NEAR VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE Roman Road

Prilikom obilaska gradevinskih radova na obilaznici Varazdinskih Toplica kod danasnjeg groblja, 14.kolovoza. 2002.g., na prostoru koji je poljoprivredno obraden i uglavnom su to kukuruzista, zamijeceni su ostaci stare gradnje, kqji su tada izgledali kao trag zida izradenog od kamena lomljenca s mnogo primjesa vapna. Na prostoru istocno i zapadno od gradnje nalazili su se sitni komadi anticke i srednjovjekovne keramike, sve unisteno prelascima bagera i valjka. Gradevinski su radovi obustavljeni od stacionaze 1+075 do 1+100, a prostor je ograden kako bi se sprijecio svaki prelazak strojevima i vozilima preko nalazista do probnog arheoloskog sondiranja. S obzirom na vaznost ove buduce prometnice i ubrzanost radova, 22.kolovoza 2002.g. zapoceto je istrazivanje koje je zavrsilo 4.rujna. 2002.^

Na samom pocetku sondiranja uoceno je da su jake kise i njihove bujice dodatno ostetile nalaziste. Neke vododerine su bile duboke i do 15 centimetara. Izabran je dosad neosteceni dio uz samu trasu, te je s juzne strane zapoceto kopanje u jos neiskopanom cestovnom profilu da bi se lakse pristupilo ostecenom dijelu nalazista. Ubrzo je ustanovljeno da je rijeco rimskoj cesti.

During an August 14, 2002, archaeological supervision of construction work on the Varazdinske Toplice bypass construction site near the present-day cemetery, on an area under agricultural cultivation, mostly of corn fields, the remains of an old structure were observed that at the time looked like the trace of a wall constructed of broken stone tempered with large amounts of mortar. In the area to the east and west of the structure there were small fragments of Roman period and medieval ceramics, all destroyed by the passing of excavators and rollers. Construction was stopped from kilometre markers 1 +075 to 1 +100, and the area fenced off in order to prevent any further passing of machines and vehicles over the site until a trial archaeological sondage could be carried out. Given the significance of this future thruway and the high tempo of construction, excavation commenced on August 22, 2002 and ended September 4 of that same year.1

At the very start of the sondage it was discovered that heavy rain and the subsequent torrents had further damaged the site. Some of the gullies formed by the torrents were as much as 15 centimetres deep. An area along the route that had not yet been damaged was chosen and digging started on the still

1 U arheoloskim radorima su osim autora kao voditelja sudjelovali i arheolog Krunoslav Zubcic i student arheologije Igor Milioljek. Arheologinji Dorici Nemeth i ostalim kolegama Arheoloskog muzeja u Zagrebu zaliYaljujem na korisnoj pomoei koju su nam pruffli prilikom ovog arheoloskog sondiranja. Participating in the archaeological works besides the author, a dig leader, were archaeologist Krunoslav Zubcic and archaeology undergraduate student Igor Milioljek. To archaeologist Dorica Nemeth and to the other colleagues at the Zagreb Archaeological Museum, go thanks for their useful assistance during this archaeological sondage.

Nalaziste tijekom usporednih arheoloskih i gradevinskih radova.

The site during parallel archaeological and construction works.

5

Cesta je radena od razlicitih slojeva sljunka te unexcavated section of road in order to provide bet-slojeva lomljenog kamena vapnenca koji je dodatno ter access to the damaged part of the site. It was vezan vapnom. Uz zapadni dio ceste otvoren je velik soon established that the structure was a Roman prostor kako bi se provjerilo postojanje mozebitnih road. rimskih grobova. Nije pronadeno nista, a svi nalazi The road was constructed of various layers of keramike pojavljuju se uglavnom uz rubove ceste. gravel and broken limestone further bonded by 5 obje strane ceste, koja je u svojoj sirini oko 4,20 mortar. Along the western part of the road a large m zbijeno sagradena od kamena i vapna, nalaze se area was opened to check for a possible Roman pjescani nasipi u sirini od 1 do 2 metra. Njih je gravesite. Nothing was found there with all ceramic tesko pratiti, jer se sitni pijesak mijesao sa zemljom, finds appearing for the most part along the edges of pa nije bilo moguce dobiti cvrste rubove cijelog the road. On both sides of the road, whose 4.20 sklopa. Na kraju je rimska cesta probijena istraznim metres width is constructed of tamped stone and rovom u sirini od 1,20 m, dubini od 1 m i duzini od mortar, there are embankments of sand about 1 to 6 m, kako bi se dobio uvid u njezinu gradu. Tako su 2 metres wide. These embankments are difficult to nacrtno dokumentirana oba vidljiva profila ceste. follow as the fine sand has mixed with the surround-Na kraju je bager zlicom sirine 2 m iskopao ing soil making it impossible to define firm bound-kontrolnu sondu na dubinu od gotovo 2 m od aries of the entire complex. The Roman road was danasnje visine oranice, i to cijelom sirinom trase penetrated by an exploratory trench 1.20 m wide, 1 nove obilaznice - oko 10 metara. U toj kontrolnoj m deep and 6 m long in order to get a cross-section sondi, koja se nalazila oko lOm zapadno od rimske of its construction. Both visible road sections were ceste, nije pronadeno nista i time su terenski radovi documented with sketches. Finally an excavator na sondiranju rimske ceste bili zavrseni. using a 2 m wide shovel dug a control trench to a

depth of almost 2 m from the present day elevation NALAZI of the ploughed fields, across the entire breadth of Dio rimske ceste bio je ostecen prilikom the new bypass - around 10 metres. Nothing was

gradevinskih radova. Nasi zastitni arheoloski radovi found in this exploratory trench, located about 10 bili su usredisteni na prostor same trase obilaznice, metres west of the Roman road and fieldwork on a uspjeli smo otkopati i jedan neosteceni dio ceste the Roman road sondage was closed. na juznoj strani, izvan same trase na podrucju predvidenom za odvodni jarak. Na torn dijelu FEATURES ustanovili smo da se gornja povrsina rimske ceste Part of the Roman road was damaged during nalazila na dubini od samo 20-ak cm od danasnje construction works. Our rescue archaeology works razine zemljane povrsine. were focused on the route of the bypass, and we

Brdo Selnice (k 263 m) uzdize se iznad polja sa succeeded in uncovering an undamaged part of the ostacima rimske ceste, sacinjeno je od kamena road on the southern side, outside of the bypass vapnenca i posumljeno. Pri vrhu su vidljivi opsezni route on an area foreseen for a drainage ditch. At tragovi nekadasnjeg vadenja kamena vapnenca. that section we established that the upper surface of Cini se da je bas taj kamen koristen i za izgradnju the Roman road was located at a depth of only about ove ceste, a takve prilike slikovite su i za druge krajeve 20 cm from the present-day ground level. Europe (CHEVALIER 1997, 111; PAHIC 1964/ The Selnice Hill (elev. 263 m) rises above the 5, 310). field containing the remains of the Roman road, is

Odredeno je 9 slojeva koji sacinjavaju cestu. composed of limestone and covered in forest. Near Cesta nije gradena posve pravilno i uocljive su mnoge the top there are many traces of a former limestone nestalnosti u njezinom uslojenju. Vjerojatno cesta quarry. It appears that it was this stone that was od svojeg pocetka nije gradena posve pravilno, ft je used for the construction of the road, the use of gradena ubrzano tako da nisu pratacena i postovana local materials for the construction of Roman roads pravila izgradnje. U pravilu su prilikom gradnje being typical also to other parts of Europe (CHEVA-rimskih cesta osnovnacetiri slqja: siatumen, nidus, LIER 1997, 111; PAHIC 1964/5, 310). nucleus i summum dorsum, a prema mjesnim It was established that the road consisted of 9 prilikama odreduje se koji ce materijali, debljine i layers. The road was not constructed altogether raspored slojeva biti koristeni. Za usporedbu je regularly and many inconsistencies can be made korisno pregledati razlicite presjeke nekih istrazenih out in its layering. It is likely that the road from its rimskih cesta (CHEVALIER 1997, 110, 111; start was not constructed uniformly, or that it was QUILICI 1990, 27; PAHIC 1964/5; PATSCH built quickly so that the rules of construction were 1997; PATSCH 1996.). not followed. As a rule there are four basic layers

Kao prvi cestovni sloj nasipan je tanki nanos used when constructing Roman roads: the statwmen, smedecrvenkastog sljunka (S 4) koji je vjerojatno rudus, nucleus and summum dorsum, with the donesen s rijeke Bednje. To je sloj ciscenja terena i materials to be used, thicknesses and ordering of preduvjet podloge. Zatim je navozen drukciji sloj the layers designated based on local availability. As sljunka kojim se nivelirao teren i dobila cvrsta a comparison it is useful to review various cross-podloga za cestu (S 3). Nakon toga slijed gradnje sections of already researched Roman roads nije najjasnije definiran. Da li je ovaj sloj neko (CHEVALIER 1997, 110, 111; QUILICI 1990,

6

vrijeme koristen kao vozna povrsina i bio popravljan drugim nepravilno uslojenim materijalima fli je rijec o vise-manje stihijskom navozenju materijala (S 9, 2...), ostaje pitanje. Zabiljezili smo i sporadicne nalaze lomljenih tegula i rimskih opeka u tim slojevima. Ipak, nakon toga, promatrajuci vise slojeve, ocigledno je da je krajnji sloj ucvrscen vapnom. Da li je rijec o pravom vapnu fli je to mrvljen kamen vapnenac koji je utjecajem atmosferilija poprimio svojstva cvrstog vapnenog sloja, ostaje otvoreno. Vrlo cvrst i zbijen “vapneni” sloj poznat je i s dragih cesta (CHEVALIER 1997, 112; QUILICI 1990, 27).

Nalazi se (S 1) pravilno utemeljen na sloju ponovno nasipanom crvenkastim sitnim sljunkom. U taj najcvrsci i najvisi sloj bilo je ugradeno, odnosno “usidreno” nepravilno kamenje kojim je cesta nekad bila poplocena. Lijep primjer ceste poplocane nepravilnim kamenjem raznih velicina sacuvan je u Wheeldale Moora, Yorkshire, Engleska. I ta cesta je uslojena u 9 razina i smatra se da je rijec o tri popravka trase (SCULLAED 1994, 138, 139). Patch je kod Narone kopao rimske ceste na nekoliko mjesta, te je registrirao vrlo slicno stanje. U njegovoj sondi 1, taj najvisi sloj bio je nacinjen od gusto slozenoga grabog kamena, “velicine do dvostrake sake” (PATSCH 1996, 39). Pronadena su samo 4 komada takvog kamenja. Ostali su odneseni vremenom i posebice oranjem polja koja su se nalazila nad rimskom cestom. Zanimljiv je i sloj popravljanja u profflu 1. Vjerojatno je posrijedi “udarna rupa” koja je zapunjena sljunkom (S 3).

Cvrsti, kamenom poplocan dio ceste u torn slucaju bio je rezerviran za promet zapreznim Mima. Sirina zbijenog dijela ceste u nasem slucaju je oko 4,20 m, a cini se da su pjescane piste s obje strane ceste iznosile oko 2 m. Dakle, vjerojatno je rijec o oko 8 m povrsine predvidene za promet. Quilici navodi najceseu sirinu od 4,1 m zbijenog

27; PAHIC 1964/5; PATSCH 1997; PATSCH 1996).

The road’s first layer is a thin layer of brownish-red gravel (S 4) most likely transported from the River Bednja. This is a terrain-clearing layer and a prerequisite for the base. A different type of gravel was then superimposed that levelled out the terrain and created a firm base for the road (S 3). The order of construction is not clearly defined from this point on. Whether this layer was used for a time as a road and repaired with other irregularly layered materials or whether there was a more or less unorganised layering of material (S 9, 2...), remains unknown. We noted sporadic finds of broken roof tiles and Roman bricks in these layers. Nevertheless, after that, observing the higher layers, it is obvious that the final layer was reinforced with mortar. Whether this is real mortar or crushed limestone that has under the influence of weathering factors taken on the characteristics of a firm layer of mortar, remains unknown. A very firm and compacted “mortar” layer is known from other roads (CHEVALIER 1997, 112; QUILICI 1990, 27).

Layer S 1 is uniformly founded on a layer of superimposed fine reddish gravel. Built into, or rather “anchored” into, this firmest and highest layer are irregular stones with which the road was once paved. A nice example of a road paved with irregular stones of varying sizes is preserved in Wheeldale Moor, Yorkshire, England. This road too was layered in 9 levels - it is held that these are three repairs of the route (SCULLARD 1994, 138, 139). Patsch dug Roman roads at several locations near Narona and registered very similar situations. In his trench 1, this top layer was made of densely arranged rough stone, “up to the size of a double fist” (PATSCH 1996, 39). Only four such pieces of stone were located. The rest have been removed over time, especially by the ploughing of the fields

Pogled na isje~ak presjeka rimske ceste.

A view of a segment of the cross-section of the Roman road.

7

sloja za promet zapreznih kola, te sa svake strane po 3 m prostora za kretanje pjesaka. To iznosi oko 10 m sirine prosjecne rimske ceste (QUILICI 1990, 29, 30).

Uz cestu, s obje strane, nalazili su se pjescani nasipi (piste), koji su sluzili za prolaz konjanika i pjesaka. Takve pjescane “piste” vec su prepoznate na stanovitim iskopavanjima rimskih cesta (CHEVALIER 1997, 114; PATSCH 1997, 27). Prave mjere nasipa nisu mogle biti ustanovljene, jer se nasip jos u doba koristenja ceste ispirao, te bio ponovno navozen, sigurno u vise navrata. Njegove granice odredene su samo prema postocima zastupljenosti pijeska u zemlji.

Nisu pronadeni tragovi jarka uz cestu, pa se moze pretpostaviti da ga na ovom dijelu ceste nije bilo. Doduse, jarci uz ceste i nisu obavezni, a razlikuju se oni uz samu cestu, za vodoodvodnju te oni udaljeni dvadesetak metara od same ceste. Potonji su sluzili za obranu od zasjeda, a prostor do njih bio je prohodan, te u nekim slucajevima nasipan pijeskom

located on the Roman road. The repair layer in section 1 is interesting. It is likely a “pot hole” filled with gravel (S 3).

The firm, stone paved, part of the road was in this case reserved for cart traffic. The width of the compacted part of the road in our case is around 4.20 m, and it appears that the sand runways on both sides of the road were about 2 m wide. Therefore, there was likely about 8 m of surface foreseen for traffic. Quilici cites a most frequent width of 4.1 m for the compacted area for traffic and a further 3 m on each side for pedestrians. That comes out to about 10 m width for an average Roman road (QUILICI 1990, 29, 30).

Along the road, on both sides, there were sand embankments (runways) that served for the passage of mounted riders and pedestrians. Sand “runways” of this sort have already been observed on excavations of Roman roads (CHEVALIER 1997, 114; PATSCH 1997, 27). The exact dimensions of the embankments could not be ascertained as the

Pogled na ostatke rimske ceste i proboj.

A view of the remains of the Roman road and the breach.

kao vec spomenute piste (CHEVALIER 1997, 114).

Izgleda da je cesta na ovom dijelu bila uzdignuta iznad tadasnje razine terena. Pahic u okolici Ptuja izvjestava kako je u vecini primjera rijec o uzdignutim cestama, i to ne samo u dolinama vec i na obrezjima brda (Pusenci, Godeninci, PAHIC 1965, 310).

embankment was, while still in use, washed away and repaired, certainly on several occasions. Its outer borders were determined only based on the percentage of sand in the soil.

Traces of a ditch along the road were not found so that it may be assumed that there was no ditch on this part of the road. Roadside ditches were not mandatory and vary in type, from those beside the road for water drainage to those some twenty metres

8

POKRETNI NALAZI S obzirom na karakter nalazista i dimenzije

sonde, bilo je zacudujuce mnogo sitnih nalaza: mnostvo ulomaka raznovrsnih keramickih posuda, tegula, dijelovi staklene zdjelice, zeljezni cavli te - sto je posebno zanimljivo - dva rimska novca nadena u vapnu koje je koristeno za gradnju ceste. 2 Vecina nalaza potjece iz prostora neposredno uz cestu, tako da je nadena u sastavu pjescanih nasipa koji su se nalazili s obje strane. Dakle, rijec je o predmetima odbacenim uz kraj ceste. Neki nalazi pronadeni su i malo dalje od rimske ceste, razbacani po polju ili su se nalazili na dubini od 20 do 30 cm, u obliku malih skupina vrlo usitnjenih komada razne keramike. S obzirom na raspored till skupina u zemlji, vjerojatno je rijec o nalazima koji su ispiranjem kisa dospjeli u nekadasnje rovove nastale oranjem, pa su bili kasnije zatrpani.

Keramicki nalazi Medu mnogobrojnim ulomcima sive, dobro

prociscene keramike, izdvajaju se dva ulomka gotovo jednake grade Tl-2 . i Tl-16, ali najvjerojatnije nisu dijelovi iste posude. Prvi ulomak je obod nekog veceg lonca, a u drugi rucka nekog jednorukog vrca ili mozda kantarosa. Oba primjerka ocituju izrazito kasnolatensku tradiciju, ali su proizvodnje ranorimskog razdoblja.

Bojena keramika zastupljena je sa cetiri primjerka patvorine sigilate, ali rijec je o vrlo losim pokusajima. Prvi ulomak Tl-5 pripadao je crveno obojenoj zdjelici kakva je , gotovo jednaka, pronadena u grobu 24 u Gornjoj Vasi (GREGL 1997, k.br. 77), te grobu 122 iz Beletova vrta u Novome Mestu (KNEZ 1992, T.45-6). Ulomak Tl-4 a mozda i Tl-6 vjerojatno su pripadali loncima fine grade s veoma razgrnutim rubovima, kakvi su takoder poznati s Gornje Vasi (GREGL 1997, k.br 40, 69, 70).

Samo dijelovi sirokog tanjura kvalitetne izrade -Tl-12 pripadaju “pravoj” terri sigilati. Kod njega se fini premaz nalazi samo na vidljivim dijelovima posude, dakle nije ga bilo na dnu i na unutrasnjoj strani noge. Vrlo je neobicno da ovaj tanjur ima nogu visu od gornjeg ruba - oboda, te da se noga nalazi blizu ruba tanjura.

Keramika s metlicastim ukrasom mjesnog je postanka. Obicno je nacinjena od slabije prociscene zemlje, te pecena u razlicitim bojama, ali je kvaliteta pecenja uglavnom tako dobra, da su posude dosta cvrste. Na nasim primjercima nalazimo cetiri razlicita nacina ukrasavanja. Ulomak Tl-14 ima plitko urezan cik-cak ukras, koji je inace cest na urnama C tipa, prema Vikic-Belancic (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1975/6, 25 - 54). Ulomak Tl-17 pripada malo starijoj tradiciji jer ima okomito ugreben ukras, koji

from the road. The latter were used to defend from ambush, with the area up to them being clear and in some cases covered in sand like the already mentioned runways (CHEVALIER 1997, 114).

It appears that the road at this section was raised above the ground level of the time. Pahic reports that most of the roads in the Ptuj area were raised, not only in valleys but also on hillsides (Pusenci, Godeninci, PAHIC 1965, 310).

SMALL FINDS Given the character of the site and the size of the

trench, there were a surprisingly large number of small finds: numerous shards of varied ceramic vessels, roof tiles, parts of glass bowls, iron nails and -which is particularly noteworthy - two Roman coins found in the mortar used in the construction of the road.2 Most of the finds come from the area in the direct vicinity of the road, found in the sand embankments located on both sides. These are, therefore, objects discarded at the roadside. Some finds were found a little further on from the Roman road, dispersed across the field or located at a depth of about 20 to 30 cm, in the form of small groups of finely fragmented pieces of varied ceramic objects. Given the distribution of these groups in the soil it is likely that these finds were washed by rainfall into the troughs created in the past by ploughing and later covered by soil.

Ceramic Finds Among the numerous sherds of grey, well-refined

ceramic, two sherds of almost identical structure stand out, Tl -2 and Tl-16, but are probably not parts of the same vessel. The first sherd is the rim of a larger pot, while the second is the handle of a single-handled jug or perhaps a Kantaros. Both specimens reveal strong late La Tene traditions, but are products of the early Roman period.

Coloured ceramics are represented by four specimens of very poor attempts at imitating sigillata. The first sherd, T l -5 , was part of a red-coloured bowl like that, almost identical, found in grave 24 at Gornja Vas (GREGL 1997, k.br. 77), and at grave 122 in Belet’s garden in Novo Mesto (KNEZ 1992, T.45-6). Sherd Tl-4 and perhaps also Tl-6 probably were parts of finely structured pots with very flared rims, like those known from Gornja Vas (GREGL 1997, k.br. 40, 69, 70).

Only parts of a wide dish of good production -Tl-12 are “true” terra sigillata. On this piece there is a fine slip only on the visible parts of the vessel, that is to say there was none on the bottom and inside of the feet. It is very unusual that this dish has a foot higher than the upper edge - rim, and

2 Uzgred spominjemo i nalaz nekoliko komada odbitaka od kvalitetnijeg roznjaka, od kojilije jedan vjerojatno sluzio kao priru&ia alatka Oni su uglamom pronadeni u sloJCTimasljuiAa rimskeeestefli uz trasu. U vrijeme istrazivanjaeeste nismo bui svjesni kako je u blizmi i nalaziste DiO neobicnog Sigilatnog pladnja. lasinjske kulture, o eemu je rijee u prilogu Gromaee 2. /j1 _12) The finding of several flakes of good flint should be mentioned in passing, of which one probably served as a hand tool They were found mostly in the gravel Pa t f unusual sigillata platter layers of the Roman road or along the route. During the excavation we were not aware that a Lasinja culture site was located . mention in the section covering Groma/je 2. (T1-12).

9

10

Ulomak oboda lonca. (T1-1). Jar rim sherd. (T1-1).

Rekonstruirana kasnoanti~ka zdjelica. (T1-10).

A reconstructed late Roman period bowl. (T1-10).

je vjerojatno prekrivao cijelu posudu. Ulomak Tl-20 ukrasen je uglavnom povlacenjem vodoravnih crta, ali su mjestimice postavljeni ukrasi koji sijeku crte okomito. Na kraju ulomak Tl-18 na sacuvanom dijelu ima samo vodoravan ukras. S obzirom da su nasi ulomci relativno mali, ne mogu se najtocnije datirati, no vjerojatno je da su pripadali posudama iz 1. i 2. stoljeca. Ukrasi, oblici a vjerojatno i tehnika izradnje potjecu iz iliro-keltske bastine, ali su u antickoj keramografiji ostali do kraja tog doba.

Keramika s ocaklinom svoj je najveci procvat dosegla u 3. i 4.stoljeeu. Prilikom dugogodisnjih iskopavanja u Varazdinskim Toplicama (VIKIC-BELANCIC, GORENC 1958, 110) pronadeno je vise posuda koje su, poput dna naseg primjerka, bfle ukrasene postojanom i debelom ocaklinom smede (Tl-22) ili zelenkaste boje.

Nije sigurno kakvoj je posudi pripadao ulomak Tl-8. Mozda je rijec o posudi koja je imala dvije iznad ruba uzdignute usice, koje su sluzile za ovjes iznad vatre. No, ulomak je mogao pripadati i veoma zatvorenom loncu. S obzirom na nacin izrade, ovu posudu mozda mozemo datirati u doba kasne antike.

Grubo je izradena zdjelica Tl-10, s primjesama mrvljenog kamena, koju bi takoder trebalo datirati u doba kasne antike. Uglavnom se moze uvrstiti medu zdjelice tipa 3 prema Cigleneckom (CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.79), te jqj se takvqj mogu naci brojne usporedbe na kasnoantickim nalazistima. Ulomak Tl-9 mogao je pripadati obodu tanjura, ali i zdjelici sto je, s obzirom na njegove dimenzije, tesko zakljuciti. Ulomak Tl-11 mogao je takoder pripadati tanjuru, ili pak veoma razvracenom obodu zdjele.

Na Tl-15 prikazan je najzanimljiviji komad pronaden prilikom ovih istrazivanja. S obzirom na polozaj dijelova posude, uocljivo je da je posuda bila razbijena prije gradnje obilaznice, a njezini dijelovi lezali su okupljeni na prostora od 1 m2. U gradi ove posude gotovo je vise primjesa drobljenih kamencica nego same gline. Rijec je o nekoj vrsti

dolije, odno-sno kasno-antickoj inacici, ka-

kva se u vrlo I gruboj izradi,

f s mnogo primjesa, ukra-

sena valovnicom i r vodoravnim crtama, pronalazi na nekim

visinskim kasnoantickim pribjezistima. Mozda najbliza usporedba je s nalazima s Rifnika i Tinja (CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.84-1, donekle sl.83-10; t.24-5).

Preostali ulomci Tl-1,3 proizvod su kasne antike ili mozda ranog srednjeg vijeka.

Metalni nalazi Od metalnih predmeta prepoznatljivi su samo

that the leg is located near the plate’s edge. Brushed surface ceramics are of local origin. They

are commonly manufactured from less refined soil and baked in various colours. The quality of the baking is mostly very good so that the vessels are quite firm. There are four different kinds of decoration on our specimens. Sherd Tl-14 has a shallow engraved zigzag decoration, otherwise quite frequent on C type urns according to Yikic-Belancic (VIE3C-BELANCIC1975/6, 25 - 54). Sherd Tl-17 comes from a slightly older tradition as it has vertically-placed etched decorations that likely covered the entire vessel. Sherd Tl-20 was decorated for the most part by drawing horizontal lines, but there are also in places decorations that cut the lines vertically. Finally, sherd Tl-18 has on the preserved part only horizontal decoration. Considering that our sherds are relatively small they cannot be dated precisely but it is likely that they were parts of vessels from the 1st and 2nd centuries. The decorations, shapes and probably the technique of manufacture originate from the Elyro-Celtic heritage but remained in use in Roman ceramography to the end of that period.

Glazed ceramic saw its peak in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Long-term excavations at Varazdinske Toplice (VIFJC-BELANCIC, GORENC 1958, 110) unearthed several vessels that, like our specimens, were decorated by a lasting, thick glaze of brown (Tl-22) or greenish colour.

It is not certain of what kind of vessel sherd Tl-8 was a part of. Perhaps it was a vessel that had two lugs raised above its edge that served to hang it over a fire. It could also have been part of a jar with a closed-in rim. Given the method of manufacture we can date this vessel to the late Roman period.

Bowl Tl-10 is of rough construction and tempered with crushed stone and should also be dated to the late Roman period. For the most part it can be counted among type 3 bowls according to Ciglenecki (CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.79), and as such many comparative examples can be found in late Roman sites. Sherd Tl-9 may have been part of the rim of a dish or of a bowl, but it is difficult to be certain based on its size. Sherd Tl-11 may also have been part of a dish or the very flared rim of a bowl.

At Tl-15 the most interesting piece found during this excavation is shown. Given the position of the fragments, it is evident that the vessel was broken prior to the construction of the bypass - its parts were compactly strewn in a space of 1 m2. The structure of this vessel contains almost more crushed pebble than clay. This is some kind of Dolium, or a late Roman period version like those found, of rough manufacture with a high percentage of temper, decorated by wavy and horizontal lines, at some high-elevation late Roman period ref-ugium. Perhaps the closest comparison can be made to the finds of Rifnik and Tinj (CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.84-1, to some extent sl.83-10; t.24-5).

vrlo korodirani zeljezni cavli, po svom obliku tipicni za rimsko doba, te novae. Novci su za razliku od ostalih nalaza pronadeni u gradi same ceste.

1. Domicijan, sestercij, kovan u Rimu 86. godine. PN2.

avers [IMP CAES DOMIT AVG] GERM COS XII [CENS PER PP]

Poprsje cara nadesno, ovjencan. revers [IOVI / VICTORI]

SC Jupiter gol do pasa, sjedi nalijevo, drzi Viktoriju

na ispruzenoj desnoj ruci i okomiti skeptar u lijevoj raci.

BMC RE 11/373; RIC 313. 2. Marko Aurelije, denar,3 kovan u Rimu od

179. do 180. godine. PN1. avers [ANT / ONINVS] Poprsje cara nadesno, ovjencan, u plastu i

oklopu. revers [TRPXXXIIII.IMP / X] COS HI PP Viktorija s krilima u plastu stoji nalijevo na kugli.

Drzi vijenac u ispruzenoj desnoj ruci, lijeva s trofejem okomito.

BMC RE IV/808; RIC III/411. Novae PN1 pronaden je u sloju 5, dok je novae

PN2 pronaden u najvisem (najmladem) 1. sloju ceste. To nas upueuje na zakljucak kako je cesta gradena ili obnavljana u barem dva razlicita razdoblja, potkraj prvog (Domicijan) i potkraj 2. stoljeca (Marko Aurelije).

Prilikom istrazivanja anticke vile blizu Jalzabeta (Varazdin), u tri sonde pronadeni su ostaci rimske ceste. Zanimljivo je da je u dvije sonde (broj 9 i 11), u samoj gradi ceste, pronaden po jedan rimski novae. U sondi 11, rijec je o novcu Klaudija Gotika (268-270.g), pronadenom u temeljnom sloju kamena lomljenca ceste na dubini od oko 60 centimetara. U sondi 9 je pak rijec o novcu Valentinijana (364-375.g), pronadenom u gornjem sloju valuca ceste na dubini od 40 do 80 centimetara. Unatoc dubinama, treba napomenuti da sloj kamena lomljenca prethodi sljunkovitom sloju i cini njegovo temeljenje ili stariji hodni sloj. Na osnovi till nalaza datirana je izgradnja ceste na tome mjestu (VIE3C-BELANCIC1968, 76, 82, T.IV-1; VIKIC, GORENC 1969, 9). Prilikom istrazivanja rimskog naselja u Petrijancu pokraj Varazdina, u sondi B pronadena je rimska cesta (SARIC1977, s.50,51). Kopanjem proflla ustanovljeno je vise slojeva ceste, a u sloju utisnutog lomljenog kamena, pronaden je broncani novae Licinija (308-324.g). I u sastavu rimske ceste kod Narone, u sondi 5, pronaden je novae. Nalazio se u u visim slojevima ceste, a rijec je o Vespazijanovu zlatniku iz 79.godine. Prema tome podatku, Patsch izvlaci zakljucak kako je cesta popravljana vec oko 100. g (PATSCH 1996, 41).

The remaining sherds Tl-1,3 are products of the late Roman or possibly the early medieval period.

Metal Finds Of metal objects only highly corroded iron nails,

by their shape typical of the Roman era, and coins are identifiable. Unlike the other finds the coins were found within the very structure of the road.

1. Domitian, sestertius, minted in Rome in the year 86. PN2.

avers [IMP CAES DOMIT AVG] GERM COS XII [CENS PER PP]

Bust of the Emperor facing right, laureate. revers [IOVI / VICTORI]

SC Jupiter naked to the waist, seated, facing left,

holding Victory in extended right hand and vertical sceptre in left hand.

BMC RE 11/373; RIC 313. 2. Marcus Aurelius, denarius,3 minted in Rome

from the year 179 to 180. PN1. avers [ANT / ONINVS] Bust of the Emperor facing right, laureate, bear

ing mantle and armour. revers [TRPXXXIIII.IMP / X] COS HI PP Winged Victoria bearing mantle standing to the

left on a sphere. Holding a wreath in extended right hand, left bearing a trophy vertical.

BMC RE IV/808; RIC IH/411. The coin PN1 was found in layer 5 while coin

PN2 was found in the highest (youngest) 1st layer in the road. This leads us to the conclusion that the road was constructed or repaired in at least two different periods, at the end of the 1st (Domitian) and 2nd centuries (Marcus Aurelius).

During the exploration of a Roman period villa near Jalzabet (Varazdin) three trenches revealed remains of a Roman road. What is interesting is that a coin was found in each of two of the trenches (no. 9 and 11) within the structure of the road itself. In trench 11 the coin was of Claudius Gothicus (year 268-270) found in the road’s foundation layer of broken stone at a depth of about 60 centimetres. In trench 9 the coin was of Valentinianus (year 364-375) found in the pebbled upper layer at a depth of 40 to 80 centimetres. Despite the depth, it should be noted that the layer of broken rock precedes the gravel layer and forms its foundation or older occupational layer. The road’s construction at this location was dated based on these finds (VIKTC-BELANCIC 1968, 76, 82, T.IV-1; VIKIC, GORENC 1969, 9). During the exploration of a Roman settlement in Petrijanci near Varazdin, trench B revealed a Roman road (SARIC 1977, pgs.50,51). Excavation of a section revealed sev-

11

Avers i revers Domicijanova sestercija. PN2.

Avers and revers of a Domitian sestertius. PN2.

Revers novca kasnog 2.st. s prikazom Viktorije. PN1.

Revers of a coin from the late 2nd century with depiction of Victoria. PN1.

' Novae bas i nije pravi denar Sni se da je zapravo samo presvu&n srebrom. No; takvi slueajevi poznati su i u literaturi kao “limes denari”. S obzirom na slabu oeuvanost ovog primjerka, nije posve sigumo da je rijec o Marku Aureliju, ali je s obzirom na tip reversa, najslieniji njegovima kovovimaE^o god bilo, rijec je o nekom od vladara kasnog 2.stoljeea. The coin is not exactly a true denarius and appears only to have been coated with silver Cases like these are however known in literature as “limes denari”. Given that the coin is poorly preserved it is not altogether certain that the depiction is of Marcus Aurelius, but is, given the revers, most similar to his mints. In any event it is from some late 2nd century ruler

12

Pogled na rimsku cestu.

A view of the Roman road.

Ove podudarnosti nalaza novca ugradenoga u same slojeve ceste svakako su znakovite, s obzirom da u gradi nase ceste, osim dva novca, nisu otkriveni nikakvi drugi nalazi (ulomci posuda ili slicno).

Nalazi kalcificiranih grancica i ugljena ispod prvog sloja izuzeti su kako bi se podvrgli 14C ispitivanju, u nadi kako ce se datirati vrijeme probijanja trase ceste. Takvo datiranje izgradnje trase ceste probijene kroz podrucje zarasteno drvecem i grmljem uspjelo je francuskim arheolozima na Agrippinoj cesti od Lyona prema Saintesu (CHEVALIER R. 1997, 112). Ishodl4C uzorka uputio nas je na otprilike 3.st.pr.Kr. (231± 96 cal BC)4, tako da bi trebalo ove organske ostatke radije pripisati prirodnom uslojavanju, a ne prvim tragovima trasiranja ceste, premda se ni ta pretpostavka ne smije iskljuciti.

Stakleni nalazi Prilikom iskopavanja pronadena je - s obzirom

na boju, oblik, debljinu i ostalo - najvjerojatnije jedna posuda. Na tabli je prikazan jedan karakteristican ulomak (Tl-21), koji pripada rabu zdjelice od prozirnog stakla u blago zelenkastom tonu. Opcenito su slicne staklene zdjelice ceste i datiraju se u siroko razdoblje od 1. do 4.stoljeca.

ZAKLJUCAK Istrazivanje je pokazalo da je Vikic-Belancic

ispravno utvrdila polozaj rimskog “juznog puta” od Novog Marofa do Varazdinskih Toplica preko Gromaca, jos 1961.g., ako zanemarimo spomen Koscevca (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1961, 47; VIE3C, GORENC 1969, 14). Naime, tocan polozaj ove rimske ceste dosad nije bio poznat, tako da je otkrice kao fizicki dokaz same trase koristan prilog utvrdivanju znanja o povijesti Aquae Iasae (danasnje Varazdinske Toplice). Smjer, koji bi iz

eral layers in the road. A bronze coin of Licinius (year 308-324) was found in the layer of tamped broken stone. A coin was also found within the structure of the Roman road at Narona, in trench 5. It was located in the upper layers of the road. The gold coin was of Vespasian from the year 79. Based on this data Patsch concluded that the road was repaired around the year 100 (PATSCH 1996, 41). These corresponding finds of coins built into the roads layers are certainly significant, considering that in the structure of our road, besides the two coins, no other finds were unearthed (potsherds or the like).

Finds of calcified branches and charcoal under the first layer were removed for C14 testing in the hope that they might date the initial ground clearing on the road’s route. A dating like this of a road constructed through an area overgrown with trees and bushes was used successfully by French archaeologists on the Via Agrippa from Lyon to Saintes (CHEVALIER R. 1997, 112). The results of the sample’s C14 dating points to about the 3rd century BC (231 ±96 cal BC)4, so that these organic remains should sooner be attributed to natural layering, and not to the initial tracing of the roads route, even though this possibility should not be ruled out.

Glass Finds Given the colour, shape and other attributes of

the located fragments a single vessel was most likely located during the excavation. The table shows a characteristic shard (Tl-21) that comes from the rim of a bowl of light greenish toned transparent glass. Similar glass bowls are frequent and are generally dated to a wide period from the 1st to 4th centuries.

CONCLUSION The excavation showed that Vikic-Belancic was

correct in establishing the position of the Roman “southern route” from Novi Marof to Varazdinske Toplice by way of Gromace, back in 1961, if we ignore the mentioning of Koscevac (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1961, 47; VIFJC, GORENC 1969, 14). The exact position of this Roman road, namely, was unknown up to now so that the discovery, as a physical proof of the route itself, is a useful contribution to establishing our knowledge of the history of Aquae Iasae (present day Varazdinske Toplice). Unlike the northern direction towards Aquae Viva and Populus, the direction of the route that would lead southwards from this Roman settlement was not studied by other authors (KLEMENC-SARIA 1936, KLEMENC 1953, FULIR 1970). A Roman period cemetery was not located along the explored part of the Roman road; it should, perhaps, be sought closer to the settlement.

Indeed, archaeological literature mentions in passing the finding of Roman period graves at the

«AMS-14C dataeija izradena je na Centrum voor Isotopen Onderzoek, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (GrA-23356, BP 2155 + 40). Skraeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveuaistu u Kolnu. AMS-14C dating was done at the Centrum voor Isotopen Onderzoek, Rijksuniversiteit Groninge using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln.

13

ovog rimskog naselja vodio prema jugu, drugi autori nisu proucali, za razliku od sjevernog smjera prema Aquae Viva i Populusu (KLEMENC-SAEIA 1936, KLEMENC 1953, FULIR 1970). Anticko groblje nije pronadeno uz istrazen dio rimske ceste; mozda ga treba traziti blize naselju.

Doduse, u arheoloskoj literaturi uzgred se spominju pronalasci antickih grobova na polozaju Gromace, ali tim toponimom domaci ljudi danas razlicito oznacavaju sav prostor istocnih obronaka Selnice sve do rijeke Bednje, pa je tocan polozaj tih “grobova” danas nepoznat. Svi pisani podaci o “antickoj nekropoli” samo se prenose (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1961, 49; VIKIC-BELANCIC1972/ 3, 75), bez navodenja polozaja i temelje se na podacima koje je zabiljezio jos Ivan Tkalcic 1869.godine. Groblje su pronasli irski grof Karlo McDonell ilvan Kukuljevic 1867.g., a s obzirom da se ti podaci do danas smatraju valjanim, navodima Tkalcicevo izvjesce o njihovima otkricima: Odavde (srediste Toplica) zaputili se u polje Gromacu, udaljeno 1/4 sata od mjesta, jer su ljudi pripovijedali, da ondje ima rusevinah. Svega polja prekopali nisu, jer je kukuruz rasao na njem, nu iz onoga, sto su izkopali, pronadjose da je ondje njekocbilo rimsko grobje, a iz grobovah, koji vrve izgorjelimi ljudskimi kostmi, zatim satrtimi opekami, vrcevi, uljenicami i staklom, zakljucili su, da je i u taj viecni pocinak, dirnula barbarska ruka. (TKALCIC 1869, 23). Da li ce se na ostatke nekropole naici slucajem prilikom nekih buducih gradevinskih radova na jugu grada ffi sustavnim arheoloskim pregledima, ostaje pitanje. Ipak, slijedom arheoloskih radova u vezi s obilaznicom na podrucju Gromaca (prostor velicine oko lxl kilometar) pronadeno je jos jedno anticko nalaziste. No, niti ovo nalaziste nije groblje, vec je rijec o ostacima vile rustice, dosada nepoznate arheolozima.

Gromace position, but this toponym is used variably by the local inhabitants today to designate the entire area of the eastern slopes of Selnice all the way to the River Bednja so that the exact location of these “graves” is today unknown. All written data on an “Roman necropolis” are only carried over (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1961, 49; VIKIC-BELANCIC 1972/3, 75), without stating the loca-tion and are based on data recorded by Ivan Tkalcic back in 1869. The gravesite was found by the Irish Count Karlo McDonell andlvan Kukuljevic in 1867 and since this data is to this day considered valid, I give here Tkalcic's report of their discovery: From here (the centre of Toplice) they made their way to the Gromace field, about £ of an hour from the place, because people had said that their were ruins there. They had not dug up the entire field as corn was growing on it, but from what had been unearthed, they discovered that there had once been a Roman cemetery there, and from the graves, teeming with scorched human bones and broken bricks, jugs, oil lamps and glass, they concluded that this eternal resting place had been defiled by barbarian hands (TKALCIC 1869, 23). Whether the remains of this necropolis will be found by chance during some future construction work in the city’s south side or by some systematic archaeological survey remains a question. Nevertheless, in the archaeological works related to the bypass in the Gromace area (covering about 1 km2) another Roman period site was uncovered. This was not, however, a grave site but rather the remains of a villa rustica, to date unknown to archaeologists.

The Roman road is located near the present day road leading from the centre of Varazdinske Toplice from the south side. It runs parallel to it from the southeast to northwest, but with a slight deviation to the west. The distance from the present day road

Juzni i sjeverni profil rimske ceste. 1-Cvrsto nabijen sloj gusce rasporedenog vapnenackog kamena promjera do 5cm rezan vapnom bez primjesa. 2- Cvrsto nabijen sloj rjede rasporedenog vapnenackog kamena promjera do 4cm rezan vapnom bez primjesa. 3- Cvrsto nabijen sloj sljunka sivoplavicaste boje promjera 0,5 do 2 cm vezan s manje vapna. 4- Cvrsto nabijen sloj zemlje smedecrvenkaste boje mijesan s kamencicima sitnije granulacije. 5- Sloj pjescane zemlje zuckasto oker boje s primjesama sitnog sljunka. 6- Sloj ciste zemlje tamno smede boje, zdravica. 7-Sloj zemlje zuckasto oker boje s primjesama pijeska. 8- Cvrsto nabijeni sloj zemlje tamno smede boje gusto mijesane s vapnenackim kamenjem promjera do 5 cm. 9- Sloj vapna s vrlo malo primjesa sitnog sljunka. A- Kamen vapnenac. The southern and northern section of the Roman road. 1- Hard-packed layer of densely arranged limestone up to 5cm in diameter bonded by untempered mortar. 2- Hard-packed layer of loosely arranged limestone up to 4cm in diameter bonded by untempered mortar. 3- Hard-packed layer of gravel of grey-blue colour 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter bonded by a little mortar. 4- Hard-packed layer of reddish-brown soil mixed with small-granulate pebbles. 5- Layer of sandy soil of yellowish-ochre colour tempered with fine gravel. 6- Layer of clean soil of dark brown colour, subsoil. 7- Layer of soil of yellowish-ochre tempered with sand. 8- Hard-packed layer of soil of dark brown colour densely mixed with limestone up to 5 cm in diameter. 9- Layer of mortar tempered with very little small-grain gravel. A- Limestone.

14 Rimska cesta nalazi se u blizini danasnje ceste is about fifty metres (to the west), and it is set on a ~ prema sredistu VarazdinsMh Toplica s juzne strane. slightly higher position. Geophysical research was

Uglavnom ide paralelno s njom smjerom jugoistok carried out in 2003 to get a better insight into the - sjeverozapad, ali s blagim otMonom prema zapadu. direction and level of preservation of the road out Udaljenost od danasnje ceste iznosi pedesetak side our trench, as the remains of the road are not metara (na zapad), te je postavljena na malo visem visible in the surrounding ploughed fields. Five sec- polozaju. Godine 2003. provedeno je i geofizikalno tions confirmed the road’s route before and after istrazivanje, da bi se stekao bolji uvid u smjer i the excavated portion. The recorded sections also ocuvanost ceste izvan nase sonde, jer ostaci ceste confirm the road’s slight deviation from its contem- nisu vidljivi u izoranim poljima u okolici. U pet porary counterpart and has it following the north- profila potvrden je slijed ceste i ispred i poslije west direction.6 I nevertheless feel that it was pre-iskopanog dijela. Smjer ceste i prema snimljenim cisely this road that in the Roman period lead to the profilima ima blagi otklon od danasnje te dalje prati centre of the Roman settlement olAquae Iasae, and smjer sjeverozapada.6 Ipak, smatram da je upravo that its deviation in the direction of Koscevac is re-ta cesta u rimsko doba vodila u srediste rimskog lated to the continuation of the route through naselja Aquae Iasae, a njezin odmak u smjeru Varazdinbreg. It can with certainty be said that it Koscevca vezan je uz nastavak trase kroz was built prior to the year 86, this been clearly wit-Varazdinbreg. Sigurno se moze reci da je gradena nessed by the uncovering of coins in the road’s lower prije 86. g., sto nam jasno govori nalaz novca iz layers. We also have a very exact indicator for the nizih slojeva ceste. I za gornju granicu imamo vrlo upper level, a coin from the year 180, i.e. the end of tocan pokazatelj, a to je novae iz 180.g., odnosno the 2nd century. Nevertheless, the road was used kraja 2.stoljeca. Ipak, cesta je koriststena nadalje, beyond that date, and in this regard we must take a za to moramo uzeti u obzir i keramicke nalaze into consideration the ceramic finds discovered in otkrivene uz nju, kao dokaz da se njome prometovalo its vicinity it as evidence that traffic moved along it i u doba kasne antike te u ranom srednjem vijeku. in the late Roman period and during the early middle Najmladi nalazi u vezi sa cestom mogli bi datirati do ages. The youngest finds related to the road could 12. stoljeca. Nakon tog doba, vjerojatno se trasa date from the 12th century. After that period the ceste premjestila na nize padine brda. Zasto je pravac route was probably moved to the hills lower slopes. ceste pomaknut za pedesetak metara istocnije tesko Why the road’s route is offset fifty metres to the east je reci, ali je vjerojatno rijec o nekoj obnovi te is hard to say, but it probably has something to do komunikacije. Izgradnja novog smjera ceste mozda with a repair of this road communication. The con-odgovara dogadajima iz 1181.g., kada je kralj Bela struction of a new road route may relate to events III napokon Zagrebackom kaptolu potvrdio ovaj from 1181 when King Bela III finally confirmed posjed, ili dogadajima u neko jos kasnije doba the Zagreb Kaptol’s possession of the land or events (CABRIAN 1973, 15 - 17). Uzgred, primjeri s from some earlier period (CABRIAN 1973, 15 -rimskih cesta u okolici Ptuja govore da su i tamo 17). Incidentally, examples from Roman roads in neke trase napustene u razdoblju oko 13.stoljeca. the Ptuj area indicate that, there too, some routes Doduse, razlozi su mjesne prirode i ne mogu se na were abandoned in the period around the 13th cen-jednak nacin prenrjeti na nas slucaj (PAHIC1964/ tury. The reasons, admittedly, were of a local nature 5, 317, 318). and cannot in an identical fashion be transposed to

Ovo kratko i terenski ograniceno zastitno our case (PAHIC 1964/5, 317, 318). arheolosko istrazivanje ipak je mnogo pridonijelo This rescue archaeology, of short duration and poznavanju povijesti VarazdinsMh Toplica, i to covering a limited terrain, has nevertheless contrib-posebno njezine slavne anticke mijene. Ujedno je uted much to our knowledge of the history of iskoristena prilika da se sama cesta, odnosno njezina Varazdinske Toplice, especially of its glorious Ro-grada, sto tocnije dokumentira, te je i to koristan man phase. The opportunity was also taken to, as prilog buducem proucavanju gradnje rimskih cesta precisely as possible, document the road itself, that u Hrvatskoj. Doista je zanimljiva okolnost da su is its structure, which is a further useful contribu-upravo Hrvatske autoceste kao investitor tion to the future study of the construction of Ro-sudjelovale u ovom pothvatu istrazivanja jedne man roads in Croatia. It is a truly remarkable cir-rimske ceste koja je u svoje doba imala znacenje cumstance that the Croatian Motorways Company danasnje autoceste. took part as a financier in this exploration of a Ro-

5 Geofizikalno istrazivanje 29.4.2003.godine proveli su Goran Skelae i Krunoslav Zubeie. U dostavljenom izvjestaju pise: “.. Istrazivanje je provedeno georadarom Gssi Sir 2, koristena je antena od 400 mliz, sa vremenskim intervalom od 50 ns, tj do dubine od 2,5 m. Prikazano je 5 radarskili profila na kojima se uoeava jaka anomalija sa pojaeanim vrijednostima koja predstavlja ostatke rimske eeste. Profili pl-p3 prikazuju situaeiju sa jakom superstrukturom (Jake liorizontalne plave linije), koja je reeentna eesta i prilazni put za kamione. Ispod till vrijednosti vidljiva je pojaeana vrijednost u sirini 4-5 m, a to su ostaei rimske eeste. Profili p4-p5 su napravljeni na polozaju na kojem nije bilo veeili reeentnili aktivnosti (livada i oraniea) i na njima je rimska eesta bolje uoeljiva i nalazi se blize povrsini...” Geophysical survey done April 29, 2003, by Goran Skelac and Krunoslav Zubcic. The delivered report reads: “...The survey was performed using the Gssi Sir 2 Georadar, using a 400 MHz antenna, at 50 ns intervals, i.e. to a depth of 2.5 m. 5 radar sections a strong anomaly with increased values that represents the remains of the Roman road. Sections p1-p3 show the situation with a strong superstructure (strong horizontal blue lines) that is the contemporary road and access roads for trucks. Incre readings are visible under these at a width of 4-5 m, and t remains of the Roman road. Sections p4-p5 were recorded at positions without recent large-scale activity (pastures and plough-fields) and the Roman road is there more discernable and closer to the surface...”

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15

TLORIS RIMSKE CESTE KOD VARAZDINSKIH TOPLICA

Tloris rimske ceste. Veci dio ceste izgreben je bageram, pa se ukazala grada ceste. Juzno u isjecku je neosteceni dio ceste. Opis slojeva jednak kao za profit Ground plan of the Roman road. A larger part of the road was cleared by a excavator revealing the road’s structure. South in the segment is the undamaged part of the road. Description of layers identical to the cross-section.

KATALOG TABLA 1- Gromace 1: Slojevi (polozaj uz cestu) / Slucajni nalazi bez konteksta

1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama brojnih kamencica i kvarcita. Izvana i iznutra svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu narancaste boje. Jugozapad. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, tamno sive boje koja ostavlja trag. Jugozapad. Dio T1-16? 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama brojnih sitnih kamencica i kvarcita. Izvana i iznutra crne, a u prijelomu smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, narancaste boje koja ostavlja trag. Izvana tragovi bojenja u crveno?. Slucajni nalaz. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, tvrde izrade. Izvana i iznutra svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu svijetlo sive boje. Izvana tragovi bojanja u crveno?. Jugoistok. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu,

man road that in its time had the same significance as a modern highway.

CATALOGUE TABLE 1- Groma~e 1: Layers (position along the road) / Chance find without context

1- Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with numerous pebbles and quartzite. Light brown inside and out, orange at the break. Southwest. 2- Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of dark grey colour that leaves a mark. Southwest. A part of T1-16? 3- Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with numerous pebbles and quartzite. Black inside and out, of brown colour at the break. Chance find. 4- Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of orange colour that leaves a mark. Traces of red colouring outside? Chance find. 5- Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of harder fabrication. Light brown inside and out, of light grey colour at the break. Traces

16 dobro prociscene gline, narancaste boje koja ostavlja of red colouring outside? Southeast. trag. Izvana tragovi bojanja u crveno?. Jugoistok. 6- Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, of well-refined clay, of orange colour that leaves a dobro prociscene gline, svijetlo narancaste boje koja mark. Traces of red colouring outside? Southeast. ostavlja trag. Slucajni nalaz. 7- Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, 8- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu?, s primjesama of well-refined clay, of light orange colour that leaves brojnih sitnih kamencica i kvarcita. Izvana svijetlo a mark. Chance find. smede, u prijelomu erne, a iznutra tamno smede 8- Potsherd manufactured on a wheel? Tempered boje. Unutrasnja strana zagladena i s tragovima with numerous pebbles and quartzite. Light brown crnog gara - zapecene hrane?. Mozda je zapravo outside, black at the break, and of dark brown colour rijec o veoma zatvorenom obodu. Slucajni nalaz. inside. The inside is smoothed and has traces of 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s black charcoal - burnt food? Perhaps actually a primjesama sitnih kamencica tvrde izrade. very flared rim. Chance find. Narancaste boje Slucajni nalaz 9" Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, 10- Zdjelica izradena na brzovrtecem kolu, s tempered with small pebbles of harder fabrication. primjesama mrvljenih kamencica koji se truse. Sive Orange m colour. Chance find. boje. Rekonstruirana. Sjeverozapad. 10- Bowl manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, 11- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, narancaste boje koja ostavlja trag. Izvana tragovi bojenja u crveno?. Mozda je rijec o veoma razvracenom obodu posude. Jugozapad. 12- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline. Narancaste boje koja ostavlja trag, s tragovima svijetlo crvenog premaza na vanjskoj strani. Terra sigilata. Jugozapad. 13- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, tvrde izrade. Izvana i u prijelomu smede, a iznutra svijetlo smede boje. Ispod oboda nekoliko vodoravnih ureza. Slucajni nalaz. 14- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno?, s primjesama brojnih kamencica i kvarcita, grube izrade. Tamno smede boje s kosim metlicastim ukrasom. Slucajni nalaz. 15- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama vrlo brojnih kamencica i kvarcita koji se truse. Smede do crvenskaste boje. Ukras izveden cesljem. Djelomicno rekonstruirana. Slucajni nalaz. 16- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu,

tempered with crumbling crushed pebbles. Of grey colour. Reconstructed. Northwest. 11- Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of orange colour that leaves a mark. Traces of red colouring outside? Perhaps the very flaring rim of some vessel. Southwest. 12- Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of orange colour that leaves a mark, with traces of light red glazing on the outside. Terra sigillata. Southwest. 13- Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of harder fabrication. Brown at the break outside, and of light brown colour inside. Several horizontal engravings under the rim. Chance find. 14- Handmade potsherd? Tempered with numerous pebbles and quartzite, of rough fabrication. Of dark brown colour with diagonal brushed decoration. Chance find. 15- Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with numerous crumbling pebbles and quartzite. Of brown to reddish colour. Comb-impressed decoration. Partly reconstructed. Chance find.

dobro prociscene glinctamno sive boje koja ostavlja i6_Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, trag. Jugozapad. Dio Tl-2? of well-refined clay, of dark grey colour that leaves a 17- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, mark. Southwest. A part of Tl-2? s malo primjesa pijeska. Izvana svijetlo smede, i7- Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, iznutra i u prijelomu tamno sive boje. Izvana te d with a little sand. Li ht brown outside; pravilni okomiti metlicasti ukras. Slucajni nalaz. inside and at the break of dark grey colour. Eegolar 18- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, vertical brush decoration outside. Chance find. s primjesama brojnih sitnih kamencica i kvarcita 18_ Potsherd manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, koji se truse. Izvana i iznutra sivkasto-smede, a u tempered with numerous crumbling pebbles and prijelomu sive boje. Izvana vodoravni metlicasti quartzite. Greyish-brown inside and out, of grey ukras. Slucajni nalaz. colour at the break. Horizontal brush decoration 19- Bras od sivog tvrdog kamena pjescenjaka u outside. Chance find. obliku plocice. Jedna strana lagano istrosena, 19- Small tile-shaped whetstone of hard grey sand-zamijetljivi zarezi od ostrice na vise mjesta. stone. One side slightly worn, discernable blade inci-20- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu?, s sions on several spots. primjesama kamencica i kvarcita, tvrde izrade. 20- Potsherd manufactured on a potter’s wheel? Sivkastosmede boje. Izvana vodoravni i okomiti Tempered with pebbles and quartzite, of harder fab-metlicasti ukras. Sjeverozapad. rication. Of greyish-brown colour. Horizontal and 21- Ulomak posude izradene od svijetlo zelenkastog vertical brush decoration outside. Northwest. prozirnog stakla. Sjeverozapad. 21- Shard of a vessel made of transparent light-22- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, dobro greenish glass. Northwest. prociscene gline, tvrde izrade. Sive boje, s 22- Potsherd manufactured on a potter’s wheel, of tamnosmedom, debelo nanesenom caklinom na well-refined clay, of harder fabrication. Of grey vanjskoj strani. Sjeveroistok. colour, with a dark brown thickly applied glaze on

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GROMACE 2 KOD VARAZDINSKIH TOPLICA Tragovi obitavanja iz ranog bakrenog doba Radovi na obilaznici Varazdinskih Tbplica - 2

faza, zapoceli su u travnju 2003.godine. Prvi dio, od same autoceste u dolini Koscevec pa do novog raskrizja kod danasnjega groblja u Toplicama zavrsen je jos 2002.godine. Za drugu fazu predviden je nastavak proboja nove ceste kroz polja juzno od grada sve do istocnog izlaza prema Tuhovcu. Buduca trasa pregledana je u cijeloj duzini nakon iskolcenja, aJi nisu zamijeceni arheoloski nalazi, osim sitnih ulomaka uglavnom novovjeke keramike. Prvo su zapoceli gradevinski radovi na istocnom dijelu ove trase. Kako je rijec uglavnom o ravnoj dolini, izvrseno je samo humusiranje na dubini od dvadesetak centimetara. I ti radovi su nadzirani, ali ni tada nisu zamijeceni nalazi. No, nakon kopanja jaraka za odvodne kanale uz cestu ukazala su se dva zanimljiva mjesta na ovoj trasi. Prvo je nazvano Polje i ovdje predstavljeno u poglavlju (Mala nalazista, a drugo Gromace 2. Kako su gradevinski radovi na izgradnji obilaznice vec zavrsili, nije bilo moguenosti provesti zastitna arheoloska iskopa-vanja, pa se prislo samo prikupljanju obliznjih nalaza i praznjenju ostecene jame.1

Nalaziste Gromace 2 nalazi se tik uz novo raskrizje obilaznice i stare ceste prema Toplicama. Prema rijecima mjestana, toponim Gromace oznacava blagi obronak brijega Selnica koji se proteze sve do doline Bednje, a zauzima prostor od oko 1 x 1 kilometar. Polozaj Gromace 2 nalazi se priblizno po sredini opisanog podrucja uz ostatak sada suhe i plitke vododerine.

NALAZI Sto se tice arheoloskih struktura, pronadena je

jedna prapovijesna jama, ukopana u geoloski sloj -zdravicu. Jama je dijelomice ostecena strojnim iskopom a nalazila se u kracem dijelu novog kanala koji prati staru cestu prema jugu. Kako nije bilo drugih jama, te se u iskopanoj zemlji i izoranim poljima u blizini pronaslo izrazito malo daljnih nalaza, a osobito sto su u blizini vec i provodena iskopavanja rimske ceste, vjerojatno nije rijec o nekom vecem naselju. Mozda se vise nalaza krije u poljima juzno od pronadene jame, gdje se sada prostira poljoprivredne povrsine.

Pronadena jama ispraznjena je u cijelosti te dokumentirana. Punjenje jame nije bilo izrazito razlicito po boji od geoloskog sloja u koji je ukopana. Rijec je o svijetlo smedoj ispuni unutar zuckastog

GROMA^E 2 NEAR VARA@DINSKE TOPLICE Traces of Habitation from the Early Copper Age

21

Construction on the Varazdinske Tbplice bypass - Phase 2, was launched in April of 2003. The first part, from the highway itself in the Koscevec vaUey up to the new crossing at the present day cemetery in Tbplice was completed earlier, in 2002. The second phase foresaw the continuation of ground breaking for the new road through the fields south of the city right up to the eastern exit heading towards Tuhovac. The future route was surveyed along its entire length after being staked out, but no archaeological finds were noticed, outside of small sherds of mostly New Age ceramics. Construction work started on the eastern portion of this route. Since this was predominantly a low-lying fiat plain, only humus-depth excavating was done to a depth of about twenty centimetres. These works were also supervised, but then too finds were not noticed. After digging had been done of ditches for roadside drainage canals two places of interest appeared on this route. The first was called Polje and is here presented in the Other Sites chapter, the second being Gromace 2. As construction work on the

bypass had already been completed it was not varazdinske Toplice-Gromace 2. Jama possible to carry out rescue archaeology excavation J1 prije praznjenja u odvodnom jarku. so that work was carried out only on gathering Varazdinske Toplice-Gromace 2. Pit J1 nearby finds and emptying the damaged pit.1 f>mr to emptying.

1 Arheoloske radove oba™ je autor. Tt>£ author earned mi the archaeological work

22

Vara`dinske Toplice-Groma~e 2. Jama J1 tijekom pra`njenja.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Groma~e 2. Pit J1 during emptying.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Groma~e 2. Ukrasi (T1-6,5,7)

Vara`dinske Toplice-Groma~e 2. Decorations (T1-6,5,7)

sloja, zdravice. Ispunu jame cinili su rijetki i vrlo usitnjeni ulomci keramike i ljepa te ponesto kamenih odbitaka. Sporadicno su pronalazeni i vrlo mali komadi gara. Izgleda kako je rijec o srednje velikoj otpadnoj jami, koja je sacuvana u dvije trecine, a ostalo je izbacio bager. Gar prikupljen u jami J1 datiran je AMS-14C metodom, u 43.st.pr.Kr. (calBC 4293±33).2

Prilikom pomnog pregleda najblize okolice, nedaleko od jame pronadena je i suplja noga posude koja je virila iz zemljanog profila kanala. Na tome mjestu nije prepoznata jama niti su pronadeni drugi nalazi, pa vjerujem kako je rijec o dijelu posude koji nije bio dublje ukopan u vrijeme odbacivanja. Prilikom iskopavanja rimske ceste pronadeno je nekoliko roznjackih odbitaka koji su lezali u raznim slojevima u samoj cesti i oko nje, kao i dva veca ulomka grube bakrenodobne keramike. S pronalaskom ove jame jasniji nam je njihov kontekst na ovome mjestu. Stoga su kameni nalazi iz okolice rimske ceste, Gromace 1, prikazani u ovom izvjestaju.

POKRETNI NALAZI Keramicki nalazi Na polozaju Gromace 2 pronadeno je zapravo

vrlo malo nalaza. Gotovo svi keramicki nalazi potjecu iz ostecene jame J1. Cini se kako je ostala sacuvana u dvije trecine, iz kojih potjece prikazano gradivo. Na prvi pogled ulomci pripadaju lasinjskoj kulturi, ali se zapravo na vecini ocrtavaju ukrasi i oblici koji su karakteristicni za raniju, tzv. Sece fazu lasinjske kulture (Sece-kultura, MARKOVIC 1994 s.89).

Za Sece su karakteristicni ukrasi u obliku malih trokuta (ovdje T1-8,4; Sece MARKOVIC 1994, t.19-5,6,12,13), zatim usporedni urezi koji padaju

The Gromace 2 site is located directly next to the new crossing on the bypass and the old road heading towards Toplice. According to the local inhabitants the toponym Gromace refers to the gentle slope of the Selnice Hill that stretches all the way to the Bednja valley, covering about 1 square kilometre. The Gromace 2 site is located approximately in the centre of the described area along the remains of a now dry and shallow water-worn gully.

FEATURES As far as archaeological structure is concerned,

a prehistoric pit was found, buried in a geological layer - subsoil. The pit was partially damaged by mechanised excavation and was located in the shorter part of the new canal following the old road southbound. As there were no other pits, and as very few finds were discovered in the excavated earth and in the nearby ploughed fields, and especially as excavations on a Roman road had already been carried out nearby, it is probable that there was no larger settlement at this site. Perhaps more finds are hidden in the fields south of the discovered pit where there are presently fields under cultivation.

The located pit was emptied and completely documented. The pit’s filling was not exceptionally different in colour from the colour of the geological layer in which it was buried. It was a light brown filling within a yellowish layer of subsoil. The pit’s filling was of rare and very fragmented ceramic sherds and daub and some stone flakes. There were sporadic finds of very small pieces of charcoal. This appears to be a mid-sized midden, of which two-thirds are preserved while a third had been removed by an excavator. The charcoal gathered in pit J1 was dated using the AMS-14C method to 43 centuries BC (calBC 4293±33).2

During a detailed survey of the direct vicinity, the hollow foot of a vessel was found not far from the pit, protruding from the earthen profile of the canal. No pit or any other finds were located here so that I believe that this was part of a vessel that was not deeply buried when discarded. Several flint flakes were found during the excavation of the Roman road lying in various layers of the road itself and around it, as were two larger sherds of Copper Age ceramics. With the discovery of this pit their context in this place is now clearer to us. The stone finds located in the environs of the Roman road, Gromace 1, are, therefore, presented in this report.

FINDS Ceramic Finds Very few finds were in fact discovered at the

Gromace 2 site. Almost all ceramic finds originate from the damaged pit J1. It appears that some two-thirds of it were preserved, from which the presented material originates. At first glance the sherds appear

2 14c datacija AMS izradena je u Leibniz Labor fiir Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat u Kielu (KIA 25317, BP 5430±25). Skraeena kalibracija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilistu u Kolnu. Carbon HAMS dating was done at the Leibniz Labor fiir Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, OmsiianAlbreehis-Universitdt in Kiel (KLA-25317, BP 5430 ±25). Shortened calibration using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln.

preko bikoniteta posude (ovdje T2-6,7; Sece MARKOVIC 1982b, t.XVII-1), pa jedva vidljive plitke jamice pod obodom (ovdje T2-3; Sece MARKOVIC 1982b, t.XVII-2; MARKOVIC1994, t.l9a-l) te razbacane kruzne rupice na povrsini (ovdje Tl-5; Sece MARKOVIC 1995, t.6-4 ).

Medutim, osim usporedbi sa Secern, trebalo bi navesti i primjer posude s urezima uz obod (T2-1), sto je vrlo cest ukras na Resnikovu prekopu (HAREJ 1975, t.I-4, t.VI-5 i druge posude). Izdvojena iz jame J l , iz profila u iskopu kanala virila je u pedesetak ulomaka razbijena suplja noga visoke zdjele, PN1. Usporedbom s drugim nalazima zamjetljivo je kako je ova posuda izradena s tanjim stijenkama i gracilnije nego mladi primjerci, (prema AMS-14C dataciji), pronadeni u Gornjem Pustakovcu (Pustakovec T3-1 i dr.). Ipak, nema sumnje kako je osnovni oblik srodan “klasicnim” lasinjskim. Zdjela na nozi, keramicka zlica, pa i neki vec spomenuti ukrasi pojavljuju se i u lasinjskoj kulturi. Zbog takvih mogucih zabuna, bilo bi potrebno objaviti mnogo veci broj dobro ilustiranih nalaza, putem kojili bi se mogla jasno odrediti razlika izmedu Sece i lasinjske kulture. Kako god bilo, keramicki nalazi s Gromaca 2 zamjetljivo su razlicitiji negoli oni koji pripadaju lasinjskoj kulturi a pronadeni su na Blizni, Gornjem Pustakovcu i Staroj vesi u sklopu ovih istrazivanja. Datacija metodom AMS-14C takoder je za ovu jamu dala najraniji rezultat, pa je ocigledno kako se ova keramika moze donekle izdvojiti iz repertoara standardne lasinjske kulture.

Kameni nalazi - Darko Komso Viseslojno arheolosko nalaziste Gromace

smjesteno je u neposrednoj blizini Varazdinskih Toplica. Otkriveno je i djelomice istrazeno 2002. g., prilikom radova na trasi zaobilazne ceste. Tijekom i nakon navedenih radova, prikupljena je manja kolicina kamenih izradevina. Nalazi, prikupljeni na dvije pozicije oznacene kao Gromace 1 i Gromace 2, pripadaju istom nalazistu te su obradene zajedno.

Gromace - Analiza cijepanih kamenih izradevina Na nalazistu Gromace prikupljene su 23 kamene

izradevine od cijepane litike, ukupne tezine 56,68 grama. Nadene su uglavnom izvan konteksta, kao slucajni nalazi. Samo jedna je kamena izradevina nadena u jami 1 (Gromace 1) i 4 kamene izradevine u Jamil (Gromace 2).

Sirovinski materijal je raznolik, a najcesce se javljaju crni sjajni i neprozirni roznjaci osrednjih osobina cijepanja, zatim zelenosivi roznjaci osrednjih osobina cijepanja, prozirni sivi i sivi sa crvenim uklopljenim mrljama dobrih osobina cijepanja, te sivi, smedi, svijetlo smecti i crni neprozirni roznjaci osrednjih osobina cijepanja. Cjelokupni sirovinski materijal potjece od malih rijecnih oblutaka, dostupnih lokalno.

Medu ukupno 23 prikupljene kamene izradevine, 13 ih je neobradeno, 6 ih ima rubove ostecene koristenjem, a 4 su obradene u alatke. Navedene

to belong to the Lasinja culture, but on most, in fact, we find decorations and forms that are characteristic of an earlier phase, the so-called Sece phase of the Lasinja culture (Sece-culture, MARKOVIC 1994 pg.89).

Decorations in the shape of small triangles are characteristic of the Sece (here Tl-8,4; Sece MARKOVIC 1994, t.19-5,6,12,13), as are parallel engravings that faU over the vessel’s carination (here T2-6,7; Sece MARKOVIC 1982b, t.XVII-1), barely visible shallow pits under the rim (here T2-3; Sece MARKOVIC 1982b, t.XVII-2; MARKOVIC 1994, t.l9a-l) and scattered small circular holes on the surface (here Tl-5; Sece MARKOVIC 1995, t.6-4).

However, besides the comparison with the Sece, the example of a vessel with engravings on its rim should also be mentioned (T2-1), which is a very frequent decoration on Resnikov prekop (HAREJ 1975, t.I-4, t.VI-5 and other vessels). Separated from pit J l , the hollow foot of some high vessel, PN1, protruded, broken into some fifty sherds, from the profile in a ditch excavation. In comparison with other finds it is noticeable that this vessel had thinner walls and was more graceful than younger specimens (based on AMS-14C dating) found in Gornji Pustakovec (Pustakovec T3-1 and others). There is, nevertheless, no doubt that the basic form corresponds to “classic” Lasinja. A bowl on feet, a ceramic spoon, and some of the already mentioned decorations also appear in the Lasinja culture. Because of this i possible confusion it would be beneficial to publish a much larger number of ' well illustrated finds, as an aid to clearly delineating the difference between the Sece and Lasinja cultures. At any rate, the ceramic finds from Gromace 2 are noticeably more different than those that belong to the Lasinja culture that were discovered in the framework of this research at Blizna, Gornji Pustakovec and Stara ves. Dating using the AMS-14C method also gave for this pit the earliest result so that it is evident that these ceramics can to a certain extent be set apart from the repertoire of standard Lasinja culture.

Lilhic assemblage - Darko Komso The multi-layer Gromace archaeological site is

located in the direct vicinity of Varazdinske Toplice. It was discovered and partly researched in 2002 during construction work on a bypass. During and following the mentioned construction a smaller amount of stone artefacts were collected. The finds, collected at two positions designated as Gromace 1 and Gromace 2 belong to the same site and are dealt with here together.

23

Varazdinske Toplice-Gromace 2. Djelomicno rekonstruirana zdjela na supljoj nozi. PN1 (T1-12) Vara`dinske Toplice-Groma~e 2. A partially reconstructed bowl on a hollow foot. PN1 (T1-12)

24

Vara`dinske Toplice-Groma~e 2. Slu~ajni nalazi ro`nja~kih izra|evina iz okolice rimske ceste (Groma~e 1).

Vara`dinske Toplice-Groma~e 2. Chance finds of flint artefacts from the vicinity of the Roman road (Groma~e 1).

alatke obuhvacaju jedno prikupljeno grebalo na slomljenom odbojku (T2-17), jedno obradeno malo sjecivo (T2-14), jedan iskrzani komadic (T2-13) i jedan zambljeni odbojak (T2-16). Uocljiva je velika ucestalost izradevina s rubovima ostecenim koristenjem. Tragovi gorenja zamjetljivi su na jednoj izradevini, a jedna izradevina ima zatupljene rubove, prouzrocene mehamckim utjecajem vode.

Plohak je sacuvan na 11 izradevina. Ucestalost ravnih i diedricnih plohaka, te plohaka s okorinom upucuje na pretezno koristenje tehnologije direktnog cijepanja jezgri s jednostavnim platformania bez posebne obrade, uglavnom uz uporabu tvrdog cekica. Samo na jednom obradenoj izradevini javlja se obradeni plohak, koji upucuje na koristenje jezgri s prethodno pripremljenom platformoni. Takoder, samo se na jednom obradenom malom sjecivu javlja linearni plohak, koji upucuje na koristenje tehnologije direktnog odbijanja uz pomoc mekog cekica ili tehnologije pritiskom uz pomoc prsnog pritiskaca, odnosno indirektnog odbijanja od jezgri s prethodno pripremljenom platformom.

Morfoloski, ova grupa nalaza sastoji se od 13 odbojaka, 4 lomljevine,3 2 mala sjeciva,4 te od po jednog sjeciva,6 spaljene lomljevine,6 male lomljevine7 i izradevine neodredenog oblika. Jezgre nisu zastupljene u ovom skupu nalaza. Okorina je vidljiva na 9 izradevina. Na 7 ih pokriva manje od 5% njihove povrsine, dok na dvije izradevine okorina pokriva vise od 50% povrsine.

Pribavljanje, proizvodnja i upotreba cijepane litike Potrebno je naglasiti kako je ova grupa kamenih

Groma~e - An Analysis of Knapped Stone Artefacts 23 stone artefacts of knapped lithics were

collected at the Gromace site, with a total weight of 56.68 grams. They were found mostly without a contexts, as surface finds. Only one stone artefact was found in pit 1 (Gromace 1) and a further 4 stone artefacts in pit 1 (Gromace 2).

The raw material is varied, most often appearing as black glossy and opaque flints with intermediate knapping characteristics, then greenish-grey flints of intermediate knapping characteristics, transparent grey and grey with red inclusions of good knapping characteristics, and grey, brown, light brown and black opaque flints of intermediate knapping characteristics. The entire lithic assemblage was produced from small, locally available, river pebbles.

Among the total of 23 collected stone artefacts, 13 are not retouched, 6 have edges damaged by use, and 4 have been transformed into tools. The mentioned tools include the endscraper on a broken flake (T2-17), a retouched bladelet (T2-14), one small splinter (T2-13), and one truncated flake (T2-16). There is a high frequency of artefacts with use-wear. Traces of burning are visible on one artefact, while another has dulled edges, caused by the mechanical wearing of water

The platform is preserved on 11 artefacts. The frequency of flat and dihedral surfaces with a cortex indicates the predominate use of a direct core knapping technology using simple platforms without any special preparation, mostly with the use of a hard hammer. The prepared surface appears only on one tool that would indicate the use of a core with a previously prepared platform. Also, a linear surface appears only on one retouched bladelet, indicating the use of direct flaking with a soft hammer, or the method of applying pressure using a chest crutch, that is indirect flaking from the core from a previously prepared platform.

Morphologically, this group of finds consists of 13 flakes, 4 pieces of knapping debris,3 2 bladelets,4

and one of each of the following: a blade,6 a piece of burned debris,6 a small piece of knapping debris7

and a artefact of undefined shape. Cores were not present in this assemblage. There is cortex visible on 9 artefacts. On 7 of them it cover less than 5% of their surface area while on two artefacts the it covers more than 50% of their surface.

a U ovom skupu nalaza lomljevina se definira kao smrskani roznjak veei od 10 mm koji se ne moze odredenije klasifieirati. Knapping debris in this assemblage are defined as shattered flint larger than 10 mm that cannot be more exactly classified. 4 U ovom skupu nalaza mala sjeciva se definiraju kao sjeciva cija je sirina uza ili jednaka 11 milimetara. Bladelets are defined in this assemblage as blades whose width is smaller than or equal to 11 millimetres. 5 U ovom skupu nalaza sjeciva se definiraju kao odbojci cija je duzina dva ili vise puta veca od sirina, s vise ili manje paralelnim rubovima, sira od 11 milimetara. Blades are defined in this assemblage as flakes whose length is twice as much or more than its width, with more or less parallel edges, wider than 11 millimetres. 6 U ovom skupu nalaza spaljena lomljevina definira se kao roznjak smrskan nekontroliranim izlaganjem visokim temperaturama, koji se ne moze odredenije klasifieirati. Burnt debris is defined in this assemblage as a flint shattered by uncontrolled exposure to high temperatures, that cannot be more exactly classified. 7 U ovom skupu nalaza mala lomljevina definira se kao smrskani roznjak manji od 10 mm koji se ne moze odredenije klasifieirati. Small knapping debris is defined in this assemblage as a shattered flint smaller than 10 mm that cannot be more exactly classified.

nalaza iznimno malobrojna, te je sve zakljucke potrebno uzimati s velikim oprezom. Unatoc tomu, moguce je odrediti osnovne tehnoloske karakte-ristike.

Prikupljeni sirovinski materijal pokazuje znacajne razlike u boji, prozirnosti, boji okorine i kvaliteti. Usprkos navedenim razlikama, sav prikupljeni materijal opcenito je malih dimenzija. Zajednicke karakteristike sirovinskog materijala, primjerice mehanicka istrosenost okorine, zaobljenost i opcenito mala velicina sirovine, iskazuju teziste na prikupljanju kremenih oblutaka iz sekundarnih aluvijalnih nanosa, dopremljenih iz primarnih, vjerojatno razlicitih lezista djelovanjem rijeka i natalozenih na obalama. Teziste na koristenju lokalno dostupne kamene sirovine iz sekundarnih rijecnih nanosa, osim na navedenim nalazistima, ocituje se i na drugim nalazistima u regiji, a to su Blizna, Hardek (FORENBAHER U TISKU-a), Log pri Vipavi (FORENBAHER U TISKU-b), Siman (FORENBAHER U TISKU-c) i Zemono (FORENBAHER U TISKU-d).

Uglavnom su koristene ad hoc strategije cijepanja za proizvodnju malih odbojaka, koje ne iziskuju posebnu vjestinu niti specijalni pribor Najcesca je tehnologija malih odbitaka, kod koje je teziste na cijepanju malih odbojaka od bezoblicnih jezgara te tehnologija bipolarnog cijepanja, koja se cesto primjenjivala u iskoristavanju malih oblutaka, koji su cijepani upotrebom tvrde podloge, koja je sluzila kao nakovanj. Snaga udarca prenosila se na nakovanj i odbijala, stvarajuci nasuprotnu energiju za rascijep ili rasprsnuce oblutka. Tu tehnologiju ocituje je iskrzani komadic prikupljen na nalazistu Gromace 2. Odbojci prikladnih oblika obradom su nadalje pretvarani u jednostavne alatke ili su koristeni bez obrade, te nakon uporabe odbacivani. Rjede je koristena zahtjevna tehnologija za dobivanje prizmaticnih sjeciva, za ciju je izradu bila potrebna slozena garnitura alata, te visoka razina umjesnosti. Na tu tehnologiju upucuje nalaz prizmaticnog obradenog malog sjeciva s linearnim plohkom (T2-14).

Uocljiva je velika ucestalost izradevina s rubovima ostecenih koristenjem, koje su brojnije od formalnih, obradenih alatki. Alatke su zastupljene s po jednim grebalom, zarupkom, iskrzanim komadicem i obradenim malim sjecivom. Navedeni nalazi upucuju kako je teziste tehnologije izrada i koristenje jednostavnih alatki (tzv. expedient tools) i izradevina bez formalne obrade, koje se ne cuvaju, vec se nakon uporabe odbacuju.

Za odredivanje vremenskog nastanka ove grupe nalaza kamenih izradevina presudno je vise cimbenika.

Glavni problem pri datiranju je u kolicini prikup-ljenog kamenog materijala i nacinu prikupljanja. Trinaest izradevina s nalazista Gromace 1 i deset izradevina s nalazista Gromace 2 ne zadovoljavaju osnove za kvalitetnu statisticku i komparativnu analizu. Takoder, vecina nalaza prikupljena je izvan konteksta, kao slucajni nalaz, te se ne moze

25

Procurement, Production and Use of Knapped Lithics It ought to be pointed out that this group of

stone finds is exceedingly small in number, and that all conclusions ought to be taken with great caution. It is, nevertheless, possible to identify the basic technological characteristics.

The collected raw material shows significant differences in colour, transparency, cortex colour and quality. In spite of these differences, all of the collected material is generally small in size. The common characteristics of the raw material, for example the mechanical wear of the cortex, roundedness and the generally small size of the raw material tells of a tendency towards gathering flint pebbles from secondary alluvial drifts, transferred from primary, probably different accumulation, by the action of the river and deposited on the shores. The tendency towards the use of locally available raw stone material from secondary river deposits, besides at the mentioned sites, is also visible at other sites in the region. These are Blizna, Hardek (FORENBAHER IN PRESS-a), Log pri Vipavi (FORENBAHER IN PRESS-b), Siman (FORENBAHER IN PRESS-c) and Zemono (FORENBAHER IN PRESS-d).

Ad hoc strategies of knapping were mostly used for the production of small flakes, not requiring any particular skills or special tools. The most frequent technology is of small flakes, where the tendency is towards knapping small flakes from shapeless cores and the technology of bipolar knapping, applied often in the use of small pebbles, knapped with the use of a hard surface that served anvil. The force of the impact was transferred to the anvil and returned, creating a return force for the knapping or the shattering of the pebble. The presence of this technology is confirmed with the single splinter collected at the Gromace 2 site. Flakes of appropriate shape were then further transformed into simple tools or were used unmodified, and discarded after use. The use of more demanding technology for production of prismatic blades, whose production

Vara`dinske Toplice-Groma~e 2. Ro`nja~ke izra|evine iz Jame J1.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Groma~e 2. Flint artefacts from Pit J1.

26 ustanoviti prava slika kamene industrije ovih needing a complex set of tools and a high level of ~ nalazista. skill, was less common. A find of a prismatic dressed

Osim kolicine i nacina prikupljanja nalaza, prob- bladelet with a linear surface points to the use of this lem je i u nedostatku detaljnih analiza cijepane litike technology (T2-14). u siroj regiji. Kamene izradevine cesto su obradene A high frequency of artefacts whose edges are selektivno, uglavnom samo spomenute u objavama, damaged by use is visible, more numerous than the a najcesce potpuno zanemarene. Sukladno tome, formal, retouched tools. Tools are represented by nasa saznanja o promjenama u pribavljanju, one endscraper, a truncation, a splinter and a proizvodnji i koristenju cijepane Utike su minimalna. retouched bladelet. The aforementioned finds

Iz razdoblja neolitika sjeverozapadne Hrvatske indicate that the technological tendency was to nalazi polirane i cijepane kamene industrije su brojni. produce and use simple tools (“expedient tools”) Neoliticka cijepana kamena industrija temelji se na and artefacts without formal retouching, not to be dobivanju prizmaticnih sjeciva/malih sjeciva i kept, but rather discarded after use. prikupljena je u naseljima u velikom broju Several factors are vital in dating the production (MINICHREITER 1992, TEZAK-GREGL of this group of stone artefacts. 1991, TEZAK-GREGL 1993). The major difficulty in dating is in the amount

Bakrenodobne kulture na podrucju sjevero- of stone material collected and the method of its zapadne Hrvatske do sada su uglavnom poznate collection. Thirteen artefacts from the Gromace 1 po nalazima keramike, a kamena industrija nije site and ten artefacts from the Gromace 2 site are a bila posebno obradivana (SIMEK, KURTANJEK too small assemblage for a good statistical and ET AL. 2002). Kamena industrija lasinjske kulture comparative analysis. Also, most of the finds were je slabo proucena, a sastoji se od cijepanih i glacanih collected as surface finds, so that a true picture of izradevina. U izvorima se u pravilu nalazi cijepane the stone industry at these sites cannot be litike samo spominju, uglavnom kao “strugaci, ascertained. nozici, busila i siljci za strelice” (TOMICIC 1969; Besides the amount and method of collecting, TOMICIC 1969; MARKOVIC 1974; SIMEK the difficulty also lies in a lack of detailed analysis of 1978; DIMITRIJEVIC 1979; SIMEK 1981; lithics knapping in the wider region. Research on MARKOVIC 1983; MARKOVIC 1985; stone artefacts is most often poorly published, MARKOVIC 1986; MARKOVIC 1994), te usuaUy with only a mention in reports, and usually “poluizradevine i kremene grude” (TOMICIC 1969; disregarded. Our knowledge of the changes in the TOMICIC 1969). Jedina detaljnija objava potjece procurement, production and use of knapped lithics iz Vmkovaca (Trznica/hotel), gdje je potkraj 1977. are, at the current stage of research, minimal. godine pronaden vrc s ostavom cijepanih kamenih Finds of polished and knapped stone industry izradevina, koja se sastojala od 48 obradenih i from the Neolithic period are numerous in north-neobradenih izradevina, medu kojima treba western Croatia. The Neolithic knapped stone istaknuti tri izradevine od opsidijana, jedne industry was based on the production of prismatic bifacijalno obradene strelice s krilcima i udubljenom blades/bladelets, which have been collected in bazom za nasad, te vise alatki s zarubljenim settlements in large quantities (MINICHREITER krajevima (DIMITRIJEVIC 1979B; MARKOVIC 1992, TEZAK-GREGL 1991, TEZAK-GREGL 1994). Glacane izradevine ove grape dijele se na 1993). plosnate sjekire i klinove, te na sjekire s rupom za The Copper Age culture in north-western Croatia nasad (TOMICIC 1969; TOMICIC 1969; has to date been known mostly for its ceramic finds, MARKOVIC 1974; SIMEK 1978; DIMITRI- while the stone industry was not given special JEVIC 1979; HOMEN 1981; SIMEK 1981; attention (SIMEK, KURTANJEK ET AL. 2002). SIMEK, KURTANJEK ET AL. 2002). Kamene The stone industry of the Lasinja culture has been industrije ostalih istovremenih kultura, primjerice poorly studied and consists of knapped and Retz-Gajary i Baden, takoder su slabo proucene burnished artefacts. Sources, as a rule, only cite (DURMAN 1982; TEZAK-GREGL 1985). knapped lithics in passing, mostly as “scrapers, smaU Novije analize cijepanih kamenih izradevina s knives, drills, and points for arrows” (TOMICIC podrucja sjeveroistocne Slovenijcpodnozja istoc- 1969; TOMICIC 1969; MARKOVIC 1974; nih Alpi, kao i sjeverozapadne Hrvatske upucuju SIMEK 1978; DIMITRIJEVIC 1979; SIMEK kako tijekom bakrenog doba dolazi do promjena u 1981; MARKOVIC 1983; MARKOVIC 1985; tehnologiji, te da postaje dominantna jednostavna MARKOVIC 1986; MARKOVIC 1994), and ad hoc industrija za proizvodnju malih odbojaka “semi-artefacts and flint lumps” (TOMICIC 1969; (Porenbaher in press-a, Lubsina-Tusek 1993). TOMICIC 1969). The only more detailed report is

Kamena industrija jos se rijetko javlja tijekom from Vinkovci (Market / Hotel), where at the end of rane bronce (MARTINEC 2002), iscezava tijekom 1977 a jug was found with a hoard of knapped srednje bronce, dok se iznimno javlja unutar kultura stone artefacts, consisting of 48 tools and kasnog broncanog, zeljeznog doba i kasnije, kao dio unretouched artefacts, among which three artefacts pribora za paljenje vatre ili kao simbol “bozanskog of obsidian, one bifacialy retouched arrowhead with porijekla” sa simbolicnim znacenjem zastite od wings and notched base deserve special notice, as do groma. several tools with truncations (DIMITRIJEVIC

Kako bi se moglo izvrsiti datiranje ovog skupa 1979B; MARKOVIC1994). The polished artefacts 27 nalaza, zbog navedenih problema potrebno je uzeti in this group are divided into flat axes and wedges, u razmatranje i popratne nalaze. U jami J l , and shaft-hole axes (TOMICIC 1969; TOMICIC istrazenoj na nalazistu Gromace 2, prikupljeni su 1969; MARKOVIC 1974; SIMEK 1978; ostaci keramike lasinjske kulture, iz razdoblja DIMITRIJEVIC 1979; HOMEN 1981; SIMEK bakrenog doba, sto je potvrdeno i analizom 1981; SIMEK, KURTANJEK ET AL. 2002). radioaktivnog ugljika iz ove jame (KIA 25317) The stone industry of other cultures of the same kojom je dobijena starost 5430±25 BP, odnosno time period, like the Retz-Gajary and Baden, are 4293±33 kalibrirano pr.Kr. also poorly studied (DURMAN 1982; TEZAK-

Temeljem ovih popratnih nalaza, apsolutne GREGL 1985). Newer analysis of knapped stone datacije te osnovnih informacija o tehnologiji artefacts from north-eastern Slovenia, the feet of dobivenih analizom kamenih izradevina, moze se the eastern Alps, and north-western Croatia indicate pretpostaviti kako najveel dio prikupljenih kamenih that there was a shift in technology during the izradevina datira iz razdoblja bakrenog doba, te kako Copper Age, and that a simple ad hoc industry ih se na osnovi ostalih prikupljenih nalaza treba became dominant in the production of small flakes pripisati lasinjskoj kulturi. (Forenbaher in press-a, Lubsina-Tusek 1993).

Stone industry appears rarely during the Early ZAKLJUCAK Bronze Age (MARTINEC 2002), and dwindles Mali broj nalaza ne daje nam mogucnosti vise out in the Middle Bronze Age, while it appears

reel o karakteru naselja. Pitanje je da li je rijec o sporadically within the cultures of the Late Bronze manjem naselju ili prostora na kojem se samo and Iron Ages and later as part of a fire-making povremeno boravilo. Ulomci kamenih alatki i apparatus or as a symbol of “divine origin” with the keramickih ulomaka nalaze se i do 100 metara symbolic significance of protection from lightning. udaljeni od jame pa bi se moglo zakljuciti da nije In order to carry out the dating of this group of rijec o usamljenoj strukturi. No, prema onome sto finds, given the aforementioned difficulties, it is se zna o lasinjskoj kulturi, ovo nalaziste bi prema necessary to take additional finds into consideration. svojem topografskom polozaju odgovaralo ostalima In pit J l , examined at the Gromace 2 site, the (DIMITRIJEVIC 1979, 147). Rijec je o blagim remnants of Copper Age Lasinja culture ceramics padinama iznad plavne doline i obilnog vodotoka. were coUected, which was confirmed by an analysis Svakako bi bilo korisno izvrsiti sondiranja na of radioactive carbon from this pit (KIA 25317) poljima juzno od jame, na sadasnjim oranicama. that produced an age of 5430±25 BP, that is Sudecl prema dokumentiranoj jami, oranje nije 4293±33 calibrated BC. unistilo nalaziste, pa bi se mozebitne druge jame Based on these additional finds, an absolute mogle pronacl neostecene. Daljnja istrazivanja bila dating and basic information on the technology used bi nuzna kako bi se sa sigurnoscu odredila garnered by an analysis of stone artefacts, it can be kulturoloska pripadnost nalaza, a u slucaju da je assumed that the major part of the collected stone uistinu rijec o Sece kulturi, da se ista bolje artefacts date from the Copper Age and that, based dokumentira, cime bi se to zasad jos otvoreno pitanje on other coUected finds, they come from the Lasinja privelo blize razrjesenju. Kako god bilo, Gromace 2 culture. su prvo bakrenodobno nalaziste u dolini Bednje, pa su neovisno od malog broja nalaza izvanredan CONCLUSION arheolosko povijesni podatak. The small number of finds does not afford us

the possibility of concluding much as regards the KATAL0G na ture of the settlement. I t is a question whether it TABLA 1 - Gromace 2, Jama J1 / SlUCajni nalazi was only a smaller settlement or an area on

1-Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s malo intermittently used for habitation. The shards of primjesa sitnih kamencica koji se truse, blago glacane stone tools and potsherds are located as much as povrsine, smede boje. 100 metres from the pit so that it could be concluded 2- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, dobro that it is not an isolated structure. But based on prociscene gline, uglacane povrsine, odlicne izrade, what is known of the Lasinja culture, this site would, tamno smede boje. by its topographic position, fit in with the others 3- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s (DIMITRIJEVIC 1979, 147). The positions are primjesama kamencica koji se truse, grube izrade, gently sloping and situated above floodplains and izvana i iznutra svijetlo smede a u prijelomu erne an abundant waterway. A sondage on the fields boje. south of the pit, at the present day plough fields, 4- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, dobro would certainly be useful. Judging by the prociscene gline, odlicne izrade, narancaste boje. documented pit, ploughing has not destroyed the 5- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, dobro site, so that other undamaged pits might be located. prociscene gline, odlicne izrade, tamno sive boje. Further research is needed to pin down with 6- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, dobro cer ta inty the culture the finds hail from, and if it prociscene gline, odlicne izrade, prijelom tamno sive were proven tha t they did in fact belong to the Sece boje, p r emazana crnom bojom i dobro uglacane culture, the same should be bet ter documented in

28 povrsine. 7- Ulomak prostoracno izradene posude, dobro prociscene gline, odlicne izrade, tamno sive boje. 8- Ulomak prostoracno izradene posude, dobro prociscene gline, odlicne izrade, narancaste boje. 9- Ulomak prostoracno izradene posude, dobro prociscene gline, uglacane povrsine, odlicne izrade, zuckaste boje. 10- Ulomak prostoracno izradene posude, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, grube izrade, izvana i iznutra svijetlo smede a u prijelomu erne boje. 11- Ulomak prostoracno izradene posude, dobro prociscene gline, odlicne izrade, tamno sive boje. 12- Donji dio prostoracno izradene posude, dobro prociscene gline, tamno smede do erne boje. Posebni nalaz PNl. 13- Roznjak. Gromace 2, jama J l . 14- Roznjak. Gromace 1, slucajni nalaz. 15- Roznjak. Gromace 1, slucajni nalaz. 16- Roznjak. Gromace 2, slucajni nalaz. 17- Roznjak. Gromace 1, slucajni nalaz.

order to bring this, still open issue, closer to its conclusion. Whatever the case may be, Gromace 2 is the first Copper Age site in the Bednja vaUey, and is as such, regardless of the smaU number of finds, an exceptional archaeological and historical source.

CATALOGUE TABLE 1 - Gromace 2, Pit J1 / Chance finds

l-Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, tempered slightly with crumbling crushed pebbles, with slightly burnished surface, of brown colour. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of well-refined clay, with burnished surface, of excellent manufacture, dark brown in colour. 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, tempered with crumbling crushed pebbles, of rough manufacture, of light brown colour inside and out with black colour at the break. 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of well-refined clay, of excellent manufacture, of orange colour. 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of well-refined clay, of excellent manufacture, of dark grey colour 6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of well-refined clay, of excellent manufacture, dark grey colour at the break, glazed with black colour and of well-burnished surface. 7- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of well-refined clay, of excellent manufacture, of dark grey colour 8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of well-refined clay, of excellent manufacture, or orange colour. 9- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of well-refined clay, with burnished surface, of excellent manufacture, of yellowish colour. 10- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, tempered with crumbling crushed pebbles, of rough manufacture, of light brown colour inside and out with black colour at the break. 11- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of well-refined clay, of excellent manufacture, of dark grey colour 12- Lower part of a hand-made vessel, of well-refined clay, of dark grey to black colour. Special find PNl. 13- Splinter. Gromace 2, pit J l . 14- Retouched bladelet. Gromace 1, chance find. 15- Flint. Gromace 1, chance find. 16- Truncation. Gromace 2, chance find. 17- Endscraper on a flake. Gromace 1, chance find.

Tabla 1. Varazdinske Toplice-Gramace 2. 1-11,13 J1, 4293±33 calBC. / 12 PN1. / 14-17 Slucajni nalazi. Tablet Varazdinske Toplice-Gromace 2. 1-11,13 J1, 4293+33 calBC. 112 PN1.114-17 Chance finds.

CIGLENICA KOD VARAZDINSKIH TOPLICA Srednjovjekovno seliste UVOD Prilikom terenskog pregleda i nadzora dana

3.12.2003.g., kod Varazdinskih Toplica, pronadeni su brojni ulomci srednjovjekovnih keramickih posuda i pecnjaka. Taj je dan pregled obavljan u dolini Koscevec (na karti Veliki potok), na prostom buduceg cvora Varazdinske Toplice (58+198). Nalaziste se proteze na stacionaze 58+100 do 58+300 buduce autoceste Zagreb - Gorican, odnosno na manju uzvisinu koja je trebala posluziti za izgradnju nadvoznjaka. Privremene prilazne ceste za strojeve bile su upravo probijene te zavrsena prva faza betoniranja potpornih stupova za nadvoznjak. Keramicki ulomci pronadeni su u iskopanoj zemlji i profilima. Provedeni gradevinski radovi znatno su ostetili nalaziste, ali je ostao dio netaknutog prostora na rubnim dijelovima. Dana 10.3.2003.g., cim su vremenski uvjeti to dopustili, zapoceli su arheoloski radovi, koji su zavrseni 23.3.2003.g.1

Mala brdska greda Ciglenica nalazi se u klancu koji mjestani Toplica zovu Koscevec. Dolinom tece Veliki ili Mrzli potok (ovisno o karti koju State) u

CIGLENICA NEAR VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE Medieval settlement INTRODUCTION Numerous potsherds of medieval ceramic vessels

and stove tiles were found during a December 3 2003, field survey and supervision near Varazdinske Toplice. A survey was carried out that day in the Koscevec valley (on the map Veliki potok) in the area of the future Varazdinske Toplice interchange (58+198). The site stretches from the 58+100 to 58+300 kilometre markers of the future Zagreb -Gorican highway, that is, on a small elevation that was to serve as an overpass ramp. Temporary access roads for heavy machinery had just been completed as had the first phase of cementing support posts for the overpass. The ceramic potsherds were located in the excavated soil and the profiles. The construction work completed up to that point has damaged the site considerably, but an undisturbed area remained on the outer sections. Archaeological work commenced March 10 2003, as soon as weather conditions allowed, and were completed by March 23 2003.1

The ridge known as Ciglenica is situated in a ravine that the inhabitants of Toplice caU Koscevec. The Veliki or Mrzli creek (depending on which map you are reading) runs through the valley bound for Toplice. We learned of the toponym Ciglenica from the former owners of the land, they say that bricks

31

Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Dolina Koscevca i ostaci uzvisine Ciglenica tijekom izgradnje autoceste i arheoloskih istrazivanja.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. The Kosevec valley and the remains of the Ciglenica elevation during the construction of the highway and archaeological research.

1 Osim autora kao yoditelja, u arheoloskim radoyima sudjeloyali su arheolozi i student! dr.se.Zorko Marko™, Krunoslay Zubfie, Helena Nodilo, Ante Vranko™, Marija Drazanfie i Igor Miholjek. Zahvaljujem Stjepanu Hajduku, ramatelju Gradskog muzeja Varazdinskih Toplica na toploj dobrodosliei i pruzenoj pomoei. Besides the author, acting as team leader, also participating in the archaeological work were archaeologists and students Zorlw Marlaroic D.Sc, Krunoslav ZubUi, Helena Nodilo, Ante Vranhwic, Marija Drazaneic and Igor Miholjek. I wish to thank Stjepan Hajduk, Director of the VaraUinske Toplice Municipal Museum for his warm welcome and the assistance offered.

32

Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Izgradnja autoceste privremeno je zaustavljena arheoloskim iskopavanjima. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Construction of the highway was temporarily stopped for archaeological excavations.

pravcu Tbplica. Za toponim Ciglenica saznali smo od nekadasnjih vlasnika zemljista, a oni smatraju da je tu nekad izradivana opeka. U sumi oko 50 m juzno od nase uzvisine postoje vidljive mpe u zemlji, koje bi mogle biti ostatak jama za kopanje gline. Mladi stanovnici Tbplica ovo uzvisenje zovu Nebo. Prije gradevinskih radova, ova uzvisina nije obradivana, vec je bila zarasla visokom travom i sitnim grmljem. Geoloski, greda je sastavljena od vapnenackog kamena bijeloljubicaste boje te sloja zutog lapora koji sa istocne strane nasjeda na kamenu gredu. Preko tih geoloskih slojeva, prostire se dublji ili plici sloj pjescane gline te tanak sloj povrsinskog humusa. Uzvisina Ciglenica nije posebno visoka, ali dominira sredisnjim dijelom doline, koja je omedena visokinibrdinia. Vodotok je obilan, a u blizini postoji i malo jezero, vjerojatno nekadasnji ribnjak.

RIMSKO DOBA NALAZI Prilikom istrazivanja ni na jednome mjestu nisu

otkrivene strukture, niti je uspjesno izdvojen neki jasno odredivi sloj iz rimskog doba. Unatoc zabilje-zenim polozajima nekih pokretnili nalaza, uglavnom je rijec o slucajnim nalazima.

POKRETNI NALAZI Kerami~ki nalazi Na Ciglenici i u blizoj okolici pronadeni su neki

ulomci koji potjecu iz rimskog razdoblja. U sondama ovi nalazi potjecu iz najnizih slojeva, ali se u nekim slucajevima nalaze i pomijesani s kasnijim materijalom (npr. sonda G). Svi rimski nalazi vrlo su usitnjeni, ali neki oblici su tipoloski lako prepoznatljivi, a ostali su ulomci prepoznati prema izradi. Nalazi datiraju u rano i srednje doba Carstva. Na nalazistu je pronadeno vise manjih ulomaka opeke koji su vjerojatno anticki, a mozda su doneseni s rusevina obliznjeg rimskoga grada (Aquae Iasae) u vrijeme gradnje srednjovjekovnog naselja.

Ulomci keramickih posuda uglavnom su standardni. Lonac Tl-2 moze se usporediti sa

were once manufactured here (trans. note: “cigla” = brick). There are visible holes in the ground in the forest about 50 m south of our elevation that might be the remains of pits where clay was extracted. The younger inhabitants of Toplice call this elevation Nebo. This elevation was not cultivated prior to the construction work, but was rather overgrown with high grass and smalls shrubs. Geologically, the chain of hiUs is composed of limestone of white-purplish colour and a layer of yellow marl that sits on the stone chain from the east. A variably deep or shallow layer of sandy clay and a thin layer of surface humus stretches over these geological layers. The Ciglenica elevation is not particularly high, but it dominates the central part of the valley, bordered by high hills. The waterway is profuse and there is a smaU lake nearby, probably once a fishpond.

THE ROMAN ERA FEATURES Structures were not unearthed anywhere during

the research nor was a clearly definable Roman Era layer successfully determined. In spite of the marked positions of some finds, they are predominantly chance finds.

FINDS Ceramic finds Potsherds originating from the Roman Era were

found at Ciglenica and in the nearby surroundings. These finds were located in the lowest levels of the exploratory trenches, but were, in some cases, found mixed with later materials (for example in trench G). All of the Roman finds are highly fragmented, but typological identification of some of the shapes was simple, while other potsherds were identified based on their fabrication. The finds date from the early and middle Imperial Era. Several small potsherds of brick were located at the site that are probably from the Roman period, or might have been carried from the ruins of the nearby Roman city (Aquae Iasae) during the construction of the medieval settlement.

Most of the potsherds of ceramic vessels are standard type. Pot Tl-2 can be compared with similar specimens from Ptuj (VOMER-GOJKOVIC1993, t.5-2). A small bowl of grey clay, Tl-7, with an engraved decoration of a series of lines similar to those found at the Ptuj site (TUSEK t.25-9) dated to the 2nd century. The most fascinating find is a well-made small (sigillata) vessel, for which I was unable to find a comparative example. An uncompleted spindle whorl (Tl-13) made from a part of a Roman period brick should be mentioned. It was ground diagonally and then discarded before the hole was fully penetrated. As is known from other specimens, it did not have to be worked as a spindle whorl during the Roman period itself; rather, it might have been made as one during the medieval period from an old brick potsherd.

sUcnima iz Ptuja (VOMER-GOJKOVIC 1993, t.5-2). Zdjelica od sive gline, Tl-7, s urezanim ukrasom crtica u nizu slici takoder ptujskom nalazu (TUSEK t.25-9) datiranom u 2.stoljece. Naj-zanimljiviji je nalaz vrlo kvalitetne male (sigilatne) posudice, kojoj nisam pronasao usporedbu. Treba spomenuti i nalaz nedovrsenog prsljena (Tl-13) koji je izradivan od dijela rimske opeke. Izbrusen je ukoso i odbacen, prije nego je rapa probijena dokraja. Kao sto je poznato prema drugim primjerima, on nije morao biti raden kao prsljen u rimsko doba, vec ga je netko mogao izraditi u srednjem vijeku od starog ulomka opeke.

Ostali nalazi Na Ciglenici je pronaden i dio namkvice od crnog

stakla (PN1, Tl-11) . Slicne narukvice upotrebljavane su u raznim razdobljima, a u ovom kraju ceste su u latenskom i rimskom razdoblju. Upotrebljavale su se i u kasnom srednjem vijeku (Ruzica RADIC, BOJCIC 2004 s.224), all drukcijeg, nepravilnog oblika. S obzirom na pravilan “D” presjek i boju (KOSCEVIC 1993, 82, t.2-2,3,4), te vecpronadene rimske nalaze, sigurnije ju je opredijeliti u to doba.

SREDNJI VIJEK NALAZI Vec spomenuti opsezni gradevinski radovi,

predodredili su mogucnosti koje su postojale za arheolosko istrazivanje. Kao sto se vidi na karti nalazista nacinjenoj totaJnom geodetskom stanicom, zelenom bojom oznacena je granica gradevinskog iskopa, koja je predodredila polozaje arheoloskih sondi zapravo na rabovima nalazista. To su bila jedina nedirnuta mjesta.

Sondom A pokusali smo ustanoviti sto se zbivalo na istocnom obrezju uzvisine. Nadali smo se tragovima obrambene drvene ograde oko najviseg dijela uzvisine, ali ova sonda nije dala opipljivih strukturnih rezultata. Zemljani sloj bio je relativno plitak, i u njemu su se nalazili samo sporadicni komadi keramike i dragih sitnih nalaza. Ispod zemlje, kao sloj zdravice nalazio se zuti lapor, u koji se nikad nije ukopavalo.

Sonde B i C kopane su uz novosagradeni betonski propust za vodu. U njegovom iskopu pronadeno je mnostvo nalaza pa se ovim sondama htjelo ispitati iz kojih slojeva oni potjecu.

Sonda C imala je relativno visok nasipni sloj zemlje. U njemu je pronadeno dosta nalaza, a oni su ovdje doplavljeni s vrha uzvisine. Na dnu sonde se kao zdravica nalazila ziva stijena, koja se lako mrvi. Stijena je bila prekrivena tanjim ili debljim slojem gara pomijesanim s nalazima. U samom sjeverozapadnom dijelu sonde pronaden je i zatrpan tok vodotoka, kroz koji je uskoro izbila voda.

U najvecoj sondi na Ciglenici, sondi B, otkriveno je zanimljivo stanje. Na samom dnu, otkriven je nekadasnji vodotok u zdravici (S17). U njegovoj ispuni nalazili su se sporadicni nalazi keramike i zivotinjske kosti (S16). Keramicki ulomci sa samog

33 Other finds A part of a bracelet made of black glass (PN1,

Tl-11) was found at Ciglenica. Similar bracelets were used in various periods, and in these parts they are frequent in the Laten and Roman periods. They were also used in the late Middle Ages (Ruzica RADIC, BOJCIC 2004 pg.224), but of different, irregular, shape. Given the uniform “D” cross-section and colour (KOSCEVIC 1993, 82, t.2-2,3,4), and the already located Roman period finds, it is safer to assign it to this period.

THE MIDDLE AGES FEATURES The already mentioned large-scale construction

work, predefined the possible scope of archaeological research. As can be seen on the map of the site, done in a complete geodetic survey, the outer limit of construction excavation is marked in green, and it predefined the location of the archaeological trenches to the edges of the site. These were the only undisturbed areas.

In exploratory trench A we endeavoured to ascertain what had taken place on the eastern slopes of the elevation. We hoped for traces of a defensive wooden fence around the highest point of the elevation, but this trench did not produce tangible structural results. The layer of soil was relatively shallow, and contained only sporadic pieces of ceramic and other small finds. Under the soil, as subsoil there was yellow marl that had never been dug.

Exploratory trenches B and C were dug along the newly constructed cement gutter. Numerous finds were found during the excavation of this channel so that these trenches aimed to ascertain from which layers they originated.

Exploratory trench C had a relatively high earth embankment. Quite a few finds were uncovered in it, carried here by floodwaters from the top of the

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Kamena stijena s tragovima pale`a u sondi C.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Stone with burn traces in trench C.

34

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Pogled na sondu B. U prvom planu vodotok sa spaljenim drvom, na zemljanom bloku ostaci podnice ku}e i pored ispra`njena jama J3.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. A view of trench B. A waterway with burnt wood in the foreground, on a soil block the remains of a house’s floor and next to emptied pit J3.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Sonda H, jama J1, uklesana u `ivu stijenu, tijekom pra`njenja.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Trench H, pit J1, carved into solid rock, during emptying.

dna korita bili su vrlo sitni, ali prema fakturi vjerojatno su rimskodobni. K tome, pronadena je veca nakupina spaljenog drvenog materijala - grana i neobradenih dijelova debla. Datacijom 14C sloj konacnog zatrpavanja tog vodotoka datiran je u prijelaz iz 11.st. u 12. st. (1116±68 calAD).2 Slijedi sloj u kojem je razina izravnata i u njemu se nalaze ulomci keramike i drugih nalazi (Sl5). Ostro odvojen je sljedeci sloj, s nesto vise razlicitih nalaza (Sl3). Njemu je vjerojatno istovremen sloj 4, u kojem se nalaze skromni ostaci nadzemne kuce. Rijec je o dijelu podnice koja je bila temeljena kamenim oblucima i dijelovima lomljene opeke koja bi mogla biti anticka. Na tom temeljenju nalazio se nekadasnji pod od pecene zemlje sa zaravnatim hodnim slojem. Nazalost, vjerojatno djelovanjem korijenja, pod je posve popucao, te su njegovi dijelovi bili pomijesani sa sitnim keramickim ulomcima. Sitni komadi gara iz tog sloja datiraju nam ovaj objekt 14C metodom

elevation. At the bottom of the trench there was a subsoil of easily crumbled solid rock. The rock was covered with a layer of charcoal of variable thickness mixed with finds. At the north-western end of the trench a former waterway was located through which water soon flowed.

In the largest of the Ciglenica exploratory trenches, trench B, an interesting situation was unearthed. A former waterway was unearthed, in the subsoil, at the very bottom of the trench (Sl7). There were sporadic finds of ceramics and animal bones in its deposit (Sl6). The ceramic potsherds from the very bottom of the channel were very small, but are, by their structure likely from the Roman period. Besides this, a larger group of burnt wooden material - branches and parts of a trunk that had not been worked, were found. Carbon 14 dating of the layer that finally filled this waterway put it at the end of the 11th to the beginning of the 12th century (1116±68 calAD).2 The following layer has a straightened level and contains finds of ceramic potsherds and other finds (Sl5). The next level is sharply delineated, with slightly more varied finds (Sl3). It is probably synchronous with layer 4, in which are located the modest remains of an above ground house. This is part of the floor structure once founded on stone pebbles and pieces of broken brick that may be Roman period. Located on this foundation was the former floor of baked earth with levelled occupational layer. The floor has, unfortunately, become entirley fractured, probably the effect of root growth so that its parts have become mixed with small ceramic potsherds. Small pieces of charcoal from this layer date the structure, using the C14 method, to the 16th century (1543±65 calAD).3 Midden (J3), dug from this layer into the previous one, probably belongs to this structure (OB). Several ceramic potsherds were located in the pit’s fill as was charcoal and animal bones. The structure and pit and the corresponding former occupational layer are topped by the next layer, with fewer ceramic finds (Sl2). Further above is a thin layer of humus, with sporadic ceramic finds and several pieces of New Age roof tile (Sl1). A drawing of the profile shows clearly that construction workers removed part of this layer from above one part of the exploratory trench.

Exploratory trenches D, F and G were dug on the eastern, more gradually sloped side of the elevation. 3 layers were established here. There is subsoil layer on the bottom of hard yellow marl followed by the once medieval layer, rich in clay with relatively few finds and finally a present day layer of humus with sporadic finds. Nevertheless, a former deep entrenchment into the subsoil was recognised in exploratory trench G in the form of a ditch (OJ1). In this ditch’s fill, in the lowest layer, finds of Roman and medieval ceramic were

2 14C klasi&na datacija izradena je u Laboratoriju za mjerenje niskih aktivnosti Instituta “Ruder Boskovi” u Zagrebu (Z-3276, BP 920 + 65). Skracena kalibracija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilistu u Kolnu Classic C14 dating was done at the “Ruder Boshivic" Institute’s Low Activities Measuring Laboratory in Zagreb (Z-3276, BP 920± 65). Shortened calibration using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University Koln.

u 16. st. (1543±65 calAD).3 Ovom objektu (OB) najvjerojatnije pripada i otpadna jama (J3) koja se nalazila ukopana iz ovog sloja u prethodni. U ispuni jame pronadeno je nekoliko keramickih ulomaka i gara te zivotinjskih kostiju. Objekt i jamu te njima pripadajuci nekadasnji hodni sloj nadvisuje sljedeci sloj, s manje keramickih nalaza (S12). Iznad njega nalazi se tanki humusni sloj, s mjestimicnim keramickim nalazima te nekoliko komada novovjekovnog crijepa (Sll). Na crtezu profila zamjetljivo je kako su gradevinari ovaj sloj ogulili iznad jednog dijela sonde.

Sonde D, F i G kopane su na istocnoj, blagoj strani uzvisine. Ovdje su prepoznata 3 sloja. Na dnu se nalazi zdravica od zutog, tvrdog lapora, zatim nekadasnji srednjovjekovni glinoviti sloj s relativno brojnim nalazima te na kraju suvremeni humusni sloj sa sporadicnim nalazima. Ipak, u sondi G prepoznat je nekadasnji duboki ukop u zdravicu u obliku jarka (0J1). U ispuni jarka, u najnizem sloju, pronalazeni su nalazi rimske keramike ali i srednjovjekovne keramike. Bezoblicni ulomci opeke mogli bi biti anticki. Pri zavrsetku nasih radova, bager je probijao sredisnji prostor kako bi se izbacila nakupljena voda u stupovima vijadukta, prema betonskom propustu. Na tome mjestu otkrio se vrlo slican ukop (OJ2) jarka iz sonde G. Prosirivsi ga rucno (Sonda I), potvrdili smo postojanje dvaju nasuprotnih obrambenih jaraka.

Sonda E iskopana je na uskom sacuvanom dijelu uzvisine. Iz gradevinskog profda virio je zeljezni predmet s ruckom za nasad. Sondiranjem je ustanovljeno kako je zeljezni kosir lezao u tankom zemljanom sloju na ljubicastoj stijeni. Iznad njega nalazila su se jos dva zemljana sloja s malo keramickih nalaza. Rub uzvisine prema zapadu prosiren je kasnijim zasipom. Mozda je rijec o srednjovjekovnom zaravnavanju vrha uzvisine.

Sonda H nalazi se na krajnje sjevernom dijelu uzvisine koji je bio netaknut. Na ovome mjestu spajaju se kao geoloski slojevi zdravice zuti lapor sa istoka i blijedo ljubicasta porozna stijena sa zapada. U tankom humusnom sloju pronadeni su brojni ulomci keramike. Najvredniji nalaz su dvije duboke jame, uklesane u zivu stijenu (Jl,2). Izgledaju kao jame za masivne drvene stupove, a u ispuni su pronadeni ulomci keramike. U jednoj (Jl) je pronaden gar koji je ispunu opredijelio u 16.st. 14C metodom (1560±52 calAD).4

Posljednja sonda, sonda X, bila je na krajnje juznom dijelu nalazista, vec na obroncima visokog brda iz kojeg uzvisina Ciglenica izlazi kao niza greda. Na dnu sonde nalazio se sloj s mjestimicnim nalazima smrvljene keramike koja bi se mogla odrediti kao rimska. Iznad njega nalazi se omedeni

unearthed. Shapeless fragments of brick may originate from the Roman period. After our work was done an excavator breached the central area in order to drain water that had gathered in the viaduct’s arches, towards the concrete culvert. An entrenchment (OJ2) was unearthed there very similar to the ditch in trench G. Widening it by hand (Trench I), we confirmed the existence of two facing defensive ditches.

Trench E was excavated on a narrow preserved portion of the elevation. An iron object with a setting handle protruded from the construction profde. A sondage established that the iron billhook lay in a thin layer of soil on purplish rock. Above it were a further two layers of soil with few ceramic finds. A later fill widened the westward edge of the elevation. This may have been a medieval levelling of the top of the elevation.

Trench H is located to the untouched far north of the elevation. Joined here as a geological subsoil layer are yellow marl from the east and porous pale purple rock from the west. Numerous potsherds were collected in the thin layer of humus. The most valuable features are two deep pits, carved into solid rock (Jl,2). They appear to be post holes for massive wooden posts. Potsherds were found in the pit’s fill. Charcoal was found in one (Jl) that dated the fill to the 16th century using the C14 method (1560±52 calAD).4

The final sondage, trench X, was at the far south of the site, right off the slopes of a tall hill from which the Ciglenica elevation spreads as a lower ridge. At the bottom of the trench was a layer scattered finds of shattered ceramics that could be designated as Roman. Above it was a well-defined and dense layer of charcoal, burnt earth, crushed

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Ostaci objekta u gra|evinskom profilu -sonda X prije po~etka iskopavanja.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Remains of a structure in a construction cross section - trench X prior to excavation.

»14C dataeija AMS izradena je u Leibniz Labor fur Altersbestimmung undlsotopenforsehung, Christian-Albreehts-Unwersitat uEelu (KIA-21272, BP 366+27). Skraeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilistu u Kolnu. Carton 14 AMS dating was done at the Leibniz Labor fur Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Christian-AIbrechts- Vniversitdt in Kiel (KIA-21272, BP 366±27). Shortened calibration using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln . 114C dataeija AMS izradena je u Leibniz Labor fiir Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforseliung, Cliristian-Albreelits-Universitat u Eelu (KIA-21270, BP 335±23). Skraeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveucilistu u Kolnu. Carbon 14 AMS dating was done at the Leibniz Labor fur Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Christian-AIbrechts- Vniversitdt in Kiel (KLA-21270, BP 33S±23). Shortened calibration using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln .

36

Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Ulomak lonca s “trnastim” obodom. 1279±6 calAD. (T2-10)

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Potsherd of a pot with “thorny” rim. 1279+6 calAD. (T2-10)

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Rekonstruirani lonac. (T7-1)

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Reconstructed pot. (T7-1)

sloj gustoga gara, paljene zemlje, smrvljenog ljepa te mnostvo ulomaka keramike. Kako se sve to nalazilo u gusto pomijesanom sloju dubljine do 10 cm, nije jasno da li je ovdje rijec o spaljenoj drvenoj kuci ili o ostacima jame za susenje keramike. Pronadeni su i bezoblicni veci i manji komadi pecene zemlje koji bi mogli biti ostaci ljepa kuce ali i dijelovi peel Ostaci posuda ne upucuju na radionicki otpad a slicni su primjerci rjecti na drugim dijelovima ovog nalazista. Gar je datiran 14C metodom u 13. st. (1279±6 calAD).6 Iznad ovog sloja nalazila su se jos dva podeblja zemljana sloja s mnogo nalaza mlade keramike. Kako je ovdje rijec o strmini, svi slojevi prate nagib, pa se istanjuju prema zdravici. U kutu sonde pronaden je ponovno ostatak vodotoka koji je prepoznat i u sondi B i C, koje bi se nalazile nizvodno. No, on ima svoj vrh iznad razine gara, pa tako s obzirom na obje datacije mozemo zakljuciti kako je objekt u sondi X bio ukopan. Opsezni gradevinski radovi i nizbrdica na kojoj smo se nalazili onemogucili su prosirenja ove zanimljive sonde.

POKRETNI NALAZI Keramicki nalazi Na Ciglenici je pronadena velika kolicina

keramike koja se treba datirati u razvijeni i kasni srednji vijek. Nazalost, nije pronadena ni jedna cijela posuda, ali se vrlo pazljivim pristupom iskopavanju te kasnijem razvrstavanju gradiva uspjelo rekonstruirati nekoliko posuda, koje uspjesno oprimjeruju kasnije faze ovog naselja.

Najranije srednjovjekovne nalaze prikupili smo uglavnom u sondi X, odnosno u spaljenom objektu

(ili peci) na obroncima brda na juznoj strani, izvan pretpostavljenog sredista naselja. Nesto istodobnih ulomaka pronaslo se i u dubljim slojevima u ostalim sondama ili

su otkriveni kao slucajni nalazi u hrpama zemlje na gradilistu. Unatoc tome sto je

u objektu u sondi X pronadena veca kolicina ulomaka, kasnijom obradom pokazalo se kako posude nisu bile razbijene unutar te zatvorene cjeline, vec su tu naknadno ubacene. Naime,

od nekoliko stotina ulomaka vise-dnevnim pregledavanjem pronadeno je

samo nekoliko spojeva, pa se ni jedna posuda nije mogla rekonstuirati. Ta

zatvorena cjelina datirana je u drugu polovinu 13.st. metodom 14C, a sama keramika prema

tipoloskim obiljezjima odgovara razdoblju od 12. do 13. stoljeca. Za to razdoblje karakteristicni su “odrezani” rubovi oboda, koji su tada “trakasto” prosirivani, za razliku od uskih u razdoblju 9. i 10.

daub and numerous potsherds. As all this was located in a densely mixed layer of up to 10 cm thickness, it is not altogether clear whether these are the remains of a burnt house or the remains of a ceramic drying pit. Also found were larger and smaUer shapeless fragments of fired earth that could be the remains of a house’s daub or of parts of a kiln. The remains of vessels do not point to workshop refuse and similar specimens are rarer in other parts of this site. The charcoal was dated using the C14 method to the 13th century (1279 ± 6 calAD).6 Above this layer were another two thick layers of soil with many finds of younger ceramics. As this is a slope, all of the layers follow the slope’s inclination, as become thinner towards the subsoil. The remains of the waterway located in trench’s B and C was again located in a corner of this trench, which would be located down water. Its apex is, however, above the level of charcoal so that, based on both datings, we can conclude that the structure in trench X was buried. Extensive construction work and the downhill slope we were located on did not allow us to widen this interesting trench.

FINDS Ceramic finds A large quantity of ceramics was located at

Ciglenica that should be dated to the developed and late Middle Ages. Unfortunately, not a single intact vessel was located, but very careful excavation and later sorting of the collected material saw the reconstruction of several vessels, that successfully characterise the later phase of this settlement.

Most of the earliest medieval finds were coUected in trench X, that is, in the burnt structure (or kiln) on the southern slopes of the hill, outside of the assumed centre of the settlement. Some concurrent potsherds were located in deeper layers in other trenches or were unearthed as chance finds in piles of soil on the construction site. Despite there being a larger quantity of potsherds located in the feature in trench X, later analysis showed that these vessels were not broken within the closed structure, but were jettisoned there subsequently. Namely, many days of sifting through several hundred potsherds did not yield more than a few connections, and not a single vessel could be reconstructed. This closed structure was dated to the second half of the 13th century using the C14 method, while the ceramic itself, based on its characteristics, belongs to the period from the 12th to 13th century. “Trimmed” rim edges are typical for the period, that were then widened in “ribbon” fashion, unlike their narrow counterparts from the 9th to 10th century periods.

5 14C dataeija AMS izradena je u Leibniz Labor fiir Altersbestiimmmg und Isotopenforsehung, Christian-Albreelits-Universitat u Eelu (KIA-21271, BP 725 ± 19). Ishod postigmit klasi&iom metodom na Institutu “Ruder Bosko™" donio je mladi ishod, ali s veeom greskom (Z-3275, BP 515 + 65). Arheoloski nalazi iz sloja pripadaju ranijoj dataeiji. Skraeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilistu u Kolnu. Carton 14 AMS dating was done at the Leibniz Labor fur Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforsehung, Christian-Albrechts- Vniversitat in Kiel (KIA-21271, BP 725±19). Result obtained using the classic method at the “Ruder Boskovic" Institute g^ve a younger dating, Jmt with greater error margin (Z-3275, BP 515± d5J. Ills archaeological finds from the layer belong to an earlier dating. Shortened calibration using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln.

stoljeca. Za razdoblje 12. i 13. st. karakteristican je i tzv. “trn”, odnosno izbocenje na donjem rubu trake oboda, koji u presjeku izgleda kao trn (vidi npr. T2-10-15). Dio nalaza iz objekta u sondi X moze se usporedititi sa istovremenima s Magdalensberga ( JERNEJ 2001, 466, t.1-1,2) i s posudom u kojoj je pronadena pseca glava s nalazista Torcec -Crkvisce ( S E K E L J - I V A N C A N , KUZIR, BAUER, MARKOVIC 1999).

Kasnosrednjovjekovna keramika, s odlikama gotickog razdoblja najcesci je nalaz na Ciglenici. Odnosi se na razdoblje kasnog 14.st. pa sve do kraja 16.stoljeca. Kao i dmgdje, keramika ovog razdoblja na Ciglenici uglavnom je odlicno ili bar vrlo dobro pecena, posude su cvrste i ne osipaju se. Glina u to doba nije bila jos potpuno prociscavana prije pecenja, pa je zato kao primjesa u gradi ostao sitan kamen i pijesak. Najveci dio posuda je smedesivo pecen, u svim tonovima, dok su crvenkaste posude izrazito rijetke. S obzirom na karakter nalazista, iznenadujuce raznolik je repertoar oblika i funkcija keramickih predmeta . Pronadeni su ostaci pravokutnih pecnjaka (Ofenkachel), lonaca za kuhanje, cepova, casa, pehara, vrceva, boca i vrlo sirokih posuda za pohranu hrane. Vecina posuda upueuje na isti radionicki krug, ali nalazimo i nesto materijala uvezenoga iz daljih prostora. Upozoriti treba kako su ipak vrlo rijetki ili potpuno nedostaju neki oblici posuda koje cesto nalazimo na kasnosrednjovjekovnim i ranonovovjekovnim starim gradovima u Sloveniji i sjevernoj Hrvatskoj. Rijec je o tronoznim zdjelama i tavama, sirokim i uskim zdjelama sa supljom ruckom, ocakljenim reljefnim pecnjacima, tanjurima itd. Vecina spomenutih oblika uglavnom je ocakljena, a na Ciglenici postoji tek nekoliko ulomaka sa caklinom. Slicno stanje je i s posudama ukrasenim bojenim crtama. Takoder posve nedostaje ukras u vidu plasticne trake isprekidane utorima jagodica prstiju, docim postoje trake sa uskim urezima. Ovu cinjenicu opravdao bill razvojem spomenutih oblika u vremenu kasnijem od nalaza na Ciglenici, sto zorno predocuje kronoloski razvoj posuda na prijelazu iz kasnosrednjovjekovnog razdoblje u ranonovovje-kovno razdoblje (npr. Leipzig: SCHMITT, WEST-PHALEN 1994: abb.l59).

Na Ciglenici je pronadeno mnogo keramickih pehara i casa raznih oblika (T4-10, T5-1, T7-4,5, T8-11, T9-l,2,5, T10-6, T l l -7 ,9 , T12-5, T13-5); medutim, skroman je broj izravnih usporedbi s gradivom sa ostalih nalazista. Casa trbusastog oblika T5-1 moze se usporediti s nalazom iz Sokolovca, a casa na visokoj nozi T12-5 s primjerkom iz Kraljeve Velike koji se datiraju u 14-15.st. (SEKELJ-IVANCAN 2002, t.2-6, t.4-5). Pehari i case uglavnom su lijepo ukraseni i ubrajaju se medu najkvalitetnije keramicke proizvode na Ciglenici, a s obzirom na nacine izrade, za vecinu se moze reel kako su uvezeni iz nekih daljih radionica.

Medu uvezeno posude treba uvrstiti i bojenu keramiku (T8-4), rucku s urezima (T8-14), ulomak s pecatnim ukrasom (T4-2) i ulomak s

Also typical for the 12th to 13th century period was the co-called “thorn”, that is, a projection on the lower edge of the rim ribbon that in a cross-section resembles a thorn (see for example T2-10-15). Part of finds in the structure in trench X can be compared to concur ren t ones from Magdalensberg ( JERNEJ 2001, 466, t.1-1,2) and with a vessel in which a dog’s head was found at the Torcec - Crkvisce site (SEKELJ-IVANCAN, KUZIR BAUER, MARKOVIC 1999).

Late medieval period ceramics, with traits of the Gothic period, are the most numerous finds at Ciglenica. This covers the period from the late 14th century to the end of the 16th century. As elsewhere, the ceramics of this period is at Ciglenica predominantly very well or at least well fired, the vessels are firm and do not crumble. Clay at the time was still not fully refined prior to firing, so that the material is stiU tempered by tiny fragments of stone and sand. The lion’s share of the vessels are fired brownish-grey, in grey tones, while reddish vessels are very rare. Given the kind of site this is, the repertoire of shape and function of these ceramic objects is surprisingly diverse. Remains were found of rectangular stove tiles (Ofenkachel), cooking pots, stoppers, drinking vessels, goblets, jugs, bottles and very wide vessels for food storage. Most of the vessels point to a single workshop, but there is some material imported from distant areas. It should be pointed out however, that some vessel types often found in late medieval or early New Age towns in Slovenia and northern Croatia are nevertheless exceedingly rare or not present. These are three-legged bowls and pans, wide and narrow bowls with hollow handles, glazed relief stove tiles, plates and so forth. Most of the mentioned forms are glazed, while Ciglenica yielded only a few potsherds sporting glaze. The situation is similar with vessels decorated with coloured lines. Also completely missing are decorations like plastic ribbons with intermittent depressions made by impressed fingertips, while there are ribbons with narrow grooves. I would attribute this fact to the development of the mentioned forms in a period later than that of the Ciglenica finds, vividly shown the chronological development of vessels at the transition from the late medieval period to the early New Age period (for example, Leipzig: SCHMITT, WEST-PHALEN 1994: abb.l59).

Many ceramic goblets and drinking vessels of varied shapes were located at Ciglenica (T4-10, T5-1, T7-4,5, T8-11, T9-l ,2,5, T10-6, T l l -7 ,9 , T12-5, T13-5); the number of direct correlations, however, with the material of other sites is meagre. T5-1, a bulge-shaped drinking vessel can be compared with a find from Sokolovac, while T12-5, a high-legged drinking vessel can be related to a specimen from Kraljevo Veliko that date from the 14th-15th centuries (SEKELJ-IVANCAN 2002, t.2-6, t.4-5). Both goblets and drinking vessels are mostly nicely decorated and can be counted among the highest-quality ceramic products at Ciglenica

37

Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Dio pehara? (T12-5) Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Part of a goblet? (T12-5)

Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Ulomak velike spremisne posude. (T12-9) Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Potsherd of a large storage vessel. (T12-9)

38

Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Rekonstruirani lonac. 1560±52 calAD. (T9-8)

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Reconstructed pot. 1560+52 calAD. (T9-8)

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Djelomi~no rekonstruirana kerami~ka boca. (T12-13)

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Partially reconstructed ceramic bottle. (T12-13)

crticama od kotacica (T13-8). Ovi su ulomci na Ciglenici izdvojeni kao jedinstveni nalazi, a na ostalim okolnim nalazis t ima nisu brojnije zastupljeni. Keramicki ulomak bojen s dvije tamne crte na svijetloj pozadini slican je pronadenima na utvrdi Mende (MIKLOS 1981, t.19, t.16) a autor ih datira u 12 - 13.st. Nasi ulomci vjerojatno potjecu iz razmjerno kasnijeg vremena.

Pronaden je ulomak siroke racke s paralelnim urezima u nizu, T8-14. Veci broj takvih rucki s urezima pronaden je na Gradiseu sjeverno od

Nedelisca (TOMICIC 1990, sl.10) koje autor pripisuje ukrasima 13.st., a pronalaze se i drugdje u sredisnjoj Europi u doba 13 - 14.st. (Auersperk,

POLACEK 1989, t.4-8). U istrazi-vanjima nalazista S ta ra ves kod

Nedelisca pronadena je i otpadna jama (Kl) s keramickim gradivom koje vjerojatno pripada loncarskoj radionici 16. do 17.st., a u blizini je pronaden ulomak slicne racke koji bi takoder valjalo datirati u 16.st.

(Stara ves T15-1). U skladu s time, a i prema stratigrafskom polozaju,

ulomak sa Ciglenice je najbolje pripisati 16.stoljecu. Ulomci boca T7-7, T12-13 mogu se

postaviti u 15. i 16.st. i usporediti s nalazom iz Sokolovca (SEKELJ-IVANCAN 2002, t.7-

2). Nekoliko ulomaka pripada vrcevima ili bocama s ruckom(ama) (T7-8, T8-12).

Cest nalaz su i cepovi (T6-9, T7-10, T8-7,10, T12-7, l l , T13-6,7), kojih je vjerojatno i vise, ali ih je tesko odrediti u slucaju kada im obodi slice obodima lonaca, sto je na ovom nalazista dosta cesto.

Vrlo zanimljiv nalaz su i velike “spremisne posude”, na ceskome zasobnice, od kojih je pronadeno nekoliko ulomaka. Postoje vrlo grube, od slabo prociscene gline, s tragovima pljeve i citavih sjemenki na vanjskom dijelu stijenki (T6-7, T13-9) i vrlo kvalitetne, od tvrdo pecene gline s ukrasom - crtama na obodu (T5-3). Ove posude zbog svojih velikih mjera nisu izradivane na kolu, pa primjerice T5-3 s vanjske strane ima vidljive tragove nanosenja slojeva i ravnanja povrsine. Takoder je tesko odrediti promjer otvora, a jos teze samu zapreminu kqja je sigurno bila zamasna. U Ceskqj su pronadene na mnogim nalazistima (Mstenice, NEKUDA 1985, s . l 09 , s . l l l ; MECHUROVA 1997, s.63,

t.LXV-13, t.LXVI-1) a datiraju se u razdoblje od 14. do 15. stoljeca. Na Canjevu su pronadeni

primjerci u nekadasnjoj ostavi koja je L prigradena uz starije zidove, pa mislim da kt bi se kod nas mogle datirati u 16. st. (objekt

2, BEKIC, SEKULA 2005, 79). Ovu dataciju potvrduje i 14C datacija objekta

na Ciglenici. Bolje izradeni primjerak (T5-3) pomalo slici i na veliku zdjelu pronadenu u Bratislavi (HOSSO 1997, obr.2-1) pa nije sigurno jeli rrjec o istom tipu kao kod prethodna dva. Nazalost, ni na Ciglenici, niti na Canjevu nisu pronadena dna ovih

and, given the method of manufacture, it can be said of most that they were imported from some distant workshops.

Coloured ceramics (T8-4), grooved handles (T8-14), fragments with stamped decoration (T4-2) and potsherds with lines made by small wheels (T13-8) should be counted among the imported vessels. These potsherds have been separated as unique finds at Ciglenica, and are not frequent at other nearby sites. A ceramic potsherd coloured with two dark lines on a lighter background is similar to those found at the Mende fortress (MIKLOS 1981, t.19, t.16) with the author dating them to the 12th - 13th century. Our potsherds probably hail from a relatively later date.

A potsherd of a wide handle with a series of parallel engravings, T8-14, was found. A larger number of engraved handles like this one were found in Gradisce north of Nedelisce (TOMICIC 1990, sl.10) that the author attributes to 13th century decoration, and are found elsewhere in Central Europe in the 13th - 14th century period (Auersperk , P O L A C E K 1989 , t . 4 -8 ) . In researching the Stara ves site near Nedelisce a midden was found (Kl) with ceramic material that probably hails from a pottery workshop from the 16th to 17th century, while a potsherd of a similar handle was found nearby that ought also to be dated to the 16th century (Stara ves T15-1). In line with this, and given the stratigraphic position, the Ciglenica potsherd is best attributed to the 16th century.

Bottle potsherds T7-7, T12-13 can be attributed to the 15th and 16th centuries and compared to finds from Sokolovac (SEKELJ-IVANCAN 2002, t.7-2). Several potsherds belong to jugs or bottles with one or more handles (T7-8, T8-12).

Stoppers are a frequent find (T6-9, T7-10, T8-7, 10, T12-7, l l , T13-6,7), there likely being even more, but difficult to identify when their rims are similar to the rims of bowls, quite frequent at this site.

Very interesting finds are large “storage vessels”, called zasobnic in the Czech language, of which several potsherds where found. There are very rough specimens, made of poorly refined clay, with traces of chaff and entire seeds on the outer wall (T6-7, T13-9) but also very well made ones, of hard-fired clay with decorations in the form of lines on the rim (T5-3). These vessels were not, on account of their great size, made on a potter’s wheel, so that T5-3 for example, has on its outside visible traces of applied layers and surface evening. It is also difficult to ascertain the diameter of the opening, and even harder to determine the vessel’s volume, although it must have been considerable. They have been unearthed in the Czech Republic at many sites (Mstenice, NEKUDA 1985, pg.109, p g . l l l ; MECHUROVA 1997, pg.63, t.LXV-13, t.LXVI-1) and have been dated to the period from the 14th to 15th centuries. Specimens were located at Canjevo in a former storage room that was built

posuda, pa im pravi oblik mozemo samo naslucivati prema usporedbama.

Pecnjaci sa Ciglenice redovito pripadaju neukrasenim cetverouglatim tipovima (T6-16, T13-2,4, T10-4, T8-2,3). Kako reljefni pecnjaci uopce nisu pronadeni, moze se pretpostaviti kako je stanovnicima Ciglenice za njih nedostajao novae, odnosno da su takve peci bile neprimjerene drvenim kucama kakve tu pretpostavljamo. Proizvodnje klasicnih neukrasenih cetverouglastih peenjaka pocela je prije proizvodnje onih reljefnih, ali je nastavljena i nadalje, usporedo s raskosnijim, sto se moze pratiti i na kasnijim nalazistima. Primjerice, pecnjaci na Canjevu, identicni ovima sa Ciglenice, usporedni su raznim inacicama cakljenih i necakljenih reljefnih peenjaka (BEKIC 2004, 18,19; BEKIC, SEKULA 2005, t.l).

Najvecim postotkom medu posudem zastupljeni su, naravno, lonci. Na vecini su izvedeni siroki obodi rasclanjeni s vise rebara i utorima s unutrasnje strane ruba, te sa srednje tankim stijenkama. To su sve odlike razdoblja od 14. do 16. st. (JERNEJ 2001, 466). Zanimljiva je posebna vrsta lonaca s urezanom oznakom X s unutrasnje strane oboda (T3-2,3, T6-1, T12-12). Oznaka je bila urezana u vlaznu glinu, a vecina ulomaka ima ukras u vidu lazne “pletene trake” i valovnice na ramenu. Za razliku od krizne oznake na dnu posude (npr. T3-6, T5-1, T6-14 itd.), koja je trag loncarskog kola i dio tehnickog procesa, ovi X urezi namjerna su oznaka u pravom smislu te rijeci. S obzirom na srodnost ovih posuda, zasigurno je rijec o odredenoj radionici, koja se zasad ne moze locirati. Jedini lonac s urezanom oznakom X s unutrasnje strane oboda za koji znam, pronaden je u Celju (GUSTIN, JEZERSEK, PROSEK 2001, s.212-32). Prilikom istrazivanja nalazista Nedelisce-Gradisce pronadene su dvije rucke koje takoder imaju urezan znak X, a autor ih datira u 13.st. (TOMICIC1990, sl.10-9,10).

Nije pronadeno mnogo gradevinskog materijala. Ulomci opeke pronadeni su vrlo usitnjeni. Za dio se moze opravdano pretpostaviti kako su anticki, ali dio bi mogao biti i srednjovjekovni. Takoder nije bilo ostataka vapna ili zbuke, pa valja zakljuciti kako su srednjovjekovni objekti u cijelosti bili izgradeni od drva.

Kao slucajni nalaz pronaden je i mali ukraseni ulomak koji je vjerojatno dio casice lule (T14-5). Nacin izrade podsjeca na madarske proizvode 18. i 19. st. (BEKIC 2000, 252).

Metalni nalazi Na Ciglenici je pronadeno relativno mnogo

metalnih nalaza. Najcesci su kovani cavli raznih velicina i oblika, tipicni za srednjovjekovno razdoblje. Pronadeno je i dosta zeljeznih nozeva u razlicitom stanju sacuvanosti (T4-3, T6-17, T14-2,3,4?). Najbolje ocuvana je drska noza T6-17, s dvije bakrene zakovice na drsci za uevrscivanje drva, koje je i sacuvano u tragovima. Na jabucici (peti) drs-ke nalaze se tri bakrene plocice, izmedu kojili su drvene

as an annex on older walls, so that I am of the opinion that they could be dated to in our case to the 16th century (structure 2, BEKIC, SEKULA 2005, 79). This dating is confirmed by C14 dating of the structure at Ciglenica. A better-made specimen (T5-3) is slightly similar to a large bowl found in Bratislava (HOSSO 1997, obr.2-1) so that it is uncertain if this is the same type as with the previous two. Unfortunately, the bottoms of these vessels were not located, neither at Ciglenica nor at Canjevo, so that their true shape can only be surmised based on comparison.

Stove tiles at Ciglenica regularly are of the undecorated four-cornered type (T6-16, T13-2,4, T10-4, T8-2,3). As stove tiles with relief were not found at aU, it can be surmised that the inhabitants of Ciglenica had not the level of wealth needed to acquire them, or that stoves of that kind were not suited to the wooden houses we have assumed were located here. The production of classic, undecorated, four-cornered stove tiles started before the production of those bearing relief impressions but continued later on, concurrent to the more luxurious models, which can be followed at later-period sites. Jbr example, the unglazed stove tiles at Canjevo, identical to these at Ciglenica, are found together with glazed and relief versions (BEKIC 2004, 18,19; BEKIC, SEKULA 2005, t.l).

The greatest percentage of vessels present here are, of course, pots. Most have wide rims, divided with several ribs and grooves on the inside of the edge, and having walls of medium thickness. These are all traits typical of the period from the 14th to 16th centuries (JERNEJ 2001, 466). A particular type of pot with an X mark engraved into the inside of the rim is interesting (T3-2, 3, T6-1, T12-12). The sign was varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. engraved into wet clay, and most fragments have a Rekonstruirani lonac. (T10-7) false “pleated ribbon” decoration and wavy lines on Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. the shoulder. Unlike the cross mark on the bottom Reconstructed pot. (110-7) of a vessel (for example T3-6, T5-1, T6-14 etc.), that is a trace of the potter’s wheel and a part of the technical process, these X engravings are a deliberate mark in the true sense of the word. Given the correlation of these vessels, it is surely from a single workshop that can, for the moment, not be identified. The only pot with an engraved X mark on the inside of the rim that I know of was found at Celje (GUSTIN, JEZERSEK, PROSEK 2001, pg.212-32). While researching the Nedelisce-Gradisce site two handles were found that also have an engraved X mark, and are dated by the author to the 13th century (TOMICIC 1990, sl.10-9,10).

Not much construction material was found. Only very fragmented potsherds of brick were collected.

39

\

40

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Ulomak lonca s urezanom oznakom X. (T3-3)

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Potsherd of a pot with engraved X mark. (T3-3)

plocice istili mjera. Gotovo identicni nozevi pronadeni su u Ruzici kod Orahovice (RADIC, BOJCIC 2004, s.92) a autori su ih datirali u 15 - 16.stolece. Vjerqjatno istom tipu pripada i ostecena drska T14-2 (PN2), koja ima urezane utore kao i primjerak s Ruzice (RADIC, BOJCIC 2004, s.92-71).

Vrh strijele, T14-1, u obliku lista sa zadebljanjem pred trnom, tipican je za ovo razdoblje. Slicne strijele, ali romboidnog oblika, pronadene su u Podumcima kod Unesica (KRNCEVIC 2000, t.-5,t-6); potjecu iz borbi s Turcima i datiraju u prvu polovinu 15. stoljeca. Vrlo slicna strelica pronadena je i u Veletinu na Kosovu (SHUKRIU 1988, s.107, sl.5).6

Neobican je u cijelosti ocuvan kosir, T14-19, kovan od masivnog zeljeza. Kosiri s drugih nalazista (Ruzica RADIC,BOJCIC 2004, s.105; Konuvky MECHUROVA 1997, t.LII-4) nisu istog oblika kao nas primjerak. Medutim, kosir je pronaden u stratigrafski netaknutom sloju i nedvojbeno pripada vremenu oko 15.st. Od ostalih predmeta moze se spomenuti i jedno osteceno dlijeto T10-10.

Ostali nalazi Dosta istrosen i napukao kameni bras (T8-6),

treba prema stratigrafskom polozaju datirati u 16.stoljece.

Kosti Prilikom sondiranja Ciglenice pronadeno je 160

ulomaka zivotinjskih kostiju i provedeno je njihovo odredivanje. Na osnovi arheozooloskog izvjestaja, dobivena je bolja slika privrednih prilika na nasem srednjovjekovnom naselju. Medu kostima, koje su barem donekle bile cjelovite, prepoznat je 1 ulomak kosti velikog prezivaca, 5 ulomaka kostiju malih prezivaca, 10 ulomaka kostiju goveda, 8 ulomaka kostiju jelena te 11 ulomaka kostiju svinje. Na

nekim kostima uocljivi su tragovi zuba mesozdera pa se smatra da je u naselju bilo i pasa koji su se hranili ostacima

ljudske ishrane. Mnogobrojne kosti pronadene su u

zemlji vec prekopanoj prilikom gradevinskih radova, a ostale su uglavnom iz raznih slojeva. Ono sto

I vrijedi izdvojiti kao zanimljivo u [ stratigrafskom pogledu jest to da u

sondi X nisu pronadeni ulomci ' kostiju, pa niti u nasem neodredenom

“objektu”. U sloju zatrpavanja “po-' toka” u sondi B (ll/12.st.) pronadeni

su veliki dijelovi kostiju goveda. U objektu OB sonde B (16.st.) pronadene

su kosti, doduse neprepoznate, ali su izvan objekta u pripadajucem hodnom sloju (4)

prepoznate kosti goveda i svinje. U njima pripadajucoj jami (J3) prepoznate su kosti

goveda i jelena. I u sloju koji datacijski prethodi

Fbr some it is tenable to surmise that they hail from the Roman period, while another part are likely medieval. There were no remains of mortar or wall plaster, so that it can be concluded that the medieval structures were entirely constructed of wood.

A small, decorated potsherd was located as a chance find that is probably part of a pipe bowl (T14-5). The method of manufacture is reminiscent of Hungarian production in the 18th and 19th centuries (BEKIC 2000, 252).

Metal finds Relatively large quantities of metal finds were

coUected at Ciglenica. The most frequent are forged iron nails of various sizes and shapes, typical of the medieval period. A large quantity of iron knives was found in various levels of preservation (T4-3, T6-17, T14-2, 3, 4?). The best preserved is the handle of a knife T6-17, with two copper rivets on the handle for affixing the wood, itself preserved in traces. There are three copper plates on the hilt’s pommel, between which are wooden plates of the same dimensions. Almost identical knives were found at Ruzica near Orahovica (RADIO, BOJCIC 2004, pg.92), dated by the authors to the 15th to 16th centuries. A damaged handle T14-2 (PN2) is probably of the same type, and has engraved groves like the specimen from Ruzice (RADIC, BOJCIC2004, pg.92-71).

An arrowhead, T14-1, leaf-shaped and widened before the tip, is typical of this period. Similar arrowheads, but of rhomboid shape, were located in Podumci near Unesic (KRNCEVIC 2000, t.-5,t-6); their origin is from battles done with Turkish forces and date to the first half of the 15th century. A very similar arrowhead was located at Veletino in Kosovo (SHUKRIU 1988, pg.l07, sl.5).6

An unusual find is an entirely preserved biUhook, T14-19, forged of solid iron. Bill-hooks from other sites (Ruzica RADIC, BOJCIC 2004, pg.105; Konuvky MECHUROVA 1997, t.LII-4) are not of the same shape as our specimen. The billhook was, however, found in a stratigraphicaUy untouched layer and undoubtedly belongs to a time around the 15th century. Of other objects we can mention one damaged chisel, T10-10.

Other finds A quite worn and cracked whetstone (T8-6) that

based on its stratigraphic position should be dated to the 16th century.

Bones 160 fragments of animal bone were located and

classified at the Ciglenica sondages. A more complete picture of the reigning economic conditions in our medieval settlement was gotten from an archaeozoological report. Identified among the

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Rekonstruirani lonac. (T8-1)

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Reconstructed pot. (T8-1)

6 Autor je datira u starije zeljezno doba; medutim, trebalo bi je pripisati srednjem yijeku, jer uostalom iz toga doba na Veletinu i postoje ostaei utvrde. The author dates it to the early Iron Age; it should however, by attributed to the Middle Ages, because there are remains of a fortification from that period at Veletino.

ovima, pronadene su kosti jelena te svinje i goveda. Prema tome proistjece to da je osim klasicnog stocarstva duze vrijeme bio zastupljen lov, i to na visoku divljac. Kakve su bile pravne pretpostavke za takvu vrstu lova ili krivolova u kaptolskim sumama od 14. do 16. st., tek treba istraziti.

Veterinari u svom izvjestaju jos dodaju kako veci broj ulomaka dugih kostiju upueuje na namjerno razbijanje. Takvi postupci provodeni radi pristupa kostanoj srzi koja je mogla nadopuniti ishranu ljudi u razdobljima nestasice i smanjene ishrane, ili radi dobivanja manjih komada koji su podlozniji za izradu oruda. Takvi predmeti doduse nisu pronadeni, osim sto su na nekim kostima prema misljenju veterinara namjerno izvedeni urezi.

ZAKLJUCAK Unatoc velikom broju i skopanih sondi,

mnogobrojnim sitnim nalazima te izvrsenim ispitivanjima, ovo nalaziste ipak nije moguce sa sigurnoscu rastumaciti. Ocigledno je da se na ovome mjestu zivjelo u srednjem vijeku, a bilo je posjecivano i u ranorimsko, novovjeko i moderno doba. Polozaj je, premda bez velikog vojno-strateskog znacenja, ipak vrlo istaknut u ovoj dolini.

Osim mjestimicnih rimskih nalaza koji se ne mogu tumaciti, sigurno je kako je nekadasnji vodotok na zapadnoj strani uzvisine bio u 12.st. zatrpan ili (i) premjesten. Iznad uzvisine, na obroncima viseg brda, nalazila se drvena kuca ili jama (OX) za pecenje keramike iz 13.st. Nakon toga, iskopana su dva obrambena jarka, koji su sluzili kako bi se uzvisina odvojila od viseg brda (OJl ,2) . Jarak, dakle, nije bio prokopan cijelom duzinom, vec samo u obliku dva usjeka, koji su suzavali prolaz prema naseljenom zaravanku. Njihovo zatrpavanje datirano je keramickim nalazima od 14. do lG.stoljeca. Sto se nalazilo na sredisnjem dijelu zaravanka uzvisine, necemo saznati jer je taj dio vec bio gradevinski iskopan. Ipak,

bones, that are at least in part intact, were 1 bone fragment from a large ruminant, 5 bone fragments from small ruminants, 10 bone fragments from cattle, 8 bone fragments from deer and 11 bone fragments from swine. The teeth marks of a carnivore are recognisable on some of the bones so that it is likely that there were dogs in the settlement that were fed with the leftovers of a human diet.

Numerous bones were located in the soil already excavated during construction work, the rest being predominantly from various layers. What deserves to be singled out as interesting in the stratigraphic sense is that there were no bone fragments located in t rench X, not even in our unidentif ied “structure”. In the “creek” filling layer of trench B ( l l th/12th century) there were a large fragments of cattle bone. Bones were found in structure OB of trench B (16th century), admittedly unidentified, but outside the structure in the corresponding occupational layer (4) of identified cattle and swine bones. The bones of cattle and deer were identified in their corresponding pit (J3). And again in the layer that dating has preceding these ones, the ones of deer, swine and cattle were found. This means that, besides classic cattle breeding, big game hunting too was present for a longer period of time. What the legal conditions were for this kind of hunting or poaching in forests owned by the Kaptol were from the 14th to 16th centuries has yet to be researched.

Veterinarians have in their report added that a larger number of the bone fragments indicate deliberate breaking. This was done in order to get to the bone marrow during periods of privation or in order to procure smaller pieces suitable for tool making. Objects like that were, admittedly, not found, outside of some bones on which, in the opinion of veterinarians, engravings were made deliberately.

CONCLUSION

41

Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Ulomak lonca. Slucajni nalaz.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Potsherd. Chance find.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. S obzirom na kratke rokove, radilo se do kasno u ve~ernje sate.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Given the short period of time available work went on late into the night.

42

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Ostaci objekta (na postolju) u sondi X.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Remains of a structure (on a pedestal) in trench X.

znamo kako se na krajnje sjevernom dijelu zaravanka nalazio neki objekt utemeljen jakim drvenim gredama. Da li je rijec o kuci, drvenoj kuli ili cardaku, ne moze se zasigurno reei. Ti stupovi prestali su biti u uporabi u 16.st., kako je datiran gar iz ispune. Odmah ispod uzvisine, na zapadnoj strani, u 16.st., nalazila se barem jedna nadzemna kuca s uredenim temeljenim podom i pripadajucom otpadnom jamom izvan zgrade.

Mjestimicne nalaze iz rimskog doba ne mozemo sa sigurnoscu tumaciti. S obzirom kako se datiraju u rano rimsko doba, oni se mogu dovesti u vezu samo s naseljem Aquae Iasae (same Toplice). Mozda su se u ovoj dolini nalazila obradena polja ili pasnjaci koje su iskoristavali stanovnici tog vaznijeg rimskog naselja, pa su dijelovi posuda odbaceni prilikom cestog boravka na ovoj uzvisini.

Nakon tog razdoblja, nema tragova ljudske djelatnosti sve do pocetka 12.stoljeca. Tada se ovoj uzvisini promijenio karakter nekim nivelacijama (sonda B), no pravi trag ljudske aktivnosti seze u 13.stoljece. Poznato nam je iz povijesnih izvora kako je toplicki kraj u tome razdoblju bio u vlasti Kaptola zagrebackog. Naime, u ispravi koju je kralj Bela III izdao Kaptolu doznajemo da je ban Aleksije poklonio toplicki posjed Kaptolu zagrebackom izmedu 1110. i 1116. godine. U toj ispravi se prvi put spominju Toplice (CABRIAN 1973a, 16). U 12.st. Kaptol je imao problema u upravljanju ovim posjedom. U borbama nakon Kolomanove smrti, kaptolski posjed prisvojio je varazdinski zupan Belec, a nakon njegove smrti posjed je pripao zupanu Mocmeru. Tek potkraj 12 st. prilike su se ponovo razvijale u korist Kaptola. U prvoj polovini 13.st. darivanjima zemljista posjed se i uvecao. Nakon mongolske provale sredinom 13.st., kada je, vjeruje se, stradao i toplicki kraj, uslijedila je obnova i daljnji razvoj. Iz toga doba datiraju prvi brojniji nalazi na nasem naselju (sonda X). Vjerojatno je u to doba provedena i organizacija

Despite a large number of excavated trenches, numerous small finds and research, this site can nevertheless not be with certainty interpreted. It is evident that the place was inhabited during the Middle Ages, and was visited in the early Roman period, New Age and Modern Era. The position is, despite not possessing significant military-strategic significance, nonetheless quite prominent in this valley.

Outside of scattered Roman period finds that cannot be identified, it is certain that the former waterway to the west side of the elevation was filled up in the 12th century or (and) relocated. Above the elevation, on the slopes of a taller hill, there was a wooden house or a pit (OX) for firing ceramics dated to the 13th century. Two defensive ditches were dug that served to divide the elevation from the taller hill (OJ1,2). The ditch, then, was not dug the entire length, but rather only in the form of two cuttings that narrowed the passage towards the inhabited plateau. Their filling was dated by ceramic finds to the period from the 14th to 16th century. What was on the central part of the elevation’s plateau, we cannot ascertain as that part already saw construction excavation. Nevertheless, we know that there was a structure founded on strong wooden beams at the far northern part of the plateau. Whether this was a house, wooden tower or a guard tower, cannot be said for certain. These posts were not in use after the 16th century, the dating of the charcoal in the fill. Directly under the elevation, to the west, there was in the 16th century at least one above-ground house with a foundation floor and corresponding midden outside the structure.

Scattered finds from the Roman period cannot be with certainty interpreted. Given that they are dated to the early Roman period, they can be connected to Aquae Iasae (the town of Toplice itself). Perhaps there were cultivated fields in this valley, or pastures used by the inhabitants of this important Roman settlement, and parts of vessels were discarded during the frequent stays on this elevation.

There are no traces of human activity from this period right up to the 12th century. The appearance of this elevation was then altered by some sort of levelling (trench B), but true traces of human activity go back to the 13th century.

We know from historical sources that the Toplice area was at the time in the power of the Zagreb’s Kaptol. In an document issued by Kng Bela III to the Kaptol we discover that Viceroy Aleksije made a gift of the Toplice holdings to Zagreb’s Kaptol sometime between the years 1110 and 1116. Toplice are mentioned for the first time in this document (CABRIAN 1973a, 16). The Kaptol had problems managing this property in the 12th century. In the battles that followed the death of Koloman, the Kaptol property was appropriated by the Varazdin Zupan (prefect) Belec, and after his passing the possession fell to Zupan Mocmer. Only after the 12th century did the wind turn again to the Kaptol’s

toplickog posjeda sustavom predijalnog upravljanja. Prema Kaptolskom statutu Ivana Arcidakona Gorickog iz 1334. g. poznati su nam nazivi 15 predija na toplickom posjedu. Svaki predij Kaptol je podijelio pojedinom slobodnjaku - vazalu, uz obavezu vjernosti, sluzbovanja i placanja odredene godisnje svote. Josip Cabrian je swjim istrazivanjem povezao imena nekih predija s danasnjim selima te ih tako barem okvirno locirao, ali ostalo ih je jos nekoliko do danas neubiciranih (CABRIAN 1973a, 16). Mozda je i Ciglenica bila jedan od till predija, a staro ime mu nije sacuvano. Nalazi raskosnije robe (pehari, case i slicno) te ostaci divljaci daju naslutiti da na ovome mjestu nisu zivjeli samo siromasni kmetovi vec i oni koji su si je takve proizvode mogli priustiti. Dakle, mozda je na ovoj uzvisini stajala i bolje izgradena kuca u kojoj je stanovao kaptolski predijalac - upravitelj imanja. Draga moguenost koja ne mora pobijati prethodno izlaganje, jest pretpostavka da se na sjevernom dijelu uzvisine tijekom 16.st. nalazio drveni cardak koji je sluzio haramijama iz Toplica kao predstraza samom kastelu.

Propast Ciglenice kao organiziranog naselja zbila se vjerojatno sredinom 16.st. (sonda B, H). U to doba ucestale su provale Turaka u ove krajeve, a poznato je kako su oni zapalili i same Tbplice 12. svibnja 1540.godine. Tada su opljackali i okolicu trgovista, te u ropstvo odveli oko 500 ljudi. Jos jedno vece pustosenje zabiljezeno je 1545.godine. Njihova neprijateljstva u torn kraju nastavljena su do kraja 16.st., pa je u kastel Varazdinske Toplice smjesteno 59 granicara koji su trebali braniti tamosnje pucanstvo. Ipak, toplicki je posjed opustosen, a mnoga su naselja napustena, kako svjedoci jedna isprava iz 1600. g. (CABRIAN 1973b, 17, 18; HAJDUK 1981, 26). Da li je Ciglenica spaljena u istom pohodu kada i Tbplice ili su njezini stanovnici tijekom druge polovine 16.st.

favour. The possession was widened in the first half of the 13th century with further land grants. After the Mongol incursions of the 13th century when, it is believed, the Tbplice area was also hit, there was a period of reconstruction and further development. The first more numerous finds in our settlement (trench X) date from this period. It is likely that the organisation of the Tbplice property was carried out at this time using the system of predial management. According to the Kaptol Statutes of Ivan Arcidakon Goricki of 1334, we know the names of 15 predials on the Tbplice possession. Every predial was granted to a freeman-vassal with the obligation of loyalty, service and the payment of certain annual sums. Josip Cabrian in his research connected the names of some of the predials with those of present-day villages, and in doing so at least roughly established their location, but a few have remained to this day undetermined (CABRIAN 1973a, 16). Ciglenica too, perhaps, was one of these predials, and its old name not preserved. Finds of more luxurious goods (goblets, drinking vessels and the like) and remains of hunted game hint at the possibility that not only poor peasants lived here but also those that could afford themselves these kinds of goods. In short, perhaps a better-constructed house stood on this elevation in which a Kaptol predial - a property manager, had his home. Another possibility that does not necessarily refute the previous exposition, is the assumption that there was a wooden guard house on the northern part of the elevation in the 16th century that was used by the “Haramija’s” (border guards) from Tbplice as a fore guard to the keep itself.

The fall of Ciglenica as an organised settlement occurred most likely in the mid 16th century (trenches B, H). Turkish incursions into the area were frequent at the time, and it is known that they

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Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Iskopavanje sonde H, najviseg dijela uzvisine, gdje su pronadene jame za stupove uklesane u stijenu. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Excavation of trench H, the highest point on the elevation, where the post holes carved in rock were located.

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burnt Toplice itself May 12th, 1540. They at that occasion also looted the surroundings of the marketplace, spiriting off 500 to serve as slaves. Another even greater plundering took place in 1545. Conflict lasted in the area up to the 16th century, so that the keep in Varazdinske Toplice had a complement of 59 “Granicari” (border guards) whose task it was to defend the local i n h a b i t a n t s . The Toplice p rope r ty was, notwithstanding, devastated, and many settlements abandoned, as is witness by a document from the year 1600 (CABRIAN 1973b, 17, 18; HAJDUK 1981, 26). Was Ciglenica burnt during the campaign in which Toplice suffered this fate, or did its inhabitants leave of their own account during the second half of the 16th century to the relative safety of the keep or elsewhere, remains to be answered. Whatever the case, there are no further traces of inhabitation from then on.

The finding of several potsherds from porcelain plates and ceramic pipes bears witness to “picnics” held here by better-situated guests of the bathing grounds during the 19th century. An old military whistle and several rifle cartridges hint at a fore guard to Toplice here during the Second World War, at the time an important military stronghold (CABRIAN 1973c, 29, 30).

CATALOGUE TABLE 1 – Ciglenica, Roman period: Layers / Chance finds

1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles,

Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Sjeverni profil sonde B. (donji je izravni nastavak gornjega). 1- Zemlja s primjesom pijeska zute oker boje. 2- Zemlja tvrdo nabijena tamno smede i erne boje. 3- Zemlja s fragmentima drobljene keramike i nalaza gara, tamno oker i erne boje. 4- Zemlja s fragmentima drobljene keramike (podnica kuaee) oker i erne boje. 5- Zemlja Qute oker boje. 6- Zemlja zelenkaste boje s mnogo nalaza gara. A- Gar erne boje. B-Keramika.C- Kamen. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. North profile of trench B. (the lower is a direct continuation of the upper one). 1- Soil with an admixture of ochre-yellow coloured sand. 2- Hard tamped soil of dark brown and black colour. 3- Soil with fragments of crushed ceramics and finds of charcoal, of dark ochre and black colour. 4- Soil with fragments of crushed ceramics (floor of a house) of ochre and black colour. 5- Soil of ochre-yellow colour. 6- Soil of greenish colour with many charcoal finds. A- Charcoal of black colour. B- Ceramics. C- Rock.

sami odselili u relativno sigurniji kastel ili drugdje, ostaje pitanje. Kako god bilo, tragova naseljavanja od tada na Ciglenici vise nema.

Pronalazak nekoliko ulomaka porculanskih tanjura i keramicke lule svjedoci kako su ovdje “piknike” imali i dobrostojeci gosti kupalista tijekom 19.stoljeca. Stara vojna zvizdaljka i nekoliko puscanih cahura daju naslutiti kako se ovdje u Drugome svjetskom ratu nalazila neka predstraza Toplicama, koje su u to doba bile vazno vojno uporiste (CABRIAN 1973c, 29, 30).

KATAL0G TABLA 1 - Ciglenica, antika: Slojevi Slucajni nalazi

1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, sive, a u prijelomu tamno smede boje. Sonda G, Sloj 2. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo sive boje. Sonda X, Sloj 3, podnica. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, sive boje. Slucajni nalaz. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, tamno sive boje. Sonda B, Sloj 3. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, slabije izrade, povrsine tamno smede i prijeloma svijetlo smede boje. Sonda G, Sloj 2. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s posve malo primjesa sitnog pijeska, sive boje. Slucajni nalaz.

7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, bez primjesa, tvrde izrade, crne povrsine i prijeloma narandaste boje. Slucajni nalaz. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, bez primjesa, mekse izrade, svijetlo sive boje. Sonda G, Sloj 2. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, bez primjesa, tvrde izrade, crvene povrsine, u prijelomu i iznutra narancaste boje. Sigilatta ili kopija. Slucajni nalaz. 11- Ulomak narukvice od crne neprozirne staklene paste, relativno pravilnog oblika. PN 1, Sonda A, Sloj 1. 12- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, bez primjesa, tvrde izrade, crvene povrsine, u prijelomu i iznutra narancaste boje. Terra sigilatta. Sonda G, Sloj 2. 13- Nedovrseni prsljen izraden od dijela posude?, bez primjesa, mekse izrade, svijetlo smede boje. Sonda B, Sloj 3. 14- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, vrlo dobro prociscena glina, tamno sive boje. Sonda B, Sloj 3. 15- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, bez primjesa, narancaste boje koja ostavlja trag. Sonda G, Sloj 2.

TABLA 2 - Ciglenica, Sonda X, Sloj 3, Podnica OX 1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, sive boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, tamno smede i crne boje. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 11- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, sive boje. 12- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 13- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu,

grey, and of dark brown colour at the break. Trench G, Layer 2. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light grey colour. Trench X, Layer 3, floor. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of grey colour. Chance find. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of dark grey colour. Trench B, Layer 3. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of inferior fabrication, dark brown surface colour and of light brown colour at the break. Trench G, Layer 2. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with very little temper of fine sand, of grey colour. Chance find. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, without temper, of harder fabrication, with black surface colour and with orange colour at the break. Chance find. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, without temper, of softer fabrication, of light grey colour. Trench G, Layer 2. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. Chance find. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, without temper, of hard fabrication, with red surface, of orange colour inside and at the break. Terra sigillata or a copy. Chance find. 11- Shard from a bracelet of black opaque glass paste, of relatively regular shape. PN 1, Trench A, Layer 1. 12- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, without temper, of hard fabrication, with red surface, of orange colour inside and at the break. Terra sigillata. Trench G, Layer 2. 13- An incomplete spindle whorl made from part of a vessel?, without temper, of softer fabrication, of light brown colour. Trench B, Layer 3. 14- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of very well refined clay, of dark grey colour. Trench B, Layer 3. 15- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, without temper, of orange colour that leaves a trace. Trench G, Layer 2.

TABLE 2 – Ciglenica, Trench X, Layer 3, Floor OX 1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of grey colour. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast

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46 s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 14- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 15- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 16- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 17- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje.

TABLA 3 - Ciglenica, Sonda X, Sloj 2 / Sonda X, Sloj 3, Podnica OX

1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, grube izrade, tamno smede boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, smede boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, smede boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, grube izrade, tamno smede boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tamno smede boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, svijetlo sive boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, erne boje. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, narancaste boje. 11- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, narancaste boje. 12- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 13- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje.

TABLA 4 - Ciglenica, Sonda G, Sloj 2 / Sonda G, Sloj 3 / Sonda C, Sloj 3

1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, smede boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, narancaste boje. 3- Ulomak zeljeznog nozica. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, smede boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s vrlo malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede i zuckaste boje. Mozda dio od T4-11. 6-Zeljeznicavao.

potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of dark brown and black colour. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 11- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of gray colour. 12- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 13- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 14- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 15- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 16- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 17- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour.

TABLE 3 – Ciglenica, Trench X, Layer 2 / Trench X, Layer 3, Floor OX

1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of rough fabrication, of dark brown colour. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of brown colour. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of brown colour. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of rough fabrication, of dark brown colour. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of dark brown colour. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of light grey colour. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of black colour. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of orange colour. 11- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of orange colour. 12- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour. 13- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast

7-Zeljeznicavao. 8- Zeljezm okov. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tamno smede boje. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, narancaste boje. 11- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s vrlo malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede i zuckaste boje. Mozda dio od T4-5.

TABLA 5 - Ciglenica, Sonda B, Sloj 5 / Sonda B, Sloj 6

1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, smede boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s doradom na brzovrtecem kolu?, izvana tragovi doljepljivanja gline s vanjske strane, s primjesama krupnog pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo sive do smede boje. Polumjer otvora 32,5 cm.

TABLA 6 - Ciglenica, Sonda B, Sloj 4, Podnica OB 1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo sive boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa vecili kamencica i pljeve, lagane i porozne izrade, narancaste boje. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, svijetlo smede boje. 11- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tamno smede boje. 12- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, svijetlo smede boje. 13- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, smede boje. 14- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa sitnog pijeska, svijetlo smede do narancaste boje. 15- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, svijetlo smede, iznutra sive boje. 16- Ulomak pecnjaka izradena na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo

potter’s wheel, tempered with crumbling pebbles, of light brown colour.

TABLE 4 – Ciglenica, Trench G, Layer 2 / Trench G, Layer 3 / Trench C, Layer 3

1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of brown colour. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of orange colour. 3- Shard of a small iron knife. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of brown colour. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with very little sand, of harder fabrication, of light brown and yellowish colour. Perhaps a part of T4-11. 6- Iron nail. 7- Iron nail. 8- Iron studs. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of dark brown colour. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of orange colour. 11- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with very little sand, of harder fabrication, of light brown and yellowish colour. Perhaps a part of T4-5.

TABLE 5 – Ciglenica, Trench B, Layer 5 / Trench B, Layer 6

1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of brown colour. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of dark brown colour. 3- Potsherd of a vessel made by hand, finished on a fast potter’s wheel?, with traces on the outer surface of clay application from the outside, tempered with rough sand, of harder fabrication, of light grey to brown colour. Opening radius of 32.5 cm.

TABLE 6 – Ciglenica, Trench B, Layer 4, Floor OB 1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder fabrication, of light brown colour. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder fabrication, of light brown colour. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder fabrication, of light brown colour. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder fabrication, of dark brown colour. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder fabrication, of light grey colour. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder fabrication, of dark brown colour. 7- Potsherd of a vessel made by hand, tempered with a large quantity of larger pebbles and chaff, of light and porous fabrication, of orange colour. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder fabrication, of light brown colour. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast

47

48 smede boje. potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder 17- Drska zeljeznog noza s jabucicom. Uocljivi su fabrication, of light brown colour. tragovi bakrenih zakovica na drsci, te sacuvane 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s kombmirane drvene i bakrene plocice koje cme wheel, tempered with sand, of light brown colour. jabucicu. Na drsci je takoder donekle sacuvano H- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s drvo wheel, tempered with sand, of dark brown colour.

12- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast TABLA 7 - Cigle.lica, Sonda B, Sloj 3 potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of light brown colour.

13- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast 1- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica, tamno boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, tamno smede, izvana

potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of brown colour. 14- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of fine sand, of light brown to orange colour.

crvenkaste boje. 15- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of light brown

primjesama pijeska, tamno smede boje. col of colour ms lde. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s 16_ Potsherd of a stove tlle manufactured on a fast primjesama pijeska, tamno sive boje. potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s fabrication, of light brown colour. primjesama pijeska, narancaste boje. 17- Hilt of an iron knife with pommel. Discernable 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s traces of copper rivets on the handle and copper plates primjesama pijeska, tamno smede, iznutra that form the pommel. The wood is partially preserved narancaste boje. on the handle. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, svijetio smede boje. TABLE 7 - Ciglenica, Trench B, Layer 3 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, 1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow bez primjesa, narancaste boje sa svijetio zelenom potter’s wheel, tempered with pebbles, of dark colour.

2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with fine sand, of dark brown colour, of reddish colour outside. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of dark brown colour. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of dark grey colour.

caklinom na vanjskoj povrsini. 9- Ulomak zeljeznog cavla. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, svijetio smede boje.

TABLA 8 - Ciglenica, Sonda B, Sloj 2 / Sonda B, Sloj 2 (sjeverni dio)

1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s 5. Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, narancaste boje. potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of orange colour. 2- Ulomak pecnjaka izradena na brzovrtecem kolu, 6. Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast s primjesama pijeska, zuckaste boje. potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of dark brown 3- Ulomak pecnjaka izradena na brzovrtecem kolu, colour, of orange colour inside. s primjesama pijeska, narancaste boje s tamno 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s zelenom caklinom iznutra i pomalo izvana. wheel, tempered with sand, of light brown colour. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast bez primjesa, narancaste boje s bojenim crvenim potter’s wheel, without temper, of orange colour trakama with light green glaze on the outer surface. 5- Zeljezm cavao. 9- Shard of an iron nail. 6- Brus od sitno granuliranog pjescenjaka, svijetio 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s smede boje, upotrebljavan sa svih strana. wheel, tempered with sand, of light brown colour. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tamno sive boje. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tamno smede boje. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, izvana sive a iznutra tamno smede boje. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu,

TABLE 8 – Ciglenica, Trench B, Layer 2 / Trench B, Layer 2 (northern part)

1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder fabrication, of orange colour. 2- Potsherd of a stove tile manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of yellowish colour.

s primjesama pijeska, narancaste do svijetio smede 3. Potsherd of a s t w e tUe manufactured on a fast b°Je- potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of orange colour 11- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, ^ dark green glaze m s l de and a llttle on the s primjesama pijeska, narancaste boje. outside 12- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, narancaste potter’s wheel, without temper, of orange colour boje s bojenim bijelim crtama. with colour red ribbons. 13- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, 5- Iron nail. s primjesama pijeska, tamno sive boje. 6- Whetstone of finely granulated sandstone, of 14- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, light brown colour, used on all sides. s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, narancaste do 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s

smede boje.

TABLA 9 - Ciglenica, Sonda H, Sloj 1 / Sonda H, Sloj 2 / Sonda H, Jama 1

1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa sitnog pijeska, izvana narancastosmede, a iznutra erne boje. Vjerojatno dio posude T9-2. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa sitnog pijeska, izvana narancasto-smede, a iznutra erne boje. Vjerojatno dio posude T9-1. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, narancaste boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, smede boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, narancaste boje. 6-Zeljeznicavao. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, smede boje. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tamno smede boje. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama krupnijeg pijeska, tvrde izrade, bjelkaste boje. 11- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, smede boje. 12- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, svijetlo smede boje sa zelenom caklinom s unutrasnje strane i po obodu. Caklina svijetlo zelene boje, s mjestimicno tamno zelenim tockicama.

TABLA 10 - Ciglenica, Sonda X/2 (slucajni nalazi) / Sonda D (slucajni nalazi) / Sonda D, Sloj 1 / Sonda F, Sloj 1

1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, smede boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, smede boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, bjelkaste, a iznutra svijetlo smede boje. 4- Ulomak peenjaka izradena na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, smede boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tamno smede boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, smede boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, smede boje. Sonda D (slucajni nalaz). 8- Zeljezm cavao. Sonda D (slucajni nalazi). 9- Zeljezm cavao. Sonda D (slucajni nalazi). 10- Ulomak zeljeznog dlijeta. Sonda D, Sloj 1. 11- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, nepravilne izrade, tamno smede do erne boje. Sonda F, Sloj 1.

TABLA 11 - Ciglenica, Sonda B/P (slucajni nalazi) 1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, smede boje.

wheel, tempered with sand, of dark grey colour. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of dark brown colour. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, outside of grey and inside of dark brown colour. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of orange to light brown colour. 11- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of orange colour. 12- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder fabrication, of orange colour with colour white lines. 13- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of dark grey colour. 14- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of orange to brown colour.

TABLE 9 – Ciglenica, Trench H, Layer 1 / Trench H, Layer 2 / Trench H, Pit 1

1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little fine sand, of orange-brown colour outside, and black colour inside. Probably part of vessel T9-2. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little fine sand, of orange-brown colour outside, and black colour inside. Probably part of vessel T9-1. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of orange colour. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of brown colour. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of orange colour. 6- Iron nail. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of brown colour. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of dark brown colour. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of dark brown colour. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with rough grained sand, of harder fabrication, of whitish colour. 11- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of brown colour. 12- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well refined clay, of light brown colour with green glaze on the inside and along the rim. Glaze of light green colour, with scattered dark green dots.

TABLE 10 – Ciglenica, Trench X/2 (chance finds) / Trench D (chance finds) / Trench D, Layer 1 / Trench F, Layer 1

1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of brown colour. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of brown colour. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of whitish colour, and inside of light brown colour. 4- Potsherd of a stove tile manufactured on a fast potter’s

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50 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, narancaste boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, smede boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede i sive boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede i sive boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, crvenkastosmede boje. Vjerojatno dio posude Tl l -9 . 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, bjelkaste boje s tragovima crnog bojenja. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, crvenkastosmede boje. Vjerojatno dio posude Tl l -7 .

TABLA 12 - Ciglenica, Sonda X/P (slucajni nalazi) 1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, smede boje. 2- Presavinuta zeljezna plocica. 3- Ulomak zeljeznog cavla. 4-Zeljeznicavao. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjese sitnog pijeska, tvrde izrade, tamno narandasto - crvene boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, svijetlo smede boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tamno smede boje. 8-Zeljeznicavao. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, smede boje. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 11- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 12- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. 13- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 14- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, narancaste boje. 15- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje.

TABLA 13 - Ciglenica, slucajni nalazi 1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, smede boje. 2- Ulomak pecnjaka izradena na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, bjelkaste boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica, narancastosmede boje. 4- Ulomak pecnjaka izradena na brzovrtecem kolu,

wheel, tempered with sand, of brown colour. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of dark brown colour. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of brown colour. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of brown colour. Trench D (chance find). 8- Iron nail. Trench D (chance finds). 9- Iron nail. Trench D (chance finds). 10- Shard of an iron chisel. Trench D, Layer 1. 11- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of irregular fabrication, of dark brown to black colour. Trench F, Layer 1.

TABLE 11 – Ciglenica, Trench B/P (chance finds) 1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of brown colour. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of orange colour. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of brown colour. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of light brown and grey colour. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of light brown and grey colour. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of dark brown colour. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of reddish-brown colour. Probably part of vessel T11-9. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of whitish colour with traces of black colouring. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of reddish-brown colour. Probably part of vessel T11-7.

TABLE 12 – Ciglenica, Trench X/P (chance finds) 1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of brown colour. 2- Bent iron plate. 3- Shard of an iron nail. 4- Iron nail. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little fine sand, of harder fabrication, of dark orange-red colour. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of light brown colour. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of dark brown colour. 8- Iron nail. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of brown colour. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder fabrication, of light brown colour.

s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, narancaste boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, svijetlo sive boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, narancaste boje. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tamno sive boje. 9- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa vecili kamencica i pljeve, lagane i porozne izrade, narancaste boje.

TABLA 14 - Ciglenica, Slojevi / Slucajni nalazi 1- Vrh zeljezne strelice s trnom. Slucajni nalaz. 2- Ulomak zeljeznog nozica. PN2, Sonda A. 3- Ostrica zeljeznog noza. Slucajni nalaz. 4-Zeljezm predmet. Slucajni nalaz. 5- Ulomak keramicke lule?, dobro prociscene gline, narancaste boje. Slucajni nalaz. 6-Zeljezmcavao. Slucajni nalaz. 7-Zeljezmcavao. Slucajni nalaz. 8-Zeljezmcavao. Slucajni nalaz. 9-Zeljezmcavao. Slucajni nalaz. 10- Zeljezm cavao. Slucajni nalaz. 11- Ulomak zeljeznog cavla. Slucajni nalaz. 12- Ulomak zeljeznog cavla. Slucajni nalaz. 13- Ulomak zeljeznog cavla. Slucajni nalaz. 14- Ulomak zeljeznog cavla. Slucajni nalaz. 15- Ulomak zeljeznog cavla. Slucajni nalaz. 16- Ulomak zeljeznog cavla. Slucajni nalaz. 17- Ulomak zeljeznog cavla. Slucajni nalaz. 18- Ulomak zeljeznog cavla. Slucajni nalaz. 19- Zeljezm kosir. Sonda E, Sloj 3. Posebm nalaz PN3.

11- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder fabrication, of light brown colour. 12- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder fabrication, of dark brown colour. 13- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of light brown colour. 14- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder fabrication, of orange colour. 15- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with little sand, of harder fabrication, of light brown colour.

TABLE 13 – Ciglenica, chance finds 1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of brown colour. 2- Potsherd of a stove tile manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of whitish colour. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with pebbles, of reddish-brown colour. 4- Potsherd of a stove tile manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of orange colour. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of light grey colour. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of dark brown colour. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder fabrication, of orange colour. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of dark grey colour. 9- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, tempered with a large quantity of larger pebbles and chaff, of light and porous fabrication, of orange colour.

TABLE 14 – Ciglenica, Layers / Chance finds 1- Tip of an iron arrowhead with thorn. Chance find. 2- Shard of a small iron foot. PN2, Trench A. 3- Blade of an iron knife. Chance find. 4- Iron object. Chance find. 5- Potsherd of a ceramic pipe?, of well refined clay, of orange colour. Chance find. 6- Iron nail. Chance find. 7- Iron nail. Chance find. 8- Iron nail. Chance find. 9- Iron nail. Chance find. 10- Iron nail. Chance find. 11- Shard of an iron nail. Chance find. 12- Shard of an iron nail. Chance find. 13- Shard of an iron nail. Chance find. 14- Shard of an iron nail. Chance find. 15- Shard of an iron nail. Chance find. 16- Shard of an iron nail. Chance find. 17- Shard of an iron nail. Chance find. 18- Shard of an iron nail. Chance find. 19- Iron billhook. Trench E, Layer 3. Special find PN3.

51

52

Tabla 1 . Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Slu~ajni nalazi, antika. Table 1. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Chance finds, Roman period.

53

Tabla 2. Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Sonda X, OX, 1279±6 calAD. Table 2 Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Trench X OX, 1279+6 calAD.

54

Tabla 3. Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. 1-6 Sonda X, sloj 2. / 7-13 Sonda X, OX, 1279±6 calAD. Table 3. Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. 1-6 Trench X layer 2 I 7-13 Trench X OX, 1279+6 calAD.

55

Tabla 4. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. 1-3 Sonda G, sloj 2. / 4 Sonda G, sloj 3. / 5-9 Sonda C, sloj 3. Table 4. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. 1-3 Trench G, layer 2. / 4 Trench G, layer 3. / 5-9 Trench C, layer 3.

56

Tabla 5. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. 1-2 Sonda B, sloj 5. / 3 Sonda B, sloj 6. Table 5. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. 1-2 Trench B, layer 5. / 3 Trench B, layer 6.

57

Tabla 6. Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Sonda B, sloj 4, OB, 1543±65 calAD. Table 6. Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Trench B, layer 4, OB, 1543+65 calAD.

58

Tabla 7. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Sonda B, sloj 3. Table 7. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Trench B, layer 3.

59

Tabla 8. Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. 1-7 Sonda B, sloj 2. / 8-14 Sonda B, sloj 2SS. Table 8. Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. 1-7 Trench B, layer 2.18-14 Trench B, layer 2SS.

60 / /

Tabla 9. Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. 1-2 Sonda H, sloj 1. / 3-7 Sonda H, sloj 2. / 8-12 sonda H, jama J1, 1560±52 calAD. Table 9. Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. 1-2 Trench H, layer 1.13-7 Trench H, layer 2.18-12 trench H, pit J1, 1560+52 calAD.

61

Tabla 10. Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. 1-6 Sonda X/2, (slucajni nalazi). / 7-11 Sonda D i F, slojevi. Table 10. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. 1-6 Trench X/2, (chance finds). / 7-11 Trench D and F, layers.

62

Tabla 11. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Sonda B, slu~ajni nalazi. Table 11. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Trench B, chance finds.

63

Tabla 12. Varazdinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Sonda X, slucajni nalazi. Table 12. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Trench X chance finds.

64

Tabla 13. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Slu~ajni nalazi. Table 13. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Chance finds.

Tabla 14. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Metalni nalazi iz sondi i slu~ajni nalazi. Table 14. Vara`dinske Toplice-Ciglenica. Metal finds from the trench and chance finds.

CIGLENICA 2003 ," ^ .'

i I i f i • OJ2

0 10m

H

0J1

BUKOVJE KOD BANJSCINE (VARAZDINBREG) Privremeno pastirsko staniste mladeg zeljeznog doba Prilikom pregleda gradevinskih radova na

polozaju Bukovje, gdje se osim trase autoceste gradio i buduci vijadukt, uz odlagaliste iskopanog materijala, u novoiskopanom pokosu uz trasu pronadeni su keramicki ulomci. Pomnijim pregledom, na sirem podrucju ovoga gradilista nisu pronadeni daljnji ulomci, ali se neovisno od toga odredilo izvodenje sondaznog istrazivanja. Iskopavanje je izvedeno kroz tri ciljane sonde, od kojih su dvije dale arheoloski pozitivne nalaze.

Bukovje je visoki zaravnati brijeg prekriven obradenim poljima. Na njegovu obrezju nalazilo se malo terasasto zaravnanje, preko kojeg je prolazila trasa autoceste u izgradnji. Ovaj zaravanak nalazi se nad dolinom kojom tece potok iz pravca juga, na sjever, u sliv rijeke Plitvice i dolinu Varazdina. Na suprotnom brijegu nalazi se selo Banjscina. Zaravanak se nalazi na nadmorskoj visini od oko 197 - 200 metara.

BUKOVJE NEAR BANJSCINA (VARAZDINBREG) A Temporary Herdsman’s habitation of the Late Iron Age During archaeological supervision of

construction work at the Bukovje location where construction was underway on the route of the future highway and the future viaduct, potsherds were found along a deposit of excavated material, in a newly excavated slope along the route. A more detailed inspection, on the wider area of the construction site, did not yield further potsherds, but a sondage was carried out independent of this fact. Excavation was carried out through three targeted trenches, of which two were archaeologically positive.

Bukovje is a high level-topped hill covered in cultivated fields. On its slopes is a small flat terracelike area, over which the future highway’s route passed. This plateau is located over a vaUey through which a creek flows from the south heading northwards, to the Plitvica River basin and the Varazdin valley. On the opposite hill is the village

69

Banjscina-Bukovje. Radovi na sondi A. U prrom planu novoprabijena trasa autoceste, a u pozadini stovariste zemlje. Banjs~ina-Bukovje. Work on trench A. In the foreground is the newly broken ground of the highway route, and in the background the earth dump.

' Mjestani sam wh Bukovja ZOTO i Vugleniea, a okolno polje Gmajno. The local inhabitants refer to the peak of Bukovje as Vuglenica, and to the surrounding field as Gmajno.

70

Banjscina-Bukovje. Rasciscavanje jame J1. Zbog velike suse bilo je tesko odrediti rubove jame. Banjs~ina-Bukovje. Cleaning out pit J1. The edges of the pit were difficult to make out on account of the intense drought.

MLA0EZELJEZNO DOBA NALAZI Na sjeverozapadnom profilu gradevinskog

iskopa, na malom, omedenom prostom, pronadeni su ulomci prapovijesne keramike. Pregledom okolnog prostora nisu pronadeni dragi tragovi naseljavanja. Posebno je pregledana veca, poljoprivredno obradena uzvisina Bukovje,1 koja se doimala arheoloski izgledno, ali nije dala nikakvih nalaza, osim sporadicnih ulomaka novovjeke keramike, kakvi su uobicajeni za sve poljoprivredne povrsine. Stoga je istrazivanje zapoceto iskopa-vanjem sonde oko mjesta na kojem je pronadena prapovijesna keramika.2 Sonda A trebala je odrediti porijeklo ulomaka keramike. Otkopava-njem nisu otkriveni obrisi neke jame, ali je zabilje-zena veca gustoca ulomaka keramike u sredini sonde. Prapovijesna keramika nalazila se odmah ispod plitkog humusnog sloja koji je sadrzavao mnogo suvremenih nalaza (ulomci modernih opeka, keramike, stakla, dijelova vinogradske zeljezne zice i slicno). Nas arheoloski sloj samo je povrsinski bio ostecen oranjem, ali ipak u cjelini nedirnut. S obzirom na nezabiljezenu susu u proljece 2003.g., iskopavanje je bilo otezano, pa postoji moguenost da se obrisi jame u tako zasusenoj zemlji i nisu mogli prepoznati. Ipak, kao sto je receno, u sondi A je iskopan manji, jasno omeden prostor gusto razbacane keramike koja se nalazila in situ. Taj sloj, koji uvjetno mozemo nazvati jamom (J l ) sadrzavao je i nesto gara koji je datiran AMS-14C metodom. Ishod ispitivanja uzorka upueuje na sam kraj 2. st.pr.Kr. ili vec pocetak l.st.pr.Kr. (98±42 calBC).3 Nedaleko od toga, iskoristen je nedavni gradevinski iskop bagerom, koji je dodatno

of Banjscina. The plateau is located at about 197 -200 metres above sea level.

THE LATE IRON AGE FEATURES Prehistoric potsherds were found on the north

west profile of the construction excavation, on a small, restricted area. An investigation of the surrounding area did not yield further traces of habitation. Special care was given to the inspection of the larger, agriculturally cultivated, elevation of Bukovje,1 t h a t appeared archaeological ly promising, but did not provide any finds outside of sporadic potsherds of New Age ceramics, typical of all agricultural areas. Research was therefore started with the excavation of a trench around the place in which the prehistoric ceramic was found.2

Trench A was to establish the origin of the potsherd. Excavation did not reveal the outlines of some pit, but a greater frequency of potsherds was noted in the middle of the trench. The prehistoric ceramic was located directly under a thin layer of humus t ha t conta ined many con tempora ry finds (potsherds of modern brick, ceramics, glass, parts of i ron vineyard wire and so for th) . Our archaeological layer was only superficially damaged by ploughing, but otherwise quite undisturbed. Given the record drought of the spring of 2003 excavation was rendered more difficult, so that there is a possibility that the outlines of a pit in soil that dry could not be recognised. Notwithstanding, as has been stated, a smaller, clearly delineated, area was unearthed in trench A of densely scattered ceramics located in situ. This layer, that we can conditionally call a pit ( J l ) , also contained some

Uz autora teksta, inaee voditelja, sudjelovali su artieolozi i studenti Ante Vranto™, Helena Nodilo, Marija Drazaneie i Igor Miholjek. Joining the author and dig leader were archaeologists and students Ante Vranhmic, Helena Nodilo, Marija Drazaneie and Igor Miholjek.

3 AMS-14C dataeija izradena je u Leibniz Labor fiir Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforselmng, Christian-Albreehts-Universitat u Eelu (KIA-21268, BP 2073+27). Skraeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilistu u Kolnu. Carbon MAMS dating was done at the Leibniz Lahwfur Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, ChnstianAlbrechts- Vniversitdt in Kiel ( KIA-

21268, BP 2073 ±27 ) . Shortened calibration using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration dene at the University of Koln .

iskopan i ureden u obliku sonde. Ta sonda B trebala charcoal that was dated using the AMS-14C 71 je na obliznjemu mjestu dati suvisli profil, kako bi method. The result of the samples testing points to ~ se prepoznalo mozebitne arheoloske slojeve. the very end of the 2nd century BC or the very Nazalost, oni nisu ustanovljeni, i u profilu su bill beginning of the 1st century BC (98 ± 42 calBC).3

vidljivi samo prirodni geoloski slojevi zutog lapora, Not far from there, a recent construction excavation laporaste zemlje i povrsinskog humusa bez ijednog was used, further excavated and arranged into the arheoloskog nalaza. form of an exploratory trench. This trench B was

Nakon drugog, vrlo pomnog pregleda obrezja i to have given a coherent profile at a nearby location zaravanka Bukovja pronadena je na prvi mah slabo so that possible archaeological layers could be vidljiva jama u istom, vec spomenutom pokosu. recognised. They were not, unfortunately, Na tome mjestu postavljena je treca sonda, C. determined and only natural geological layers of Iskopavanjem je ustanovljeno kako je veci dio yellow marl, marly soil and surface humus were oranice na tome mjestu strojno vec bio skinut, te se visible in the profile. tako nasa jama, ukopana u zdravicu, nalazila na After a second, very thorough inspection of the relativno maloj dubini. Jama (J2) posve je hillsides and plateau of Bukovje a pit was found in ispraznjena, a sadrzavala je ulomke keramike te the same, already mentioned slope, at first barely nesto razbacanog gara. Gar je datiran 14C discernable. A third exploratory trench, C, was metodom, a ishod upueuje na pocetak 1.st.pr.Kr. opened here. Excavation revealed that a larger part (86 ± 86 calBC).4 Jama je izduzenog ovalnog oblika of the plough field had here already been removed i malo duza od dva metra, dubine do pola metra. S by heavy machinery so that our pit, dug into the obzirom da je gornji dio jame bio unisten, moze se subsoil, was located at a relatively shallow depth. pretpostaviti i da je bila nesto veca. Svi daljnji The pit (J2) was completely emptied, and pokusaji da se pronade bilo koji ulomak keramike contained potsherds and some scattered charcoal. ili neka arheoloska struktura tada i nakon The charcoal was dated using the C14 method with nastavka gradevinskih radova na torn polozaju the outcome indicating the start of the 1st century ostali su bez uspjeha. Tako su ovo vjerojatno svi BC (86±86 calBC).4 The pit was of extended oval nalazi koji su se tu i nalazili. shape and a little over two metres in length, up to

half a metre deep. Given that the upper part of the POKRETNI NALAZI pit had been destroyed, it can be surmised that it Keramicki nalazi was somewhat larger. All further attempts to find Keramicki nalazi iz obje jame pripadaju mladem any potsherds or some archaeological structure at

zeljeznom dobu. Dio nalaza oblicima podsjeca na that position then and after the continuation of tipicne keltske posude - rucno izradene zdjele (Tl- construction work were fruitless. These are then 2,6,16,17,20), te “porozne” situlaste lonce (Tl- probably all of the finds present there. 7,8) pronadene na Blizni i Husti. Medutim, ovi ulomci zasigurno nisu proizvedeni na Blizni. FINDS Materijal i nacin izrade zdjela je grublji i nepravilniji, Ceramic finds a obodi nisu toliko zatvoreni kao kod onih s Blizne. Ceramic finds from both pits hail from the late Takav slucaj je i s “poroznim” loncima, koji takoder Iron Age. Part of the finds are, by their shape, samo imitiraju svoje uzore na Blizni. Znakovito je reminiscent of typical Celtic vessels - hand made i da na Bukovju nema sivih, na brzovrtecem kolu bowls (Tl-2, 6, 16, 17, 20), and “porous” Situla-izradenih zdjela karakteristicnih za Kelte. S druge like pots (Tl-7, 8) found at Blizna and Husta. strane, ovdje se, kao i na Husti javlja ukras ruba The vessels this potsherds came from were certainly zdjele ili rucke s jasno izbocenim “rogovima”, sto je not manufactured at Blizna. The material and karakteristika starijezeljeznodobnih nalazista ili method of fabrication is rougher and more irregular, mladezeljeznodobnih a naseljenih panonskim and the rims are not as closed as those from Blizna. plemenima (Kiringrad BALEN-LETUNIC1987, This is also the case with the “porous” pots that t.7; Krcana RAUNING 1996, t.2-13, t.3-2,4; also only imitate their models at Blizna. It is Kaptol-Gradca, Sv.Petar Ludbreski BALEN- significant that there are at Bukovje none of the LETUNIC 1996b, k.br.20,21,24,25; Kaptol grey bowls made on fast potter’s wheels POTREBICA 2003, s.65; Batina-Gradac SIMIC characteristic of the Celts. On the other hand, here, 2004, k.br.26). Osim “rogova” ovdje imamo i like at Husta, there are decorations on the edges of ulomak manje posudice (Tl-18), koja po svojem bowls or handles with clearly protruding “horns”, obliku opet podsjeca na dio starijezeljeznodobnog which is characteristic of early Iron Age sites or late kernosa ili samostojece posudice (Pavlovcani- Iron Age sites settled by Pannonian tribes Jastrebarsko SKOBERNE 2002, sl.31; Kucar (Kiringrad BALEN-LETUNIC 1987, t.7; Krcana DULAR J., CIGLE-NECKI, DULA-R A. 1995, RAUNING 1996, t.2-13, t.3-2,4; Kaptol-Gradca, t.28-10, t.11-13). I preostali keramicki nalazi (Tl- Sv.Petar Ludbreski BALEN-LETUNIC 1996b,

* 14C klasi&ia dataeija izradena je u Laboratoriju za mjerenje niskili aktimosti Institute “Ruder Bosko™ “ u Zagrebu (Z-3281, BP 2065 + 70). Skraeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilistu u Kolnu. Classic Cl 4 dating was done at the “RvJer Boskooic" Institute’s Low Activities Memuring Laboratory in Zagreb (Z-3281, BP 2065±70). Shortened calibration using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln.

72

Banjscina-Bukovje. Rekonstruirana zdjela, 98±42 calBC. (T1-1). Banjs~ina-Bukovje. A reconstructed bowl, 98 ±42 calBC. (T1-1).

Banjscina-Bukovje. Jama J2 prije praznjenja. Humusni sloj odnesen je bageram i vidljivo je ostecenje na desnoj strani. Banjs~ina-Bukovje. Pit J2 prior to emptying. The layer of humus was carried away by an excavator and is visibly damaged on the right side.

1,5,11) ne predstav-ljaju tipicnu kelt-

sku ostavsti-rm. Prema tome, moze se izvuci za-

kljucak kako su keramicki

poizvodi s Buko-vja djelo panonskih

Jasa, koji inzistirajuci na nekim svojim domacim oblicima

i ukrasima (“rogovi” itd.) prihvacaju i nove, jednostavnije oblike keltskog posuda, koje i sami mogu izraditi.

Metalni nalazi Na Bukovju su pronadena dva metalna

predmeta. Izduzeni zeljezni predmet (Tl-15) je osteceno silo, s obzirom na masivnost, pogodno za busenje koze. Drugi ulomak je dio zeljeznog predmeta nepoznate namjene (Tl-14). Ne moze se iskljuciti ni da je ovaj predmet “upao” u sloj iz nekog mnogo kasnijeg konteksta.

Kameni nalazi Tijekom istrazivanja arheoloskog nalazista

Bukovje, u jami J l prikupljen je manji skup kamenih nalaza, koji se sastoji od jednog ulomka glacane izradevine i jednog ulomka brusa.6 Glacana izradevina je ulomak plohka, svijetlo zelene boje. Sacuvana je samo siroka baza, s dosta ostecenja. Tipoloski je vjerovatno rijec o sjekiri - cekieu (Tl-10). Ulomak brusa je izraden od pjescenjaka smedecrvene boje, (Tl-13).

Brus je karakteristican nalaz na latenskim nalazistima. Glacana izradevina je manje uobicajena, ali moguce da je koristena kao brusni kamen, a mozda je imala i odredenu simbolicnu, apotropejsku vrijednost.

k.br.20, 21, 24, 25; Kaptol POTREBICA 2003, s.65; Batina-Gradac SIMIC 2004, k.br.26). Besides these “horns” we have here a potsherd of a smaller vessel (Tl-18), which by its shape is again reminiscent of part of an early Iron Age Kernos or a small freestanding vessel (Pavlovcani-Jastrebarsko SKOBERNE 2002, sl.31; Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI, DULAR A 1995, t.28-10, t.11-13). The remaining ceramic finds (Tl-1,5,11) also do not represent typical Celtic heritage. A conclusion can therefore be arrived at that the ceramic products from Bukovje are the work of the Pannonian Iasi that, while insisting on some of there own shapes and decorations (the “horns” etc.) also accept the new, simpler shapes of Celtic vessels they are able to produce themselves.

Metal finds Two metal objects were found at Bukovje. An

elongated iron object (Tl-15) is a damaged awl, given its size, suitable for piercing holes into leather. The second shard is part of an iron object of unknown use (Tl-14). The possibility that this object “fell” into the layer from some much later context cannot be ruled out.

Lithic Assemblage During the research of the Bukovje

archaeological site, a smaller lithic assemblage was collected in pit J l consisting of one shard of polished artefact and one shard of a whetstone.6

The polished artefact is a shard of a platform, of light green colour. Only a wide base is preserved, with a great deal of damage. By type it is probably a hammer - axe (Tl-10). The shard of whetstone is made of reddish-brown sandstone (Tl-13). A whetstone is a typical find at Laten sites. The polished artefact is less common but it may have been used as a whetstone, and might even have had a certain symbolic, apotropaic value.

CONCLUSION Despite there not being, in trench A, a pit

identified based on the colour of the interment, the dense assemblage of potsherds on one spot indicates that there was here nevertheless some sort of pit, perhaps a midden. Pit J2 in trench C probably indicated a dwelling. It is very likely a “shelter” in the shape of a smaller dugout house made ad hoc for the needs of a shorter stay at the place. Namely, given that the surrounding terrain has not yielded other traces of settlement, ceramics and the like, this site was probably a one-time or part-time dwelling for people from some other, permanent residence. Even a single family who remains at one spot at least a year, as a permanent residence, would leave behind itself a much greater quantity of material remains, something already proven in archaeology through the research of isolated medieval homes. It was therefore, most likely the part time dwelling of one or more herdsmen who

ZAKLJUCAK Unatoc tome sto u sondi A nije prepoznata jama

prema boji ukopa, gusti skup ulomaka keramike na jednome mjestu govori nam kako je ovdje ipak rijec o nekoj jami, i to mozda otpadnoj. Jama J2 u sondi C ima vjerojatno stambeno znacenje. Vrlo vjerojatno je rijec o “zaklonu” u izgledu manje poluzemunice nacinjene ad hoc i potrebe kraceg boravka na ovome mjestu. Naime, s obzirom da se na okolnom terenu ne mogu naci dragi tragovi naseljavanja, keramika i slicno, ovo je nalaziste vrlo vjerojatno bilo jednokratno ili povremeno obitavaliste ljudi iz nekog dragog, stalnog naselja. Cak i jedna obitelj koja boravi barem godinu dana na jednome mjestu, kao stalnom boravistu, ostavila bi iza sebe mnogo vise materijalnih ostataka, sto je vec u arheologiji i dokazano, istrazivanjima srednjovjekovnih kuca izdvojenih na osami. Dakle, najvjerojatnije je rijec o povremenom stanistu jednog ili vise pastira, koji su na padinama Bukovja napasali svoju stoku. Zeljezno silo svjedoci kako su u dokolici sivali svoje kozuhe, a prsljen o obradi vune na lieu mjesta. Kako se prsljen u arheologiji obicno povezuje s zenskim poslovima, nadodaje se pitanje da li je s nazocnim pastirom na Bukovju boravila i neka zena, ili je on sam namatao vunu pomoeu prsljena. Djelomicna obrada vune znacila bi korisno iskoristeno vrijeme do povratka u naselje, pa bi i ta mogucnost imala smisla.

Uz ove zanimljive podatke, ponovno se treba osvrnuti i na pronadene sitne nalaze. Ocite starijezeljeznodobne tradicije u kombinaciji s grubim kopijama kasnolatenskih posuda ne mogu a da ne navedu na razmisljanje kako su ovdje boraveci pastiri bili zapravo Jasi, koji su docekali l.st.pr.Kr. na sjevernoj granici prema podrucju koje su cvrsto preuzeU Taurisci - Kelti, nastanjeni u doUni Plitvice i Drave. Pravo keltsko naselje, danasnja Blizna, nalazilo im se nadohvat, u oko kilometar udaljenoj dolini. Apsolutne datacije oba nalazista svjedoce da su zivjeli u isto vrijeme, pa je izmedu njih zasigurno postojalo i neko medudjelovanje.6 Ova pretpostavka ce se naravno dokazati ili opovrgnuti vremenom, ali prema svim prikupljenim podacima dosad, cini mi se kako smo vec pomalo na pocetku razrjesavanja pitanja medusobnog suzivota panonskili Jasa i doseljenili Kelta na ovom podrucju.

KATALOG TABLA 1 - Bukovje, Jama 1 / Jama 2

1- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije prociscene gline, svijetlo smede boje. 2- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije prociscene gline, tamno smede boje. 3- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije prociscene gline, tamno smede boje. 4- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije prociscene gline, tamno smede boje. 5- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije prociscene gline, tamno smede boje. 6- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije prociscene gline, tamno smede boje.

took their flock to pasture on the slope of Bukovje. The iron awl bears witness that they stitched their sheepskin coats to pass the time, while the spindle whorl tells of wool working on the spot. As the spindle whorl is in archaeology usually associated with women, the question arises as to whether a woman also resided at Bukovje in the company of a herdsman, or if he himself spun wool with the aid of the spindle whorl. Partially wool working would indicate the useful use of the time available until the return to a settlement, giving that possibility probable.

With these interesting bits of information we need again to turn to the located small finds. An evident early Iron Age tradition in combination with rough copies of late Laten vessels cannot but lead to the thought that the herdsmen who stayed here where in fact Iasi, situated in the 1st century BC on the

Banjscina-Bukovje. Jama J2 tijekom praznjenja. Banjs~ina-Bukovje. Pit J2 during emptying.

Banjscina-Bukovje. Zavrsno stanje jame J2. Manja rupa u prrom planu vjerojatno pripada nekadasnjem kolcu od bivseg vinograda. Banjs~ina-Bukovje. Final state of pit J2. The smaller hole in the foreground is probably from some former vineyard post.

74 7- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s northern border facing the area firmly under the ~ tragovima primjese organskog materijala, porozne control of the Taurisci - Celts, settled in the Plitvica

izrade, izvana zute, iznutra crne boje. and Drava river valleys. A true Celtic settlement, 8- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s modern-day Blizna, was in reach, in a valley about tragovima primjese organskog materijala, porozne a kilometre away. Absolute dating of both sites izrade, tamno smede boje. indicates that they lived in the same time, so that 9- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije there was certainly some sort of interaction between prociscene gline, svijetlo smede boje. them.6 This assumption will, naturally, be proven 10- Dio glacane sjekire od svijetlo zelenog kamena. or refuted in time, but based on all of the evidence 11- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije collected to-date, it appears that that we are already prociscene gline, crvenkaste boje. at the beginning of a solution to the issue of the 12- Ulomak prsljena?, slabije prociscene gline, coexistence in this area of Pannonian Iasi and the crvenkaste boje. newly settled Celts. 13- Dio kamenog brusa. 14- Dio zeljeznog predmeta. CATALOGUE 15- Zeljezno silo. TABLE 1 - Bukovje, Pit 1 / Pit 2 16- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined prociscene gline, smede boje. clay, of light brown colour. 17- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined prociscene gline, smede boje. clay, of dark brown colour. 18- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined prociscene gline, smede, u prijelomu crne boje. clay, of dark brown colour. 19- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined prociscene gline, smede boje. clay, of dark brown colour. 20- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined prociscene gline, smede boje. clay, of dark brown colour.

6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined clay, of dark brown colour. 7- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with traces of organic admixture, of porous fabrication, yellow outside, of black colour inside. 8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with traces of organic admixture, of porous fabrication, of dark brown colour. 9- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined clay, of light brown colour. 10- Part of a polished axe of light green stone. 11- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined clay, of reddish colour. 12- Shard of a spindle whorl?, of poorly refined clay, of reddish colour. 13- Part of a whetstone. 14- Part of an iron object. 15- Iron awl. 16- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined clay, of brown colour. 17- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined clay, of brown colour. 18- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined clay, of brown colour, of black colour at the break. 19- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined clay, of brown colour. 20- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined clay, of brown colour.

2 W

75

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1JE Q ii-D

15

Tabla 1. Banjscina-Bukovje. 1-15 J1, 98±42 calBC. / 16-20 J2, 86±86 calBC. Table 1. Banjseina-Bukovje. 1-15 J1, 98+42 calBC. 116-20 J2, 86+86 calBC.

197.38^

197,26 197«Kr "\ J1

196,93

197 33\

197,31 X 196,79

196,73/

197,13 ,

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BUKOVJE 2003.

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1S9.99

200.11

HUSTA KOD JAKOPOVCA Tragovi obitavanja iz mladeg zeljeznog doba i kasnog srednjeg vijeka Prilikom pregleda gradevinskih radova na trasi

buduce autoceste, na manjem posumljenom brezuljku Husta, pronadeni su ulomci kasnosrednjovjekovne keramike te nekoliko roznjackih odbitaka i alatki. Pomnijim pregledom otkriven je i trag bagerom ostecene jame u kojoj su se nalazili prapovijesni nalazi. Jama se nalazila na pokosu uz trasu autoceste. Iskopavanje je provedeno vecim brojem sondi koje su trebale otkriti arheoloske strakture iz kojih potjecu sitni nalazi.

Brdasce Husta posljednja je uzvisina prije doline rijeke Plitvice i Drave s izmjerenom nadmorskom visinom od oko 190 - 192 m. Nalazi se odmah nad mjesnom cestom koja uz krajnji rub doline iz Kneginca vodi prema Jalzabetu. Sa istocne strane nalazi se potok i zasuti izvori Blizne. Brdasce je sustavno posumljeno crnogoricnim stablima prije nekoliko desetaka godina.

MLA0E ZELJEZNO DOBA - RANO ANTICKO DOBA NALAZI Jedina pronadena prapovijesna struktura bila

je prapovijesna otpadna jama, koja se nalazila u sondi C.1 Jama J l je manjeg promjera, ali zato relativno duboka, te je bila prepuna gara i keramickih ulomaka. Sloj iz kojeg je bila ukopavana

HUSTA NEAR JAKOPOVEC Traces of Habitation from the Late Iron Age and Late Middle Ages Potsherds of late medieval ceramics and several

flint flakes and tools were found on the smaller forested hillock of Husta during archaeological supervision of construction work on the route of the future highway. A more detailed examination revealed the traces of a pit, damaged by an excavator, in which prehistoric finds were unearthed. The pit was located on the slope running along the route of the highway. Excavation was carried out in a large number of trenches with the goal of uncovering archaeological structures from which the small finds originated.

The Husta hiUock is the last elevation before the Plitvica and Drava river valleys with a measured altitude of about 190 - 192 m above sea level. It is situated directly above the local road that follows the very edge of the valley heading from Kneginec towards Jalzabet. To the east is the filled-up source of the Blizna creek and the waterway itself. The hillock was systematically reforested with coniferous trees several decades ago.

THE LATE IRON AGE - EARLY ROMAN PERIOD FEATURES The only located prehistoric structure was a

midden, found in trench C.1 Pit J l is small in

79

Jakopovec-Husta. Pogled na brdasce Husta (stup dalekovoda). Krajnje desno je nalaziste Blizna. Jakopovec-Husta. A view of the Husta hillock (high power line tower). To the far right is the Blizna site.

1 Osim autora ovog teksta kao yoditelja, u radoyima su sudjelovali i arheolozi te student! Ante Vranko™, Marija DraSanfie, Helena Nodilo ilgor Miholjek. Joining the author and dig leader were archaeologists and students Ante Vranhwic, Marija Drazancic, Helena Nodilo and Igor Miholjek.

80

Jakopovec-Husta. Jama J1 u trenutku pronalaska u pokosu trase.

Jakopovec-Husta. Pit J1 when it was found on the route.

Jakopovec-Husta. Rekonstruirana ranorimska zdjelica, 40±79 calAD. (T1-14)

Jakopovec-Husta. A reconstructed early Roman period bowl, 40+79 calAD. (T1-14)

bio je poremecen vec^pomenutim posumljavanjem, tako da su neki sitni nalazi i ispuna gornjeg dijela jame bili razvuceni u dva smjera. Ipak, veci, donji dio jame bio je neporemecen, te su njezino dno i bocni dijelovi jasno odredeni. Gar iz jame datiran je 14C metodom u pocetak 1. st. (40±79 calAD).2

Oblik jame naslucuje kako je rijec o manjem “trapu”, odnosno o nekadasnjem spremistu hrane, kasnije iskoristenom kao otpadnoj jami.

Drugih prapovijesnih nalaza nije bilo mnogo, osobito ne u iskopanim slojevima nasih sondi, vec je pronadeno nekoliko ulomaka kao povrsinski nalaz na brezuljku.

POKRETNI NALAZI Keramicki nalazi Premda je jama J l metodom 14C datirana u

prvu polovinu l.st., pronadeno arheolosko gradivo ocito pripada starosjedilackom, predrimskom

stanovnistvu. Iznimku cini manja, kvalitet-! no i na brzo-

vrtecem kolu izradena zdjelica (Tl-14).

Vrlo slicne zdjelice pronadene su i prili-

kom nedavnih iskopa-vanja u Sloveniji (Nova

Tabla - Murska Sobota GUSTIN 2003, s.201; Slivnica -

Maribor STRMCNIK-GULICM. 2003, s.238), gdje se odreduju kao rimsko posude.

diameter, but relatively deep, and was full of charcoal and potsherds. The layer into which it had been dug was disturbed by the already mentioned reforestation so that some small finds and the fill of the upper portion of the pit were spread in two directions. Most of the pit was, nevertheless, pristine, and its sides and lower extremities are clearly defined. The charcoal from the pit was dated using the C14 method to the start of the 1st century (40±79 calAD).2 The pit’s shape appears to be that of a former food storage dugout, later converted into a midden.

There were not many other prehistoric finds, especially not in the excavated layers of our trenches, but several surface finds were located on the hillock.

FINDS Ceramic finds Although pit J l was dated using the C14

method to the 1st half of the 1st century, the located archaeological material evidently belongs to an indigenous, pre-Roman population. The exception is a smaU, well-made bowl, manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel (Tl-14). Very similar bowls were found during recent excavations in Slovenia (Nova Tabla- Murska Sobota GUSTIN 2003, s.201; Slivnica - Maribor STRMCNIK-GULIC M. 2003, s.238), where they are identified as being Roman period vessels.

The lion’s share of the vessels are porous and roughly fabricated pots with impressed ribbons executed as groove under the rim. Some have decorations in the form of a series of engravings

2 14CHasiena dataeija izradena je u LaboratorijuZa mjerenje niskiliaktiTOosti Instituta “Ruder Bosko™" u Zagrebu (Z3282, BP 1960 + 70). Skrataia kalibracija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilista u Kolnu. Classic GU dating was done at the "B-uOer Boslayoic''Institute’s Low Activities Measuring Laboratory in Zagreb (Z3282, BP 1960±70). Shortened calibration using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln.

Najveci broj posuda cine porozni i grubo izradeni lonci s utisnutom trakom izvedenom kao utor pod obodom. Poneki imaju ukras od niza ureza pod spomenutim utorom ili bojeni obod. 0 ovim loncima vise je napisano u poglavlju o mladezeljeznodobnim nalazima s Blizne, a ovdje je dovoljno spomenuti kako je rijec o kasnolatenskim keltskim loncima “kucne” proizvodnje (Gomolava, JOVANOVIC B., JOVANOVIC M.,1988 t.XXVII-2, t.XXIX-16,15, t.XXXVI-3,2,8 itd. Vinkovci DIZDAR 2001, t.26-1, t.31-1-8 itd. Ilok DIZDAR, SOSTARIC, JELINCIC 2003, t l - 1 ; Mitrovacke livade BRUKNER 1988, t.-7-10,11; Stradonice RYBOVA, DRDA 1994, f.31-1-8 itd. Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000, t.1-4,5, t.29-13, t.102-13; Olmouc-Neredin KALABEK 2001, pic.l35, itd.). U jami ima i ulomaka za to razdoblje tipicnih zdjela (Tl-13,17), takoder u velikom broju zastupljenih na Blizni. Posebnost su dva ulomka s urezanim linijama (Tl-10,11). Uzorak trokuta omedenih crtama na Tl-10 moze se pronaci u keltskome gradivu iz Nitre (Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000, t.104-17) gdje datira u LtB2-Dl, ili u Stradonicama (Hradiste-Stradonice RYBOVA, DRDA 1994, t28-14,16) gdje datira u LtC2-D2.

Najzanimljiviji je nalaz keramickih “rogova” (Tl-15,16) kakvi su nam poznati sa starijezeljeznodobnih nalazista. U klasicnom keltskom repertoaru oblika ovakav ukras nije upotrebljavan, pa mozemo postaviti pitanje kojem je etnikumu pripadao tvorac ovog ukrasa. Vrlo slicne, ako ne i jednake ukrase nalazimo posvuda u gradivu povezanim sa starijim zeljeznim dobom (RMngrad BALEN-LETUNIC1987, t.7; Krcana RAUNING 1996, t.2-13, t.3-2,4; Kaptol-Gradca, Sv.Petar Ludbreski BALEN-LETUNIC 1996b, k.br.20,21,24,25; Kaptol POTREBICA 2003, s.65; Batina-Gradac SIMC 2004, k.br.26). Nalazi iz Krcane u vezi su s panonskim plemenom Kolapijana i mladini zeljeznim dobom, pa vjerujem da se u nasem slucaju “rogovi” s Huste i Bukovja mogu povezati s panonskim plemenom Jasa, koje je ovdje granicilo s Keltima.

Medu keramickim nalazima iz jame J l na Husti postoji i jedan u cijelosti ocuvan masivan prsljen (Tl-12), razlicit od onih pronadenih na Blizni, a koji bi pripadali ovome razdoblju.

Ostali nalazi Tijekom iskopavanja prikupljeno je ukupno 9

komada razlicitog kamenja. U jami Jlnadeno je 6 manjih rijecnih oblutaka i jedan mali odbojak glacane izradevine, tipoloski neodrediv, zelene boje (Tl-19). Kao slucajni nalaz prikupljene su dvije izradevine od cijepanog kamena. Prva je odbojak, izraden od crvenosmedeg neprozirnog roznjaka dobrih karakteristika cijepanja. Druga izradevina je prizmaticno sjecivo, izradeno od smedeg prozirnog roznjaka dobrih karakteristika cijepanja (T2-18).

under the mentioned groove or a coloured rim. As these pots have been dealt with in the chapter on the late Iron Age finds at Blizna, it suffices here to say that they are late Laten Celtic pots of “home” make (Gomolava, JOVANOVIC B., JOVANOVIC M., 1988 t.XXVII-2, t.XXIX-16,15, t.XXXVI-3,2,8 etc. Vinkovci DIZDAR 2001, t.26-1, t.31-1-8 etc. Ilok DIZDAR, SOSTARIC, JELINCIC 2003, t l-1; Mitrovacke livade BRUKNER 1988, t.-7-10,ll; Stradonice RYBOVA, DRDA 1994, f.31-1-8 etc. Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000, t.1-4,5, t.29-13, t.102-13; Olmouc-Neredin KALABEK 2001, pic.135, etc.). There are also potsherds in the pit of bowls typical of the period (Tl-13,17), also represented in large quantity at Blizna. Of interest are two potsherds with engraved lines (Tl-10,11). A triangle pattern bordered by lines on Tl-10 can also be found in the Celtic material from Nitra (Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000,1.104-17) where they are dated to LtB2-Dl , or in Stradonice (Hradiste-Stradonice RYBOVA, DRDA 1994, t28-14,16) where they date from LtC2-D2.

Also of interest is a find of ceramic “horns” (Tl-15,16) known to us from early Iron Age sites. As this kind of decoration is not used in the classic Celtic repertoire of shapes, we can speculate as to the ethnicity of this decoration’s creator. Very similar, if not identical, decorations are found everywhere in material associated with the early Iron Age period (Kringrad BALEN-LETUNIC 1987, t.7; Krcana RAUNING 1996, t.2-13, t.3-2,4; Kaptol-Gradca, Sv.Petar Ludbreski BALEN-LETUNIC 1996b, k.br.20,21,24,25; Kaptol POTREBICA 2003, s.65; Batina-Gradac SIMIC 2004, k.br.26). Finds from Krcane are connected to the Pannonian tribe of Kolapijana and the late Iron Age, so that I believe that in our case the “horns” from Husta and Bukovje can be connected to the Pannonian tribe of Iasi that bordered here with the Celts.

Among the ceramic finds from pit J l there is one entirely preserved massive spindle whorl (Tl-12), different from those found at Blizna and belonging to this period.

Other finds A total of nine pieces of various stone were

collected during the excavation. 6 smaller river pebbles and one smaU flake from a polished artefact were found in pit J l , of unidentifiable type and green colour (Tl-19). Two artefacts of knapped lithics were located as surface finds. The first is a flake made of reddish-brown opaque flint of good knapping characteristics. The other artefact is a prismatic blade made of transparent brown flint of good knapping characteristics (T2-18).

Although the context is uncertain there are, based on the characteristics of the stone artefacts such as the fragment of a polished axe and the prismatic blade, two possible scenarios. The first is that the site is of a, for the moment unconfirmed,

81

Jakopovec-Husta. Ulomak keltskog lonca, 40±79 calAD. (T1-2) Jakopovec-Husta. Potsherd from a Celtic pot, 40+79 calAD. (T1-2)

Jakopovec-Husta. Dio keramickog roscica, 40+79 calAD. (T1-6) Jakopovec-Husta. Part of a small ceramic horn, 40+79 calAD. (T1-6)

82 Iako je upitan kontekst, na osnovi karakteristika kamenih nalaza, kao sto su ulomak glacane sjekire i prizmaticno sjecivo, moguce su dvije pretpostavke. Prva je kako je na nalazistu za sada nepotvrdena faza boravka tijekom mladeg kamenog ili (i) bakrenog doba, a draga je kako je roznjak koriste kao dio naprave za paljenje vatre, a glacana izradevina kao brasni kamen, odnosno da je imala i odredenu simbolicnu, apotropejsku vrijednost tijekom razdoblja mladeg zeljeznog doba.

Ono sto je posebno zanimljivo na ovom nalazistu jest nalaz jantara. Na gradevinski ostecem dijelu jame pronaden je nalaz koji je u prvi mail slicio na crvenu perlu, koja se prilikom prihvacanja raspala u posve sitne dijelove, vjerojatno zato sto je neko vrijeme bila na povrsini izlozena jakom suncu. Mikroskopskom provjerom preostalog sacuvanog dijela, ustanovljeno je kako je uistinu rijec o jantara.3 Premda unistena, ova perla? ipak je nalaz koji se u buducnosti moze uvrstiti u karte kasnolatenskih jantarnih nalaza radi proucavanja tzv. “jantarnog puta” (BOZIC 1998).

Kosti U jami J l nije se pronaslo mnogo kostiju, a

Jakopovec-Husta. Ulomak keramicke jedini odredivi nalaz je zub svinje (Sus sp.). Velik posude s urezima, 40±79 calAD. (T1-10) uzorak zemlje (oko 100 kg) iz jame J l nazalost Jakopovec-Husta. Potsherd of an nije razotkrio ostatke (sjemenke i si.) koje bi nam engraved ceramic vessel, 40± 79 calAD. pomogle 0CLrecliti tadasnje stanje biljnog pokrova ^ " j ili poljoprivrednu osnovu stanovnika Huste u

mladezeljezno doba.

KASNI SREDNJI VIJEK NALAZI S obzirom na guste povrsinske nalaze

kasnosrednjovjekovne keramike, pretpostavljalo se postojanje neke kasnosrednjovjekovne zgrade na ovoj uzvisini. Iskopavanje je organizirano kroz 4 sonde, ali one nisu dale konkretne arheoloske rezultate. Zdravica, pjeskovita glina, nalazi se na dubini od oko 50 cm, a humusni sloj vrlo je poremecen gustom sadnjom stabala. Osim daljnih nalaza kasnosrednjovjekovne keramike, koja se mjestimicno nalazila na raznim dubinama bez nekog reda, nije pronadeno nista sto bi upucivalo na neke strukture koje bi pripadale torn dobu.

POKRETNI NALAZI Kerami~ki nalazi Srednjovjekovni nalazi su na brdascu Husta

najbrojniji. Vecina keramickih nalaza pronadena je u sitnim ulomcima, pa je preostao relativno mali broj odredivih ulomaka. No, ipak, karakteristicni oblici dopustaju nam njihovo osnovno tipolosko odredenje i datiranje. Rijec je o keramici 14. i 15. St., koju obiljezavaju primjese grubog pijeska, tanje stijenke, trakasti obodi lonaca itd. Dijelovi pronadenih posuda uglavnom su razmjerno lose izrade. Iznimak je ulomak T2-13, izraden od tvrde

phase of habitation during the new Stone or (and) Copper Age, and the second is that the flint was used as part of a fire starting kit, and the polished artefact as a whetstone, that is to say, that it had a certain symbolic, apotropaic value during the late Iron Age period.

What is particularly interesting at this site is a find of amber. In the part of the pit damaged by construction work a find was located that initially appeared to be a red pearl. It disintegrated into very fine parts during removal, likely on account of having been exposed for a time to the strong sunlight on the surface. A microscopic examination of the remaining preserved portion established that is was in fact amber.3 Although destroyed, this pearl (?) is nevertheless a find that in the future might be entered into the map of late Laten amber finds in researching the so-called “amber route” (BOZIC 1998).

Bones Not many bones were found in pit J l , and the

only identifiable one is the tooth of a pig (Sus sp.). A large sample of soil (about 100 kg) from pit J l did not, unfortunately, yield remains (seeds and the like) that would help us identify the state of flora at the time or the agricultural base of the inhabitants of Husta in the late Iron Age.

THE LATE MIDDLE AGES FEATURES Given the dense surface finds of late medieval

ceramics the existence of some late medieval building on this elevation was presumed. Excavation was organised into four trenches, but they did not yield concrete archaeological results. Subsoil, of sandy clay, was found at a depth of about 50 cm, while the humus layer is very muddled by the dense tree planting. Besides further finds of late medieval ceramics, scattered sporadically at various depths without any particular order, nothing was found that might indicate a structure belonging to that period.

FINDS Ceramic finds Medieval finds are the most frequent ones on

the hillock of Husta. Most of the ceramic finds were found as very small fragments, so that there were very few identifiable potsherds. Characteristics shapes, nevertheless, allow us to make a basic typological identification and dating. These are ceramics from the 14th and 15th centuries that are marked by a temper of rough sand, thinner walls, ribbon-like pot rims and so forth. The fragments of vessels that have been collected are predominantly of poor manufacture. The exception is potsherd T2-13, made of hard-baked whitish clay and decorated with a regular pattern of engravings that does not originate from local production. The rim of pot T2-1 resembles those found in Delovi

> Na torn odredenju zahvaljujem restauratoru Damiru Dorafieu iz Arheoloskog muzeja u Zagrebu. I wish to thank restorer Damir Doraeic of the Archaeological Museum of Zagreb for this identification.

pecene bjelkaste gline i ukrasen pravilnim nizom ureza, koji ne pripada mjesnoj proizvodnji. Obod lonca T2-1 slici pronadenima u Delovima (MARKOVIC 1984 t.l0-5,8) koje autor datira u razdoblje od 14. do 16. st. Dosjed cepa T2-14 slici nekim primjercima iz Windsheima (JANSSEN 1995, t.45, itd.) koji se datiraju oko 1500.godine.

ZAKLJUCAK Jama J l vjerojatno je u pocetku sluzila kao

spremnik hrane, sudeci prema svojem obliku, da bi kasnije bila iskoristena kao otpadna jama. Objekt kojemu je pripadala morao se nalaziti u blizini, ali nismo mu pronasli trag. Najvjerojatnije je unisten radom bagera na pokosu trase. S obzirom na malu kolicinu nalaza izvan same jame, cini se kako je na brezuljku Husta stajao samo jedan mladezeljezno-dobni objekt, i to krace vrijeme. Taj objekt bio je postavljen u samoj blizini keltskog naselja na Blizni, mozemo reci, na njegovu obodnom dijelu. Prema apsolutnoj dataciji, mozemo reci i kako je istovremen naselju. Namece se pitanje zasto je bio osamljen na manjoj uzvisini i odvojen od glavnog naselja u ravnici. Na to pitanje zasada je nemoguce odgovoriti, ali u zastupljenom arheoloskom gradivu na Husti zabiljezene su stanovite znacajke koje nisu zastupljene na Blizni. Da li je uistinu i tu, kao na Bukovju, mozda rijec o skupini etnicki nepri-padajucoj Keltima s Blizne, odnosno panonskim Jasima? Mozda ce se i na to moci odgovoriti kada se Blizna istrazi u cijelosti.

Kasnosrednjovjekovni nalazi takoder upucuju vise pitanja negli daju odgovora. Naselje Jakopovec je u to doba vec bilo poznato, a nalazi se na oko kilometar zracne crte udaljenom brdu. Mozda je prapovijesna i anticka cesta kroz doUnu Blizne bila jos prometna, a danasnja lokalna cesta Turcin -Ludbreg dobivala sve vece znacenje. Izvori vode bili su pod brdascem Husta, a plodna polja prema sjeveru takoder. Po svemu sudeci, moze se

(MARKOVIC 19841.10-5,8) dated by the author from the 14th to 16th centuries. The plug receptacle on T2-14 resembles some of the specimens from Windsheim (JANSSEN 1995, t.45, etc.) that are dating to about the year 1500.

CONCLUSION Pit J l probably served initially as a food storage

dugout, judging by its shape, and was later used as a midden. The structure it belonged to must have been located nearby, but we have not found traces of it. It was most likely destroyed by the excavator working on the route. Considering the small quantity of finds outside of the pit itself, it appears that only a single late Iron Age structure stood on the Husta hillock, and for only a short period of time. This structure was placed in the direct vicinity of the Celtic settlement at Blizna, we could say, on its outer edges. Based on its absolute dating we can say that it is synchronous to the settlement. The question arises as to why it was isolated on the smaU elevation and separated from the chef settlement on the plain. It is impossible at the moment to answer that question, but certain characteristics have been noted in the archaeological material found at Husta that are not found at Blizna. Was there in fact here, as in Bukovje, perhaps a group that differed ethnically from the Celts at Blizna, that is to say of Pannonian Iasi? Perhaps this question will be addressed when Blizna is researched in its entirety.

The later medieval finds also pose more questions than they answer. The settlement of Jakopovec already existed at the time, and is located about a kilometre from the hillock as the crow flies. Perhaps the prehistoric and Roman period road running through the Blizna vaUey was still in use at the time, while the modern day local road from Turcin to Ludbreg was gaining in importance. There were springs of water under the Husta hillock and fertile fields to the north. Judging by all it can

83

Jakopovec-Husta. Tijekom radova na sondi A.

Jakopovec-Husta. During work on trench A.

84 pretpostaviti kako je na Husti izmedu 14. i 16.st. be surmised that there was on Husta at least one — bila barem jednalmca, ili neko imanje, kojem zasad house or a property between the 14th and 16th

nismo nasli gradevinskih ostataka. centuries of which we have as yet found no remains.

KATALOG CATALOGUE TABLA 1 - Husta, Jama 1 / Slucajni nalaz TABLE 1 - Husta, Pit 1 / Chance find

1- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with traces of tragovima primjese organskog materijala, porozne an admixture of organic material, of porous izrade, trusi se, crvenkastosmeckaste boje, na obodu fabrication, crumbling, of reddish brown colour, crno bojena. colour black on the rim. 2- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with traces of tragovima primjese organskog materijala, porozne an admixture of organic material, of porous izrade, trusi se, tamno smede do erne boje. fabrication, crumbling, of dark brown to black colour. 3- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with traces of an tragovima primjese organskog materijala, porozne admixture of organic material, of porous fabrication, izrade, trusi se, izvana zute, iznutra erne boje. crumbling, yellow outside, of black colour inside. 4- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with traces of an tragovima primjese organskog materijala, porozne admixture of organic material, of porous fabrication izrade, izvana sivkastosmede, iznutra erne boje. 5- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s primjesama kamencica, smede boje. 6- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s tragovima primjese organskog materijala, porozne izrade, trusi se, izvana tamno smede, iznutra erne boje. Vjerojatno dio posude Tl-19. 7- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s tragovima primjese organskog materijala, porozne izrade, svijetlo i tamno smede boje. 8- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s tragovima primjese organskog materijala, porozne izrade, trusi se, izvana zute, iznutra erne boje. 9- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije prociscene gline, narancastosmede boje.

greyish brown outside, of black colour inside. 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, wi th temper of pebbles, of brown colour. 6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, w i th traces of an admix ture of organic mate r ia l , of porous fabrication, crumbling, dark brown outside, of black colour inside. Probably a part of vessel T1-19. 7- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, w i th traces of an admix ture of organic mate r ia l , of porous fabrication, of l ight and dark brown colour. 8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, w i th traces of an admix ture of organic mate r ia l , of porous fabricat ion, crumbl ing, yellow outside, of black colour inside. 9- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined clay, of orange-brown colour.

10- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije 10_ Potsherd of a hand.made vessel> of poorly prociscene gline, tamno smede boje. refined clay, of dark brown colour. 11- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije n . Potsherd of a hand.made vessei; of pooriy prociscene gline, svijetlo smede boje. reflned day) of iight brown coiour. 12- Prsljen, slabije prociscene gline, zuckaste boje. 12. Spindle whorl, of poorly refined clay, of 13- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije yellowish colour. prociscene gline, svijetlo smede boje. 13- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly 14- Posuda izradena na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro refined clay, of light brown colour. prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje s 14- Vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tragovima premaza crnom bojom. of well refined clay, of harder fabrication, of light 15- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije brown colour with traces of a coating of black colour. prociscene gline, tamno smede boje. Dragi dio od 15- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly Tl-16. refined clay, of dark brown colour. The other part 16- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije of Tl-16. prociscene gline, svijetlo smede boje. Dragi dio od 16- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly Tl-15. refined clay, of light brown colour. The other part 17- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, slabije of Tl-15. prociscene gline, tamno smede boje. 17- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of poorly 18- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s refined clay, of dark brown colour. tragovima primjese organskog materijala, porozne 18- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with traces of izrade, trusi se, izvana tamno smede, iznutra erne an admixture of organic material, of porous boje. Vjerojatno dio posude Tl-6. fabrication, crumbling, dark brown outside, of black 19- Ulomak kamene glacane izradevine, zelene boje. colour inside. Probably part of vessel Tl-6.

19- Shard of a polished stone artefact, of green TABLA 2 - Husta: Slojevi / Slucajni nalazi colour

, S | v . i J J 1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast oje. ucajm na az. potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of

crumbling sand, of light brown colour. Chance find.

2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast 85 mnogo primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, svijetlo smede potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of ~ boje. Slucajni nalaz. crumbUng sand, of light brown colour. Chance find. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast mnogo primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, svijetlo smede potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of boje Slucajni nalaz crumbUng sand, of light brown colour. Chance find. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast mnogo primjesa pijeska kqji se trusi, svijetlo smede potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of boje Slucajni nalaz crumbUng sand, of Ught brown colour. Chance find. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s 5" Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast mnogo primJesa pijeska koji se trusi, svijetlo smede potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of boje Slucajni nalaz crumbUng sand, of Ught brown colour. Chance find. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s 6" Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast

potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of crumbling sand, of black colour. Chance find. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of crumbUng sand, of Ught brown colour. Trench C, Layer 2. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of crumbUng sand, of dark brown colour. Chance find. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of crumbUng sand, of Ught brown colour. Chance find. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of crumbling sand, of reddish colour. Chance find

mnogo primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, erne boje. Slucajni nalaz. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, svijetlo smede boje. Sonda C, Sloj 2. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, tamno smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, svijetlo smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, crvenkaste boje. Slucajni nalaz n _ Potsherd 0f a vessei manufactured on a fast 11- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of s mnogo primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, svijetlo cramb]ing sand, of Ught brown colour. Chance find. smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. 12_ Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast 12- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, potter’s wheei; tempered with a iarge quantity of s mnogo primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, svijetlo crambUng sand, of Ught brown colour. Chance find. smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. 13_ Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast 13- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, potter’s wheel, tempered with sand, of harder s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, bjelkaste boje. fabrication, of whitish colour. Chance find. Slucajni nalaz. 14- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast 14- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of s mnogo primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, svijetlo crumbUng sand, of Ught brown colour. Chance find. smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. 15- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast 15- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of s mnogo primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, svijetlo sive crumbling sand, of light grey colour. Chance find. boje. Slucajni nalaz. 16- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s 16- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, wheel, tempered with a laige quantity of crambling sand, s mnogo primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, svijetlo of light brown colour. Trench C, Layer 2. smede boje Sonda C Sloj 2 17- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast 17- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of s puno primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, svijetlo smede crumbUng sand, of Ught brown colour. Chance find. boje Slucajni nalaz 18" Retouched brownish flint. Chance find. 18- Obradeni smeckasti roznjak. Slucajni nalaz. 19- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast 19- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of s puno primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, svijetlo smede tumbling sand, of light brown colour. Trench C, boje. Sonda C, Sloj 2. 20- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s puno primjesa pijeska koji se trusi, svijetlo smede boje. Slucajni nalaz.

Layer 2. 20- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of crumbling sand, of light brown colour. Chance find.

86

Tabla 1. Jakopovec-Husta. Jama J1, 40±79 calAD. Table 1. Jakopovec-Husta. Pit J1, 40+79 calAD.

87

Tabla 2. Jakopovec-Husta. Kasnosrednjovjekovni slucajni nalazi i nalazi iz slojeva. Table 2. Jakopovec-Husta. Late medieval chance finds and finds from the layers.

o

C 0)

Ul

O O W

o

'2 8 00

o

BLIZNA KOD JAKOPOVCA (VARAZDIN) Viseslojno naselje

BLIZNA NEAR JAKOPOVEC (VARA@DIN) Multi-layer Settlement

91

Prilikom arheoloskog nadzora gradilista buduce autoceste Zagreb - Gorican, na krajnje sjevernom dijelu dionice Novi Marof - Varazdin, pred samim cvoristem Varazdin, u svibnju 2003.g. otkriveno je novo arheolosko nalaziste. Tijekom pregleda polozaja Blizna, otkriveno je nekoliko stotina keramickih i metalnih ulomaka koji upueuju na razlicita razdoblja - mlade kameno doba, bakreno doba, kasno broncano doba, mlade zeljezno doba, rano, zrelo i kasno Rimsko Carstvo, velika seoba naroda te rani, razvijeni i kasni srednji vijek. Zahvaljujuci takvom usiljenom slijedu naseljavanja, ovo nalaziste ukljucuje se medu rijetka nalazista toga tipa u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj. Time je ovo nalaziste, cini se, najzanimljivije i najznacajnije dosad pronadeno na ovom smjera autoceste.

Polozaj Blizna (oko 175 - 177 m.n.v) nalazi se na kraju klanca koji iz pravca juga, odnosno kroz obronke Varazdinbrega, izbija u dolinu rijeke Plitvice i Drave. Tok istoimenog potoka ovdje skrece prema zapadu jer se pred njim izdize visoka pjescana greda. Na istome mjestu presijeca ga lokalna cesta Kneginec - Jalzabet. Trasa autoceste prilazi nalazistu sa zadnjeg brezuljka Husta (oko 190 - 192 m.n.v.) i betonskim mostom (prijelazom) nadilazi spomenutu lokalnu cestu. Zbog toga trasa na pocetku doline nije ukopavana, vec nasuta sljunkom do potrebne visine, kako bi se blago izjednacilo spustanje ceste iz brdovitog smjera u dolinu. Prilikom nasipavanja trase nije bilo opseznijih iskopa na tome mjestu, nego se pravac samo “humusirao”, odnosno zaravnavao strojevima, sto ukljucuje ukop na dubinu od najvise 20 centimetara. Naknadno su vrseni i radovi na iskopima za odvodne jarke uz trasu, a promijenjen je i tok potoka koji je skrenut uz trasu autoceste. Tek u ovim duboko ukopanim jarcima ukazale su se brojne jame i ostaci prapovijesnih objekata. Takvo stanje objasnjava nam i cinjenicu da je nalaziste dosad bilo posve nepoznato cak i mjestanima, jer su se prvi arheolosM ostaci na nekim mjestima nalazili na relativnoj dubini tek od oko 75 cm, pa i nisu mogli biti zahvaceni plugom prilikom obrade brojnih polja na torn polozaju. Nalaziste se prostire uz obje strane trase autoceste, od prijelaza Jakopovec prema cvoristu Varazdin, u duzini od oko 200 metara. Procijenjena sirina nalazista je oko 150 metara.

Prema rijecima mjestana Jakopovca, na Blizni su se nalazila cak tri izvora vode koji su zatrpani kada je selo dobilo vodovod. Taj prostor nalazi se izmedu spomenutih brezuljka Husta i pjescane grede. Ocigledno je kako je rijec o nizem i mocvarnom terenu u koji je utjecao i potok s

A new archaeological site was discovered in May of 2003 during archaeological supervision of the construction site of the future Zagreb - Gorican highway, on the far northern part of the Novi Marof -Varazdin section, just before the Varazdin junction. Several hundred potsherds and metal shards were found during a survey of the Blizna site that indicate various periods - the new Stone Age, the Copper Age, the late Bronze Age, the late Iron Age, the early, high and late periods of the Boman Empire, the Migration Period and the early, high and late medieval periods. Thanks to this dense succession of habitation this site can be counted among the rare ones of its kind in northern Croatia. This site is, it appears, the most interesting and most significant yet found on this part of the highway.

The Blizna site (about 175 - 177 m above sea level) is located at the end of a gorge that opens to the Plitvica and Drava river valleys from the south, i.e. from the slopes of Varazdinbreg. A creek of the same name turns west here as it hits a high sandy ridge. The local road heading from Kneginec to Jalzabet cuts through it at the same location. The route of the highway approaches the site from the last hillock of Husta (about 190 - 192 m above sea level) and passes over the mentioned local road with a concrete bridge (overpass). The route is on this account not dug into the head of the valley, but rather raised with gravel to the needed height in order to gently make the drop in elevation from the hiU country to the valley. There were no large-scale excavations in the area during the levelling of the route. The route was only “humused”, that is to say levelled out by machine, which here meant digging

Jakopovec-Blizna. Odvodni kanal (jarak) pralazi cijelom duzinom kroz nalaziste, a ostaci jama zamijetljivi su u bocnim pokosima. Jakopovec-Blizna. A drainage canal (ditch) runs the entire length of the site, and remains of pits can be made out on its lateral planes.

92

Jakopovec-Blizna. Dogovor oko strategije iskopavanja. Kopalo se prema kvadratnoj mre`i s pra`njenjem ukopa po kvadrantima.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Working out the excavation strategy. Digs were made based on a network of quadrants with the fill being deposited quadrant by quadrant.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Iskopavanje sonde C na dubinu od gotovo 3 m. U sondama B i C nije bilo nalaza.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Excavation at trench C at a depth of almost 3 m. Trenches B and C did not yield finds.

obronaka Varazdinbrega. Ta mocvara sustavno je zatrpavana, a bageri su prilikom gradnje ceste prevrnuli mnostvo smeca u kojem je bilo isluzenih stednjaka, autodijelova i inoga. Kao i prije, za vrijeme gradnje ceste, ovo je mjesto iskoristavano za odvoz gradevinskog materijala, sute te starog asfalta. Zbog toga razloga nije moguce predociti nekadasnji izgled mocvare i izvora vode, pa ni sa sigurnoseu reei da li i tu ima arheoloskih nalaza. Prvi nalazi pronadeni su dvadesetak metara dalje, na obroncima pjescane grede, oko koje potok dalje skrece na sjever prema rijeci Plitvici.

Kako je trasa autoceste u vrijeme otkrica nalazista vec bila posljuncana, trebalo je provesti sondiranja uz nju. U konstruktivnim dogovorima s investitorima (Hrvatske autoceste) i izvodacima, dogovoreno je da se jarci ne iskopavaju vec da se sondira na polozajima tzv. “paralelnih putova” uz autocestu. S obzirom na mjere nalazis ta i

to a depth of at most 20 centimetres. Works on digging drainage ditches along the route were carried out later on, and the course of the creek was turned to follow the highway. Only then, in these deep ditches were numerous pits and the remains of prehistoric structures revealed. This situation explains the fact that the site was entirely unknown up to now, even to the local population, as the first archaeological remains were found relatively deep, at a depth of about 75 cm, and could not therefore have been caught by the blade of a passing plough during the cultivation of the numerous fields in the area. The site spreads out on both sides of the highway’s route, from the Jakopovec overpass to the Varazdin junction, a length of about 200 metres. The estimated width of the site is about 150 metres.

According to the inhabitants of Jakopovec, there were as many as three springs of water at Blizna that were filled-in when the village was connected to the water main. The area in question lies between the mentioned hillock of Husta and the sandy ridge. This is an evidently low-lying and marshy terrain into which the creek coming off the slopes of Varazdinbreg flowed. This marsh had been systematically filled, and during the construction excavators dredged out a great deal of refuse, including discarded stoves, car parts and so forth. As before, this site was used during the construction as a dumpsite for construction material, construction debris and old asphalt. Because of all of this it is impossible now to envision the former appearance of the marsh and the water springs, or with any certainty to say whether there might here too be archaeological finds. The first find was located some twenty metres further on, on the slopes of the sandy ridge, around which the creek runs on, turning to the north towards the Plitvica river.

As the route of the highway was at the time of the discovery already gravelled, the sondages had to be carried out along its side. It was agreed with the investor (the Croatian Motorways company) and the construction companies that the ditches not be excavated but instead that sondages be made at the positions of the so-called “parallel roads” running alongside the highway. Given the dimensions of the site and the topographic situation, and in agreement with Professor Aleksandar Durman PhD, it was decided that a larger control trench 10 x 30 metres in size be dug within the part of the site cetain to yield finds, and two smaller ones, 2 x 2 metres in size, on the outer areas to check how far the site spread.1 A levelled and emptied dump of excavated earth on the west side of the route was used for the larger trench. All features and special finds within the trenches were drawn into a total geodetic station. Also, in order to in some way evaluate the finds from the construction ditches, the same approach was applied to them, and all ditches were given the designation K (kanal=canal). Nevertheless, it should be said that it was not technically possible to clean out all 1200 metres of ditch, up to more than 2 metres in depth, so that only some features were

topografsku si taciju, u dogovoru s prof. dr.Aleksandrom Durmanom odluceno je kopati jednu veeu sondu promjera 10 x 30 metara unutar sigurnog dijela nalazista, te dvije male, promjera 2 x 2 metra na posve rubnim podrucjima kao provjeru rasprostiranja nalaza.1 Za polozaj velike sonde iskoristeno je zaravnato i ispraznjeno odlagaliste iskopane zemlje sa zapadne strane trase. Svi nalazi objekata i posebni nalazi unutar sonde ucrtani su totalnom geodetskom stanicom. Kako bi se ipak na neki nacin vrednovali i nalazi iz gradevinskih jaraka, na njih je primijenjen isti pristup, te su sve jame dobile predime K (kanal). Ipak, treba napomenuti kako nije bilo tehnicki moguce ocistiti sveukupno 1200 metara profda jaraka, dubine i vise od 2 metra, pa su u jarcima dokumentirani samo neki objekti, koji su se isticali na prvi pogled. Stratigrafska sUka jama pronadenih u odvodnim jarcima na nasem tlorisu zacijelo bi izgledala drukcije - gusce, da se ciscenje moglo provesti u cijelosti.

Probne sonde B i C dimenzija 2 x 2 metra nisu sadrzavale arheoloske nalaze. Kopane su na dubinu od oko 3 metra, kada se na dnu sonde pojavila voda. Tada se odustalo od njihova sirenja te su zatrpane. One su nam razmjerno siguran orijentir za okvir prostora nalazista na sjeverozapadnoj i jugozapadnoj strani nalazista.

Sonda A rezultirala je brojnim nalazima u vecem broju kulturnih slojeva, osobito u svom juznom dijelu. Sonda je iskopana potpuno do zdravice te su svi sklopovi zabiljezeni. Profdi su nacrtani u nekoliko isjecaka na karakteristicnim mjestima.

Geoloski, rijec je o zemljanom sloju od 50ak cm, te zatim sloju pjeskovite ilovace do dubine od oko 2 metra , gdje se na dnu nalazi zdravica od vodonepropusne ilovace. Iznimna po sastavu je uzvisina - greda, koja je uglavnom pjescana. Zasada nije ispitano jeli rijec o eolskom ili aluvijskom nasipu.

Osim horizontalne stratigrafije, na ovom nalazista postoji i vertikalna stratigrafija. S obzirom na relativnu dubinu kulturnog sloja, jame uglavnom nisu bile ukopane u one iz prethodnih razdoblja, pa je stanje prilicno lako citljivo. Postoje i neka odstupanja, dio kojih se zasad ne moze objasniti. Dakako, kao sto je i cesto slucaj, jame ukopane u hodne slojeve starijih kultura, izvlacile su i sitne nalaze, koji su se tako mijesali s mladima.

Kao sto je razvidno prema crtezima profila, prepoznato je osam osnovnih slojeva ukljucujuci zdravicu. No, na pros toru sonde, odnosno odlagalista zemlje prilikom gradnje trase, neki povrsinski slojevi bili su izgrebeni strojem, pa ih nema ucrtanih na profilima. Kako nije bilo nalaza u tankom humusnom sloju te njegovim podslojevima, imenovani su kao sloj 1 A, B i C, te su i uoci nasih istrazivanja strojno otkopani. PrUikom rada bagera kontrolirana je iskopna povrsina te izvadena zemlja,

documented in the ditches, those visible at first glance. The stratigraphic picture of the pits found in the drainage ditches on our ground plan would certainly look different - denser, if the clean out could had been done entirely.

The 2 x 2 metre control trenches B and C did not yield archaeological finds. They had been dug to a depth of about 3 metres when water appeared at the bottom of the trench. They were not further widened and were subsequently filled in. They are a relatively certain guide as to the frame of the site’s area to the northwest and southwest.

Trench A yielded numerous finds in a large number of cultural layers, especially in its southern end. The trench was dug right down to the subsoil and all of the contexts were recorded. Several cross sections were drawn of each of the profiles at characteristic locations.

In terms of its geology, this is a layer of soil of about 50 cm, followed by a layer of sandy clay to a depth of about 2 metres, with a subsoil layer on the bottom of impermeable clay. Different in its composition is the elevation – ridge, which is predominantly sandy. For the moment no research has been made to ascertain if it is an eolian or alluvial deposit.

Besides the horizontal stratigraphics, there is a vertical stratigraphy at this site. Given the relative depth of the cultural layer, most of the pits were not dug into those from previous periods, so that the situation is quite easy to read. There are some aberrations, some of which can not for the moment be explained. Of course, as is often the case, pits that were dug into the occupational layers of previous cultures drew out small finds, mixing them with later ones.

As is evident from the profile drawings, eight basic layers were identified including the subsoil. In the area of the trench however, i.e. the soil dump

93

Jakopovec-Blizna. Sonda A uz odvodni kanal.

using during the road’s construction, some of the Jakopovec-Blizna. Trench A along the surface layers had been removed by heavy machin- drainage canal.

1 Voditelj istraHvanja mr.se.Luia Beiie, znanstveni savjetaii prof.drseAleisandar Durman. Od arheologa i studenata pri isiopayanju su sudjelovali: Helena Nodilo, Marija DraJanfie, Igor Miholjei, LeaCataj, RobertCimin, Vlado Tumseite Ivana Pesian, poTJesniearia umjetnosti. Excavation ha." r i BeHcM.S., resmrch cmmellor Professor AUUandar Durman Sc.D. Arc}meoloi' ' ? . ' . . ' , ' ' ' rtpariin the excamtims:m. JM, Ma^a DraIana/^gor M,MmLeM,CaM^^rtC,m,,n, Vb^n,msek " An.

94 pa su u sloju la i b pronadeni sporadicni ulomci ery, so that they are not drawn into the profiles. As novovjeke keramike, dok je sloj lc bio gotovo there were no finds in the thin layer of humus and potpuno arheoloski jalov do svog najdubljeg dijela. the layers directly underneath, they have been des-

Rucno kopanje zapoceto je ciscenjem spoja lc i ignated as layer 1 A, B and C, and were removed by 2 sloja, gdje su se ukazali prvi arheoloski nalazi. machine prior to our excavations. The material re-Sloj 2 hodni je sloj ranorimskog do ranosrednjo- moved by the excavator in this process the dig sur-vjekovnog razdoblja, zasicen organskom materijom face was overseen and the soil separated, so that i tako tamnije boje. Nalazi tih razdoblja nalaze se layer la and b yielded sporadic potsherds of mod-premijesani u ovom sloju, koji nije bilo moguce ern ceramics, while layer lc was almost entirely razdijeliti preciznije po razdobljima. Ranosrednjo- archaeologicaUy barren to its deepest parts. vjekovni nalazi do 9. st. ujedno su i najmladi nalazi Digging by hand commenced with the clean out 2 sloja, a uglavnom se nalaze na vrhu sloja. Na dnu of the meeting of layers lc and 2, where the first sloja 2 nalaze se ranorimski i kasnolatenski nalazi, archaeological finds were unearthed. Layer 2 is the a to je ujedno i sloj iz kojeg su ukopavane njihove occupational layer of the early Roman to early me-jame. Sloj 2 je prepoznat i na vise mjesta u jarcima, dieval periods, saturated with organic material and a na prostora blizu K 11 iz sredine sloja izvucen je therefore of a darker colour. Finds from these peri-ugljen i datiran metodom AMS-14C. Ishod je ods are jumbled in this layer, and it was impossible pokazao 4.st. (325±53 calAD), sto potpuno to divide it more precisely by periods. Early medi-odgovara ovakvoj stratigrafskoj slid.2 eval finds up to the 9th century are also the latest

Sloj 3, siromasniji nalazima, vjerojatno je trag finds in layer 2 and are found mostly at the top of vremenske praznine u naseljavanju Blizne, koja se the layer. At the bottom of layer 2 were early Roman odlikuje zasipavanjem pjescanom zemljom, a koje period and late Laten find-s, and it is also the layer je trajalo od oko 10. do 2.st.pr.Kr. from which their pits were dug. Layer 2 was

Zatim se organskom materijom (kao tamnija recognised at several locations in the ditches, while zemlja) ponovo javlja zasicen sloj 4, koji je charcoal was extracted from the middle of the layer vjerojatno hodni sloj kasnog broncanog doba. in the area near K 11 and dated using the AMS-Naime, u njemu se nalazi najveca kolicina 14C method. The results gave a dating in the 4th kasnobroncanodobne keramike, a sacuvane jame century (325±53 calAD), which is entirely in keep-tog doba ukopane su iz ovog sloja. Slijedi sloj 5, u ing with a stratigraphic picture of this kind.2

kojem se nalaze rijetki ulomci uglavnom bakreno- Layer 3, yielding fewer finds, is likely a trace of a dobne keramike, te su iz njega ukopani objekti gap in Blizna’s inhabitation by humans, that is lasinjske kulture izravno u zdravicu, koja je marked by a deposit of sandy soil that lasts from oznacena kao sloj 6. around the 10th to 2nd centuries BC.

Apsolutna visinska razlika usporedbom je This is then followed by layer 4, again saturated osobito zamijetljiva u dubljim slojevima. Kasnijim with organic material (darker earth), probably the uslojavanjem kulturnih slojeva i prirodnim occupational layer from the late Bronze Age. It con-zasipavanjem pjescanom ilovacom nastalo je tains, namely, the largest concentration of late izravnavanje razine, barem na prostora sonde A. Bronze Age ceramics, and preserved pits from that Na cjelokupnom nalazistu, a rijec je o vecem time are dug into this layer. Layer 5 Mows in which prostora, apsolutne visinske razlike i relativne there are rare potsherds of predominantly Copper dubine ukopavanja su dosta razlicite. No, strati- Age ceramics. Features from the Lasinja culture grafsko stanje je lokalno, po isjeccima, dosta pra- were dug from this layer directly into the subsoil, vilno, pa su tako i rezultati lako citljivi. designated as layer 6.

Absolute differences in elevation are in compari-BAKRENO DOBA son especially perceptible in the deeper layers. The NALAZI later settling of cultural layers and natural sedimen-Iz mladeg kamenog doba nisu pronadene tation with sandy clay levelled out the terrain, at

strukture a i sitni nalazi su vrlo rijetki. Svi su least in the area of trench A. On the entire site, a quite pronadeni kao slucajni nalazi, pa se o tome zasad large area, absolute differences in elevation and the ne moze vise reci, osim da je i ovo razdoblje relative depths of the excavation are quite different. zastupljeno ali u vrlo malom opsegu. Pravo The stratigraphic situation is however, local, in sec-naseljavanje trajalo je od bakrenog doba, a lasinjska tions, quite regular, so that the results are easily read. kultura jedna je od bitnih sastavnica ovog nalazista. Pronadeno je nekoliko objekata, uglavnom THE COPPER AGE zemunica, koje se trebaju pripisati ovom razdoblju. FEATURES Rijec je o jami K8, vjerojatno zemunici i njoj No structures were found hailing from the new pripadajucoj otpadnoj jami K 14. Slijede velike Stone Age - smaU finds were also very rare. All were zemunice K7 i K4, polozene u krajnje sjevernom located as chance finds, so that more can not be said

2 AMS-14C dataeija izradena je u Leibniz Labor far Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforselmng, Christian-Albreehts-Universitat u Kielu (KIA-22472, BP 1709+26). Skraeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilistu u Kolnu. Carbon 14 AMS dating was done at the Leibniz Labor fiir Altersbesiimmung undhotopenforsehung, Christian-Mbrechts- Vniversitdt in Kiel (KIA-22472, BP 1709 ±26). Shortened calibration using GalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln.

dijelu nalazista. U ovim objektima otkriveno je mnostvo keramickih nalaza, gar te roznjacke alatke i odbici. U objektu K4 nalazili su se najkvalitetniji primjerci ukrasene keramike te jedna glacana kamena sjeHra, uglavnom pronadeni u jami unutar zemunice. Naime, bager je kopajuci kanal probio zemunicu uzduzno, otprilike na razini njezina dna. Tiko se po sredini zemunice ocrtavala jama, ukopana iz razine dna zemunice duboko u vodonepropusnu zdravicu. Kroz kanal je pusten potok, pa su se tako ulomci ispirali iz jame s rahlom ispunom. Vrlo je zanimljivo kako se krajnje sjeverna zemunica K8 nalazi ukopana iz sloja koji je na relativnoj dubini od oko 50 cm, a zemunica K4 polozena sezdesetak metara juznije na cak 1,5 metra dubine! Ovo valja objasniti konstatnim uzrastom pjescanog brezuljka, koji je tako prekrivao njemu blize objekte. Nazalost, objekti u jarku (K) nisu mogli biti iskopavani, vec je iz profila jama prffikom ciscenja za fotografiranje izvuceno malo nalaza kako bi objekti mogli biti vremenski odredeni. Tkko je iz zemunice K4 izvuceno nesto gara koji je datiran AMS-14C metodom, a ishod je pokazao 43. st.pr.Kr. (4208±91 calBC).3

Jedini objekt lasinjske kulture pronaden u sondi A jest cjelina koja se sastoji od jama J4, J5 i J6. Ovdje nije rijec o zemunici, vec o ostacima nadzemne kuce ili bolje reel satoraste nadstresnice. Cini se kako je jama J4 ostatak osnovnog nosivog stupa koji se nalazio na ulazu u “sator”, dok su jame J5 i J6 ostaci bocnih stranica koje su bile takoder plitko ukopane. Krov je tako bio “na dvije vode”, vjerojatno izraden od siblja, te je mogao biti prekriven slamom ali i zemljom. Ukopi ovih jama nalaze se izravno u zdravici, a na istoj dubini prepoznati su i ostaci dvaju stupova J12 i J13. Premda se nalaze u nekom odredenom geome-trijskom skladu s ovim “satorom”, vjerojatno ill ne bi trebalo pripisati dijelu toga gradevinskog sklopa.

Nalazi iz ovili jama vrlo su oskudni. Rijec je samo o djelicima keramickih posuda i mrvicama paljene zemlje - mozda ljepa.4 U sondi A nije bilo drugih objekata lasinjske kulture, ali se u slojevima 4 i 5 nalazilo ponesto manjih ulomaka keramike tog razdoblja, a medu njima i dio keramicke zlice.

POKRETNI NALAZI Keramicki nalazi - Zorko Markovic Blizna se medu inim iskazuje i kao neoliticki

on the subject at the moment, other than that this period is represented but in very small breadth. Real settlement started in the Copper Age, and the Lasinja culture is one of the key elements of this site. Several features were found, mostly dugout houses, which should be attributed to this period. This refers to pit K8, probably a dugout house it’s midden K 14. Large dugout houses K7 and K4 follow, situated in the far north of the site. An abundance of ceramic finds, charcoal and flint implements and flakes were uncovered in these structures. Feature K4 yielded the highest quality specimens of decorated ceramics and one polished stone axe, found predominantly in a pit inside the dugout house. The excavator, namely, digging a canal, breached the dugout house along its length, at about the level of its bottom. The outlines of a pit could be seen along the middle of the dugout house, dug from the bottom level of the dwelling deep into the impermeable subsoil. The creek was run through the canal washing potsherds from the pit with its loose fi l l . I t is fascinating that dugout K8, located to the far north, is dug into a layer located at a relative depth of about 50 cm while dugout K4, situated about sixty metres to the south, is located at a depth of 1.5 metres! This can be explained by the constant growth of the sandy hillock, that slowly covered structures located closer

95

Jakopovec-Blizna. Velika zemunica K4 na dnu odvodnog jarka koji je iskopan po njezinoj du`ini.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Large dugout house K4 at the bottom of the drainage ditch that had been excavated along its length.

> AMS-14C dataeija izradena je u Leibniz Labor fur Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforseliung, Christian-Albreehts-Universitat u Eelu (KIA-22470, BP 5368 + 32). Skraeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilistu u Kolim. Carbon 14 AMS dating wa s done at the Leibniz Labor fir Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Christian-Albrechts-UniversitM in Kiel (KIA-22470, BP 5368±32). Shortened calibation using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln. « U jami J6, po sredini, pronadeno je bubrezasto prosirenje ispunjeno veeom kolieinom gara. Gar je ispitan metodom 14C na Institutu “Ruder Bosko™", a isliod je bio iznenadujuei, jer dataeija pada u 9.st.pr.Kr. (ealBC871±53). Keramieko gradivo iz jama J4, J5 i J6, premda usitnjeno, prepoznato je kao bakrenodobno, a jame su ukopane iz najdubljeg sloja. Cak iznad spomenutog objekta postoje vertikalno stratigrafski uredno ukopane jame kasnog broneanog doba i latenskog doba koje su dale korektnu dataeiju prema 14C te keramiekom gradivu, pa smatram kako je ovdje rijec o neopredijeljenoj gresei, te se taj isliod ne treba uzimati u obzir 14C klasiena dataeija izradena je u Laboratoriju za mjerenje niskili aktiTOosti Instituta “Ruder Boskovie" u Zagrebu (Z-3314, BP 2695 ±70). Skraeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilistu u Kolnu. A ren form widening was found in the middle of pit J6 filled with a larger quantity of charcoal. The charcoal was tested using the C14 method at the “Ruder Bokovi” Institute yielding a surprising dating that fell in the 9th fragmented, was identified as Copper Age, and the pits were dug from the deepest layer. Even above the mentioned structure there is a vertical stratigrafically appropriately dug pit from the late Bronze Age and Laten period that yielded accurate datings based both on C14 testing and ceramic material, so that I feel that this was an uncommitted error, and that this result should not be taken into consideration. Classic C14 dating was done at the “Ruder Boskovic” Institute’s Low Activities Measuring Laboratory in Zagreb (Z-3314, BP 2695± 70). Shortened calibration using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln.

96

Jakopovec-Blizna. Zemunica K7 prepolovljena odvodnim jarkom.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Dugout house K7 split in half by the drainage ditch.

lokalitet, tj. nekoliko se keramickih nalaza moze atribuirati neolitiku, odnosno linearno-trakastoj keramici. Ukraseni primjerak (T28-1) pripadatce prema ornamentu vec razvijenoj LTK iz srednjeg neolitika (horizont Malo Korenovo), a nikako ranoj fazi (Kaniska Iva), koja ima manje razradene i siromasnije ukrase (DIMITRIJEVIC 1978, 76-81). Izravnih analogija primjerku nema vec i stoga sto je malen ulomak, uz opasku da je rijec o “etaznoj” dekoraciji, ali postoje slicnosti kod nekih dmgih primjeraka (priblizno DIMITRIJEVIC 1961, t .2:l l , t.3:18). U ovu kulturu mozemo pribrojiti i rabni ulomak sive polukuglaste zdjele (T28-2). Kako god bilo, ovo nalaziste se bez rezerve mora pribrojiti u nalazista kompleksa linearno-trakastih kultura, ocito korenovskoj kulturi, njezinoj mladoj fazi. Priblizno ovaj horizont datiramo prema analogijama u vrijeme oko 5000g. pr.Kr., tj. odmah nakon egzistencije kasne starcevacke kulture. Starija faza odgovarala bi srednjim fazama starcevacke kulture iz sredine ili pocetka druge polovine 6. tisucljeca (TEZAK GREGL 1986, 93).

Prilicna je kolicina nalaza lasinjske kulture iz vremena srednjeg eneolitika, istovremene Bodrogkeresztur-kulturi. Odmah napominjemo da ovdje nema nekih bitnih sastojaka ove kulture (noge sa zadebljanjem u gornjem dijelu, male bikonicne bocice, velike jezicaste drske, vjedra, sita). To, medutim, ne znaci mnogo jer imamo ostale karakteristicne elemente prema kojima nalaze mozemo opredijeliti kao tipicne za zapadnu varijantu ove kulture u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj, tj. Beketinec-tip lasinjske kulture. Ovi nalazi prikupljeni su (kao i korenovski) djelomice s povrsine, ali i iz pet jamskih objekata istrazenih tijekom zastitnih iskopavanja mr.sc.Luke Bekica, kojemu zahvaljujem na moguenosti analize i obrade materrjala (dio preliminarno objavljen, BEKIC, VRANKOVIC2003).

Gruba keramika ima u fakturi usitnjene

to it. Features in the ditch (K) could not, unfortunately, be excavated; a few finds were instead extracted from the pit profile during the clean out for photographing so that a time frame could be given for the features. Some charcoal was withdrawn from dugout house K4 in this fashion and dated using the AMS-14C method, with the result giving a dating to the 43rd century BC (4208±91 calBC).3

The only Lasinja culture feature located in trench A was an ensemble made up of pits J4, J5 and J6. This is not a dugout house but rather the remains of a raised house, or more precisely a tent-like porch. It appears that pit J4 is the remains of a main support post that was located at the entry to the “tent”, while pits J5 and J6 are remains of side walls, also dug in shallowly The roof was two-sided, probably made of reeds, and may have been covered with hay or earth. These pits are dug directly into the subsoil, and the remains of two posts, J12 and J13, were identified at the same depth. Although these two are in some sort of geometric alignment with this “tent” they should probably not be considered a part of this construction ensemble.

There are very few finds from these pits. They are only small fragments of ceramic vessels and crumbs of burnt earth - perhaps daub.4 There were no other features from the Lasinja culture in trench A, but layers 4 and 5 yielded some smaller potsherds from that period, among them part of a ceramic spoon.

FINDS Ceramic finds - Zorko Markovic Blizna among other things shows itself to be a

Neolithic site, that is to say, several ceramic finds can be attributed to the Neolithic, i.e. to Linear Pottery culture. Based on its ornaments, decorated specimen (T28-1) belongs to the developed LBK of the middle Neolithic (Malo Korenovo horizon), and definitely not to an earlier phase (Kaniska Iva), that has cruder and sparser decorations (DIMITRIJEVIC 1978, 76-81). The specimens smaU size right away means that there are no direct analogies, although it should be said that these decorations are “shelved”, but there are similarities in some other specimens (approximately DIMITRIJEVIC 1961, t.2:ll, t.3:18). We can also attribute a potsherd from the edge of a grey semi-spherical bowl (T28-2) to this culture. Whatever the case, this site can without reservation be counted among the sites of the complex of Linear Pottery cultures, evidently the Korenovo culture in its later phase. We can date this horizon approximately based on analogies to a time about 5000 years BC, i.e. immediately after the existence of the late Starcevo culture. The earlier phase would correspond to the middle phases of the Starcevo culture from the middle or start of the second half of the 6th millennium (TEZAKGREGL 1986, 93).

There is quite a large quantity of finds from the Lasinja culture from the time of the middle Eneolithic, synchronous with the Bodrogkeresztur

kamencice i pijesak, a boja joj varira od crvene i smede do (rjede) sive. Fina keramika obicno ima malo pijeska u fakturi, pokatkad i sjaj kao kod glacanih predmeta, a boja joj varira od sive i erne do (rjede) crvene.

Tehnike ukrasavanja su: urezivanje (T2- 3, 6, 10; T5- 10), ubadanje tockicama ili “kapljicama” (T2- 2, 3, 7, 8; T5- 10), trokutasto zigosanje (T4-7), blago zlijebljenje (Tl- 3), te cepaste aplikacije (Tl- 1, 2, 3). Ornamenti su iskljucivo razlicite vrpce sastavljene od horizontalnih, kosih ili vertikalnih poteza crta, pokadsto samo uboda ili zigova, a pokatkad u kombinaciji jednih s drugima (kao npr. MARKOVIC 1986, t .L l l , 13, 14, T.2:2, 4, 7). Pojedini uzorci slice na fmo tkanje (T2- 1, 3). Na cak dva primjerka postoji ukras izveden na unutarnjoj strani zdjele (T2- 8; T5- 10). Ukrasavanje unutrasnjosti zdjele poznato je iz krizevackog kraja (HOMEN 1990, si. 5:1; MARKOVIC 1994, t.23:10), ali i iz Leticana kod Bjelovara (tzv. stariji nalazi, DIMITRIJEVIC 1961, t.4:23), za koje nije sigurno pripadaju li lasinjskoj kulturi ili njezinoj ranoeneolitickoj prethodnici - sopotskoj kulturi tipa Sece.

S obzirom na izabrani materijal na tablama 1 -5, pokazujemo glavne oblike lasinjskog posuda. Tb su: obicna zaobljena zdjela (T2- 8; T3- 4), bikonicna zdjela s uvueenim donjim dijelom (T5- 7; T3- 1, 3), zdjela s roscicem na obodu (T4- 1), amforica (T2- 2), vrcevi s drskom do oboda (Tl- 4; T2- 1), lonci ili zdjele sa zadebljanjem na trbuhu (T4- 11), lonci kruskastog oblika (Tl- 6), lonci s hori-zontalnim ruckama (Tl- 7), zlice (T4- 5; T5- 1), amuleti od posude (T5- 12), zdjele na supljoj nozi.

Analogija karakteristicnim bikonicnim zdjelama s uvueenim donjim dijelom ima mnogo (npr. MARKOVIC 1977, t.7:l; HOMEN 1990, si. 2:6, si. 3:1, sl. 6:7, si. 12). Brojne su analogije i keramickim zlicama s otvorom za drvenu drsku (MARKOVIC1986, t.2:6; HOMEN 1990, sl. 4:1-2). Piriformni lonci slijede neoliticku tradiciju, ali priblizne analogije nalazimo u Beketincu (HOMEN 1990, sl. 2:2).

Fina zdjela s roscicem na obodu ima analogije na lokalitetu Cerine 3 kod Koprivnice (MARKOVIC 1986, sl. 6), te na lokalitetu Polje kod Ludbreskog Ivanca (MARKOVIC 1983, t.2:5), u Beketincu (KOROSEC 1962, t.7:2) i u Madarskoj (KALICZ 1995a, abb.3:15). Analogije nizu trokutica nalazimo u Leticanima (DIMITRIJEVIC 1961, t.8:48, 49), te u okolici Krizevaca (HOMEN 1990, sl. 9:7). Horizontalnom zadebljanju na trbuhu posude priblizno nalazimo analogije na lokalitetu Koprivnicki Ivanec-Vojnik 1 (MARKOVIC 1982, t.2:2), te u Beketincu (HOMEN 1990, sl. 2:1, 2). Amforicama (sl. 18, 29) analogije primjerice nalazimo takoder kod lokaliteta uz Koprivnicki Ivanec (MARKOVIC 1982, t.2:ll, 14, 16, 19). Dugoj tanjoj rucki lonca koja je malo zadignuta gore (Tl- 7) nalazimo analogiju u Letenyju (KALICZ 1995b, abb.l5:ll) ali i u Beketincu (HOMEN 1990, sl. 5:7), te na Cerinama 3 kod

culture. We should say immediately that there are no key elements of this culture here (feet that are wider in their upper extremity, small carinated bottles, large tongue-shaped handles, buckets, sieves). This, however, does not mean much because we have the other characteristic elements based on which we could identify the finds as typical of the western variant of this culture in northern Croatia, i.e. the Beketinec type of the Lasinja culture. These finds were gathered (as were those at Korenovo) partly from the surface, but also from five pit features examined during rescue excavations lead by Luka Bekic M.S., who I thank for the opportunity to analyse and process the material (part of which was preliminarily published, BEK3C, VEANKOVIC 2003).

There are finely fragmented pebbles and sand in the texture of this crude ceramic, while its colour ranges from red to brown and (more rarely) grey. The finer ceramic usually has some sand in the texture, sometimes it gleams like a burnished object, and its colour varies from grey to black and (more rarely) red.

The techniques of decoration include: engraving (T2- 3, 6, 10; T5- 10), pricking with dots or “drops” (T2- 2, 3, 7, 8; T5- 10), triangular stamping (T4-7), light grooving (Tl- 3), and plug-like applications (Tl- 1, 2, 3). The ornaments used are only various ribbons composed of horizontal, diagonal or vertical lines, sometimes just pricks or stamps, and other times a combination of the two (as for example MARKOVIC 1986, t . l : l l , 13, 14, T2:2, 4, 7). Individual patterns are similar to fine weaving (T2- 1, 3). On two specimens there are even decorations applied to the inside of the vessel (T2-8; T5- 10). Decorations on the inside of a vessel is known from the Krizevac area (HOMEN 1990, sl. 5:1; MARKOVIC 1994, t.23:10), and also from Leticane near Bjelovar (the “earlier finds”, DIMITRIJEVIC 1961, t.4:23), for which it is not known if they belong to the Lasinja culture or its predecessors from the early Eneolithic - the Sece type Sopot culture.

Considering the selected material on tables 1 - 5, we see here the chief characteristics of Lasinja ves-sels. These are: plain curved vessels (T2- 8; T3- 4), carinated vessels with an indented lower extremity (T5- 7; T3- 1, 3), vessels with small horns on the rim (T4- 1), small amphora (T2- 2), jugs with handles up to the rim (Tl- 4; T2- 1), pots or vessels with a thickening at the “belly” (T4- 11), pear-shaped pots (Tl- 6), pots with horizontal handles (Tl- 7), spoons (T4- 5; T5- 1), amulets from vessels (T5- 12), vessels on a hollow foot.

There are many analogies of characteristically carinated vessels with indented lower extremities (for example MARKOVIC 1977, t.7:l; HOMEN 1990, sl. 2:6, sl. 3:1, sl. 6:7, sl. 12). There are also numerous analogies for the ceramic spoons with receptacles for a wooden handle (MARKOVIC 1986, t.2:6; HOMEN 1990, sl. 4:1-2). Pyriform pots follow the Neolithic tradition, but we find approximate

97

Jakopovec-Blizna. Rekonstruirana keramicka zlica lasinjske kulture, 4208±91 calBC. (T3-2)

Jakopovec-Blizna. A reconstructed ceramic spoon of the Lasinja culture, 4208+91 calBC. (T3-2)

98 Koprivnice (MARKOVIC 1986, t.l:9). Medutim, ~ svugdje je samo po jedna cepasta aplikacija. Gust

ukras postoji (T2- 3) samo kao slicnost, a ne identicnost (HOMEN 1990, si. 8:3/Beketinec). I na kraju, vrcevi sa sirokom trakastom drskom do oboda postoje u Bukovju kod Krizevaca (MARKOVIC 1994, t.24:l-3), all i u Velikoj Minskoj kod Kutine (MARKOVIC 1994, t.24:10).

Lasinjska kultura nastala u srednjem eneolitiku, suvremena je kulturi Bodrogkeresztur. U sjevernoj Hrvatskoj proistekla je iz kasnosopotskog ranoeneolitickog supstrata faze Sopot 4 (i tipa Sece) (o tome v. MARKOVIC 1994, 89-96; takoder KALICZ 1995a, 38, abb.2). Kako je zavrsna faza sopotske kulture razlicita na sjevernohrvatskom istoku i zapadu, tako je razlicita i njezina nasljednica - lasinjska kultura. Kako sam iznio drugdje (MARKOVIC 1994, 92-94) u dijelu sjevero-zapadne Hrvatske prevladavaju nalazi tipa Beketinec, a u Slavoniji tip Koska. Tip Josipdol

(Cakovac kod Josipdola) a nasljede je kasne faze hvarske kulture u Lici i Gorskom kotaru. Na podrucju tipa Beketinec (od okolice Krizevaca, Bjelovara i Koprivnice do Hrvatskog zagorja) pojavljuju se bikonicne bocice (Koska ih nema), ukrasavanje unutrasnjosti zdjela ili tanjura (Koska ill nema), te ljestvicasti

i motiv i fino tanko ukrasavanje (u I Koski grublje i cvrsce). Kao prilog | poznavanju nastanka Beketinec-tipa

lasinjske kulture spominjemo da je u Grabrovcu kod Sv. Petra Cvrsteca blizu Krizevaca pronaden dvoslojni

lokalitet faze Sopot 4 - Sece i lasinjske kulture (MARKOVIC, HOMEN 1990,

61 i d.), a kasnije i na lokalitetu Vratnec 2 sjevernije od Koprivnice (MARKOVIC

2003, 42-44). Slican slucaj (Sopot 4 -Lasinja) zbio se i na lokalitetu Slavca u Novoj

jakopovec Blizna Rekonstruirani vrc Gradi§ki (MHALJEVIC 2000; zahvaljujemo lasinjske kulture, 4208±91 calBC. (T1-4) voditeljici na pregledu materijala u novogradiskome Jakopovec-Blizna. A reconstructed jug of niuzeju). Pal Raczky u jednom novijem radu the Lasinja culture, 4208+91 calBC. (T1-4) apsolutnokronoloski datira lasinjsku kultura oko

4000 - 3850 god. pr. Kr. (RACZKY 1995, fig. 1). Nas lokalitet pripada srednjoj ili 2. fazi razvoja lasinjske kulture, izmedu lokaliteta Koprivnicki Ivanec-Vojnik 1 (rana faza) i Beketinec (kasna faza).

Gornji datum za lasinjske nalaze iz Blizne (calBC 4214±87) cini se na prvi pogled previsokim, no trebat ce nam vise takvili datuma. Za nalaze iz Gromaca 2 datum je 4293±33 g.pr.Kr., a ako je tocno da je rijec o materijalu slicnom kasno-sopotskom tipu Sece (faza Sopot 4, rani eneolitik, neposredni prethodnik lasinjske kulture), tada bi se ta dva datuma (naime onaj iz Blizne i ovaj) mozda mogla nekako i prilivatiti, barem u odnosu jedan prema drugom. Svakako bi nam trebalo jos novih datuma. Jedno je sigurno: visok odmak od pocetaka badenske kulture bio bi posve realan.

Iz Gornjeg Pustakovca namecu se dva donja

analogies in Beketinec (HOMEN 1990, si. 2:2). Finer vessels with horned rimes have their analo

gies at the Cerine site near Koprivnice (MARKOVIC 1986, si. 6), and at the Polje site near Ludbreski Ivanac (MARKOVIC 1983, t.2:5), in Beketinec (KOROSEC 1962, t.7:2) and in Hungary (KALICZ 1995a, abb.3:15). Analogies to a series of small triangles are found at Leticane (DIMITRIJEVIC 1961, t.8:48, 49), and in the environs of Krizevci (HOMEN 1990, si. 9:7). Vessels with horizontal thickenings at the “belly” have approximate analogies at the Koprivnicki Ivanec-Vojnik 1 site (MARKOVIC 1982, t.2:2), and in Beketinec (HOMEN 1990, si. 2:1, 2). We also for example find analogies for small amphorae (si. 18, 29) at the site along Koprivnicki Ivanec (MARKOVIC 1982, t.2:ll, 14, 16, 19). Analogies of long, slightly upwardly turned, thinner pot handles (Tl- 7) are found at Letenyje (KALICZ 1995b, abb.l5:ll) but also in Beketinec (HOMEN 1990, si. 5:7), and at Cerine 3 near Koprivnice (MARKOVIC 1986, t.l:9). Everywhere, however, there is only one plug-like application. Dense decorations exist (T2- 3) but only as a similarity, not as an identical example (HOMEN 1990, si. 8:3/ Beketinec). And finally, there are jugs with wide ribbon-like handles to the rime in Bukovje near Krizevci (MARKOVIC 1994, t.24:l-3), and in Veliko Mlinsko near Kutina (MARKOVIC 1994, t.24:10).

The Lasinja culture emerged in the middle Eneolithic, and is contemporary with the Bodrogkeresztur culture. In northern Croatia it emerged from the late Sopot and early Eneolithic substrata Sopot 4 phase (and Sece type) (on this see MARKOVIC 1994, 89-96; also KALICZ 1995a, 38, abb.2). As the closing phase of the Sopot culture is different in Croatia’s northeast and northwest, so does its descendent - the Lasinja culture, differ. As I stated elsewhere (MARKOVIC 1994, 92-94) in northwestern Croatia the Beketinec type is predominant, while in Slavonia it is the Koska type. The Josipdol type (Cakovac near Josipdol) and the heritage is of the later phase of the Hvar culture in Lika and Gorski kotar. Small carinated bottles appear in the territory of the Beketinec type (from the environs of Krizevci, Bjelovar and Koprivnice to the Hrvatsko zagorje region - there are none at Koska), decorations on the inside of bowls and plates (there are none at Koska), and ladder-like motifs and fine, thin decorations (they are coarser and firmer at Koska). As a contribution to our understanding of the Beketinec type of the Lasinja culture we should mention that a two-layered locality of the Sopot phase 4 - Sece and Lasinja culture, was found at Grabrovac near Sv. Petar Cvrstec near Krizevci (MARKOVIC, HOMEN 1990, 61 and others), and later at the Vratnec 2 site northwards from Koprivnica (MARKOVIC 2003, 42-44). A similar instance (Sopot 4 -Lasinja) took place at the Slavce site in Nova Gradiska (MIHALJEVIC 2000; our thanks to the

datuma (calBC 3569±48; calBC 3461±63). S obzirom na pocetke badenske kulture, koji se datiraju slicno, ostaje nejasan polozaj Retz-Gajary kulture, koja jendada od lasinjske (Ij. od lasinjsHh pocetaka), ali u jednom vremenskom odsjecku istovremena je badenskim pocecima (tj. fazi Boleraz). Ako bi se ovim datumima oznacilo kraj lasinjske kulture, to bi znacilo da ona traje oko 600-700 godina. Tesko je reci je li to realno. No, s druge strane, sopotska kultura se u pocetku datira iznad 5000 god.pr.Kr., pa bi s fazom Sopot4-Sece njezino trajanje moglo biti i vece, tj 700-1000 godina. Svakako bi ta dugovjecnost mogla biti realna, a tada nije iskljuceno i dugo trajanje lasinjske kulture. No, jos jednom napominjem da je zasad jos premalo novih mjerenja i datuma.

Kameni nalazi - Darko Komso Tijekom iskopavanja viseslojnog nalazista Blizne

(BEK3C, VBANKOVIC 2003), u blizini Varazdina, prikupljeno je 108 kamenih nalaza, ukupne tezine 1843,97 grama. Medu ovim nalazima, 92 su izradevine od cijepanog kamena, tezine 300,84 grama; 2 izradevine od glacanog kamena, tezine 202,92 grama; 2 brusna kamena, tezine 438,75 grama te 12 komada ostalog kamenja ukupne tezine 901,46 grama. Sto se tice grape nalaza izradevina od cijepanog kamena, 50 ih je prikupljeno kao slucajni nalaz, bez ikakvog arheoloskog konteksta. Iz zatvorenih cjelina (jama i kuca) prikupljeno je 17 izradevina, a iz stratigrafskih slojeva 24 izradevine. Jedna izradevina potjece iz sonde A, ali bez naznake sloja, te joj se ne moze odrediti kontekst. Glacane izradevine zastupljene su jednom nadenom cijelom sjekirom u bakrenodobnoj lasinjskoj kuci (K4, T3-7), dok je druga, fragmentirana izradevina, otkrivena kao slucajni nalaz. Oba nalaza brusnog kamenja pripadaju latenskom kontekstu. Od ostalog kamenja, dva su prikupljena kao slucajni nalaz, jedan u zatvorenoj cjelini iz razdoblja latena (K3), 6 komada kamena (medu njima i ulomak baze zrvnja, T18-11) prikupljeno je u sloju 3, datiranom u razdoblje od 10. do 2. stoljeca pr. Kr., a tri ulomka koja se spajaju, i koja na jednoj zagladenoj strani imaju nejasne ureze, u sloju 2 (T28-20).

U bakrenodobnim lasinjskim slojevima prikupljeno je 11 (svi iz zatvorenih cjelina - K4, K7 i K8) izradevina od cijepanog kamena i 1 glacana sjekira (zatvorena cjelina - K4); u slojevima kasnog broncanog doba 6 (3 iz sloja 4 i 3 iz zatvorenih cjelina - K l l i K12) izradevina od cijepanog kamena; u latenskim slojevima 9 (6 iz sloja 3 i 3 iz zatvorenih cjelina - J7 i J29) izradevina od cijepanog kamena, 2 brusna kamena (J7 i unistena kuca datirana u razdoblje latena) i jedan ulomak baze zrvnja iz sloja 3 te 15 izradevina od cijepanog kamena i tri ulomka kamena s nejasnim urezima na jednoj zagladenoj strani iz slojeva s rimskim i srednjovjekovnim ostacima (slojevi 1/2 i 2).

Metodoloski gledano, ova su istrazivanja bila zastitna, obavljena na velikoj povrsini i unutar

head of the Nova Gradiska museum for an overview of the material). Pal Raczky in a recent work has absolutely chronologically dated the Lasinja culture to around 4000 - 3850 years BC (RACZKY 1995, fig. 1). Our site belongs to the middle or 2nd phase of the Lasinja culture’s development, between the Koprivnicki Ivanec-Vojnik 1 (early phase) and Beketinec (late phase) site.

This dating of the Lasinja finds from Blizna (calBC 4214±87) appear at first overly high, but we shall need more dates such as these. Jbr the finds at Gromace 2 the date is 4293 ±33 BC, and if it is true that this is material similar to the late Sopot type of Sece (Sopot 4 phase, early Eneolithic, the direct predecessor of the Lasinja culture), then these two dates (namely those from Blizna and this one) could perhaps be accepted, at least in relation one to the other. In any case we need more datings. One this is for sure: a considerable detachment from the beginnings of the Baden culture would be quite realistic.

The two lower dates are suggested by Gornji

99

Jakopovec-Blizna. Dio ukrasene zdjele s malom ruckom, 4208±91 calBC. (T2-3) Jakopovec-Blizna. Part of a decorated

Pustakovec (calBC 3569±48; calBC 3461±63). bowl with small handle, 4208+91 calBC. Given the start of the Baden culture, that are similarly dated, the position of the Betz-Gajary culture remains unclear, it is later than the Lasinja (i.e. from the emergence of the Lasinja), but is in one moment in time synchronous with the emergence of the Baden (i.e. the Boleraz phase). If these dates were to mark the end of the Lasinja culture, that would mean that it lasted about 600 - 700 years. It is hard to say if this is realistic. But, on the other hand, the Sopot culture is in the beginning dated above 5000 years BC, so that with the Sopot 4 phase its duration could be greater, i.e. from 700 -1000 years. This longevity could certainly be realistic and a different duration for the Lasinja culture is not then excluded. But, we should once again point out that there are for the moment too few new measurements and datings.

Lilhic assemblage - Darko Komso During the excavation of the multi-layer Blizna

site (BEKIC, VBANKOVIC 2003) near Varazdin, 108 stone finds were collected having a total weight of 1843.97 grams. Of these finds, 92 are artefacts of knapped lithics, weighing 300.84 grams; 2 artefacts are of polished stone, weighing 202.92 grams; 2 whetstones, weighing 438.75 grams and 12 other stone finds with a total weight of 901.46 grams. As concerns groups of knapped lithics artefacts, 50 were coUected as surface finds, without any archaeological context. 17 artefacts were collected from closed ensembles (pits and houses), and 24 from stratigraphic layers. One artefact comes from trench A, but without a note of its layer, so that a context cannot be determined for it. Polished artefacts are represented by one located intact axe in a Copper Age Lasinja house (K4, T3-7), while the other, fragmented artefact, was collected as a surface find. Both whetstone finds belong to the Laten context. Of the other stones, two were collected as surface finds, one in a closed ensemble from

(T2-3)

100 ogranicenih vremenskih rokova, te nije bilo moguce sistematski obaviti sijanje iskopanog materijala, vec je obavljen rucni iskop s izdvajanjem nalaza in situ. Ovakvim nacinom istrazivanja, u pravilu se rijetko zapazi sitno cijepano kamenje, sto potvrduje i cjelokupni skup nalaza cijepanog kamenja koji je, izuzev dvije manje izradevine, vecih dimenzija od l,5 xl ,5 centimetara.

Na osnovi navedenoga, moze se uociti kako kolicina prikupljenih kamenih izradevina sveukupno nije velika, te kako je prikupljena u razlicitim kulturno-vremenskim fazama boravka.

Cijepana litika Analiza Od ukupno 92 prikupljene izradevine od

cijepanog kamena, 63 su neobradenih ulomaka kamena (68,5%), 20 obradenih (21,7%), 6 s rabovima ostecenim koristenjem (6,5%) i 3 jezgre - jedna cijela i 2 ulomka (3,3%). Tragovi gorenja javljaju se na 14 izradevina (15,2%). Plohak je sacuvan na 54 izradevine (Tablica 1). Najucestaliji je ravni plohak, zatim diedrican i prekriven okorinom, linearan, obraden, a pojedinacno se javljaju zakrivljen i tockast.

Tablica 1. Ucestalost pojedinih tipova plohaka Plohak Ucestalost %

Okorina 8 14,8% Ravan 23 42,6% Diedrican 8 14,8% Obraden 6 11,1% Zakrivljen 1 1,9% Linearan 7 13,0% Tbckast 1 1,9%

Ukupno 54 100,0%

Najucestalija morfoloska kategorija su odbojci sa 46 izradevina (50%), te lomljevina6 sa 12 izradevina (13%), mala sjeciva6 sa 10 (10,9%) i sjeciva7 sa 8 izradevina (8,7%) (Tablica 2).

Tablica 2. Ucestalost morfoloskih kategorija

Morfoloski tip Ucestalost % Odbojci 46 50,0% Mali odbojci 1 1,1% Sjeciva 8 8,7% Mala sjeciva 10 10,9% Jezgre 1 1,1% Ulomci jezgri 2 2,2% Lomljevina 12 13,0% Spaljena lomljevina8 6 6,5% Neodredeno 6 6,5%

the Laten period (K3), 6 stones (among them a shard of the base of a grindstone, T18-11) were collected in layer 3, dated from the 10th to 2nd centuries BC, and a further three shards of a single artefact bearing unclear engravings on one polished side in layer 2 (T28-20).

11 artefacts of knapped lithics (all from closed ensembles – K4, K7 and K8) and 1 polished axe (closed ensemble – K4) were located in Copper Age Lasinja layers; 6 artefacts of knapped lithics in late Bronze Age layers (3 from layer 4 and 3 from closed ensembles – K11 and K12); 9 artefacts of knapped lithics in Laten layers (6 from layer 3 and 3 from closed ensembles – J7 and J29), 2 whetstones (J7 and a destroyed house dated to the Laten period), a shard of the base of a grindstone from layer 3 and 15 artefacts of knapped lithics and three shards of stone with unclear engravings on one polished surface from layers with Roman period and medieval remains (layers 1/2 and 2).

In terms of methodology, this research was of the rescue type, done on a large area and within a limited time period, so that systematic sieving of excavated material was not possible. Excavation was done by hand with find separation in situ. In this method of research, as a rule, very small fragments of knapped lithics are rarely found, which is confirmed by the entire assemblage of knapped lithics that, with the exception of two smaller artefacts, are all larger than 1.5 x 1.5 centimetres.

Based on the aforementioned, it is evident that the amount of collected stone artefacts is not large and that it was collected in various culture and time phases of human habitation.

Knapped lithics Analysis Of a total of 92 collected artefacts of knapped

lithics, 63 are unretouched (68.5%), 20 retouched (21.7%), 6 have edges damaged by use (6.5%) and 3 cores – one complete and 2 fragments (3.3.%). Traces of burning appear on 14 artefacts (15.2%). The platform is preserved on 54 artefacts (Table 1). The most frequent is a flat platform, followed by dihedral and cortical, linear, faceted, and there are individual occurrences of winged and punctiform ones.

Ukupno 92 100,0%

Table 1. Frequency of individual types of platforms Platform Frequency %

Cortex 8 14.8% Flat 23 42.6% Dihedral 8 14.8% Facetted 6 11.1% Winged 1 1.9% Linear 7 13.0% Punctiform 1 1.9%

Total 54 100.0% Okorina postoji na 26 izradevina (28,3%), od

toga su 3 izradevine prekrivene okorinom izmedu 75% i 100%, 5 izmedu 50% i 74%, 6 izmedu 25% i 49%, te 12 izmedu 1% i 24% (Tablica 3).

The most frequent morphological category is flakes with 46 artefacts (50%), and knapping de-bris5 with 12 artefacts (13%), bladelets6 with 10

Tablica 3. U~estalost okorine Okorina Ucestalost %

75 - 100% 3 50 - 74% 5 25 - 49% 6 1 - 24% 12

11,5% 19,2% 23,1% 46,2%

(10.9%) and blades7 with 8 artefacts (8.7%) (Table 2).

Table 2. Frequency of morphological categories

101

Morphological type Frequency %

Ukupno 26 100,0%

Prikupljeno je ukupno 20 alatki, sto cirri 21,7% od ukupnog broja cijepanih izradevina. Najucestalija grupa alatki su grebala (7 grebala i jedno stragalo) (T4-8, T9-3, T3-6, T5-20, T5-16, T5-4, T5-19, T5-3), s ukupno 8 primjeraka, 7 izradevina s jednostavnom obradom na rabovima (T5-18, T5-5, T5-14), 2 zarupka (T28-21, T5-15), te po jedno dubilo (T5-17), siljak (T5-2) i ulomak malog prizmaticnog sjeciva sa dva udupka i lateralnom obradom (T5-13). Glavnina vecina alatki pripada grupi alatki za transformacijske aktivnosti. Ova grupa ima siroko podrucje koristenja za obradu koze, drva, kosti i drugih materijala. Samo jedan siljak (T5-2), ciji je vrh ostecen ili namjerno obraden udarcem, pripada grupi alatki koja se mogla upotrebljavati i za lovacke aktivnosti, iako postoje brojni primjeri upotrebe ove vrste alatki i za druge aktivnosti. Ulomak malog prizmaticnog sjeciva sa dva udupka i lateralnom obradom (T5-13) zanimljiva je izradevina. Nije potpuno jasno je li rijec o slomljenom svrdlu ili o mikrodubilu. Moguce je kako je zarubak iz sloja 2 (T28-21) koristen kao dio pribora za paljenje vatre. Osim navedenih izradevina s obradom, prikupljeno je i 6 izradevina bez formalne obrade s rabovima ostecenim koristenjem, kao i dvije izradevine bez formalne obrade (T10-7, T4-9), nadene u K8 i Kll , s karakteristicnim “sjajem srpa” na lateralnim rabovima, koji je mogao nastati intenzivnim rezanjem biljnog materijala (trave, zitarica ili listova).

Ostaci tehnoloskih procesa su rijetki. Pronadeno je jedno krestasto malo sjecivo (T5-18), te jedan prethodno navedeni ulomak prizmaticnog malog sjeciva (T5-13), koji bi mogao biti mikrodubilo.

Sirovinski materijal je raznolik, a najcesce se javljaju zelenosivi neprozirni roznjaci te crni neprozirni roznjaci osrednjih osobina cijepanja, zatim sivi, zeleni i smedi prozirni roznjaci dobrih osobina cijepanja. Cjelokupni navedeni sirovinski materijal potjece od malih i srednje velikih rijecnih oblutaka, dostupnih lokalno (PORENBAHER U

Flakes 46 50,0% Small flakes 1 1,1% Blades 8 8,7% Bladelets 10 10,9% Cores 1 1,1% Core fragments 2 2,2% Knapping debris 12 13,0% Burnt debris8 6 6,5% Unretouched 6 6,5%

Total 92 100,0%

Cortex is present on 26 artefacts (28.3%), of which 3 are artefacts with from 75% to 100% cortex covering, 5 covered from 50% to 74%, 6 from 25% to 49%, and 12 from 1% to 24% (Table 3).

Table3. Frequency of cortex Cortex Frequency % 75 - 100% 50 - 74% 25 - 49% 1 - 24%

3 11,5% 5 19,2% 6 23,1% 12 46,2%

Ukupno 26 100,0%

A total of 20 tools were collected, which constitutes 21.7% of the total amount of lithic assemblage. The most frequent group is of endscrapers (7 endscrapers and one scraper) (T4-8, T9-3, T3-6, T5-20, T5-16, T5-4, T5-19, T5-3), for a total of 8 specimens, 7 artefacts with simple linear retouch (T5-18, T5-5, T5-14), 2 truncations (T28-21, T5-15), and one each of a burin (T5-17), point (T5-2) and the fragment of a prismatic bladelet with two notches and lateral retouch (T5-13). The majority of tools belong to the group of tools for transformational activities. This group has a wide variety of uses in the working of skins, wood, bone and other materials. Only a single point (T5-2), whose tip was damaged or deliberately retouched with a single blow, belongs to the group of tools that could also have been used for hunting activity, even though there are numerous examples of the use of these kinds of tools for other activities. An interesting find is a fragment from a prismatic bladelet with two notches

5 U ovom skupu nalaza lomlJCTina se definira kao smrskani roznjak vefi od 10 mm koji se ne moze odredenije klasifieirati. In this assemblage of finds a knapping debris is defined as a shattered flint larger than 10 mm in size that can not be more specifically identified. 6 U ovom skupu nalaza mala sjefiva definirana su kao sjefiva fija je sirina uza ili jednaka 11 milimetara. In this assemblage of finds a bladelet is defined as a blade whose width is 11 millimetres or less. 1U ovom skupu nalaza sjefiva su definirana kao odbojfi fija je duHna dva ili vise puta veea od sirina, s vise ili manje paralelnim rubovima, sira od 11 milimetara In this assemblage of finds a blade is defined as flakes whose length is two or more times greater than its width, with more or less parallel edges, wider than 11 millimetres. " U ovom skupu nalaza spaljena lomljevina definira se kao roznjak smrskan nekontroliranim izlaganjem visokim temperaturama, koji se ne moze odredenije klasifieirati. In this assemblage of finds a burnt debris is defined as a flint shattered by uncontrolled exposure to high temperatures, that can not be more specifically identified.

102 TISKU - a,b,c,d; PAUNOVIC 2002). U ovome and lateral retouch (T5-13). It is not entirely clear skupu izdvajaju se dvije cijepane izradevine od whether this is a broken drill or a microburin. It is crvenog neprozirnog roznjaka odlicnih osobina possible that the truncation from layer 2 (T28-21) cijepanja, koji vjerovatno nije dostupan lokalno, was used a part of a fire-making apparatus. Be-vec regionalno ili mozda i iz vecih udaljenosti. sides the mentioned retouched artefacts, 6 artefacts

without formal retouch and with edges damaged by Pribavljanje, proizvodnja i upotreba cijepane litike use were collected, as were two artefacts without for-Potrebno je naglasiti kako je ova grupa kamenih mal retouch (T10-7, T4-9), located in K8 and Kll ,

nalaza malobrojna, prikupljena bez prosijavanja i with the characteristic “sickle gloss” on its lateral kako je njezin najveci dio naden bez jasnog edges that might have come about as the result of konteksta, te je sve zakljucke potrebno uzimati s intensive cutting of plant material (grass, grains or velikim oprezom. Unatoc tomu, moguce je odrediti leaves). osnovne tehnoloske karakteristike. The remains of technological processes are rare.

Prikupljeni sirovinski materijal pokazuje A crested bladelet was found (T5-18), and one pre-znacajne razlike u boji, prozirnosti, boji okorine i viously mentioned fragment of a prismatic bladelet kvaliteti. Unatoc navedenim razlikama, sav (T5-13), that might be a microburin. prikupljeni materijal opcenito je malih i srednjih The raw material is varied, and most often ap-dimenzija. Zajednicke karakteristike sirovinskog pears as grey-green opaque flint and black opaque materijala - mehanicka istrosenost okorine, flint of intermediate knapping characteristics, and zaobljenost i velicina sirovine - upueuje kako je grey, green and brown transparent flint of good teziste bilo na prikupljanju oblutaka roznjaka iz knapping characteristics. All of the cited raw mate-sekundarnih aluvijalnih nanosa, dopremljenih iz rial originates from locally available small and mid-primarnih, vjerojatno razlicitih lezista djelovanjem sized river pebbles (PORENBAHER IN PRINT -rijeka i natalozenih na obalama. Teziste na a,b,c,d; PAUNOVIC 2002). Two flakes made of koristenju lokalno dostupne kamene sirovine iz opaque red flint of excellent knapping characteris-sekundarnih rijecnih nanosa javlja se i na drugim tics stand out among this group, likely not available nalazistima u regiji, a to su Gromace, Hardek locally, but rather regionally or perhaps from a (Porenbaher u tisku -a), Log pri Vipavi greater distance. (PORENBAHER U TISKU -B), Siman (PORENBAHER u TISKU -C) i Zemono Procurement, Production (PORENBAHER U TISKU -D). Potrebno je and Use of Knapped Lithics izdvojiti dvije izradevine (obje alatke - jedno grebalo It ought to be pointed out that this group of i jedna izradevina s jednostavnom bilateralnom stone finds is smaU in number, collected without the obradom) od crvenog neprozirnog roznjaka izvrsnih use of sieving and that the majority was found with-karakteristika cijepanja, koja najvjerovatnije nije out a clear context, and that in this regard all con-dostupna lokalno, vec je pribavljena iz sire regije ili elusions should be taken with a great deal of re-iz udaljenijih krajeva. Sve zakljucke o pribavljanju serve. Regardless, it is possible to determine the ba-sirovinskog materijala, u nedostatku sistematskog sic technological characteristics. prikupljanja roznjaka i drugih sirovina podobnih The collected raw material shows significant za cijepanje, te izrade komparativne baze podataka variations in colour, opacity, cortex colour and qual-kamene sirovine za sjeverozapadnu Hrvatsku, te ity Despite the mentioned variations, aU of the col-Hrvatsku uopce, potrebno je uzimati s oprezom. lected material is generally of small and mid-sized

Mali broj izradevina s vecim postotkom dimensions. The common characteristics of the raw pokrivenosti okorinom, te tendencija povecanja material - mechanical wear of the cortex, rounded-ucestalosti izradevina s manjim postotkom okorine, ness and the size of the raw material - indicates that moglo bi upucivati na to da je primarno skidanje the focus was on gathering flint pebbles from sec-okorine rijetko obavljano na samom nalazistu, vec ondary alluvial deposits, carried by river activity na drugim mjestima, vjerojatno na obalama rijeka from primary, probably several different deposits, tijekom prikupljanja, te kako je sirovinski materijal and deposited on the riverbanks. The pre-eminence na samo nalaziste pribavljan u obliku gotovih jezgri of use of locally available stone raw material from ili poluizradevina. secondary river deposits also appears at other sites

Uglavnom su koristene ad hoc strategije cijepanja in the region, these being Gromace, Hardek za proizvodnju malih odbojaka, koje ne iziskuju (Porenbaher in print -a), Log pri Vipavi posebnu vjestinu niti specijalni pribor. Najcesca je (PORENBAHER IN PRINT -B), Siman tehnologija malih odbojaka, kod koje je teziste na (PORENBAHER IN PRINT -C) and Zemono cijepanju malih odbojaka od bezoblicnih jezgi, te (PORENBAHER IN PRINT -D). Two artefacts tehnologija bipolarnog cijepanja, koja je cesto deserve special attention (both tools - one primjenjivana kod iskoristavanja malih oblutaka, endscraper and one artefact with simple bilateral koji su cijepani koristenjem tvrde podloge, koja je retouch), made of opaque red flint of excellent sluzila kao nakovanj. Snaga udarca prenosila se na knapping characteristics, probably not available lo-nakovanj i odbijala, stvarajuci nasuprotnu energiju cally but gathered rather from the wider region or koja bi rascijepila ili rasprsnula oblutak. Odbojci from a more distant region. All conclusions con-

prikladnih oblika obradom su nadalje pretvarani u jednostavne alatke ili koristeni bez obrade, te nakon uporabe odbacivani. Rjede je koristena zahtjevna tehnologija za dobivanje prizmaticnih sjeciva, za ciju je izradu potrebna slozena garnitura alata, te visoka razina umjesnosti. Na provedbu ove tehnologije upueuje nalaz nekoliko ulomaka prizmaticnih sjeciva (T5-6, T15-2, T5-21).

Navedeni podaci o ucestalosti pojedinih tipova p lohaka t akoder upucuju na koris tenje jednostavnijih tehnologija, odnosno na pretezito direktno cijepanje tvrdim cekicem, uz rijetku uporabu mekih cekica, te na ucestalo koristenje jezgri s nepripremeljenim platformama, cesto na platformi prekrivenoj okorinom, a samo iznimno na prethodno pripremljenim platformama.

Tragovi gorenja zamjetljivi su u skupu nalaza kamenih izradevina, no rijec je o nekontroliranom izlaganju izradevina visokim temperaturama koje smrskavaju, odnosno ostecuju roznjak. U prikupljenome materijalu nije zamijeceno namjerno izlaganje visokim temperaturama radi poboljsanja karakteristika cijepanja.

Udio alatki u odnosu na cijelu grupu nalaza relativno je visok. Prevladavaju alatke za transfor-macijske aktivnosti (grebala, strugala, izradevine s jednostavnom linearnom obradom, zarupci, dubilo), dok je od moguceg lovnog pribora zastupljen samo jedan siljak, koji je doduse mogao biti koristen i za druge aktivnosti. Osim formalnih, obradenih alatki, zastupljene su i izradevine s rubovima ostecenim koristenjem, kao i dvije izradevine s karakteristicnim “sjajem srpa” (sickle gloss), nastalim intenzivnim rezanjem biljnog materijala. Teziste tehnologije je izrada i koristenje jednostavnih alatki (expedient tools) i izradevina bez formalne obrade, koje se ne cuvaju, vec se nakon uporabe odbacuju.

Tehnicke izradevine su rijetke. Nadeno je samo jedno malo krestasto sjecivo, koje je tehnoloski ostatak pripreme jezgre za dobivanje malih sjeciva. Prikupljeno je i jedno malo prizmaticno sjecivo s dva udupka i lateralnom obradom koje bi moglo biti mikrodubilo (T5-13). Mikrodubilo nije alatka u klasicnom smislu rijeci, vec ostatak tehnoloskog procesa za dobivanje geometrijskih mikrolita. Ova se tehnologija se javila potkraj razdoblja gornjeg paleolitika, karakteristicna je za razdoblje mezoUtika, a koristena je i tijekom ranog neolitika na Jadranu.9

U pregledanoj literaturi u kojima se obraduju nalazi cijepanih izradevina iz kasni j ih razdoblja mikrodubila nisu objavljena. Pojedini nalazi datirani u bakreno doba, primjerice obostrano zarubljena sjeciva iz Pustakovca i Vinkovaca - trznica/hotel, te trapezoidni mikrolit iz Vinkovaca - trznica/hotel (DIMITRIJEVIC 1979B, MARKOVIC 1994), mogli su biti izradeni tehnologijom mikrodubila, iako ih je moguce izraditi koristenjem i drugih tehnika. Postoje tri mogucnosti; ili uopce nije rijec o

103

cerning the gathering of raw material, in the ab- Jakopovec-Blizna. Ronja~ke izra|evine, sence of the systematic collecting of flints and other Sonda A, sloj 1-2 .

raw materials suitable for knapping, and the cre- Jakopovec-Blizna. Flint artefacts, Trench

ation of a comparative database of stone raw mate- A, layer 1-2 .

rial for northwestern Croatia, and for Croatia as a whole, should be taken with a measure of reserve.

The small number of artefacts with a greater percentage of cortex cover, and the tendency to a growth in frequency of artefacts with a small percentage of cortex covering, could indicate that the primary cortex removal was rarely done at the site itself, but rather elsewhere, likely on the riverbank during collecting, and that the raw material was procured at the site itself in the form of prepared cores or as a semi-processed products.

Ad hoc knapping strategies were used primarily for the production of small flakes, which do not require special skill or tools. The small flake technology is the most frequent, where the emphasis is on knapping small flakes from amorphous cores, and the bipolar knapping technology, applied often when using small pebbles, knapped with the use of a hard base that served as an anvil. The force of the impact was transferred to the anvil and returned, creating a return force for the knapping or the shattering of the pebble. Flakes of suitable shape were further transformed into simple tools or used without retouching, and discarded after use. The more demanding production of prismatic blades technology was used rarely, for the production of which a complex set of tools and a high level of proficiency was required. The several finds of fragments of prismatic blades indicates the use of this technology

»Jedno mirodubilo prikupljeno je na ranoneolitiekom nalazista Kargadur kod Liznjana u Istri tijekom arheoloskog istraHvanja 2002. godine. Materijal se priprema za objaTO. One microburin was collected at the early Neolithic Kargadur site near Liznjan in Istria during archaeological research carried out in 2002. The material is being prepared for publishing.

104 mikrodubilu, veco nekoj ostecenoj alatki koja mu (T5-6, T15-2, T5-21). nalikuje; ili je rijec o pravome mikrodubilu koje je The cited figures on the frequency of individual izradeno tijekom ranijeg razdoblja nepotvrdenog types of platforms also indicates the use of simpler na iskopavanjima Blizne; ili je stvarno rijec o ostatku technologies, that is to say of predominant direct strategije cijepanja koristene tijekom bakrenog doba. knapping with the use of a hard hammer, with less Do pojave novih nalaza, kojice unijeti vise svjetla u frequent use of a soft hammer, and of the frequent ovaj problem, ovo pitanje treba ostaviti otvoreno. use of cores with unprepared platforms, often on a

Jedan zarubak (T28-21), naden u sloju 2 s platform covered with cortex, and only exception-rimskim i srednjovjekovnim nalazima, na distalnom ally on platforms prepared in advance. rubu ima ostecenja kqja nastaju udaranjem u metal, Traces of burning are present in the lithics as-sto upucuje kako je mozda koristen kao kresivo za semblage, but they indicate uncontrolled exposure paljenje vatre (JAMNIK 1993). of the artefact to high temperatures that shatter or

otherwise damage the flint. Among the collected Oslale kamene izradevine material there were no signs of deliberate exposure Prikupljene su dvije glacane izradevine, i to jedan to high temperatures with the aim of improving

tipoloski neodrediv ulomak zelenosive boje kao knapping characteristics. slucajni nalaz izvan konteksta i jedna plosnata, The proportion of tools in relation to the entire jezicasta glacana sjekira tamno sive boje, nacinjena assemblage of lithic finds is relatively high. Tools for od lokalnog materijala, djelomicno ostecene transformation activities predominate (endscrapers, povrsine i fino izradenog, ostrog sjeciva (T3-7). scrapers, artefacts with simple linear retouch, trun-Nadena je u bakrenodobnoj lasinjskoj kuci K4 cations, burin) while possible hunting kit is repre-zajedno sa 4 ulomka cijepane litike. Ovaj tip sjekire sented by only a single point, which admittedly may karakteristican je za sire razdoblje, i cesto se javlja have been used for other activity. Besides formal, medu lasinjskim nalazima (TOMICIC 1969; retouched tools, also represented are artefacts hav-TOMICIC 1969; DIMITRIJEVIC 1979; SIMEK ing edges damaged by use, as are two artefacts with 1981; LUBSINA-TUSEK 1993; SIMEK, the characteristic “sickle gloss” caused by the inten-KURTANJEK ET ALL. 2002). sive cutting of plant material. The focus of the tech-

Prikupljena su i dva brusna kamena, koja nology was on the production and use of simple potjecu iz latenskog konteksta. Jedan brusni kamen tools {expedient tools) and artefacts without formal ima sacuvane ureze na rubovima nastale ostrenjem retouching that are not curated but rather discarded metalnog sjeciva (T21-4). Obje su fragmentirane, after use. izduzene cetvrtaste izradevine izradene od lokalno Technical artefacts are rare. Only a single crested dostupnog pjescenjaka. Od ostalog prikupljenog bladelet was found, the technological remnant of materijala, potrebno je izdvojiti jedan ulomak the preparation of a core for the production of a istrosene baze (nepokretnog dijela) zrvnja s bladelets. A single prismatic bladelet with two izdignutim i zaobljenim rubom (COLONELLO ET notches and a lateral retouch that might be a ALL. 2001), naden u sloju 3 datiranom od 10. do microburin (T5-13) was also coUected. A microburin 2. stoljeca pr.Kr (T18-11), kao i tri ulomka kamena is not a tool in the classic sense of the word, but iz sloja 2 koja se medusobno spajaju i na jednoj rather the remnant of the technological process of zagladenoj strani imaju nejasne ureze (T28-20), production of geometric microlith. This technology dok su ostali ulomci razlicitog kamenja bez ikakvih appeared near the end of the Upper Palaeolithic tragova obrade. period, is characteristic for the Mesolithic period

and was used in the Adriatic area during the early KullumO-kronolOSkO Odredenje kamenih nalaza Neolithic.9 There is no mention of microburins in Za odredivanje vremenskog nastanka ove grape the reviewed literature that covers finds of knapped

nalaza kamenih izradevina presudno je vise lithics from later periods. Individual finds dated to cimbenika. the Copper Age, for example double-truncated blades

Glavni problem pri datiranju je u kolicini from Pustakovac and the Vinkovci - market/hotel prikupljenog kamenog materijala i nacinu area, and a trapezoidal microlith from the Vinkovci prilmpljanja. Kolicina od 92 izradevine od cijepanog - market/hotel area (DIMITRIJEVIC 1979B, kamena i 2 izradevine od glacanog kamena ne MARKOVIC 1994), may have been produced us-zadovoljavaju osnove za kvalitetnu statistical i ing the microburin technology, although it is pos-komparativnu analizu. Takoder, vecina nalaza sible to manufacture them using other techniques. prikupljena je izvan konteksta, kao slucajni nalaz, There are three possibilities; either it is not at all a te se ne moze ustanoviti prava slika kamene microburin, but rather some damaged tool that re-industrije ovih nalazista. sembles it; or it is a real microburin produced dur-

Osim kolicine i nacina prikupljanja nalaza, prob- ing an earlier period unconfirmed at the Blizna lem je i u nedostatku detaljnih analiza cijepane litike excavations; or it is reaUy the remnant of a knapping u siroj regiji. Kamene izradevine cesto su obradene strategy used during the Copper Age. Until the ap-selektivno, uglavnom samo spomenute unutar pearance of new finds that will shed more light on objava, a najcesce potpuno zanemarene. Sukladno this issue, this question should remain open. tome, nasa saznanja o promjenama u pribavljanju, One truncation (T28-21), found in layer 2 with

proizvodnji i upotrebi cijepane litike su minimalna. Roman period and medieval finds, has damage on 105 Tijekom neolitika sjeverozapadne Hrvatske its distal edge that occurs when stricken by metal,

nalazi polirane i cijepane kamene industrije su brojni. which indicates that it may have been used as a flint Neoliticka cijepana kamena industrija temelji se na for lighting fires (JAMNIK 1993). dobivanju prizmaticnih sjeciva/malih sjeciva i prikupljena je u naseljima u velikom broju Other lithics (MINICHREITER 1992, TEZAK-GREGL Two polished artefacts were collected, one a ty-1991, TEZAK-GREGL 1993.). pologicaUy undeterminable fragment of grey-green

Bakrenodobne kulture na podrucju sjevero- colour as a surface find out of context and the other zapadne Hrvatske do sada su uglavnom poznate a flat, tongue-shaped polished axe of dark grey po nalazima keramike, dok kamena industrija nije colour, made of local material with partially dam-bila posebno obradivana (SIMEK, KURTANJEK aged surface and a finely constructed, sharp cut ET AL. 2002). Kamena industrija lasinjske kulture ting edge (T3-7). It was found in Copper Age Lasinja nedostatno je proucena; obuhvaca cijepane i glacane house K4 together with 4 shards of knapped lithics. izradevine. U izvorima se u pravilu nalazi cijepane This type of axe is characteristic of the wider period litike samo spominju, uglavnom kao “strugaci, and appears frequently among Lasinja finds nozici, busila i siljci za strelice” (TOMICIC 1969; (TOMICIC 1969; TOMICIC 1969; DIMITRIJE-TOMICIC 1969; MARKOVIC 1974; SIMEK VIC 1979; SIMEK 1981; LUBSINA-TUSEK 1978; DIMITRIJEVIC 1979; SIMEK 1981; 1993; SIMEK, KURTANJEK ET ALL. 2002). MARKOVIC 1983; MARKOVIC 1985; MARKO- Two whetstones were collected that originate from VIC 1986; MARKOVIC 1994), te “poluizradevine a Laten context. One of the whetstones has pre-i kremene grude” (TOMICIC 1969; TOMICIC served incisions on its edges created by the sharpen-1969). Detaljnija objava potjece iz Vinkovaca ing of a metal blade (T21-4). Both are fragmented, (Trznica/hotel), gdje je potkraj 1977.g. pronaden elongated quadrangular artefacts manufactured of vrc s ostavom cijepanih kamenih izradevina, koja locally available sandstone. Of the remaining col-se sastojala od 48 obradenih i neobradenih lected material a fragment of the worn-out base (im-izradevina, medu kojima treba istaknuti tri mobile part) of a grindstone with a raised and izradevine od opsidijana, jednu bifacijalno obradenu rounded edge (COLONELLO ET ALL. 2001) strelicu s krilcima i udubljenom bazom za nasad, te deserves special attention. It was found in layer 3, vise alatki zarubljenih krajeva (DIMITRIJEVIC dated to the 10th to 2nd centuries BC (T18-11), as 1979B; MARKOVIC 1994). Glacane izradevine ove were three fragments of stone from layer 2 that can grape dijele se na plosnate sjekire i klinove, te na be joined and have unclear engravings on one sjekire s rupom za nasad (TOMICIC 1969; smoothed side (T28-20), while other fragments of TOMICIC 1969; MARKOVIC 1974; SIMEK various stone are without an traces of retouching. 1978; DIMITRIJEVIC 1979; HOMEN 1981; SIMEK 1981; SIMEK, KURTANJEK E T ALL. Cultural-chronological determination 2002). Kamene industrije ostalih istovremenih of lithic assemblage kultura, ponajvise Retz-Gajary i Baden, takoder Several factors are crucial in the determination su nedostatno proucene (DURMAN 1982; of the chronological emergence of this lithic assem-TEZAKGREGL 1985). Novije analize cijepanih blage. kamenih izradevina s podrucja sjeveroistocne The major problem in dating is in the quantity Slovenije, podnozja istocnih Alpi, kao i sjevero- of collected stone material and the method of collec-zapadne Hrvatske pokazuju kako su tijekom tion. A quantity of 92 artefacts of knapped lithics bakrenog doba nastale promjene u tehnologiji, te and 2 artefacts of polished stone does not provide a da postaje dominantna jednostavna ad hoc good base for a proper statistical and comparative industrija za proizvodnju malih odbojaka analysis. Also, most of the finds were collected out (PORENBAHER U TISKU -A, LUBSINA- of context, as surface finds, and a true picture of the TUSEK 1993). lithics industry of these sites cannot be determined.

Kamena industrija jos se rijetko javljala tijekom Besides the quantity of collected finds and the rane bronce (MARTINEC 2002), iscezavala je method of their collection, the problem is also in a tijekom srednje bronce, a iznimno se javila u lack of detailed analysis of knapped lithics in the kulturama kasnog broncanog, zeljeznog doba i wider region. Stone artefacts are often covered se-kasnije, kao dio pribora za paljenje vatre ili kao lectively usually only mentioned within publications, simbol “bozanskog porijekla” sa simbolicnim and most often completely ignored. As a result of znacenjem zastite od groma. this our knowledge of changes in the procurement,

Da bi se datirao ovaj skup nalaza, zbog production and use of knapped lithics are minimal. navedenih problema potrebno je uzeti u razmatranje Finds of polished and knapped lithic industry i popratne nalaze. Prikupljeni su ostaci keramike iz from the Neolithic period are numerous in north-razlicitih perioda. Najstariji je jedan ulomak western Croatia. Neolithic knapped stone industry keramike korenovske kulture, iz razdoblja neolitika, is based on production of prismatic blades / bladelets prikupljen u mijesanom kontekstu, bez jasno and have been collected in settlements in great num-odredenog horizonta. Slijede ostaci bakrenodobne ber (MINICHREITER 1992, TEZAK-GREGL

106 keramike lasinjske kulture, sto je datirano analizom 1991, TEZAKGREGL 1993). ~ radioaktivnog ugljika iz jame K4, te potom The Copper Age culture in north-western Croatia

keramicki ostaci kulture zarnih polja, latena, has to date been known mostly for its ceramic finds, rimskog razdoblja i srednjeg vijeka. while the stone industry was not given special atten-

Zajednicke karakteristike grupe nalaza cijepanog tion (SIMEK, KURTANJEK ET AL. 2002). The kamena, medu kojima treba naglasiti teziste na stone industry of the Lasinja culture has been poorly jednostavnoj ad hoc industriji za proizvodnju maUh studied and consists of knapped and polished odbojaka, upueuju kako je njezin veci dio nastao artefacts. Sources, as a rule, only cite knapped lithics tijekom bakrenog doba, te da se na osnovi analize in passing, mostly as “scrapers, small knives, drills, keramickog materijala moze odrediti unutar and arrowheads “ (TOMICIC 1969; TOMICIC lasinjskog kulturnog kompleksa. U kasnije horizonte 1969; MARKOVIC 1974; SIMEK 1978; usla je naknadnim ukopavanjem jama i kuca, i samo DIMITRIJEVIC 1979; SIMEK 1981; iznimno sekundarno ad hoc koristena za paljenje vatre MARKOVIC 1983; MARKOVIC 1985; tijekom kasnrjih razdoblja. Na osnovi odredenih MARKOVIC 1986; MARKOVIC 1994), and karakteristika, npr zastupljenost prizmaticnih sjeciva, “semi-artefacts and flint lumps” (TOMICIC 1969; moguce je da dio kamenog materijala potjece i iz TOMICIC 1969). The only more detailed report is neolitickog razdoblja, no, osim jednog ulomka from Vinkovci (market / hotel area), where at the korenovske keramike, za ovo razdoblje na nalazistu end of 1977 a jug was found with a hoard of ne postoji zasebno izdvojen horizont. knapped stone artefacts, consisting of 48 tools and

unretouched artefacts, among which three artefacts ZakljUCak of obsidian, one bifacial retouched arrowhead with Rezultati analiza skupa nalaza cijepanog kamena wings and notched base deserve special notice, as do

s Blizne upueuju kako se tijekom bakrenog doba several tools with truncations (DIMITRIJEVIC sirovinski materijal pribavljao lokalno, na obalama 1979B; MARKOVIC 1994). The polished artefacts obliznjih rijeka, gdje je vjerojatno radena i primarna in this group are divided into flat axes and wedges, redukcija okorine. Na nalaziste je sirovina nadalje and shaft-hole axes (TOMICIC 1969; TOMICIC donosena u obliku pripravljenih jezgri i/ili 1969; MARKOVIC 1974; SIMEK 1978; poluizradevina. Koristene su jednostavne strategije DIMITRIJEVIC 1979; HOMEN 1981; SIMEK cijepanja, temeljene na dobivanju odbojaka. 1981; SIMEK, KURTANJEK ET AL. 2002). Slozenija tehnologija proizvodnje prizmaticnih The stone industry of other cultures of the same sjeciva javlja se samo iznimno. Teziste je dato time period, like the Retz-Gajary and Baden, are koristenju jednostavnih alatki i izradevina bez also poorly studied (DURMAN 1982; TEZAK-formalne obrade, koristenih uglavnom za transforma- GREGL 1985). Newer analysis of knapped stone cijske aktivnosti, koje su nakon obrade odbacivani. artefacts from northeastern Slovenia, the feet of the

U skupu nalaza iz bakrenog doba nadene su i eastern Alps, and northwestern Croatia indicate that dvije glacane izradevine, od kojih je jedna cijela there was a shift in technology during the Copper plosnata jezicasta sjekira (T3-7), tipicna za duze Age, and that a simple ad hoc industry became domi-razdoblje od neolitika do broncanog doba. nant in the production of small flakes

Kamene izradevine prispjele su u slojeve razdoblja (PORENBAHER IN PRESS-A, LUBSINA-kasne bronce ukopima kuca i jama u dublje, TUSEK 1993). bakrenodobne slojeve. U razdoblju latena Blizne Stone industry appears rarely during the Early nadena su dva brusna kamena, od kojih jedan ima Bronze Age (MARTINEC 2002), and peters out ureze nastale ostrenjem metalnih sjeciva, te jedan in the Middle Bronze Age, while it appears sporadi-ulomak baznog (nepomicnog) dijela zrvnja, cally within the cultures of the Late Bronze and koristenog za obradu zitarica. Nalazi od cijepanog Iron Ages and later as part fire-making apparatus kamena prispjeli su u ove slojeve ukopima kuca i or as a symbol of “divine origin” with the symbolic jama u dublje slojeve. U kasnijem rimskom i significance of protection from lightning. srednjovjekovnom razdoblju kamene izradevine In order to date this assemblage of finds it is, for javljaju se kao pomijesani nalazi iz ranijih razdoblja; the mentioned reasons, necessary to take into ac-jedino se za jednu kamenu izradevinu moze count accompanying finds. Ceramic remains were pretpostaviti kako je koristena kao dio naprave za collected from various periods. The oldest is a pot-paljenje vatre. sherd from the Korenovo culture, from the Neolithic,

collected in a mixed context, without a clearly de-OslaN nalazi fined horizon. This is followed by Copper Age ce-U objektima lasinjske kulture nisu pronadene ramies of the Lasinja culture that were dated by an

kosti, osim u jednom slucaju. U zemunici K 7 analysis of radioactive carbon from pit K4 and the pronaden je dio celjusti vrlo mlade ovce ili koze ceramic remains of the Urnfield culture, the Laten, (Ovis/Capra). Roman period and Middle Ages.

The common characteristics of the group of BR0NCAN0 DOBA knapped lithics finds, among which the emphasis NALAZI on a simple ad hoc industry for the production of Kultura zarnih polja takoder je gusto zastupljena small flakes should be pointed out, indicates that

na ovom nalazistu. U jarku sa istocne strane autoceste pronadeni su ostaci prostrane i duboke jame ili zemunice Kl l . Na dim zemunice bilo je spaljene zemlje i gara, mozda oatataka ognjista, a u ispuni je pronadeno mnostvo dijelova keramickih posuda i razbacanog ljepa i gara, keramicki prsljen, te odreden broj kremenih alatki i kostiju. Buduci da potok sproveden kroz jarak na ovome mjestu skrece kroz propust na dragu stranu autoceste, te svojom snagom stalno potkopava jamu, bili smo u prilici izvuci dosta sitnog arheoloskog gradiva. Ova zemunica datirana je garom u ll.st.pr.Kr. AMS-14C metodom (1059±45 calBC), sto odgovara pronadenom gradivu.10 U zapadnom jarku prepoznata je grupa jama s kasnobroncanodobnim gradivom. K5 je vjerojatno josjedna zemunica, a jarak ju je presjekao poprijeko. U ispuni je pronaden gar i ulomci keramike. U obliznjoj jami K13 pronadeni su ostaci velike posude koja je rekonstruirana u cijelosti. Kod oznake K6 zapravo je rijec o dva ostatka stupa. Manja jama je osim tamnije zemlje sadrzavala samo malo gara i keramike. Veca je pak bila posve nabijena lomljenim kamenom, i to velikim rijecnim oblucima. Medu njima nalazilo se i ponesto ulomaka keramike. Da li je rijec o vrlo jakom temeljenju za neki stup ili necem drugom, nije jasno. U sondi A pronadeno je vise jama koje se mogu pripisati ovom razdoblju. Jame J25, J26, J27 i J28 ostaci su stupova. U sve cetiri jame, u dnu su bili nabijeni lomljeni komadi prepaljenog ljepa. Za jasan tloris ovog nadzemnog objekta nedostaju nam jos barem dva takva stupa sa zapadne strane, ali i ovako ove cetiri jame u nizu zasigurno predstavljaju zajednicki sklop. Ispred

the greater part of it was created during the Copper Age, and that it can, based on an analysis of ceramic material, be determined as originating within the Lasinja cultural complex. The material entered later horizons through the subsequent excavation of pits and houses, and was only used exceptionally as secondary material, ad hoc, for the lighting of fires during later periods. Based on certain characteristics, for example the presence of prismatic blades, it is possible that a part of the stone material originates from the Neolithic period, but, with the exception of a single shard of Korenovo ceramic, there is not separate horizon for this period at the site.

Conclusion The results of an analysis of the knapped lithics

assemblage from Blizna indicates that raw material was procured locally during the Copper Age, on the banks of nearby rivers where the primary cortex reduction was probably performed. The raw material was brought to the site as prepared cores and/or semi-artefacts. Simple knapping strategies were used, based on flake production. The more complex technology of producing prismatic blades appears only exceptionally. The emphasis was put on using simple tools and artefacts without formal retouching, mostly for transformational activities, and discarding them after use.

Two polished artefacts were found in the group of finds from the Copper Age, of which one is a flat, tongue-shaped axe (T3-7), typical of the longer period from the Neolithic to the Copper Age.

Stone artefacts made their way into layers from the late Bonze Age through excavations of houses

107

Jakopovec-Blizna. Jama J3 na postolju, na dostignutom dnu razaznaju se nove jame J4, J5 i J6.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Pit J3 (on a pedestal), new pits J4, J5 and J6 can be made out at the attained depth.

10 AMS-14C datacija izradena je u Leibniz Labor ffir Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforsehung, Christian-Albreehts-Universitat u Kielu (KIA-22473, BP 2882+28). Skraeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilistu u Kolim. Carbon MAMS dating was done at the Leibniz Labor fiir Altersbestimmung undlsotopenforsehung, Chnstian-Albreehts- Vniversitat in Kiel (KLA-22473, BP 2882 ±28). Shortened calibration using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln.

108

Jakopovec-Blizna. Ociscen zarni grab K12. Dio zare razbijen je bageram prilikom kopanja jarka.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Cleaned out urn grave K12. Part of the urn was broken by an excavator during the digging of the canal.

ovog nadzemnog objekta nalazile su se tri jame, od kojih se J3 zasigurno moze odrediti kao otpadna jama. U njoj je osim nesto gara i ulomaka ljepa pronaden bogat skup keramickih ulomaka, pa smo bili u mogucnost rekonstrairati jednu posudu. Ispuna ove jame datirana je AMS-14C metodom u 12 st.pr.Kr. (1186±50 calBC), sto odgovara pronadenom gradivu.11 Iz istog sloja ukopane su i jame J9 i J8. U njima nije bilo posebnih nalaza, osim jednog zuba ovce ili koze u jami J9. Sve spomenute jame nalaze se svojim najdubljim dijelom iznad sloja iz kojeg su ukopane jame J4, J5 i J6, o cemu je vecbilo rijeci.

Na kraju treba spomenuti i vrlo zanimljiv nalaz paljevinskoga groba ove kulture. Grob K12 pronaden je mjesec dana nakon zavrsenih iskopavanja, u gradevinskom jarku. Udaljen je oko 40 m od najblize prepoznate kasnobroncanodobne jame, a nije jasno jeli rijec o usamljenom grobu ili obodnom dijelu veceg paljevinskoga groblja. Rijec je o siroko razvracenoj posudi s ruckom preokrenutoj na spaljene ostatke pokojnika. Pod posudom nije bilo gara i pepela, i cini se da su ostaci kostiju oprani prije polaganja pod posudu. Uz ovu zaru nije bilo drugih priloga, ali je odmah do nje pronaden sloj gara s nekoliko djelica takoder spaljenih ljudskih kostiju. Nekoliko ulomaka keramike i mala roznjacka alatka nadeni oko zare, ne mogu se tipoloski odrediti i sumnjam da su u nekoj vezi s grobom. Antropoloskim pregledom ustanovljeno je da su kosti pripadale zenskoj osobi od 18 do 25 godine. Od patoloskih promjena primjecena je blaga zarasla ektokranijalna poroznost, koja se najcesce povezuje sa cestom i dugotrajnom pojavom gladi.

and pits into deeper, Copper Age layers. Two whetstones were found from Blizna’s Laten period, of which one has incisions created by the sharpening of metal blades and one fragment of the base (immobile) part of a grindstone, used in the processing of grains. Finds of knapped lithics came into these layers through the excavation of pits and houses into deeper layers. In the later Roman and medieval periods stone artefacts appear as mixed finds from earlier periods; it can be assumed only one stone artefact that it was used as part of a fire-making apparatus.

Other finds With one exception, bones were not found in struc

tures of the Lasinja culture. Part of the jawbone of a very young lamb or goat (Ovis/Capm) was found in dugout house K7.

BRONZE AGE FEATURES The Urnfield culture is also densely represented

at this site. The remnants of a wide and deep pit or dugout house K l l were unearthed in a ditch to the east side of the highway. There was burnt earth and charcoal at the bottom of the dugout house, perhaps the remains of a hearth, and numerous fragments of ceramic vessels, scattered daub and charcoal, a ceramic spindle whorl and a certain amount of flint tools and bones were found in the deposit. Since the creek that was diverted through the ditch here turns through the culvert to the other side of the highway, its current constantly undercutting the pit, we had the opportunity to extract quite a lot of small archaeological material. This dugout house was dated using charcoal to the 11th century BC using the AMS-14C method (1059±45 calBC), which is in keeping with the unearthed material.10

A group of pits was identified in the western ditch with late Bronze Age material. K5 is probably just another dugout house that the ditch has cut across. Charcoal and potsherds were found in the deposit. In nearby pit K13 the remnants of a large vessel were found which has been entirely reconstructed. K6 actually marks the remains of two posts. The smaller pit, besides darker soil, contained only a little charcoal and ceramic. The larger was completely packed with fragmented stone, from large river pebbles. There were some potsherds among them. Whether this is a very strong foundation for a post or something else, is unclear. Several pits were found in trench A that can be attributed to this period. Pits J25, J26, J27 and J28 are the remains of posts. At the bottom of all four pits there were packed fragments of scorched daub. At least two more posts like these are lacking to the west side to get a clear picture of the ground plan of this raised structure, but even as is these four pits in a row

11 AMS-14C dataeija izradena je u Leibniz Labor far Altersbestiimmmg und Isotopenforselmng, Christian-Albreelits-Universitat u Eelu (KIA-22471, BP 2961+26). Skraeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilistu u Kolnu. CarbmUAMS dating wmdme at tte Leilmiz Laborjur Altersbestimmung u BP 2961±26). Sh(niened calibration using CdPaWnline Radiomrlon CaWratm^

POKRETNI NALAZI Keramicki nalazi Nakon lasinjske kulture, prostor Blizne je

vjerojatno napusten. Iz ranog broncanog doba imamo samo dva ulomka koji bi pripadali ili bili srodni kulturi Kisapostag. Rijec je o ulomcima T28-5,6, grabe izrade, s karakteristicnim urezanim crtama. Vrlo slicno gradivo pronadeno je u Radincima pokraj Cazme (STRK 1984). Kao i za prisutnost korenovske kulture na Blizni, s obzirom na vrlo mali broj nalaza, zasad mozemo samo predmnijevati kako je rijec o povremenom obilazenju izvora vode na ovom polozaju u ta doba. No, na Blizni je otkriveno razmjerno mnogo nalaza iz vremena kasnog broncanog doba. Unatoc maloj povrsini koja je istrazena, mozemo zakljuciti kako se na Blizni nalazilo naselje koje bi pripadalo kulturi polja s zarama, i to kroz gotovo cijelo njeno posto-janje. Pronadeni su ostaci vise objekata te jedan zarni grob. Keramicke posude uglavnom su izradene od neprociscene gline, ali relativno tvrde i dobre izrade. Zastupljeni su oblici koji se mogu povezati s razlicitim razdobljima kasnog broncanog doba.

Najvece posude, (T9-1, T7-l,2) i drugi ulomci njima slicnih posuda stavljaju se u razlicite faze kulture polja s zarama, od 2. do 4. i 5. faze, prema Vinski-Gasparini. Pronalazene su u varijantama s ruckicama (Vrapce-Zagreb VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973, t.24-3), i s ukrasom, (Pobrezje-Slovenija GABROVEC 1983, 59, sl.16-27). Vrlo slican velikoj rekonstruiranoj posudi T9-1 jest “pitos za spremanje hrane” iz objekta 25 nalazista Delovi-Grede-1, koji autor dat i ra oko 800.g.pr.Kr. (MARKOVIC 1984, 295, 296, sl.2). No, pitanje je da li ova datacija odgovara nasem primjerku, s obzirom kako je posuda T7-l,2 vrlo slicna T9-1, no malo debljih stijenki, nadena u jami sa 14C datacijom u 12.st.pr.Kr. Dijelovi posude s ukrasom trokuta pod obodom (T6-l ,2) naizgled slice spomenutima; medutim, sudeci prema nalazu vrlo slicne, bolje ocuvane posude s nalazista Poprenjak kod Zupanje , 1 2 rijec je o posudi s konusno izrazenim prijelomom na sredini trbulia. Inace takve ukrase, iako rjede, moguce je pronaci i drugdje. Primjerice na Igriscu-Kalnik (VRDOLJAK 1995, t.32-2), u Diviaky-Slovacka (pripadajuce luzickoj kulturi, VELIACIK 1991, t.32-5) i u Donjem Lakosu-Slovenija (takoder s ukrasom izvedenim prije pecenja, DULAR 2002, 150,0-12). Ukrasen urezivanjem je jos jedan nalaz (Tll-19). Urezivanje je ka rak te r i s t i cno za mladu fazu KZP-a (VRDOLJAK 1995, 38, t .34-2,6; t .35-4,3; DULAR 2002, 158, 0-13). Mnogobrijnije posude ukrasene su plasticnim apliciranim trakama, s tragovima utisnutim prstima (T8-6,7,8; T10-10; T l l - 1 0 ) ili ostrim predmetom (T8-9). Osim prilicno cesto u kasnom broncanom dobu, ovaj ukras javlja se i u razdobljima prije i poslije njega. Dragi najcesci ukrasi su kaneliranje (T6-4, T10-

certainly represent a single complex. Three pits were located in front of this raised structure, of which J3 can with certainty be identified as a midden. Besides some charcoal and fragments of daub, a large assemblage of potsherds was found in the midden, so that we were able to reconstruct an entire vessel. The deposit of this pit was dated using the AMS-14C method to the 12th century BC (1186±50 calBC), which fits with the materials found there.11

Pits J9 and J8 were dug from the same layer. There were no finds of interest in them with the exception of a single sheep or goat tooth in pit J9 . The deepest points of all of these pits are above the layer from which pits J4 , J 5 and J6 are dug, of which there has already been mention.

In closing we should mention a very interesting find of a cremation grave from this culture. Grave K12 was found a month after the excavation of the site was completed, in a construction ditch. It is located about 40m from the nearest identified late Bronze Age pit, and it is not clear whether it is a solitary grave or the edge of a cremation cemetery. It is a wide flared vessel with a handle turned over the cremated remains of the deceased. There was no charcoal or ash under the vessel, and it appears that the remains of bones were washed prior to being set under the vessel. There were no other grave goods besides this urn, but a layer of charcoal was found next to it with several small fragments of also burnt human bone. The several potsherds and smaU flint tools found around the urn cannot be identified by their typology and I doubt that they are in some way related to the grave. An anthropological examination determined that the bones belonged to a female aged from 18 to 25. As far as pathological changes are concerned a light healed ectocranial porousness was noticed, that is most often associated with frequent and long-lasting undernourishment.

FINDS Ceramic finds The Blizna area was probably aban

doned after the Lasinja culture. There are only two potsherds from the early Bronze Age that would belong or are related to the Kisapostag culture. These are potsherds T28-5,6 of rough fabrication with characteristic line engravings. Very similar material was found in Radinci near ' Cazma (STRK 1984). Just as for the presence of the Korenovo culture at Blizna, given the very small number of finds, we can for the moment only surmise that these were only intermittent visits to a source of water existing at this site at the

109

Jakopovec-Blizna. Ulomak ranobron~anodobne posude. (T28-5)

Jakopovec-Blizna. Potsherd from an early Bronze Age vessel. (T28-5)

12 Zalivaljujem Bosku Marijanu za mid u dio zasad neobjavljenoga gradiva s tog nalazista. Thanks to Bosko Marijan for the opportunity to peruse still unpublished material from this site

Jakopovec-Blizna. Rekonstruirani veliki spremisni lonac kulture polja sa zarama. (T9-1)

Jakopovec-Blizna. A large reconstructed pot from the Urnfields culture. (T9-1)

110

Jakopovec-Blizna. Djelomice rekonstruirana grobna zara kulture polja sa zarama. (T9-2) Jakopovec-Blizna. Partially reconstructed grave urn of the Urnfields culture. (T9-2)

1, 2,6; Tll-11,13,20, itd.) i turbanast obod (T10-3; Tll-12), fazetiranje (T10-6,12,14,15; Tll-5,6) a tomu slicno i tordiranje rucke (T10-11). Turbanrand se datira u 2. fazu KZP-a (Lipovac PAVISIC 1993, t.3-5; Martijanec VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973, t.25-6), kaneliranje u 1. i 2. fazu KZP-a (Eringrad BALEN-LETUNIC1987, 19; Igrisce VRDOLJAK 19951.23-2; Doljni Lakos DULAR 2002, 158, 0-17) a fazetiranje takoder u 2. fazu (Igrisce VRDOLJAK, 38, t.16-1,2,3 ). Tordiranje rucke nesto je rrjede (Sarvas SIMIC 1992, t.5-4; Igrisce VRDOLJAK, t.36-4). Zlrjebljene girlande (T10-9) zanimljiv su i mladi ukras (Igrisce VRDOLJAK 1995, s.39, t.33-1). Najstariji oblici, tipicni za 1. fazu su “bukli” (Tll-9), inacecest ukras (Moravce SOKOL 1996, sl.15-1, si.13-1; Sirova Katalena VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973, t .14-1; Mackovac KARAVANIC S., MIHALJEVIC, KALAFATIC 2002, t.3-1-6; Doljni Lakos DULAR 2002, 158, O-ll), ostro prelomljena siroka rucka (Tll-7) (Moravce SOKOL 1996, sl.10-1) i svakako ostecena zara iz groba K12 (T9-2). Ove posude-zare ceste su u grobljima 1. faze, ali ih ima i u naseljima (Sirova Katalena, Virovitica VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973, t.14-2,4; t.8.-2,9, t.9-3, t.10-3,4; Moravce SOKOL 1996, t .12-1; Mackovac KARAVANIC S., MIHALJEVIC, KALAPATIC 2002, tip B6; Oloris DULAR 2002, 22-1, s.176; Barice-Laminci DURDEVIC1986, grob 31 i ini). Osim keramickih, na nalazistu nisu pronadeni nalazi bilo kojeg drugog materijala (osim kostiju) koje bi mogli odrediti u ovo razdoblje.

Prema ovim usporedbama razvidno je kako se naselje razvrjalo u 1. i 2. fazi KZP-a, ali postqje oblici koji se mogu datirati i kasnije. Napravljene su i AMS-14C datacije za dvije zatvorene cjeline kasnog broncanog doba. Jama K l l polucila je ishodom 1057±47 (calBC), a jama J3 godinom 1185±48 (calBC). Daljnjim istrazivanjem mozda ce se razjasniti prilike u 3. i 4. fazi KZP-a na Blizni.

Iz starijeg zeljeznog doba pronaden je samo jedan nalaz, polumjesecasta rucka (T28-8), koji mozemo usporediti s nalazima iz Svetog Petra Ludbreskog i Kucara (VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987, t.XXIII-5; DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S.,

DULAR A. 1995, t.61-6,7). Treba

spomenuti i dosta ceste po-

lumjesecas-te rucke na posudama

groblja Kapiteljska

njiva - Novo Me-sto, koje pripada mla-

dem zeljeznom dobu (KRIZ 2001, 69, slike u katalogu). No, moguce je kako je rijec samo o starijezeljeznodobnim tradicijama za vrijeme keltske dominacije. S obzirom na sve, ipak mozemo zakljuciti kako je zivot nastupanjem

time. At Blizna however, quite a few finds were located originating in the late Bronze Age. Despite the small area examined, we can conclude that there was a settlement at Blizna that belonged to the Urnfield culture throughout that culture’s entire existence. The remains of several structures and one cremation grave were found. Ceramic vessels were made mostly of unrefined clay, but relatively hard and of good make. The forms represented can be attributed to various periods of the late Bronze Age.

The largest vessels (T9-1, T7-l,2) and potsherds from similar vessels are attributed, Mowing Vinski-Gasparini, to various phases of the Urnfield culture from the 2nd to the 4th and 5th phases. They were found with variations with smaU handles Vrapce-Zagreb VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973, t.24-3), and with decorations, (Pobrezje-Slovenia GABROVEC 1983, 59, sl.16-27). Very similar to the large reconstructed vessel T9-1 is a “pithos for storing foodstuffs” from structure 25 at the Delovi-Grede-1 site, dated by the author to around 800 BC (MARKOVIC 1984, 295, 296, sl.2). But it is not at all certain that this dating applies to our specimen, considering that vessel T7-l,2 itself very similar to T9-1, but with slightly thicker waUs, found in a pit, was dated using the C14 method to the 12th century BC. Parts of the vessel with triangular decoration under the rim (T6-l,2) are at first similar to the mentioned specimens; judging, however, by the better preserved and very similar finds to these from the Poprenjak site near Zupanja,12 these are vessels with a conically projecting break at the mid-section. Decorations of this sort are otherwise, although rarely, also found elsewhere. At Igrisce-Kalnik for example (VRDOLJAK 1995, t.32-2), at Diviaky-Slovakia (belonging to the Luzicka culture, VELIACIK 1991, t.32-5) and at Donji Lakos-Slovenia (also with decorations applied prior to firing, DULAR 2002, 150, 0-12). Find Tl l -19 is also decorated with engravings. Engravings are characteristic of the later phase of the Urnfield culture (VRDOLJAK 1995, 38, t.34-2,6; t.35-4,3; DULAR 2002, 158,0-13). Many vessels are decorated with plastic (moulded) ribbon applications, with impressions made with fingers (T8-6,7,8; T10-10; Tll-10) or with sharp objects (T8-9). Besides appearing frequently in the late Bronze Age, this decoration also appears in periods before and after it. The other most frequent methods of decoration are grooving (T6-4, T10-1, 2,6; Tll-11,13,20, etc.) and turban-like rims (T10-3; Tll-12), faceting (T10-6,12,14,15; Tll-5,6) and the similar torded handles (T10-11). Turbanrand is dated to the 2nd phase of the Urnfield culture (Lipovac PAVISIC 1993, t.3-5; Martijanec VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973, t.25-6), grooving to the 1st and 2nd phases of the Urnfield culture (Kiringrad BALEN-LETUNIC 1987, 19; Igrisce VRDOLJAK 19951.23-2; Doljni Lakos DULAR 2002, 158,0-17) and also faceting to the 2nd phase (Igrisce VRDOLJAK, 38, t.16-1,2,3). Torded handles are somewhat less frequent (Sarvas SIMIC

starijeg zeljeznog doba na Blizni opet privremeno zamro.

Ostali nalazi U objektima kasnog broncanog doba pronadeno

je vise ulomaka kostiju; medutim, zbog slabe ocuvanosti moguce je bilo odrediti samo nekolicinu. Tako je u jami J9 prepoznat zub ovce ili koze {(Ms/ Capra), u jami K 6 zub goveda (Bos sp.) i u jami K 11 zub goveda (Bos sp.) i ulomak rebra ovce ili koze (Ovis/Capra). Ovi nalazi potvrduju stocarski karakter kulture polje sa zarama.

MLA0EZELJEZNO DOBA NALAZI Nakon duzeg prekida, novo naseljavanje zbilo

se u kasnije mlade zeljezno doba. Kasnolatenske i ranorimske jame obiljezene su istom bojom jer je arheolosko gradivo vrlo slicno. Ovo razdoblje je najbolje zastupljeno na Blizni, kako unutar sonde A, tako i prema slucajnim nalazima prikupljenim po cijelom nalazista. U jarku su pronadene blisko postavljene jame Kl , K2 i K3 s nakupinama ljepa i keramike. Mnogobrojni ulomci kvalitetno izradene keltske keramike pronadeni su u hrpama zemlje strojno izbacene u samoj blizini ovih jama, pa su vjerojatno pripadale nekom nadzemnom objektu koji se tu nalazio. Medu njima nalazi se i rekonstrairana grafitna posuda s jednostrakom valovnicom i crtama na dnu. Nesto dalje u jarku nalazi se i jama K15 u kojoj je kao ispuna osim tamnije zemlje, gara i ulomaka keramike pronadena razbijena posuda koju je bilo moguce rekonstruirati u cijelosti. Na samom sjevernom kraju nalazista, takoder u jarku, nalazi se jama K9.1 ona je, kao i obliznje jame, vrlo plitko ukopana, sto je znacajka ovog prostora nalazista. S obzirom na pronadene ulomke keramike, rijec je o ranorimskoj otpadnoj jami. U sondi A pronadeno je mnostvo jama i objekata koje pripadaju ovom razdoblju. Jama J2 sadrzavala je uglavnom zguru, odnosno talionicki otpad. U jami se nalazilo i nekoliko keramickih ulomaka, od kojih dva pripadaju kvalitetnoj ranorimskoj visokoj casi. U sondi A pronadeno je mnogo talionickog otpada i vecina till nalaza bila je takoder u jugoistocnom dijelu.

Najvazniji sklop su jame oko poluzemunice J l l . Ispunu je sacinjavao gar, kosti i ulomci keramike. U ovoj maloj poluzemunici (dubine 20-ak cm, nesto vece od 2 x 3 metra), nalazila se jos jedna jama oznacena kao J l l A. I u ovoj jami pronadeni su ulomci keramike, ali i tanki broncani lim. Ulaz u ovaj objekt vjerojatno se nalazio na istocnoj strani, jer je ovdje ukop najblazi. Ispred pretpostavljenog ulaza u poluzemunicu nalazila se duboko ukopana otpadna jama J23 s komadima ugljena, gara, keramickih posuda, prsljenom, slomljenim staklenim prstenom te jednim zeljeznim nozem. Nekoliko metara dalje nalazila se takoder vrlo duboko ukopana jama J7 , mozda zemunica, koja je u neko doba iskoristena kao otpadna jama. U njoj se osim brojnih posuda, kostiju i gara nalazila

1992, t.5-4; Igrisce VRDOLJAK, t.36-4). Grooved garlands (T10-9) are an interesting and later decoration (Igrisce VRDOLJAK 1995, s.39, t.33-1). The oldest forms, typical for the 1st phase are “bosses” (Tl l -9) , an otherwise frequent decoration (Moravce SOKOL 1996, s l .15-1, sl.13-1; Sirova Katalena VrNSKLGASPARINI 1973, t.14-1; Mackovac KARAVANIC S., MIHALJEVIC, KALAFATIC 2002, t.3-1-6; Doljni Lakos DULAR 2002, 158, 0-11), a wide, sharply angled, handle ( T l l - 7 ) (Moravce SOKOL 1996, si.10-1) and the certainly damaged urn from grave K12 (T9-2). These vessels-urns are frequent in graves from the 1st phase but appear also in settlements (Sirova Kata lena , Virovit ica V I N S K I -GASPARINI 1973, t.14-2,4; t.8.-2,9, t.9-3, t.10-3,4; Moravce SOKOL 1996, t . 1 2 - 1 ; Mackovac KARAVANIC S., MIHALJEVIC, KALAFATIC 2002, tip B6; Oloris DULAR 2002, 22-1, s.176; Barice-Laminci BURDEVIC 1986, grave 31 and others). Besides ceramic finds, none of other materials were found at the site (besides bones) that could help determine this period.

Based on these comparisons it is evident that this settlement developed during the 1st and 2nd phase of the Urnfield culture, but there are forms that can be dated to a later period. AMS-14C datings were made for two closed ensembles from the late Bronze Age. Pit K l l gave a result of 1057±47 (calBC), while pit J 3 a year of 1185±48 (calBC). Further research may clear up the picture of the 3rd and 4th phases of the Urnfield culture at Blizna.

Only a single find was unearthed from the early Iron Age, a semicircular handle (T28-8), which can be compared to finds from Sveti Petar Ludbreski and Kucare (VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987, t .XXII I -5 ; DULAR J. , C I G L E N E C K I S., DULAR A. 1995, t.61-6,7). Quite frequent late Iron Age semicircular handles on vessels from graves at Kapiteljska njiva - Novo Mesto should be mentioned (KRIZ 2001, 69, pictures in the catalogue). But it is possible that these are only early Iron Age traditions during the time of Celtic domination. All in all we can nevertheless conclude that habitation at Blizna again ceased for a time with the coming of the early Iron Age.

Other finds Several bone shards were found in structures

from the late Bronze Age; being poorly preserved, however, only a few could be identified. A sheep’s or goats tooth (Ovis/Capra) was identified in pit J9 , while there was in pit K 6 an ox tooth (Bos sp.) and in pit K 11 an ox tooth (Bos sp.) and a shard of sheep’s or goat’s rib (Ovis/Capra). These finds confirm the cattle breeding character of the Urnfield culture.

111

Jakopovec-Blizna. Rekonstruirani lonac kulture polja sa zarama, 1186±50 calBC. (T6-4) Jakopovec-Blizna. Reconstructed pot from the Urnfields culture, 1186±50 calBC. (T6-4)

Jakopovec-Blizna. Dio lonca kulture polja sa zarama, 1059±45 calBC. (T10-1) Jakopovec-Blizna. Part of a pot from the Urnfields culture, 1059+45 calBC. (T10-1)

112

Jakopovec-Blizna. Dijelovi podova od tvrdo pe~ene zemlje uba~eni u jamu J7.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Parts of a flooring of hard baked earth thrown into pit J7.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Razbijena zdjela sa svim dijelovima in situ na dnu jame J7. (T14-1)

Jakopovec-Blizna. A broken bowl with all parts in situ at the bottom of pit J7. (T14-1)

i velika kolicina zemljanih paljenih debelih podova. Oni su bili u velikim komadima ubacivani u jamu te su se lomili jedan preko drugog prilikom pada. Uz ovu jamu nalaze se i ostaci dvaju stupova J18 i J19, te pocetak neotkopane jame J20. No vrlo vazni su ostaci “jacih” stupova s oznakom J10, J30, J22 i J29. Oni su najvjerojatnije ostaci nekog cetvrtastog nadzemnog objekta dimenzija otprilike 4 x 4 metra. Sjeverno od poluzemunice J11 nalazi se plitki dugi jarak, koji je vjerojatno ostatak nekadasnje ograde, odnosno plota. J15 vjerojatno je to isto, ali je rijec o starijoj ogradi jer ju poluzemunica J11 svojim ukopom ponistava.

Na nalazistu Nova tabla kod Murske Sobote pronadena je latenska zemunica oblika zaobljenog cetverougla, stranica 3 x 4 m sa samo jednom jamom (stupom) u njoj. Uz nju se nalazio cetverouglasti nadzemni objekt (cetiri stupa) stranica 4 x 5 metara, a izmedu ova dva objekta nalazilo se nekoliko jama.

LATE IRON AGE FEATURES After a longer interval there was new settlement

in the later late Iron Age. Late Laten and early Roman period pits are marked with the same colour because the archaeological material is very similar. This period is best represented at Blizna, both within trench A, and in chance finds collected from the entire site. Pits K 1 , K2 and K3 were found in the ditch placed very close to one another and containing deposits of daub and ceramics. Numerous potsherds from well-made Celtic ceramics were found in piles of soil excavated by heavy machinery in the close proximity of these pits, and they likely came from some raised structure located here. Among them is a reconstructed graphite vessel with a single wavy line and lines on the bottom. A bit further on in the ditch is pit K15 containing a deposit of darker soil, charcoal and potsherds and a broken vessel that could be entirely reconstructed. To the very north end of the site, also in the ditch, is pit K9. I t too, like the nearby pits, was dug very shallow, which is typical of this part of the site. Given the unearthed potsherds it can be identified as an early Roman period midden. Numerous pits and structures were found in trench A from this period. Pit J2 contained mostly slag, i.e. smelting waste. There were some potsherds in the pit of which two are from a well-crafted early Roman chalice. A great deal of smelt waste was found in trench A and most of the these finds were also in the southeastern section.

The key ensemble are the pits surrounding dugout house J11. The deposit consisted of charcoal, bones and potsherds. In this small dugout house (of about 20cm depth, somewhat larger than 2 x 3 metres), there was another pit designated as J11A. Here too potsherds were found, but also a thin sheet of bronze. The entrance to this structure was likely located on its eastern side where the excavation is shallowest. In front of the presumed entry to this dugout house was a deep midden, J23, containing bits of coal, charcoal, ceramic vessels, a spindle whorl, a broken glass ring and an iron knife. A few metres on was another deep pit, J7, perhaps a dugout house, that was during some period used as a midden. In it, besides numerous vessels, bones and charcoal, was a large quantity of thick burnt earthen flooring. They were thrown into the midden as large pieces and broke one over the other as they landed. Alongside this pit are the remnants of two posts, J18 and J19, and the start of an uncompleted pit, J20. Very important remains are however, those of “stronger” posts designated as J10, J30, J22 and J29. They are most likely the remains of some quadrangular raised structure of about 4 x 4 metres in size. North of dugout house J11 is a long and shallow ditch, probably the remains of a former fence or wattle. J15 is probably the same, but is an older fence as dugout house J11 cancels it out.

A Laten dugout house was found at the Nova tabla site near Murska Sobota shaped as a rounded quadrangle, with 3 x 4 metre sides and with only a

Takav sklop zamijecen je i na drugome mjestu, 30 metara udaljenom (GUSTIN, TIEFENGRABER 2001, 112). Ovaj opis vrlo se lako moze prenijeti na nas primjer. U nasoj poluzemunici J 11 nije pronadeno ognjiste, ali to ne mora znaciti kako nije rijec o stambenom objektu. Tkkav slucaj poznat je i kod keltske zemunice (vel. oko 4 x 3 m) iskopane na nalazistu Kotare (KERMAN 2003, 64). Dakle, najvjerojatnije je rijec o jednom malom gospodarskom sklopu koji se sastojao od oble poluzemunice, obliznje cetverougle nadzemne kuce, otpadnih jama te ograde od prepletenog siblja. Jansova u pokusaju rekonstrakcije nekadasnje keltske stambeno-dvorisne cjeline predlaze postojanje drvenih zidova nadzemnih zgrada ciji su se tragovi ocuvali kao dugi, uski i plitki “jarci” (Hrazany JANSOVA 1965, 48, sl.3,4). FJasicno 14C ispitivanje uzoraka ugljena iz nase poluzemunice J l l polucilo je ishodom 1. st.pr.Kr. (75±86 calBC), sto odgovara arheoloskom gradivu.13

P0KRETNI NALAZI Keramicki nalazi Ponajvise keramickih ulomaka pronadenih na

Blizni pripada mladem zeljeznom dobu. Keramika se moze podijeliti u nekoliko osnovnih grupa.

Posude izradene prostorucno Ove posude mogu se podijeliti na dvije glavne

grupe. Prve su izradene od relativno dobro prociscene gline, tvrde izrade i uglavnom smede boje. Najcesci su oblici siroke i niske zdjele te razni

single pit (post) in it. Alongside it was a quadrangular raised structure (four posts) with 4 x 5 metre sides, and between these two structures were several pits. An ensemble like that was discerned at another location, 30 metres distant (GUSTIN, TIEFENGEABER 2001, 112). This description can easily be applied to our example. A hearth was not found in our dugout house J l l , but this need not mean that it was not a habitation. A case like this is also known at a Celtic dugout house (about 4 x 3 metres in size) excavated at the Kotare site (KERMAN 2003, 64). It is therefore, most likely a smaU farm consisting of a rounded dugout house, a nearby four-cornered raised house, middens and a fence of wattlework. JansoVs attempt to reconstruct the one-time Celtic habitation-yard ensemble proposes wooden walls for the raised structures whose traces have been preserved a long, narrow and shallow “ditches” (Hrazany JANSOVA 1965, 48, sl.3,4). Classic C14 testing of samples of coal from our dugout house J l l gave a dating to the 1st century BC (75±86 calBC), which fits with the archaeological material.13

FINDS Ceramic finds The lion’s share of potsherds collected at Blizna

come from the late Iron Age. The ceramics can be divided into several basic groups.

Hand-made vessels These vessels can be divided into two main groups.

The first are made of relatively well-refined clay, are

Jakopovec-Blizna. Napola ispraznjena zemunica J l l . U njoj je vidljiv ukop jame J11a. Ispred vec ispraznjeni jarci J14 i J15. Susjedni kvadrant tek je spusten na razinu ukopa ovih jama. Jakopovec-Blizna. Half-emptied dugout house J11. The excavation of pit J11a is visible in it. In front are already emptied ditches J14 and J15. The neighbouring quadrant has just been brought down to the level of these pits.

113

l s14CHaa&a data<aja iOTaaemje u L a b o r a t o r i ^ Skraeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na SveuSlista u Kolnu. Classic C14 dating was done at the “Ruder Boshwic" Institute’s Low Activities Measuring Laboratory in Zagreb (Z-3316, BP 20SS± 70). Shortened calibration using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln.

114

Jakopovec-Blizna. Rekonstruirana keltska zdjela s krizem na dnu. (T14-1) Jakopovec-Blizna. A reconstructed Celtic vessel with a cross on the bottom. (T14-1)

trbusasti lonci, s uzim vratom. Drage su radene uglavnom vrlo grubo, a stijenke su im porozne zbog dodataka organske materije u glinu prije pecenja. Kod njih ne postoji stalnost u bojama pa se boje mijenjaju od erne, ukljucujuci razne tonove smede i zute, do crvene. Ovakvom izradom uglavnom su izradeni lonci koji svojim oblikom podsjecaju na grafitne keltske lonce. Prostorucno izradenih posuda ima malo vise negoli onih izradenih na kolu.

Posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu Vecinom je rijec o klasicnoj keltskoj keramici

sivkaste boje, odlicno prociscene gline i kvalitetne izrade. Kod ovih posuda postoji bogatstvo oblika, ali i razlika u tvrdoci pecenja. Uz ove, na kolu su izradivane i neke posude s primjesama drobljenoga grafita u razlicitim omjerima. Pojedine su u cijelosti izradene od grafita, a drage ga imaju u razlicitim omjerima kao primjesu, a poneke imaju samo po nekoliko sitnih grumena u stijenci. Ova podjela zamrsena je nekim posudama koje su “krizanci” izmedu ove osnovne cetiri grape. To su, primjerice, kopije posuda koje se uobicajeno izraduju na kolu, a izradene su prostorucno, te i obratno nacinjeni primjerci. Takoder postoje posude koje ne odgovaraju svojim standardnim oblicima zbog primjesa u glini ili nacinu pecenja.

S obzirom na zemljopisnu rasprostranjenost keltskih plemena, na ovom podrucju mozemo ocekivati Tauriske, kojima pronadeni arheoloski materijal uglavnom tipoloski odgovara. Medutim, mnogi oblici pripadaju standardnim keltskim oblicima koji su bili upotrebljavani kod drugih obliznjih plemena, Latobika, Skordiska, ali i kod znatno udaljenijih plemena drugdje u sredisnjoj i zapadnoj Europi.

Usporedbom nalaza s materijalom Skordiska, razvrstanim u grape prema Dizdaru (DIZDAE 2001, sl.12) uocljive su, osim osnovne slicnosti na prvi pogled, i brojne razlike. Primjerice, zdjele tipa A2 i A3 izradene na kolu u Vinkovcima, na Blizni su gotovo redovito izradene prostorucno, srednje kvalitete. Lonci tipa D2 izradeni prostorucno u Vinkovcima, na Blizni su u nekim slucajevina, osobito primjerci od grafita, izradivani na kolu. Salice tipa E l i E2, uopce nisu pronadene na Blizni, a takoder i dio lonaca iz grape D. Kao znacajnu razliku takoder treba navesti vrlo malo ukrasenih primjeraka na Blizni, dok je ta odlika kod Skordiska prilicno zastupljena (Vinkovci, Gomolava i td) . Za keramicki materijal Tauriska trebalo bi dakle

naciniti malo drukci ju tipolosku t a b l i c u ,

^ koja bi bo-lje opisivala

njihovu keramic-ku produkciju. Da se

to ucini , dakako nije dovoljno gradivo s Blizne, gra-

divo jednog nalazista, pa trebamo

of hard fabrication and mostly of brown colour. The most frequent shape is a wide and shallow bowl and various rotund pots with narrower necks. The other is predominantly of very rough manufacture with porous walls on account of the admixture of organic material added to the clay prior to firing. There is not constancy here of colour so that they alternate from black, including various tones of brown and yellow, to red. This kind of manufacture was used mostly for pots whose shape is reminiscent of Celtic graphite pots. There are slightly more hand-made vessels than there are of those made on a potter’s wheel.

Vessels made on a fast potter’s wheel Fo r the large part this is classic Celtic ceramic of

grey colour, of very well refined clay and good manufacture. There is in these vessels a wealth of shapes and differences in the hardness of the firing. Along with these some vessels were manufactured on a potter’s wheel with an admixture of crushed graphite in various proportions. A few are made entirely of graphite, while others have graphite in various proportions as an admixture, yet others have only a few very small lumps in their walls. This division is complicated by some vessels that are “crosses” between these four basic groups. Here, for example, are copies of vessels usually made on a potter’s wheel, but have been made by hand, and vice versa. There are also vessels that do not match their standard shapes because of an admixture in the clay or the method of firing.

Given the geographical distribution of the Celtic tribes we can expect the Taurisci in this area, which fits for the large part with the type of archaeological material collected. Many however, belong to the standard Celtic forms used by other nearby tribes, the Latobici, Scordisci, but also by much more distant tribes elsewhere in central and western Europe.

A comparison of finds with the material of the Scordisci, divided into groups according to Dizdar (DIZDAR 2001, sl.12) shows, besides basic similarities at first glance, numerous differences. Bowls of the A2 and A3 type, for example, manufactured on a potter’s wheel at Vinkovci, are at Blizna almost always made by hand and of intermediate quality. D2 type pots made by hand at Vinkovci are at Blizna in some cases, especially specimens of graphite, made on a potter’s wheel. Cups of the E1 and E2 type were not found at all at Blizna, and the same goes for a part of the pots from group D. As a significant difference we should also cite very few decorated specimens at Blizna, while that characteristic is with the Scordisci quite frequent (Vinkovci, Gomolava etc.). A slightly different typological table should be made therefore for the Taurisci ceramic material, which would better describe their ceramic production. The material at Blizna, that is to say, the material from a single find, is, of course, insufficient, for this task, so that we need to wait for new publication of similar sites in northwestern Croatia and Slovenia. Until then we can only in short outline some of the

pricekati nove objave sa slicnih nalazista u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji. Dotada mozemo samo ukratko navesti neka obiljezja keramickih nalaza.

Od spomenutih rijetkih posuda s ukrasom, pronadena su dva manja ulomka s valovitim i kosim crtama utisnutim u vlaznu glinu (T19-10,ll). Pomalo slicni su im ukrasi iz Vmkovaca (DIZDAK 2001, t.29-6, t.39-6). Kod Skordiska je cesto ukrasavanje glacanim ili bojenim crtama, trakama i valovnicama; medutim, na Blizni nije pronaden niti jedan takav ulomak. Uvjetno, u kategoriju ukrasa mozemo uvrstiti i okomito metlicasto ukrasavanje, uglavnom s grafitnih posuda (T12-1, T19-12, T20-l,2,4,5,6, T21-5,6,7,8), te potom urezivanje niza crtica na ramenu poroznih lonaca (T13-3, T16-2,5), te vodoravne, pravilne crte na kvalitetnim posudama izradenim na brzovrtecem loncarskom kolu (T12-6, T15-5, T16-8, T17-1, T19-l,6). Bojenje gotovo da i nije otkriveno. Postoje ulomci poroznih lonaca s obodom obojenim u crno (T15-3) ili kvalitetne sive posude s tragovima bojenja vanjske stijenke u crno (T12-2, T19-2). Nejasno je cemu su sluzile oznake na dnu posuda (T14-1, T20-1). Obje posude su posve razlicitog tipa - prva je prostorucno izradena zdjela s duboko utisnutim velikim krizem, a druga na kolu izraden grafitni lonac. Mladezeljeznodobna keramika s ukrasom na dnu razmjerno je rijetka. Na keltskom naselju Voganj - Bare pronaden je kantharos s krizem na dnu, ali od urezanih nepravilnih dvostrukih crta (BRUKNER 1987, sl.3). No, na grafitnim loncima s Bratislavskog oppida, ceste su oznake na dnu, a osim ravnih i oblih crta, nadeni su i urezani natpisi (PIETA, ZACHAR 1993, obr.88). Rybova i Drda navode kako proizvodnja lonaca izradenih posve od grafita potjece iz Juzne Ceske, gdje su se nalazila lezista tog materijala. Oppidum Trisov i njegova bliza okolica bili bi srediste proizvodnje grafitnih lonaca s oznakama na dnu (RYBOVA, DRDA 1994, 101). Grafitni lonci i njihove patvorine s manje grafita ili potpuno od gline, cesti su na Blizni, (T12-1, T17-5,6,10, T20-1,2,4,5,6, T21-7,8 itd.) a nalaze se u vecem ili manjem broju na svim keltskim nalazistima u srednjoj Europi. Prema nekim misljenjima, sluzili su prilikom ljevackih poslova, jer je grafit otporan na vrucinu. Tomu u prilog mogu se navesti i dva ulomka s Blizne. T20-6 je dno posude s blago izbocenim sredistem, tako da posuda ne moze samostalno stajati i T17-10, dno s probusenim rupama. Medutim, ako ove posude imaju svoju izricitu namjenu (u takvoj posudi sigurno se pola sata kasnije nije kuhao rucak), te je materijal od kojeg je izradena, kao i njezin oblik bio namijenjen nekoj takvoj svrsi, onda nije jasno cemu bi sluzile njihove izravne kopije koje nisu izradene od grafita.

Najcesce posude u mladezeljeznodobnim cjelinama na Blizni su siroke zdjele, izradene uglavnom prostorucno, od tvrdo pecene, ali ne posve prociscene tamno smede gline (T12-7, T13-l,6, T14-1, T16-1, T17-2, T18-14, T21-l,2 i td) . Ove

traits of these ceramic finds. Of the mentioned rarer vessels with decoration,

two smaller potsherds were found with wavy and diagonal lines impressed into wet clay (T19-10,ll). Somewhat similar are decorations found at Vmkovci (DIZDAR 2001, t.29-6, t.39-6). ._ . . . . Decorating with burnished or colour lines, ribbons or wavy lines is frequent among the Scordisci; 1 not a single such potsherd was I found at Blizna however. We can I cite, conditionally, vert ical I brushed surface decoration 1 among the category of decoration, J mostly from the graphite vessels (T12-1, T19-12, T20-l,2,4,5,6, T21-5,6,7,8), and then the engraving of a series of lines on the shoulders of porous pots (T13-3, T16-2,5), horizontal, regular lines on well-crafted vessels manufactured on fast potter’s wheels (T12-6, T15-5, T16-8, T17-1, T19-l ,6) . Colouring was almost not at all discovered. There are potsherds from porous pots with rims coloured black (T15-3) or well-crafted grey vessels with traces of black colouring on the outer walls (T12-2, T19-2). The purpose of markings on the bottoms of vessels is unclear (T14-1, T20-1). Both vessels are of entirely different type - the first is a hand-made bowl with a deeply impressed large cross, while the other is a graphite pot made on a potter’s wheel. Late Iron Age ceramics with decorations on the bottom are relatively rare. A kanthaws bearing a cross on its bottom, but of engraved irregular double lines, was found at the Celtic set t lement Voganj (BRUKNER 1987, sl.3). On the graphite pots from oppidum Bratislava, however, markings on the bottom are frequent, and besides straight and rounded lines, engraved inscriptions were also found (PIETA, ZACHAR 1993, obr.88). Rybova and Drda write that the production of pots made entirely of graphite originates from the south of the Czech Republic where there are deposits of this material. Oppidum Trisov and its environs was the centre of the production of graphite pots with markings on their bottoms (RYBOVA, DRDA 1994, 101). Graphite pots and their copies containing less graphite or made entirely of clay are frequent at Blizna (T12-1, T17-5,6,10, T20-l,2,4,5,6, T21-7,8 etc.) and are found in larger or smaller numbers at all Celtic sites in central Europe. Some opinions have it that they were used during foundry works, as graphite is heat resistant. In support of this opinion we can cite two potsherds from Blizna. T20-6 is the bottom of a vessel with a slightly bulging centre, so that the vessel could not have stood on its own, while T17-10 is a bottom perforated by holes. If, however, these vessels have some specific purpose (lunch was certainly not served in a vessel like this a half hour later) and if the material it was made from and the shape in which it was made was meant for such a purpose, it is then unclear what their direct

115

Jakopovec-Blizna. Rekonstruirani veliki keltski grafitni lonac. (T20-1)

Jakopovec-Blizna. A large reconstructed Celtic graphite pot. (T20-1)

116

Jakopovec-Blizna. Rekonstruirana keltska zdjela. (T18-14) Jakopovec-Blizna. A reconstructed Celtic bowl. (T18-14)

posude jednostavnog oblika, inace su ceste u prapovijesnim razdobljima. Ipak, opcenito gledano, zdjele istog tipa u kasnom broncanom dobu imaju zadebljanje stijenke kod najsireg promjera (usporedi S t a r a ves T4-5 i td . ) , a s tar i je-zeljeznodobne imaju ostrije naglasen prijelaz iz najsireg dijela prema obodu, pa ih se tako moze u najvecem broju slucajeva i razl ikovat i . Mladezeljeznodobne zdjele oblika kao spomenute s Blizne, ceste su i na ostalim onodobnim nalazistima Europe (Hrazany JANSOVA 1965, obr.18-1; Stradonice, RYBOVA, DRDA 1994, T20-13, T21-11, T23-16 itd; Nitra-Sindolka, BREZINOVA 2000, t.85-1, 1126-8, 1167-1, 1170-1 itd; Mana, BENADIK 1983, t .29-5, Mitrovacke livade BRUKNER 1988, t.7-3, t.8-3; Vinkovci DIZ-DAR 2001, vise primjeraka, grupa A). Uza varijanta (T21-1) takoder je poznata (Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000,195-8).

Jednako tako cesti su grubi i porozni lonci (T13-3, T15-l ,3 , T16-2,4,5 itd.) koji svojim osnovnim oblikom podsjecaju na grafitne lonce, s time da uglavnom nemaju metlicasti ukras i zadebljanje oboda. No, cesto na ramenu imaju ukras od niza kratkih ureza, a pokatkad i bojeni obod. Neki autori

s m a t r a j u kako je ri-jec o po-s u d a m a s t a r i j e -

z e l j e z n o -dobne tradicije,

no to je nevazno, jer je u nacelu takva

sva keltska keramografija. Ove posude javljaju se kod

raznih keltskili plemena sirom Europe, pa su tako pravi keltski

proizvod (Gomolava, JOVANOVIC B., JOVANOVIC M.,1988, t.XXVII-2, t.XXJX-16,15, tXXXVI-3,2,8 itd; Vinkovci DIZDAR 2001,126-1, t.31-1-8 itd.; Ilok DIZDAR, SOSTARIC, J E L I N C I C 2003, 1 1 - 1 ; Mitrovacke livade B R U K N E R 1988 , t . 7 - 1 0 , 1 1 ; St radonice RYBOVA, DRDA 1994, f.31-1-8 itd., Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000, 11-4,5, t.29-13, 1102-13; Olmouc-Neredin KALABEK 2001, pic.135; Hrazany JANSOVA 1965, obr.18-4, Gaukoenigshofen STEIDL 1998, abb.7; itd.). S obzirom na losu kvali tetu izrade, moze se pretpostaviti kako je rijec o “kuenoj keramici”, dakle onoj koja nije namijenjena prodaji i izradivana od vjestih loncara, vec od onih kojima ce svakodnevno i sluziti. Sto se tice usporednih primjeraka iz Nitre, treba reci da su takve posude uglavnom izradivane kvalitetnije negoli nase posude. Medutim, tamo postoji jedan drugi tip posuda - lonaca sa zatvorenim obodom, koji cesto ima trakasti ukras od niza kratkih ureza ispod oboda, takoder grube izrade (Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000,112-1,4-12, 175-5,10,1120-2-7 itd.). Ta posuda vjerojatno je u osnovi srodnija nasim “poroznim” loncima nego

copies not made of graphite might have served for The most frequent vessels in late Iron Age en

sembles at Blizna are wide bowls, made almost entirely by hand, of hard-fired but not entirely refined dark brown clay (T12-7, T13-l,6, T14-l , T16-l, T17-2, T18-14, T21- l ,2 etc.). These simply shaped vessels are otherwise frequent in prehistoric periods. Nevertheless, in general, vessels of the same type have in the late Bronze Age a thickening of the walls at the point of greatest diameter (compare with Stara ves T4-5 etc.), while early Iron Age specimens have a sharper transition from the widest point to the rim, so that they can in most cases be differentiated by this. Late Iron Age bowls shaped like these from Blizna are frequent too at other European sites from that period (Hrazany JANSOVA 1965, obr.18-1; Stradonice, RYBOVA, DRDA 1994, T20-13, T21-11, T23-16 etc.; Nitra-Sindolka, BREZINOVA 2000, t .85-1, 1126-8, 1167-1, 1170-1 etc.; Mana, BENADIK 1983, t.29-5, Mitrovacke livade BRUKNER 1988, t.7-3, t.8-3; Vinkovci DIZDAR 2001, several specimens, group A). A narrower variant (T21-1) is also known (Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000, t.95-8).

EquaUy frequent are roughly manufactured and porous pots (T13-3, T15-l,3, T16-2,4,5 etc.) that are reminiscent in their basic shape to graphite bowls, except that they usually do not have brushed surface decorations and a thickening of the rim. They do, however, often have a decoration consisting of a series of short incisions, and sometimes a coloured rim. Some authors feel that these are vessels of the early Iron Age tradition, but this is irrelevant as in principle all Celtic ceramography is of this kind. These vessels appear in various Celtic tribes across Europe, and are as such a real Celtic product (Gomolava, JOVANOVIC B., JOVANOVIC M., 1988, t.XXVII-2, t.XXIX-16,15, t.XXXVI-3,2,8 etc.; Vinkovci DIZDAR 2001, t.26-1, t.31-1-8 etc.; Ilok DIZDAR, SOSTARIC, JELINCIC 2003,11-1; Mitrovacke livade BRUKNER 1988,17-10,11; Stradonice RYBOVA, DRDA 1994, f.31-1-8 etc , Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000,11-4,5, t.29-13, 1102-13; Olmouc-Neredin KALABEK 2001, pic.135; Hrazany JANSOVA 1965, obr.18-4, Gaukoenigshofen STEIDL 1998, abb.7; etc.). Given the poorer quality of manufacture it can be assumed that these are “home-made” ceramics, that is to say not meant for sale or manufactured by skiUed potters, but rather by those who would make use of them on a daily basis. As far as comparisons with specimens from Nitra goes, it should be pointed out that those vessels were predominantly of a better make than our vessels. There is however, another type of vessel there - a closed-rim pot that often bears a ribbon-like decoration of a series of short incisions under the rim, also of rough manufacture (Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000,112-1,4-12,175-5,10,1120-2-7 etc.). These vessels are probably fundamentally more related to our “porous” pots than are the classic graphite pots. A ribbon-like, wide and shallow groove located under the

klasicni grafitni lonac. No, na nasim se loncima redovito javlja trakasti, siroki i plitki utor ispod oboda, sto ih cini vrlo srodnim grafitnim loncima. U Stradonicama ima slicnijih lonaca, a i tu se javlja bojenje oboda. U Olmoucu postoje lonci s utisnutom trakom i pripadajucim kosim urezima, ali oni se nalaze izravno pod obodom. U Hrazanyma postoje spomenute inacice, ali i gotovo isti lonci kao s Blizne. Na kraju bill spomenuo lonac koji izgleda kao grafitni, ali je nacinjen od obicne gline (Eelldbach-Schmiden P L A N C K 1985, 366, abb.562). Smatram kako su sve ove razlike posljedica zemljopisne posebnosti, a ne odlike “panonske” tradicije, pa se ove posude mogu pripisati klasicnoj keltskoj keramografiji.

Mala, grabo izradena posudica (T12-8) slicna je po obliku i dimenzijama pronadenima u Nitri i Novome Mestu (Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000, t.4-14, t.11-7; Novo Mesto KNEZ 1992, t .68-7). P remda poradi svojili malili mjera podsjecaju na igracke, primjerak iz Novog Mesta, iz groba 191 na Kapiteljskoj njivi, prilozen je odrasloj osobi. Malo veca zdjelica (T17-9) vjerojatno vec ima neku konkretnu uporabnu vrijednost, a vrlo slicne pronadene su i dragdje (Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000, t.33-15; Vinkovci D I Z D A R 2 0 0 1 , t .18-4 ; Mana BENADIK 1983, t.XII-5).

Izvrsno prociscene, i na brzovrtecem kolu izradene sivkaste posude opca su znacajka keltskih nalazista. Nazalost, nismo pronasli primjerke koji bi se mogli rekonstruirati u cijelosti; medutim, i na osnovi ulomaka razvidno je kako su i takve posude zastupljene na Blizni. Ukratko navodim ulomke nekoliko najcescili oblika, i to kantarosa (T12-6,9, T16-8, 10; usporedbe: Novo mesto KRIZ 2001, sl.532; Novo mesto KNEZ 1992, t.46-9; Vinkovci DIZDAR 2 0 0 1 , t .44-4 , t . 2 9 - 1 ; Gomolava JOVANOVIC B., JOVANOVIC M. 1988, t.XLIII-1,3; Mitrovacke livade BRUKNER 1988, t.7-12 itd.), velikih lonaca s usko zatvorenim otvorom i veoma previnutim obodom (T17-1; usporedbe: Novo Mesto KRIZ 2001, sl.105,198,226 itd.; Spodnja Hajdina-Ptuj TOMANIC-JEVREMOV GUSTIN 1996, sl.5-9; Ribnica-Vzhod kod Bregane, neobjavljeno), lonaca s dugim uskim vratom i sirokim razvracenim obodom (T19-4,8, usporedbe: Novo Mesto KNEZ 1992, t.59-6, t.57-1; Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000, t.103-6; Mana BENADIK 1983, t.XXIX-15; Nebringen-Boeblingen UNZ 1985, 385, abb.489) te S-profiliranih zdjela (T19-l,9 usporedbe: Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000, t.136-6,10, t.10-8; Vinkovci DIZDAR 2001, t.37-2, t.34-2,4, t.29-2,3,4 i td ; Mana BENADIK 1983, t.XIV-7,11). I ostalim ulomcima fine keramike pronadene na Blizni, a ilustriranim na tablama, mogu se odrediti oblici i pronaci usporedbe na drugim keltskim nalazistima.

Na Blizni su pronadeni i keramicki utezi za tkalacki stan (T12-3, T16-12). Neobicno je sto su pronadena samo dva utega, u odnosu na veliki broj

rim appears regularly on our pots, bringing them into close relation to graphite pots. There are pots of greater similarity at Stradonice, but there we have colouring of the rim. There are at Olmouc pots with impressed ribbon decorations and the accompanying diagonal incisions, but they are located directly under the rim. The mentioned versions exist at Hrazany but also practically the same pots as those from Blizna. And finally, I will mention a pot that appears like a graphite one, but is in fact made of plain clay (Eelldbach-Schmiden PLANCK 1985, 366, abb.562). I feel that aU of these differences are the result of geographic distinctions, and not traits of some “Pannonian” tradition, so that these vessels can be attributed , to classic Celtic ceramography

A small vessel, of rough manufacture, (T12-8) is similar in shape and size to those 1 found at Nitra and Novo Mesto (Ni t ra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000, t .4-14, t .11-7; Novo Mesto KNEZ 1992, t.68-7). Although they, on account of their small size, reminiscent of toys, the specimen from Novo Mesto, from grave 191 on Kapiteljska njiva is placed next an adult. A slightly larger bowl (T17-9) likely already has some concrete use and very similar ones have been found elsewhere (Ni t ra -S indolka BREZINOVA 2000, t.33-15; Vinkovci DIZDAR 2001, t.18-4; Mana BENADIK 1983, t.XII-5).

Very well refined greyish vessels manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel are a general characteristic of Celtic sites. We, unfortunately, did not find specimens that could be entirely reconstructed; just based on the potsherds however; it is evident that these too are represented at Blizna. I will give here, in short, several of the most frequent forms, these being a Kantaros (T12-6,9, T16-8, 10; comparisons: Novo mesto KRIZ 2001, sl.532; Novo mesto KNEZ 1992, t.46-9; Vinkovci DIZDAR 2001, t.44-4, t.29-1; Gomolava JOVANOVIC B., JOVANOVIC M. 1988 , t . X L I I I - 1 , 3 ; Mitrovacke livade BRUKNER 1988, t.7-12 etc.), large pots with narrow, closed, openings and very curved rims (T17-1; compar isons : Novo Mesto KRIZ 2 0 0 1 , sl .105,198,226 etc.; Spodnja Hajdina-Ptuj T O M A N I C -JEVREMOV G U S T I N 1996, sl.5-9; R i b n i c a -Vzhod near \ Bregana, unpublished), pots with long, narrow, necks and widely flared rims (T19-4,8, compar isons : Novo Mesto KNEZ 1992, t.59-6, t . 5 7 - 1 ; N i t r a -S indo lka

117

Jakopovec-Blizna. Rekonstruirani mali keltski porozni lonac. (T13-3)

Jakopovec-Blizna. A small reconstructed porous Celtic bowl. (T13-3)

Jakopovec-Blizna. Rekonstruirana keltska zdjela. (T16-1)

Jakopovec-Blizna. A reconstructed Celtic bowl. (T16-1)

118

Jakopovec-Blizna. Ulomci keltskih staklenih narukvica. (T18-5, T18-4, T20-3, T16-11)

Jakopovec-Blizna. Shards of glass Celtic bracelets. (T18-5, T18-4, T20-3, T16-11)

posuda i inoga. Takovi utezi pronalaze se i drugdje na keltskim nalazistima, ali takoder u malom broju (Dirov brijeg, Damica gradina, DIZDAR 2001, t.49-2,4; Nitra-Sindolka, BREZINOVA 2000, t.164-16; Gomolava, JOVANOVIC B., JOVANO-VICM.,1988, t.XLV4; Hrazany JANSOVA 1965, obr.21-1).

Pronadeno je i nekoliko prsljenova (T15-6, T16-7, T19-15). Unatoc njihovoj raznolikosti i brojnosti, autori ih jos spominju samo uzgred, jer jos nije izvedena tipologija i kronoloska tablica za ove zanimljive predmete. I dragdje su pronadeni prsljeni izradeni od ulomaka posuda (Nitra-Sindolka, BREZINOVA 2000, 15, t.4-18, t.5-13, t.43-6, t.51-3,5, t.58-2,3, t.143-6,10; Hrazany JANSOVA 1965, obr.21-4 itd.). Brezinova ih postavlja u poglavlje o prsljenovima, ali ih opisuje kao kotacice {Raedschen), s rapom ili bez nje.

Ulomci T13-2,5 pripadaju broncanom dobu, ali su nacrtani u sklopu cjeline u kojoj su nadeni, mladezeljeznodobnoj jami J7.

Stakleni nalazi Medu keltskim nalazima u sondi A i kanalu

izdvajaju se ulomci staklenih narakvica (T18-4,5; T20-3) i prstena (T16-11). Svi su izradeni od tamnoplavog prozirnog stakla, a dvije narukvice imaju dodanu zutu valovitu traku. Staklene narukvice standardan su nakit keltskih zena i pronalaze se cesto na raznim nalazistima sirom Europe. Najcesce su izradene kao p profil, na siroj traci, cesto s plasticno izvedenim ukrasom i u razlicitim bojama. Smatra se da je izrada staklenih narakvica kod Kelta zapocela u 3.st.pr.Kr, kada je i napusteno izradivanje narukvica od crnog sapropelita, porrjeklom iz danasnje Ceske (SIEVERS 2003, 231, abb.403a; KRIZ 2001,

s.61). Nasi primjerci pripadaju jednostavnom D profilu bez trake. Usporedbe za jednostavne D profile

imamo u groblju Mana i Kapiteljska njiva - Novo Mesto te naselju Nitra-

Sindolka (BENADIK 1983, t.L-2, t.XLTV-4; KRIZ 2001, si.44; BREZINOVA 2000,

t.175-11). No, zemljopisno najblizi primjerak je naden u Sigetcu kod Ludbrega kao povrsinski nalaz (SIMEK 1983, t.XIII-5). Stakleno prstenje relativno je rjedi nalaz od narukvica. Prilikom rusenja kontrolnog profila izmedu kvadranata B i L pronaden je mali komad prilicno spaljenog stakla, vjerojatno perlica plave boje.

Metalni nalazi Vrlo zanimljiv keltski noz pronaden je u 2. sloju

sonde A (T18-1, PN1). Osim odlomljenog vrska pronaden je u cijelosti i prilicno dobro ocuvan. Rijec je o nozu na sklapanje s dobrom paralelom s nalazista Ciglana - Zeleno polje kod Osijeka (SIMC, FILIPOVIC1997, sl.9, 34). Slabo ocuvani zeljezni ulomci (T18-2,3) mozda takoder pripadaju nekim manjim nozevima. Veci noz ostecenog vrha s dvije sacuvane zakovice za drvene dijelove drske

BREZINOVA 2000, t.103-6; Mana BENADIK 1983, t.XXIX-15; Nebringen-Boeblingen UNZ 1985, 385, abb.489) and S-profiled bowls (T19-1,9 comparisons: Nitra-Sindolka BREZINOVA 2000, t.l36-6,10, t.lO-8; Vinkovci DIZDAR 2001, t.37-2, t.34-2,4, t.29-2,3,4 etc.; Mana BENADIK 1983, t.XIV-7,11). The shapes of other potsherds of fine ceramic found at Blizna, and illustrated in the tables, can also be determined and comparisons found at other Celtic sites.

Ceramic weights for weaving looms were also found at Blizna (T12-3, T16-12). It is unusual that only two weights were found, given the large number of vessels and other objects collected. Weights like these are found at other Celtic sites, but again in small numbers (Dirov brijeg, Damica gradina, DIZDAR 2001, t.49-2,4; Nitra-Sindolka, BREZINOVA 2000, t.164-16; Gomolava, JOVANOVIC B., JOVANOVIC M., 1988, t.XLV 4; Hrazany JANSOVA 1965, obr.21-1).

Several spindle whorls were collected (T15-6, T16-7, T19-15). Despite their variety and large numbers, authors continue to mention them only in passing, as a typology and chronological tables have yet to be made for these interesting objects. Spindle whorls made of fragments of vessels have been found elsewhere (Nitra-Sindolka, BREZINOVA 2000, 15, t.4-18, t.5-13, t.43-6, t.51-3,5, t.58-2,3, t.143-6,10; Hrazany JANSOVA 1965, obr.21-4 etc.). Brezinova puts them in the chapter on spindle whorls but describes them as small wheels {Raedschen), with a hole or without one.

Potsherds T13-2,5 belong to the Bronze Age put have been sketched within the ensemble in which they were found, the late Iron Age pit J7.

Glass finds Among the Celtic finds in trench A and the ca

nal, the shards of glass bracelets (T18-4,5; T20-3) and ring (T16-11) stand out. AU are made of transparent dark blue glass and two bracelets have an added wavy yellow ribbon. Glass bracelets are the standard jewellery of Celtic women and are found often at various sites across Europe. They are most often manufactured in a p profile, on a wide ribbon, often with a moulded decoration and in various colours. It is believed that the manufacture of glass bracelets among Celts began in the 3rd century BC, when the manufacture of bracelets made of black sapropelit, originating from the modern day Czech Republic (SIEVERS 2003, 231, abb.403a; KRIZ 2001, s.61). Our specimens belong to the simple D profile, without ribbon. Comparisons for the simple D profile are found in the Mana and Kapiteljska njiva - Novo Mesto graves and at the Nitra-Sindolka settlement (BENADIK 1983, t.L-2, t.XLIV-4; KRIZ 2001, sl.44; BREZINOVA 2000, t.175-11). But the geographically closest example was found at Sigetec near Ludbreg as a surface find (SIMEK 1983, t.XIII-5). Glass rings are a relatively rarer find than are bracelets. A smaU piece of quite scorched glass, Ukely

pronaden je u jami 23 (T16-9). Vrlo dobra usporedba je s cjelovitim primjerkom iz Kupinova, koji je odreden kao bojni noz (PANDZIC 1970, s.32, t.XVI-5). Broncana perlica (T18-8) jedini je dio nekog metalnog nakita s Blizne. Nije jasno cemu sluze dijelovi broncanog kovanog lima s naglasenim obrubom (T12-10, T18-9) i manji broncani ulomak (T18-13) koji na prvi pogled podsjeca na dio lucne kopce.

Svi mladezeljeznodobni nalazi s Blizne mogu se datirati u kasnu i zavrsnu fazu ovog razdoblja, dakle od kraja 3.st.pr.Kr. do pocetka l.st. Keramicki oblici i nacini izrade pripadaju keltskom stanovnistvu, i to obje glavne grape: grabe, rucno radene, kao i fmo, na brzovrtecem kolu izradene keramike. Obje grape imaju manjih posebnosti u usporedbi s nalazima s razlicitih keltskih nalazista. Ove razlike nisu toliko posljedica starijezeljeznodobnih tradicija, koliko ishod zemljopisne odvojenosti, odnosno povezanosti s drugim keltskim plemenima i keramicarskim sredistima.

Ostali nalazi U keltskom kontekstu pronaden je i ulomak

manjeg kamenogzrvnja (T18-ll) i gotovo potpuno sacuvan masivni bras od kvalitetnog pjescenjaka (T21-4). Na oba predmeta zamjetljivi su tragovi dugotrajne upotrebe. Prema obliku vrlo slican brasu T21-4, pronaden je primjerak na keltskom oppidu Hrazany, a takoder i dio jednostavnog zrvnja koji se moze usporediti s nasim T18-11 (JANSOVA 1965, obr.21-6, 7).

Najvise kostiju pronadeno je upravo u objektima mladeg zeljeznog doba. U jami J15 pronaden je ulomak kosti pesti goveda (Eos sp.) a u jami J10 -nedeterminirani kostani ulomak, obraden u alatku - vjerojatno silo. Jama J7 sadrzavala je goljenicnu kost, kosti pesti i stopala te clanke prstiju jelena obicnog {Germs daphus L.), pa zatim zub i dva daljna ulomka zuba svinje {Sus sp.) te ulomak rebra velikog prezivaca. U jami J20 posve spaljena goljenicna kost ovce ili koze (Ovis/Capra) a u jami J l l - dva zuba i ulomak zuba ovce ili koze {(Ms/ Capra), clanak i papcana kost goveda {Bos sp.), i trnasti izdanak prsnog kraljeska velikog prezivaca. U jami J23 bio je ulomak zuba ovce ili koze {(Ms/ Capra).

U hodnom sloju 3 pronaden je zub goveda {Bos sp.). Ocigledno je kako su se tadasnji stanovnici osim stocarstvom bavili i lovom, no u kolikom opsegu ne mozemo zakljuciti zbog malog broja odredivih kostiju.

ANTICKI, KASNOANTICKI NALAZI I NALAZI IZ DOBA SEOBE NARODA NALAZI Strukturalni nalazi rimskog doba kasnijeg od

l.st. ili ranijeg od 4.st. zasad nisu pronadeni. No, u sloju 2 pronadeni su ulomci keramike, kao i drugdje na podrucju nalazista, kao slucajni nalazi. U sondi A, u njezinom juznom dijelu pronadeni su razbacani brojni ulomci rimskih opeka i tegula. Oni dokazuju

a blue coloured bead, was found during the demolition of a control profile between quadrants B and L.

Metal finds A very interesting Celtic knife was found in the

2nd layer of trench A (T18-1, PN1). Besides the missing tip it was found in its entirety. It is a folding knife with a good parallel from the Ciglana - Zeleno polje site near Osijek (SIMIC, FILIPOVIC1997, sl.9, 34). Poorly preserved iron shards (T18-2,3) may also come from some smaller knives. A large knife with a damaged point and two preserved rivets for the wooden parts of a handle were found in pit 23 (T16-9). A very good comparison is with a complete specimen from Kupinovo, identified as a battle knife (PANDZIC 1970, s.32, t.XVI-5). A bronze bead (T18-8) is the only remaining part of some piece of metal jewellery from Blizna. It is unclear what purpose was served by parts of a sheet of wrought bronze with a prominent rim (T12-10, T18-9) and smaller bronze shard (T18-13) that is at first glance reminiscent of part of a fibula.

All late Iron Age finds at Blizna can be dated to the late and closing phase of this period, that is to say from the end of the 3rd century BC to the start of the 1st century. The ceramic forms and methods of manufacture are Celtic, this being true of both major groups: rough, hand-made specimens and finer one made on a fast potter’s wheel. Both groups have smaller distinctions in comparison with finds from various other Celtic sites. These differences are not so much the result of early Iron Age traditions as much as the results of geographic separation from, or contact with, other Celtic tribes and centres of ceramic production.

Other finds A shard from a small grindstone (T18-11) was

found within the Celtic context and an almost entirely preserved massive whetstone made of good sandstone (T21-4). The signs of long use are visible on both objects. A specimen was found at the Celtic oppidu Hrazany very similar in shape to whetstone T21-4, as was a part of a simple grindstone that can be compared to our T18-11 (JANSOVA 1965, obr.21-6, 7).

The largest number of bones were found in structures from the late Iron Age. A bone shard from an ox knuckle {Bos sp.) was found in pit J15, while pit JlOyielded an unidentified bone shard worked into a tool - probably an awl. Pit J7 contained the tibia, knuckle and foot bones and the hoof joints of the common deer {Gervus daphus L.), and the tooth and two further shards of the tooth of a pig {Sus sp.) and a shard from a rib of some large ruminant. Pit J20 had a completely scorched sheep or goat tibia {(Ms/Capra), while pit J l l yielded two teeth and part of a sheep’s or goat’s tooth {(Ms/Capra), an ox phalanx and hoof bone {Bos sp.), and the thorny projection of a chest vertebra from a large ruminant. Pit J23 contained the shard of a sheep’s of goat’s tooth {(Ms/Capra).

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Jakopovec-Blizna. Bron~ani lim sa zadebljanim rubom. (T12-10)

Jakopovec-Blizna. Sheet of bronze with thickened edge. (T12-10)

Jakopovec-Blizna. Kameni brus s tragovima ostrenja. (T21-4) Jakopovec-Blizna. Whetstone with traces of sharpening. (T21-4)

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Jakopovec-Blizna. Ociscen presjek kasnoanticke peci K10 u gractevinskom jarku, 375±26 calAD.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Cleaned cross-section of late Roman period oven K10 in a construction canal, 375+26 calAD.

postojanje zidanih rimskih objekata ciji se ostaci vjerojatno jos nalaze juzno od sonde A. Za razliku od ulomaka tegula, zbuke nema u rimskom hodnom sloju sonde A, pa je vjerojatno kako se zgrada nalazila na udaljenosti vecoj od dvadesetak metara, a blizoj od pedesetak metara. Osim nalaza 2. i 3. st. javljaju se i mladi, kasnoanticki nalazi. Jedina pronadena struktura tog doba, K10, vrlo je zanimljiva pec, koja je pronadena uzduzno prerezana u gradevinskom jarku. Rijec je o zatvorenoj peci koja je svojedobno bila ukopana u pjescano tlo brezuljka, a unutrasnje oble stranice bile su joj namazane glinom koja se potom prepekla, kako bi zadobile cvrstinu. Pod peci bio je podstavljen vecim oblim rijecnim kamenjem, na kojima se peklo, jer nije bilo glinene resetke. Na otvora su se nalazili najveci kameni, koji su prijecili nekontrolirano ispadanje zara pod noge pekaca. Gar i pepeo nalazili su se u pozadini unutrasnjosti peci, kao i razbacani po hodnom sloju, a osobito u samom radnom prostora pred njom. U neko doba pokrov peci se djelomicno urusio; medutim, ocigledno je kako se pecenje nastavilo, izravno na urusenom dijelu pokrova koji je prekrio nekadasnje loziste. Nakon te faze lozenje u peci je prekinuto, a u profilu je vidljivo daljnje raspadanje pokrova peci. U peci i njezinoj okolici pronadeno je vrlo malo sitnih ulomaka keramike, ali vjerojatno je ipak rijec o peci za keramicke posude. Uzorcima ugljena pec je datirana AMS-14C metodom u dragu polovinu 4. st. (375±26 calAD).14

Doba seobe naroda i rani srednji vijek takoder nisu strukturalno potvrdeni u sondi A ili jarcima. Ipak, s obzirom kako je na vrhu sloja 2, te drugdje kao slucajni nalazi, pronaden odreden broj keramickih ulomaka koji se sa sigurnoseu mogu

An ox tooth (Bos sp.) was found in occupational layer 3. It is evident that the inhabitants were during this period active as both hunters and herdsmen, but in what measure we cannot conclude on the basis of this small number of identifiable bones.

FINDS FROM THE ROMAN PERIOD, LATE ROMAN PERIOD AND FROM THE MIGRATION PERIOD FEATURES Structural features of the Roman period later

than the 1st century or earlier than the 4th have not yet been uncovered. Potsherds were found in layer 2, however, as elsewhere in the area of the site, as chance finds. Numerous scattered potsherds of Roman period bricks and roof tiles were found in the southern section of trench A. They confirm the existence of constructed Roman period edifices whose remains are probably still to the south of trench A. Unlike the potsherds of roof tiles, there is no wall plaster in the Roman period occupational layer of trench A., so that it is likely that the edifice was located at a distance greater than 20 metres and closer than fifty metres. Besides features originating in the 2nd and 3rd centuries there are those from the late Roman period. K10, the only structure unearthed from that period, is a very interesting oven that was found, cut along it length, in a construction ditch. This was a closed oven, once dug into the sandy soil of the hillock, with the curved inner sides coated in clay that was then fired to give it firmness. The floor of the oven was fitted with large rounded river rocks on which the baking was done, there being no clay grating. The largest stones were located at the opening to prevent the uncontrolled falling of live coals under the feet of the baker Charcoal and ash were found in the back of the oven’s interior and scattered about the occupational layer, especially in the working area in front of it. Part of the roofing of the oven caved in at some point in time; it is evident, however, that baking continued, directly on the caved-in part of the roofing that covered the one time furnace. Firing in this oven ceased after this phase and the further decay of the oven’s roofing can be seen in the profile. Very few small potsherds were found in the oven and its surroundings, but this is nevertheless most likely a ceramics firing kiln. Samples of coal were used to date the oven using the AMS-14C method to the second half of the 4th century (375±26 calAD).14

The Migration Period and early Middle Ages have also not been confirmed by features in trench A or the ditches. But given that a number of potsherds that can with certainty be dated to the period from the 6th to 8th centuries were found at the top of layer 2, and elsewhere as chance finds, further research should yield pits from that period somewhere on our site.

14 AMS-14C dataeija izradena je u Leibniz Labor fiir Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforselmng, Christian-iUbreehts-Universitat u Eelu (KIA-22474, BP 1675+24). Skraeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilistu u Kolmi. Carbon MAMS dating was done at the Leibniz Labor fiir Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Christian-AIbrechts- Vniversitdt in Kiel (KIA-22474, BP 1675 ±24). Shortened calibration using CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln.

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datirati u razdoblje od 6. do 8. st, pitanje je daljnjeg istrazivanja kada ce se jame tog doba pronaci negdje na nasem nalazistu.

POKRETNI NALAZI Na Blizni zasad nisu pronadene sacuvane

gradevinske strukture iz rimskog doba. Iznimka je pec, vjerojatno za keramiku, koja je unatoc izostanku sitnih nalaza datirana oko 375.g. (calAD), AMS-14C metodom. Kao sto je vec spomenuto, relativno su brojni bili ulomci rimske opeke i tegula, posebice u sondi A, pa se tako moze ocekivati kako ce se pronaci i zidane zgrade. Rimskodobni ulomci pronadeni u sloju 2 sonde A, kao i povrsinski nalazi po cijelom nalazistu potjecu iz jos neotkrivenih zgrada, vjerojatno poblize staroj cesti Kneginec - Jalzabet.

Keramicki nalazi Ulomci keramike uglavnom su sitni i tesko tocnije

odredivi. Najraniji nalaz je ulomak case (T12-2) koji je naden u jami 2, zajedno s keltskom keramikom i talionickim otpadom. Premda u keltskom kontekstu, casa je rimski proizvod, nabavljen iz uvoza, koji su odbacili Taurisci jos naseljeni na Blizni. Rijec je o vrlo finoj i tankoj keramickoj casi koja se moze datirati u l.st., i to vjerojatno u prvu polovinu. Slican oblik imaju case iz tiberijevskog vremena, no ove su upola tanje od nase (Barcelona ATLANTE II 1985, 293, t.XCIII-13).

Dragi ulomci su teze odredivi. Nadene su velike posude kvalitetno izradene od sive gline i ukrasene pravilnim metlicastim ukrasom (T23-10,ll, T24-13). Ovakve posude vrlo su ceste na rimskim nalazistima i obicno se odreduju u 1. i 2. st. (Drenje, SKOBERNE 1987 28, t.1,2,3,4; Petrijanec SARIC

FINDS Preserved edifices from the Roman period have

not yet been found at Blizna. The exception is an oven, likely a kiln for firing ceramics, that has been in spite of a lack of small finds been dated to about the year 375 (calAD), using the AMS-14C method. As has been said, potsherds of Roman period bricks and roof tiles are relatively numerous, especially in trench A, so that it can be expected that a built structure will be found. Roman period finds collected in layer 2 of trench A and surface finds coUected around the entire site originate from a yet to be uncovered structure, probably near the old Kneginec - Jalzabet road.

Ceramic finds Ceramic finds are mostly small and not easily

identified accurately. The earliest find is the potsherd of a cup (T12-2) found in pit 2, together with Celtic ceramics and smelting debris. Although found in a Celtic context the cup is a Roman product, procured as an export, discarded by the Taurisci still settled at Blizna. It is a very fine and thin ceramic cup that can be dated to the 1st century, most likely to its 1st half. Cups originating from the Tiberian period are of a similar shape, but are half as thin as ours (Barcelona ATLANTE II 1985, 293, t.XCIII-13).

The other potsherds are harder to identify. Large vessels of good make were found, made of grey clay and bearing uniform brushed surface decorations (T23-10,ll, T24-13). Vessels of this kind are very frequent at Roman period sites and are usuaUy dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries (Drenje, SKOBERNE 1987 28, t.1,2,3,4; Petrijanec SARIC 1975, t.XVI-1-6). Along with these earlier speci-

Jakopovec-Blizna. Nacrt peci K10. 1-Tamno narancasti sloj pomijesan s dosta gara. 2- Stijenke peci, progorena povrsina. Unutarnja strana svijetlije, a vanjska tamnije narancaste boje. 3-Vanjske stijenke peci, progorena povrsina. 4- Svijetlo zuto pjescano tlo. Zdravica. 5- Narancasti sloj tla prosaran tamnosmedim. Dijelovi urusene stijenki peci. 6- Hodna povrsina ispred peci, tamno sive do erne boje, ima tragova gara i mrvljene keramike. 7. Tamni oker sloj unutar i izvan peci. Sloj zasipavanja. A- Rijecni oblutci. Temeljenje peci. B-Gar.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Sketch of oven K10. 1- Dark orange layer mixed with a large quantity of charcoal. 2- wall of the oven, scorched surface. Inside of lighter orange colour while the outside is of darker orange. 3- Outer wall of the oven, scorched surface. 4- Light yellow sandy ground. Subsoil. 5- Orange layer of ground streaked with dark brown areas. Parts of the caved-in oven walls. 6-Occupational layer in front of the oven, of dark grey to black colour, with traces of charcoal and crushed ceramic. 7. Dark ochre layer inside and outside the oven. Deposit layer. A- Round river stones. The oven’s foundation. B- Charcoal.

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Jakopovec-Blizna. Ulomak velikog anti~kog lonca s pravilnom valovnicom i crtama. (T24-12)

Jakopovec-Blizna. Potsherd from a large Roman period pot with regular wavy line and lines. (T24-12)

Jakopovec-Blizna. Ulomak poroznog kasnoanti~kog lonca. (T25-1)

Jakopovec-Blizna. Potsherd from a porous late Roman period pot. (T25-1)

1975, t.XVI-1-6). Uz ove ranije, imamo i ulomaka kasnoanticke metlicaste keramike (T23-2,5,6, T24-9,10). Za razliku od prethodnih, ove obiljezavaju tanje stijenke, losije i neravnomjernije pecenje, slabija prociscenost gline, a kao primjesa zastupljen je uglavnom drobljeni kvarcit (3.st, Bubijeva jama-Barilovic, PERKIC 2002, t.15-8, t.16-8). Najkasnije su radene na sporovrtecem kolu, a neke mozda i prostorucno (usporedi nalaze iz Stare vesi T8-1, T9-l,2,35). Vjerojatno u 3.st. moze se okvirno odrediti izrada kvalitetnih posuda s pravilnom visestrukom valovnicom (T24-12, T23-13), a one grublje izrade trebaju se datirati kasnije, u 4. i 5.st. (T24-l,2,3,4,5,6,7). Ne bi trebalo iskljuciti moguenost kako se medu njima nekoliko primjeraka mozda moze datirati i u 8. stoljece.

Ranijoj, vjerojatno srednjocarskoj proizvodnji, pripadaju neki obodi kvalitetno izradenih posuda (T25-7,12 i ini), dok vecina drugih posuda, osobito lonaca, pripada kasnoj antici. Iz 4. st potjece lonac T25-2 (Beocin BRUKNER 1977, 130, t.2-10). Slicni nasim obodima (T22-2,3,5, T25-3,4,ll) pronadeni su na kasnoantickim pribjezistima, npr Ancnikovu gradiscu kod Jurisne vasi i Kuzelinu kod Donje Glavnice, datirani u kraj 4.st. i pocetak 5.st. (STRMCNIK 1997, t.4,t.6; SOKOL 1994, t.4-3). Ovi lonci na oba nalazista pronalaze se u inacicama sa sitno drobljenim kvarcitom, ili porozni, mozda zbog primjesa slabog vapnenca, koji pri pecenju propadne, ili neke organske materije. Lonci s veoma svinutim, a zaobljenim i zadebljanim obodom (T22-7), takoder su nalazi u kasne antike (Tinje CIGLENECKI 2000, t.21-1,7 i ini). Velikom loncu T25-3 slican je i nalaz s kasnoantickog pribjezista na brdu Kucar (DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t.79-5,7 itd.). I drugi slicni dijelovi lonaca pronadeni na Blizni (T22-1, T25-1...), vjerojatno se mogu datirati u razdoblje kasne antike i seobe naroda, premda su takvi oblici i nacin izrade zasad relativno slabo istrazeni.

Dio poklopca (T23-1) pripada standardnom repertoaru anticke keramike, iako se nas na osnovi dosta primjesa kamencica moze pripisati kasnijem razdoblju.

Ulomak oboda crnog vrca s dijelom rucke (T25-21) mogao bi se povezati s istocnogermanskim nalazima 5.st. (Lerchengasse-Moedling STADLER 1987, 347,VII-40a). Takoder dio vrca sa dva ureza (T23-7) mozda treba pripisati Germanima, za razliku od druga dva ulomka, vjerojatno takoder vrceva (T23-8 i T24-14), koji bi pripadali rimskoj izradi 2-4. stoljeca.

Sigilatnih posuda ima malo na Blizni. Najkvalitetniji primjerak (T23-12) dio je dna vjerojatno siroke plitice, ali mu je na toj osnovi tesko odrediti tipolosku pripadnost. Dio tarionika s fmim crvenim premazom u stilu sigilate (T22-13) moze se ranije datirati, u 1. ili 2.st. (Drenje, SKOBERNE 1987, 31, t.10-14). Drugi ulomak tarionika izraden je grublje, bez premaza i vjerojatno pripada kasnoantickim varijantama (T23-11). Tu su jos dvije poblize neodredive sigilatne posudice (T25-

mens, there are also potsherds of late Roman period brushed surface ceramics (T23-2,5,6, T24-9,10). Unlike the previous specimens, these are characterised by thin walls, poorer and less uniform firing, less refined clay, with an admixture mostly consisting of crushed quartzite (3rd century, Bubrjeva jama-Barilovic, PERKIC 2002, t.15-8, t.16-8). The latest were manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel, some perhaps even by hand (compare to finds from Stara ves T8-1, T9-l,2,35). The better quality vessels with uniform multiple wavy lines can be dated approximately to the 3rd century (T24-12, T23-13), while those of rougher make should be dated later to the 4th and 5th centuries (T24-l,2,3,4,5,6,7). The possibility should not be excluded that some of the specimens among these could be dated to the 8th century.

Several rims from well-made vessels probably belong to an earlier, probably middle empire, production (T25-7,12 and others), while the larger part of other vessels, especially the pots, comes from the late Roman period. Pot T25-2 originates from the 4th century (Beocin BRUKNER 1977, 130, t.2-10). Rims similar to ours (T22-2,3,5, T25-3,4,ll) were found at late Roman period refugium, for example at Ancnikovo gradisce near Jurisna vas and at Kuzelin near Donja Glavnica, dated to the end of the 4th century and the beginning of the 5th (STRMCNIK 1997, t.4,t.6; SOKOL 1994, t.4-3). These pots are at both sites found in versions with finely crushed quartzite, or porous, perhaps on account of an admixture of weak limestone, that decays during firing, or some organic material. Pots with very curved, rounded and thickened rims (T22-7) are also finds from the late Roman period (Tinje CIGLENECKI 2000, t.21-1,7 and others). T25-3, a large pot, is similar to a find from a late Roman period refugium on Kucar hill (DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t.79-5,7 etc.). Other similar fragments from pots at Blizna (T22-1, T25-1...) can probably also be dated to the late Roman period and the Migration Period, even though these shapes and manufacturing methods have, up to the present, been relatively poorly researched.

Part of a lid (T23-1) is from among the standard repertoire of Roman period ceramics, although ours can, based on a substantial admixture of pebbles, be attributed to a later period.

A potsherd from the rim of a black jug with a portion of the handle (T25-21) could be associated with East Germanic finds from the 5th century (Lerchengasse-Moedling STADLER 1987, 347,VII-40a). Part of a jug with two incisions (T23-7) could perhaps also be of Germanic origin, unlike two other potsherds, probably also from jugs (T23-8 and T24-14), that would come from Roman period production from the 2nd-4th centuries.

There are few sigillata vessels at Blizna. The specimen of highest quality (T23-12) is part of the bottom of a what was probably a wide platter, although it is based on this difficult to determine its

9,15) i jedna (T25-14) ciji oblik upueuje na 4.st. (Vindonissa, PIERRE; ENGEL 1968, 25, Chenet 325 ili 307). Crveno bojen je dio tanjura (T22-9), a najslicniji mu je rijedak africki sigilatni oblik Hayes 109 iz 7.stoljeca. Kasnu africku sigilatu moze se pronaci uz obalu Jadranskog mora, no mala je vjerojatnost kako bi taj proizvod stigao do Blizne (ATLANTE 11981, 214, t.CV-10). Svi ovi nalazi ne oprimjeruju pravu, vrlo tvrdu i s postojanim premazom nacinjenu sigilatu, vec je rijec o boljim ili losijim kopijama.

Pronaden je i jedan ulomak ocakljene posude (T25-13), mozda dio kasnoanticke zdjelice ukrasene i otiscima kotacica kakve su ceste na nalazistima kasnog 4.st. i pocetka 5.st. (Pasohlavky, Slapanice, Szomogyszil, Velke Hosteradky TERJAL 1999, 228,229, abb.25-1,3, abb.26-2, abb.27-1). Ove zdjelice, koje su mogle imati po dvije rucke, proizvod su rimskih provincijalnih majstora, a bile su omiljene u istocnogermanskim cjelinama.

Medu ovim kasnoantickim nalazima izdvaja se na Blizni jedan zaseban skup keramickih ulomaka. Tb su grabi, prostorucno izradeni lonci i zdjelice, slabo prociscene gline s ponekim veeim kamencicima u stukturi (T26). Stratigrafski gledano, javljaju se u hodnom sloju s opisanim kasnoant ickim nalazima, ili cak nesto vise (mlade) od njih. Nazalost, nisu pronadeni niti u jednoj zatvorenoj cjelini, a ulomci su zbog svoje nepravilnosti vrlo tesM za spajanje i neku suvislu rekonstrukciju oblika. Primjerice dijelovi loncica (T26-7,8,10), zajedno s drugim neprikazanim dijelovima trbuha, nisu mogli biti rekonstruirani, jer su toliko izvitopereni prilikom izrade da prema desetak pripadajucih ulomaka nije mogla odrediti niti visina niti oblik bib kojeg elementa posude. Poneki na sebi imaju urezane visestruke crte, i to uglavnom primjerci s tanjim stijenkama. Ulomak plavkastosive posude T26-1, u neku ruku izdvaja se iz ove cjeline, barem prema svom ukrasu i nesto boljoj kvaliteti izrade. Najslicniji ovome pronaden je u Mikovom dvora (Nitra FUSEK 1 9 9 1 , t . I -7 ) , gdje p r ema au to ru p r ipada langobardskoj keramografiji i datira oko sredine 6.stoljeca. I u Vidinoj opsirnoj objavi keramike iz doba ranoavarske dominacije, mogu se zamijetiti takve posude (VIDA 1999, t.99-6 i druge). Autor navodi kako su ih izradivali mjesni panonski loncari oko 600. g. prema germanskim tradicijama 6. st. (VIDA 1999, abb.l2, s.56-59).

Oblici ostalih sacuvanih oboda i dna ove grape ne daju nam zasigurno zakljuciti o kakvom je keramickom skupu rijec. Jedna mogucnost je kako je rijec o gruboj keramici seobe naroda, i to nekoga germanskog plemena koje je ovuda proslo prema zapadu, a druga mogucnost da su ove posude izradili pripadnici nekoga naroda ranog avaroslavenskog razdoblja. Ovakve posude mogu se vrlo cesto pronaci u objavljenim nalazima 5 - 7.st., germanskog (TERJAL 1987, abb.VIII,l.h; RYBOVA 1987, abb.XTV,21.i, XTV,23.f; Sisak VINSKI 1954, D itd.), slavenskog (NEVIZANSKY 1991, t.VII-6, t.XVI-16, t.XII-3,5 itd.) i avarskog (VIDA 1999,

typological affiliation. Part of a mortar with a fine red coating in the sigillata style (T22-13) can be dated to an earlier period, to the 1st or 2nd century (Drenje, SKOBERNE 1987, 31, t.10-14). A second potsherd from a mortar is of rougher fabrication, without a coating, and is probably a late Roman period variant (T23-11). There are also two small sigillata vessels, difficult to identify precisely (T25-9,15) and one (T25-14) whose shape indicates an origin in the 4th century (Vindonissa, PIERRE; ENGEL 1968, 25, Chenet 325 or 307). Part of a plate is coloured red (T22-9), most similar to it being a rare African sigillata shape, Hayes 109, from the 7th century. Late African sigillata can be found along the coast of the Adriatic sea, but the probability of this product reaching Blizna were small (ATLANTE I 1981, 214, t.CV-10). All of these finds are not examples of true, very hard sigillata with its durable slip, but are rather better or poorer copies.

A potsherd from a glazed vessel (T25-13) was found, perhaps part of a small late Roman period bowl decorated with the impressions of smaU wheels, frequent at sites from the late 4th century and beginning of the 5th (Pasohlavky, Slapanice, Szomogyszil, Velke Hosteradky TERJAL 1999, 228,229, abb.25-1,3, abb.26-2, abb.27-1). These smaU bowls, which could have been double-handled, are the produce of Roman period provincial master tradesmen, and were favoured in Eastern Germanic ensembles.

One separate ensemble of potsherds stands apart among these late Roman period finds at Blizna. These are rough, hand-made pots and small bowls, made of poorly refined clay with the odd larger pebble in its structure (T-26). Regarded stratigraphicaUy they appear in the occupational layer with the described late Roman period finds, or even somewhat higher (later) than them. Unfortunately, they were not found in any closed ensemble, and the potsherds are on account of their irregular shapes difficult to join into some meaningful reconstruction. Parts of a smaU pot for example (T26-7,8,10), together with other, not portrayed, parts of the pot’s belly, could not be reconstructed, as they were so warped during their manufacture that in relation to about ten accompanying potsherds, neither the height nor shape of any element of the vessel could not determine. Some have multiple lines engraved on them, mostly those with thinner waUs. A pot-sherd from blue-grey vessel T26-1, in a way," stands out from this ensemble, at least as regards its decoration and somewhat better quality of manufacture. The example most similar to this one was found at Mikov dvor (Nitra PUSEK 1991, t.I-7) where, according to the author it belongs to Langobard ceramography and dates

123

Jakopovec-Blizna. Rekonstruirana zdjelica iz doba seobe naroda. (T26-6)

Jakopovec-Blizna. Reconstructed bowl from the Migration period. (T26-6)

124

Jakopovec-Blizna. Ulomak germanskog ? lonca. (T26-1)

Jakopovec-Blizna. Potsherd from Germanic (?) pot. (T26-1)

Jakopovec-Blizna. Razbijeni lon~i} iz dobe seobe naroda. (T26-7,8,10 i drugi dijelovi)

Jakopovec-Blizna. Small broken pot from the Migration period. (T26-7,8,10 and other parts)

t.142, 155, 156, 161 itd.) konteksta. Tehnika izrade unekoliko podsjeca i na nalaze odredenih keramickih ulomaka iz neobjavljenih iskopavanja nalazista Stari Jankovci - Gatina.16 Nekoliko ulomaka posuda ove skupine pronadeno je i na Staroj vesi; medutim, do sretnog pronalaska neke sacuvane cjeline ili neke druge opsirne objave ovakvih nalaza, ovo pitanje ostavit cu otvorenim.

Stakleni nalazi U sondi A pronadeno je i nekoliko sitnih

ulomaka stakla tankih stijenki. Rijec je o rimskom staklu zelenkastog i plavkastog tona, nazalost bez dijelova koji bi ih mogli poblize odrediti. Cetri su ulomka nadena u vrhu sloja 2, a jedan ulomak krem boje s mat povrsinom u 3 sloju.

Tipoloski se mogu prepoznati dijelovi dviju casa (T25-17,18), tipa koristenog u kasnoanticko doba, u 4. st. (ISINGS 1957 s.133, f.107). Medu njima nema vecih razlika, a obje imaju odrezan rub oboda.16

Ove case nalaze se u kasnoantickim pribjezistima i grobljima, a omiljen su prilog i u grobovima germanskih i drugih naroda kasnog 4.st. i pocetka 5.st. (Banostor, DAMEVSKI 1976, t.IX-3; Sv.Marija pod Okicem, Popov dol, DEMO 1994, k .b r . l l l , 127,128,129; Rabelcja vas-Ptuj, VOMER-GOJKOVIC 1997, g.41,45,55; Csakvar, SALAMON, BARKOCZI 1971, abb.17). Djelomice su srodne konusnim peharima koji se takoder nalaze u slicnim cjelinama, s time da se one koje ne mogu stajati samostalno, tumace kao uljne

svjetiljke (ISINGS 1957, s.126, f.106). Dno posude s prilijepljenom kruznom stajacom plohom, od punog zuckastog prozirnog stakla, vjerojatno je

pripadalo nekom vrcu ili slicnoj visoj posudi (T23-9). Tako oblikovana dna

cesca su u kasnoantickom staklarstvu (ISINGS 1957; Tinje CIGLENECKI 2000, t.7-18). Neobican je ulomak stakle-ne posudice sa istaknutom bradavicom

(T25-20), koja nije bila naknadno prilije-pljena. Ovdje je rijec o tako oblikovanom zadebljanju stijenke, vjerojatno preko kalupa, a s obzirom na tako mali ulomak, tesko ju je tipoloski odrediti.

Metalni nalazi Znacajan nalaz je dio zeljezne bojne sjekire

(T25-16). Izravnu usporedbu sjekiri imamo u nalazu gotovo cijelog primjerka s kasnoantickog kastruma na Kuzelinu kod

Sesveta, iz Delova kod Koprivnice, te donekle iz grobne cjeline u Hrvatskoj Dubici

(MARKOVIC 1984, t.9-1; SOKOL 1997, 219 -230, Pl.1-7, Pl.2-9; KOSCEVIC, MAKJANIC 1985). U Sisku je pronadeno cak 19 identicnih

from the mid 6th century. These kinds of vessels can also be seen in Vida’s extensive publication of ceramics from the period of early Avar domination (VIDA 1999, t.99-6 and others). The author states that they were manufactured by local Panonnian potters around the year 600 based on 6th century Germanic traditions (VIDA 1999, abb.12, s.56-59).

The shapes of the other preserved rims and bottoms in this group do not allow us to conclude with certainty of what kind this ceramic ensemble is. One possibility is that it is the rough ceramic of the Migration Period, that of some Germanic tribe that passed this way westwards, the other possibility is that these vessels were made by the members of some nation of the early Avaro-Slavic period. Vessels like these can be often found among published finds from the 5th to 7th century, of Germanic (TERJAL 1987, abb.VIII,l.h; RYBOVA 1987, abb.XI^21.i, XTV,23.f; Sisak VINSKI 1954, D etc.), Slavic (NEVIZANSKY 1991, t.VII-6, t.XVI-16, t.XII-3,5 etc.) and Avar (VIDA 1999, t.142, 155, 156, 161 etc.) context. The technique of manufacture is to some extent reminiscent to finds of some potsherds from unpublished excavations of the Stari Jankovci - Gatina site.16 Several potsherds from vessels of this group were also found at Stara ves; I will, however, leave this issue open to the happy discovery of some preserved ensemble or some other extensive publication of finds such as these.

Glass finds Several very small shards of thin-walled glass

ware were found in trench A. This is Roman period glass of greenish and bluish tone, unfortunately without parts that could aUow for a more precise identification. Jbur shards were found at the top of layer 2 and one of cream colour with a matte surface in the 3rd layer.

As concerns their type, parts of two glasses can be identified (T25-17,18), of the type used in the late Roman period, in the 4th century (ISINGS 1957 s.133, £107). There are few great differences between them and both have a cut rim edge.16 These glasses are found in late Roman period refugium and graves, and are a favour grave good in the graves of Germanic and other nations of the late 4th century and beginning of the 5th century (Banostor, DAMEVSKI 1976, t.IX-3; Sv. Marija pod Okicem, Popov dol, DEMO 1994, k.br.lll, 127,128,129; Rabelcja vas-Ptuj, VOMER-GOJKOVIC 1997, g.41,45,55; Csakvar, SALAMON, BARKOCZI 1971, abb.17). They are partially related to the conical goblets that are also found in similar ensembles, with those unable to stand on their own identified as oil lamps (ISINGS 1957, s.126, £106). The bottom of a vessel with adhering circular standing surface, of full, transparent yeUowish, glass, likely comes from some jug or similar tall vessel (T23-9). Bot-

-ZaliYaljujem profesoriei MarijiSmaleelj na uYidu u dio keramickoga gradiYa sa spomenutog nal^ista. Thanks to Professor Marija8malcelj for the opportunity to * Premda se u literaturi redorito navode kao ease i pehari (Isings i drugi), Marija Smaleelj tvrdi da su sve ease s ostrim, odrezanim obodom bile izradivane kao svjetiljke, jer su im rubori preostri za prinasanje usnama. Although they are in literature routinely cited as cups and goblets (Isings and others), Marija Smalcelj feels that all cups with sharp, cut rims were manufactured as lamps, as their edges were too sharp to be brought to the lips.

komada s novcem 4.st., i vjerojatno su proizvod kovacnica koje su se nalazile na obali rijeke Kupe (DURMAN 2002, f.5-2). Pronadeno je 13 srodnih primjeraka na razlicitim mjestima u rijeci Ljubljanici, a autor ih datira od 3. do 6. st. (GASPARI 2002, t.30-28,29,30,31). Ovakve sjekire koristene su u doba kasne antike i seobe naroda, a stupanj su u razvoju izmedu srodnih sjekira srednjocarskog razdoblja i ranog srednjeg vijeka. Upotreba ovih sjekira nije odredena. Pojedini autori pripisuju ih bojnim sjekirama, dok dragi misle kako je rijec o tesarskom alatu.

Dio malog nozica (T25-19) koji je doduse tesko datirati, na osnovi usporedbe sa slicnima s Ancnikova gradisca kod Jurisne vasi, mogao bi se postaviti u kasnu antiku, iako to ne mora biti konacno odredenje (STRMCNIK 1997, t.3-13,14). Najteze je s masivnim zeljeznim predmetom T28-17, slucajnim nalazom. Nakon strucnog ciscenja, ukazao se oblik koji je u prvi mah podsjecao na vrh rimskog piluma; medutim, za to ne postoje dovoljno uvjerljive usporedbe. Moguce je da je rijec o nekom zeljeznom alatu, bilo latenskog, rimskog ili kasnijeg doba. Kao primjer navodim masivni “klin” iz ranosrednjovjekovne ostave u Caricinom gradu (bizantska P n m a f e f e ™ , KONDIC, POPOVIC 1977, t.XXX-3, k.br.125), no taj, kao i drugi slicni alati, nisu potpuno jednaki nasem, pa su takve usporedbe ipak neodgovarajuce. Stoga, ovaj predmet samo spominjem, dok ce crtez na tabli mozda prepoznati netko drugi.

RANI I RAZVIJENI SREDNJI VIJEK NALAZI Nalazi ranog srednjeg vijeka nisu strukturalno

potvrdeni u sondi A ili jarcima. Ipak, s obzirom kako su na vrhu sloja 2, te drugdje kao slucajni nalazi, pronadeni u odredenom broju keramicki ulomci koji se sa sigurnoscu mogu datirati u razdoblje od 6. do 8. st., pitanje je daljnjeg istrazivanja kada ce se jame tog doba pronaci negdje na nasem nalazistu.

Na nalazistu se takoder mogu mjestimicno pronaci ulomci koji se mogu datirati u stoljeca nakon osmoga, a i u samoj sondi A pronadena je jama (Jl) koja je osim gara sadrzavala i ulomak rucno izradene keramicke posude koji se okvirno moze datirati u razvijeni srednji vijek. Vjerojatno je u to doba naselje izmjesteno na obronke prema starom sredistu sela Jakopovec, koje i danas postoji.

POKRETNI NALAZI Kerami~ki nalazi Na Blizni nije pronadeno mnogo ranosrednjovje

kovne keramike. Nekoliko karakteristicnih ulomaka, pronadenih kao slucajni nalaz, prikazano je na tabli 27. Najveci ulomak pripadao je vjerojatno loncu “praskog” tipa, kakvom se mogu pronaci brojne usporedbe u ranoslavenskom gradivu (Muntajana MARUSIC 1983, t.III-1, t.V-1; Pavlov-Horni Pole JELINKOVA 1990, t .14-1; Waltersdorf-Koenigs Wusterhausen FISCHER,

toms shaped like this are frequent in late Roman period glass production (ISINGS 1957; Tinje CIGLENECKI 2000, t.7-18). There is an unusual shard of a small glass vessel with a prominent nub (T25-20), not adhered subsequently. This is a shaped thickening of the vessel’s wall, likely by way of a mould. A typological determination is difficult given the small size of the shard.

Metal finds A significant find is part of an iron battle axe

(T25-16). We have a direct comparison for this axe in a find of an almost complete specimen from the late Roman period castrum at Ruzelin near Sesvete, from Delove near Koprivnice, and to some extent from a grave ensemble at Hrvatska Dubica (MARKOVIC 1984, t.9-1; SOKOL 1997, 219 -230, Pl.1-7, Pl.2-9; KOSCEVIC, MAKJANIC 1985). As many as 19 identical pieces were found in Sisak with 4th century money, probably the produce of a smithy located on the bans of the Kupa river (DURMAN 2002, f.5-2). 13 related specimens were found at various places in the Ljubljanica river, dated by the author from the 3rd to 6th centuries (GASPARI 2002, t.30-28,29,30,31). Axes such as these were used in the late Roman and migration periods and are a step in the development from related axes of the middle Empire period and the early Middle Ages. The use of these axes has not been determined. Some authors attribute them to battle axes, while others consider them a carpentry tool.

Part of a small knife (T25-19) that is, admittedly, hard to date, could based on a comparison with similar examples from Ancnikova gradisca near Jurisna vas, be attributed to the late Roman period, although that need not be a final determination (STRMCNIK 1997, t.3-13,14). The most difficulty is posed by a massive iron object, T28-17, a chance find. A form emerged after careful cleaning that is at first glance reminiscent of the tip of a Roman pilum; there are not, however, sufficiently convincing comparisons for this conclusion. It is possible that it is some kind of iron tool, perhaps Laten, Roman or from some later period. As an example I cite a massive “wedge” from an early medieval hoard in Caricin grad (the Byzantine Prima Iustmmna, KONDIC, POPOVIC 1977, t.XXX-3, k.br.125), but that, like other similar tools, is not entirely identical to ours, so that these comparisons are stiU unsuitable. I only mention this object, then, while the sketch in the tables will perhaps be recognised by someone else.

THE EARLY AND HIGH MEDIEVAL PERIOD FEATURES Finds from the early Middle Ages have not been

structurally confirmed in trench A or the ditches. But given that a number of potsherds that can with certainty be dated to the period from the 6th to 8th centuries were found at the top of layer 2, and elsewhere as chance finds, further research should yield pits from that period somewhere on our site.

125

Jakopovec-Blizna. Ulomci kasnoanti~kog stakla. (T25-17,18,20)

Jakopovec-Blizna. Shards of late Roman period glass. (T25-17,18,20)

126 HOFMANN 1986, abb.6-h i ine). Ulomak T27-1 There are sporadic finds of potsherds at the site je karakteristican zaobljeni obod prostorucno that can be dated to the centuries Mowing the eighth, izradenog poroznog lonca, slikovit za prvu polovinu and a pit (Jl) was found in trench A itself that, 7. st. (GUSTIN, TIEFENGRABER 2002, besides charcoal, contained potsherds of hand made Il.grupa, tip 6). Ostala tri ulomka, osim sto su ceramic vessels that can be approximately dated to karakteristicne prostorucne porozne izrade, imaju i the high Medieval period. The settlement was prob-ukrase tipicne za ranoslavensko razdoblje. Ulomak ably moved during this period to the hill slope to-T27-6 je varijanta “okvirnog” ukrasa (Repten- wards the old centre of the village Jakopovec, exist-Calau REIMER, TRAEGER 1986, abb.6-6; ing to this day. Breclav-Pohansko MAHACEK 2000, obr.2-19), zatim T27-3 s vise puta utisnutim vrhom ceslja FINDS (Vyskovce nad Iplom NEVIZANSKY 1991, t.VIII- Ceramic finds 6) i naposljetku ulomak T27-4 sa cestim ukrasom Few finds of early Medieval ceramics were col-nepravilne i isprekidane visestruke valovnice, unutar lected at Blizna. Several characteristic potsherds, dvije grupe visestrukih ravnih crta (Brno-Stary collected as chance finds, as shown on table 27. The Liskovec MAHACEK 2000, obr.7-25). Ovi ulomci largest potsherd probably comes from a “Prague” svjedoce o postojanju i ranoslavenske faze type pot, for which numerous comparisons can be naseljavanja Blizne, u razdoblju od kraja 6.st. do found in early Slavic materials (Muntajana druge polovine 7.stoljeca. MARUSIC1983, t.III-1, t.V-1; Pavlov-Horni Pole

Nekoliko drukcijih srednjovjekovnih ulomaka JELINKOVA 1990, t.14-1; Waltersdorf-Koenigs posuda (T28-9,10) mozemo pripisati znatno Wusterhausen FISCHER, HOFMANN 1986, kasnijem razdoblju, vjerojatno 12. stoljeca. Ulomak abb.6-h and others). Potsherd T27-1 is a charac-T28-10 pronaden je u jami J l sonde A kao jedini teristic rounded rim from a hand made porous pot, nalaz. Keramika kasnog srednjeg vrjeka nrje typical of the first half of the 7th century (GUSTIN, pronadena u arheoloskim slojevima na Blizni. TIEFENGRABER 2002, group II, type 6). The

other three potsherds, besides being of characteris-Metalni nalazi tic hand made porous fabrication, have decorations Sigurnih srednjovjekovnih metalnih nalaza na typical of the early Slavic period. Potsherd T27-6 is

Blizni nema, osim moguceg dijela vrha streliee T27- a variant of the “frame” decoration (Repten-Calau 5, koji je pronaden kao slucajni nalaz. Rijec je o REIMER, TRAEGER 1986, abb.6-6; Breclav-dugackom, raskovanom tuljcu, koji prelazi u Pohansko MAHACEK 2000, obr.2-19), while T27-cetvrtasti sredisnji dio, a cijela ostrica nedostaje. 3 has repeated impressions of the tip of a comb Premda je preostali dio vrha strijele tipoloski (Vyskovce nad Iplom NEVIZANSKY 1991, t.VIII-nedovoljno raspoznatljiv, s obzirom kako su ovakvi 6) and finally potsherd T27-4 with a dense decora-tuljci najcesci u ranosrednjovjekovnom gradivu tion of irregular and broken multiple wavy lines (BELOSEVIC 1980, t.LXVIII-2,4,7,8,9 itd."), within two groups of multiple straight lines (Brno-uvjetno je postavljen na tablu s prikazom tog razdoblja. Stary Liskovec MAHACEK 2000, obr.7-25). These

potsherds bear witness to the existence of an early Ostali nalazi Slavic phase in the settlement of Blizna, during the U hodnom sloju 2 pronaden je zub goveda (Bos period from the end of the 6th century to the second

sp.) i zub konja (Equus). Ovi nalazi mogli bi half of the 7th century. pripadati kasnoj antici, seobi naroda ili ranom We can attribute several different medieval pot-srednjem vijeku, no zbog nalaza zuba konja, ovi sherds (T28-9,10) to a significantly later period, nalazi spominju se u ovom poglavlju. probably to the 12th century. Potsherd T28-10 was

U ovom sloju pronaden je i roznjak s tragovima found in pit J l of trench A as the only find. Late udaranja o metal (T28-21), za koji se pretpostavlja Mddle Age ceramics were not found in the archaeo-kako je sluzio za paljenje vatre. logical layers at Blizna.

ZAKLJUCAK Metal finds Prema opisu ovih pokretnih i nepokretnih There are no definitely medieval metal finds at

17 Gleirselier donosi nalaz wlia streliee s Steiner Berga u Koruskoj, koja je pronadena u sloju urusenja kasnoantiekog zida (GLEIRSCHER 200L abb.5-18). Nalazila se zajedno s denarom Severa Alexandera iz 228.g. i grubom kasnoantiekom keramikom. Usporedbom sa strelieama s nalazista Inrillino-Ibligo (BIERBRAUER 1987, t.58) autor ju odreduje u kasnoantieko razdoblje. Medutim, streliee izlnrillina imaju tuljae koji dopire do same raskovane ostriee, sto se nalazi i drugdje u antiekom svijetu (RADMAN LIVAJA 2001, t.2), sto se ne bi moglo reei za nas primjerak. Neke streliee ranog srednjegyijeka imaju eetvrtasti, puni sredisnji dio, a posebiee podsjeeam na one s uwjenim (tordiranim) sredisnjim dijelom (npr. Tmdija, TOMICIC 1978, sl.2-5; Grad-Smiliel? HORVAT 2002, fig.6-18,19. Nalazi dyije strijele iz Windiseliraetzove zbirke prema Hoemesu pripadaju ranosrednjovjekoTOim tiporima). Steiner Berg posjeduje i svoju ranosrednjovjekomu fazu, pa spomenuti wli strijele moze i tu pripadati. Kako god bilo, veliki problem je sto se opeenito na objavljenim tablama rijetko donosi presjek sredisnjeg dijela pa je tesko biti preeizniji. Gleirscher cites the find of an arrowhead from Steiner Berg in Carinthia, which was found in the layer of a fallen late Roman period wall (GLEIRSCHER

2001, abb.5-18). It was found together with a Sever Alexander Denarius from 228 and rough late Roman period ceramics. In comparison with arrowheads from the Invillino-Ibligo site (BIERBRAUER 1987, t.58) the author identifies it as being from the late Roman period The arrowheads from Invillino, however, have cylinders that reach to the split blade itself, which is found elsewhere in the Roman world (RADMAN LIVAJA 2001, t.2), which could not be said of our specimen. Some arrowheads from the early Middle Ages have square, ful l central section, I refer especially to those with a twisted (torded) central section (Vindija for example, J1978, sl.2-5; Grad-Smihel? HORVAT 2002, fig.6-18,19. Finds of two arrowheads from the Windischraetz collection according to Hoernes belong to the early medieval type). Steiner Berg has its own early medieval p e, and the mentioned arrowhead might belong here. Whatever the case, the big problem is that published tables in general rarely offer a cross-section of the c ntral section so that it is hard to be more precise.

arheoloskih nalaza na polozaju Blizna, razvidno je kako je ovaj polozaj bio kroz dugu povijest uvijek iznova naseljavan. Prema dosadasnjim saznanjima to valja objasniti spletom izrazito povoljnih naseobinskih odlika toga polozaja. U neposrednoj blizini nalazi se snazan i navodno nepresusan izvor Blizna te istoimeni potok kojim svjeza i bistra izvorska voda i danas tece kroz ostatke spomenutih naselja. Nalaziste je takoder povoljno smjesteno na susretista siroke i plodne dravske doline s prvim obroncima gorja Varazdinbrega, te polozajem svih prethodnih naselja na vjerojatno prastarome putu koji je vodio iz dravske nizine prema jugu. Njegovu trasu vjerojatno je ponovno “otkrila” buduca autocesta, koja, cini se, prati njegov smjer na tome mjesta barem od doline rijeke Bednje do Plitvice. Ovu pretpostavka ima uporista u istrazivanjima obavljenim bas prilikom zastitnih radova na autocesti.

Nalazi iz mladeg kamenog doba gotovo potpuno izostaju na sirem varazdinskom podrucju. Par ulomaka keramike i mozda jedna roznjacka alatka s Blizne ne daju moguenosti za daljnja proucavanja, jer ih se ne moze usporediti niti dovesti u vezu s arheoloskim nalazistima na ovom podrucju.

Stanje istrazivanja bakrenog doba vecje mnogo bolje u ovom dijelu Hrvatske. Otprije je bilo poznato nekoliko nalazista koji su pripadali nosiocima lasinjske kulture, pa je Blizna, uz ostalih nekoliko novih u ovoj knjizi, dobrodosla dopuna opce slike. Najblize nalaziste je Varazdin-Brezje, a prema rezultatima istrazivanja, objavljenim doduse u skromnom obliku, moze se reci kako je Blizna karakterno slicna. To su nizinska naselja, na posve blago povisenim polozajima uz manje vodotoke, sto je i opcenito obiljezje ostalih lasinjskih nalazista (DIMITRIJEVIC, 1979, 147). Gotovo redovito poluzemunicke kuce, nalaze se rastrkano po sirem prostoru, bez tragova bedema ill obrambenih opkopa na bilo kojem nalazista. Na Blizni su najcesce izduzene poluzemunice oko 4 x 2 m, ukopane do metar u zdravicu. Starija istrazivanja, doduse cesto slabo dokumentirana i objavljena, nisu donijela neku jasnu sliku ili izricitu pravilnost u gradnji stambenih objekata, ali ovakvi su poznati i s drugih nalazista (DIMITRIJEVIC, 1979, 148). Zasad na Blizni nisu pronadeni okrugli plitki objekti mjera 2x2 m, kao na Staroj vesi i Pustakovcu. Metalnih nalaza takoder zasad nije bilo, a zanimljivo je kako nema ni mnogo kamenih alatki. Premda zivotinjske kosti uglavnom nedostaju (nalaz ovce/koze iz K4), vjerujem kako je stocarstvo ipak bila jedna od vaznijih grana njihove privrede, sto je uostalom vec rekao Dimitrijevic (DIMITRIJEVIC 1979, 164, 165). Neki roznjacki nozici imaju tragove rezanja bilja, pa bi nam to moglo potvrditi i njihovu poljoprivrednu djelatnost. I ostala nalazista lasinjske kulture u blizoj i daljoj okolici (Krc-Cerje Tuzno, Dragusevec-Cerje Novo, Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec, Nedelisce-Stara ves, Varazdinske Tbplice-Gromace2...) pokazuju sUcnu sliku zivota.

Na Blizni su pronadeni i obilni tragovi kulture

Blizna, with the exception of the possible tip of an 127 arrowhead T27-5, collected as a chance find. This is a long, split, cylinder with a square mid-section, and missing its entire blade section. Although the remaining part of the arrowhead is typologically insufficiently recognisable, it has, considering that cylinders like these are most often found among early Medieval material (BELOSEVIC 1980, t.LXVm-2,4,7,8,9 etc.17), been conditionally placed in the table detailing that period.

Other finds The tooth of an ox (Bos sp.) and horse {Equus)

were found in occupational layer 2. These finds could be from late Roman period the Migration period or early Middle Ages, but are mentioned here on account of the finds of a horse’s tooth.

A flint (T28-21) was also found in this layer with traces of striking against metal for which it is presumed that it served as part of a fire starting apparatus.

CONCLUSION Based on the descriptions of these finds and fea

tures at the Blizna site, it is evident that this location was through its long history repeated re-settled. Based on current cognisance this can be explained by a series of very advantageous settlement characteristics the location offers. In the direct vicinity there is the strong and apparently inexhaustible Blizna water spring and the creek of the same name whose fresh and clear spring waters to this day flow through the remains of the mentioned settlements. The site is also favourably positioned at the meeting point of the wide and fertile Drava valley and the first slopes of the Varazdinbreg highlands, and the placement of all previous settlements on the likely ancient road that lead southwards from the Drava Jakopovec-Blizna. Ulomak lowlands. Its route was probably once again “dis- ranoslavenskog lonca ukrasenog covered” by the future highway that, it appears, ^™'Jnom valovmcom ' c r t a t m

Mows its direction at this location at least from the Jakopovec-Blizna. Potsherd from an early Bednja river valley to Plitvica. This preposition is Slavic pot decorated with an irregular based on the research conducted during the con- wavy line and line. (T27-4) struction supervision.

The wider Varazdin area is almost completely bereft of finds from the new Stone Age. A few potsherds and perhaps a single flint tool from Blizna do not offer an opportunity for further study because they cannot be compared or brought into some sort of relation with archaeological sites in this region.

The situation with the research of the Copper Age is much better in this part of Croatia. Several sites are already known that were habitations of members of the Lasinja culture, so that Blizna, along with the other new sites covered in this book, is a welcome addition to the overall picture. The nearest site is Varazdin-Brezje and, based on the results of the research, published admittedly in a modest form, it can be said that Blizna is similar in its characteristics. These are lowland settlements on very slightly elevated positions near small waterways, which is a

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Jakopovec-Blizna. Karakteristi~ni profili sonde A (sjever, jug, zapad). 1a-Humusni sloj, tamno sme|a zemlja, bez nalaza. 1b - Svijetlo `uti sloj, relativno tvrd, bez nalaza. Pijesak i ilova~a. 1c-Svijetlo `uti sloj, tvrd, bez nalaza. Nastavlja se na prethodni, ali pri dnu tamniji. Pijesak i ilova~a. 2- Tamniji sloj, svijetlo sme|e boje. Tvrd, s primjesama pijeska. Pojava ulomaka ljepa svijetlo naran~aste boje, rijetki ulomci keramike. 3- Tamniji sloj, svijetlo sme|e boje, sli~an prethodnom. Rijetki ulomci keramike. 4-Tamniji sloj, tamno sme|e do sivkaste boje. Mekaniji sloj s primjesama pijeska.Pojava ulomaka ljepa svijetlo naran~aste boje. 5- Tamniji sloj. Tamno sme|e boje, sli~an prethodnom. Pojava ulomaka keramike. 6- Zdravica. Tamno `uti sloj sa sme|im to~kama. Bez nalaza. Tvrda vodonepropusna ilova~a. A, B-Ispuna jame. Tamno sme|a zemlja s primjesama. C- Keramika. D- Ljep.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Characteristic profile of trench A (north, south, west). 1a-Layer of humus, dark brown earth, no finds. 1b – Light yellow layer, relatively hard, no finds. Sand and clay. 1c- Light yellow layer, hard, no finds. Continues from the previous layer but darker at the bottom. Sand and clay. 2- Darker layer, light brown in colour. Hard, has an admixture of sand. Contains shards of daub of light orange colour, sporadic potsherds. 3- Darker layer, light brown in colour, similar to the previous layer. Sporadic potsherds. 4- Darker layer, dark brown to greyish in colour. Softer layer with admixture of sand. Contains shards of daub of light orange colour. 5- Darker layer. Dark brown in colour, similar to the previous layer. Contains potsherds. 6-Subsoil. Dark yellow layer with brown patches. No finds. Hard impermeable clay. A, B- Pit deposit. Dark brown earth with admixture. C- Ceramics. D- Daub.

zarnih polja kasnog broncanog doba. Ovdje, kao i drugdje u okolici, nalazi datiraju u razlicite faze ove dugotrajne kulture, ali su uglavnom najbrojniji nalazi zavrsnih faza, prema prijelazu u starije zeljezno doba (Jakopovec-Luzak, Semovec-Sarnjak, Nedelisce-Stara ves, Skarnik-Gradec, Matusini-Gradisce2...). Nalazi prema AMS-14C ispitivanjima pokazuju kako je Blizna tijekom kasnog broncanog doba ipak bila najgusce naseljena u 12. i ll.st.pr.Kr. Privreda ovih naselja razvidno je bila temeljena na stocarstvu, prema nalazima zivotinjskih kostiju. Takoder je zanimljiva njihova brojnost u dravskoj dolini, gdje se nalaze na polozajima koji uglavnom nemaju posebne obrambene znacajke, premda ih istodobno (?) ima i na vrlo strmim i dobro utvrdenim gradinama. Ovo je svakako jedno sire i vaznije pitanje, na koje ce se vremenom trebati naci suvisli odgovor.

Mladezeljezno doba prilicno je slabo poznato na ovom podrucju. Nekoliko slucajnih nalaza s Brezja, Sarnjaka i dragdje dosad nisu davali neku jasnu sliku naseljavanja. Na Blizni se ipak uspjelo otkriti veci broj zatvorenih cjelina, a i ostali nalazi su stratigrafski odredeni. Sada je zasigurno dokazano kako je barem od od lOO.g.pr.Kr. ovdje prebivao keltski zivalj, koji se u uredenim naseljima, osim lovom i stocarstvom, bavio i metalopreradivackom djelatnoscu. Moze se naslutiti kako je ta djelatnost zadovoljavala, osim vlastitih potreba i potrebe ostalog starosjedilackog panonskog stanovnistva. Ako se vremenom potvrde ovdje iznesene pretpostavke o medudjelovanju izmedu panonskih Jasa i keltskih Tauriska, mozemo biti sigurni kako se na Blizni osim obicnog keltskog naselja nalazilo i neformalno trgoviste na ulazu u dravsku nizinu. Uostalom, to bi uglavnom i bilo na tragu onoga sto se o opcenito o njihovu suzivotu dosad pretpostavljalo (MARKOVIC 1984, 299, 300).

Prilikom rada u nadzora izgradnje autoceste i vise iskopavanja na podrucju Varazdinbrega, bio sam u prilici cesto propjesaciti cijelo spomenuto podrucje. “Hodoloskom” metodom, a i kasnijim proucavanjima topografskih i ostalih karata, jednostavno je zakljuciti kako je kroz spoj dolina potoka Blizne prema jugu i Velikog potoka kroz

general t r a i t of o ther Las in ja sites (DIMITRIJEVIC, 1979, 147). All the sites have, almost consistently, dugout houses, scattered across a wider area without traces of a parapet or defensive fosse. The dugout houses at Blizna are usuaUy elongated, about 4 x 2 m, and dug up to one metre into the subsoil. Earlier research, admittedly often poorly documented and published, did not provide a clear picture or an expressed regularity in the construction of residential structures, but this kind is known from other sites (DIMITRIJEVIC, 1979, 148). Fbr the moment there have been no finds at Blizna of the shaUow round 2 x 2 m structures like at Stara ves and Pustakovec. There have also been no metal finds to date, and it is interesting to note that there are not many stone tools. Although animal bones are usually lacking (sheep / goat finds in K4), I believe that herding was nevertheless one of the more important branches of their economy, as Dimitrijevic has already pointed out (DIMITRIJEVIC 1979, 164, 165). Some flint bladelets have plant cutting marks, which could confirm their agricultural activity. The other Lasinja culture sites in the nearer and more distant surroundings (Krc-Cerje Tuzno, Dragusevec-Cerje Novo, Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec, Nedelisce-Stara ves, Varazdinske Toplice-Gromace2...) exhibit similar elements of habitation.

Extensive traces of the late Bronze Age Urnfield culture were found at Blizna. Here, as elsewhere in the area, finds are dated to various phases of this long-lasting culture, the most frequent, however, being from the closing phases, towards the transition to the early Iron Age (Jakopovec-Luzak, Semovec-Sarnjak, Nedelisce-Stara ves, Skarnik-Gradec, Matusini-Gradisce2...). According to AMS-14C testing the finds indicate that Blizna was during the late Bronze Age most densely populated in the 12th and 11th centuries BC. Based on the finds of animal bones the economies of these settlements were evidently based on herding. Their abundance in the Drava valley is also interesting, where they are situated at positions that usually have not particular defensive characteristics, although they are at the same time (?) also found on very steep and

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dolinu Koscevca prema jugu, Varazdinbreg na ovome mjestu upravo najlaksi za prolaz. Naime, to su jedine dvije doline, nastale djelovanjem vodotoka, koje se spajaju gotovo na istome mjestu hrpta Varazdinbrega. To mjesto je danas selo Vrtlinovec, a prema nadmorskim visinama, upravo kod njega najniza je i tocka spomenutog hrpta.18

Ta mikrolokacija nalazi se kod vodospreme u Vrtlinovcu, gdje danas prolazi mjesna cesta Kneginec-Toplice, preko odavno navezenog zemljanog nasipa. Uvjeren sam kako je taj nasip umjetno “pregradio” nekad jos nize sedlo ove prirodne komunikacije izmedu ove dvije doline. Opisana trasa, kroz pitomu dolinu potoka Blizna, preko blagog prijevoja kod vodospreme Vrtlinovec i kroz dolinu Velikog potoka (Koscevec), znacila je zapravo tisucljetnu prapovijesnu komunikaciju izmedu doline Drave i Bednje. Moderni cestograditelji prepoznali su ove prirodne pogodnosti i projektirali trasu na jednak nacin kao i njihovi predsasnici prije vise tisuca godina. Dionica autoceste Varazdinske Toplice - Varazdin, naime, danas prolazi tocno opisanim putom, s jedinom razlikom, sto je sagraden i tunel, koji se nalazi ravno ispod najnizeg prijevoja, kod spomenute vodospreme u Vrtlinovcu.

Pitanje trase rimske ceste i prije se doticalo toponima Blizna, ali se dosad nije znalo za ovo

well-fortified hill-forts. This is in any event a wider and significant issue to which a meaningful answer will have to be found in time.

The late Iron Age is quite poorly represented in this area. Several chance finds from Brezje, Sarnjak and elsewhere have not yet yielded a clear picture of habitation. Blizna did, nevertheless provide a large number of closed ensembles, and the other finds are stratigraphically determined. It is now definitely proven that Celts lived here at least from 100 BC in orderly settlements in which they engaged in, besides hunting and herding, metal-working activity. There are indications that this production satisfied, besides their own needs, those also of the other indigenous Panonnian populations. If, in time, the hypotheses elaborated here are confirmed of the interaction of Panonnian Iasi and the Celtic Taurisci, we can be sure that there was at Blizna, besides a typical Celtic settlement, an informal marketplace at the entry to the Drava lowland. This would, besides, be largely in keeping with what has already been presumed about their coexistence (MABKOVIC 1984, 299, 300).

During the supervision of the construction of the highway and several excavations in the Varazdinbreg area I had the opportunity to make frequent hikes across the entire area in question. Using the “walkalogical” method, and in later study

18 Va&n podatak za istraHvanje keltske hdture na ovom podrueju je i nalaz ostave srebmog keltskog novea u Banjsfini, selu do Vrtiinovea Naime u Kukuljevi6evoj opfimoj korespondeneiji pronadeno je i pismo u kojem oko 1857.g. javlja Aleksiju Rakoveu slijedeee: na Tvoje pitanje poradi novacah naSastih u Toplicah mogu Ti sam t liko odgovoriti..znam da je prije njekoliko godinah u Banjmni s lieva izpod po novacah, tako zvanih barbarskih ili keltikih, s jedne strane glava, s druge konj, veoma lijepo rezano bez napisa srebroasto i novac podobro debeo. Ja sam predadoh muzeu do dva komada ali Ti jih sada na/i nebi mogao (ZMA,nGim, 24). An important piece of information for the research of the Celtic culture in this area is the find of a hoard of silver Celtic money in Banjscina, a village next to Vrtlinovec. In Kukuljevic’s extensive correspondance a letter was found in which he around the year 1857 relates to Aleksija Rakovac the following: to your question concerning the money found at Toplice I can say only this...I know that a few years ago some silver money of the so-called barba eltic, was found in Banjscina to the left under the postmaster’s office, bearing one one side a head and the other a horse, very nicely cut clean silver without inscriptions and quite thick I gave two pieces to the museum but I would not now be able to find them (ZMAJIC1967, 24).

Jakopovec-Blizna. Isje~ak ju`nog profila sonde A. Jasno su zamjetljiva dva hodna sloja u izgledu tamnije zemlje.

Jakopovec-Blizna. A segment of the south profile of trench A. Two occupational layers are clearly discernable in the appearance of the darker earth.

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Jakopovec-Blizna. Jama J23 prona|ena ispod kontrolnog profila prije pra`njenja.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Pit J23 found under the control profile prior to emptying.

nalaziste (KLEMENC 1953). Naime, desetljetne rasprave oko odredivanja smjerova rimskih cesta izmedu Poetovia, Murse i Siscije u varazdinskom kraju nisu ni danas zakljucene, a zasigurno nece biti jos neko vrijeme. U doba kada su se prva trasiranja pokusala ucrtati u karte, nisu bila poznata brojna nalazista, pa su se tako smjerovi mogli ucrtavati vise-manje proizvoljno, odnosno kako je bolje odgovaralo. Pitanje Blizne i moguce trase rimske ceste uz ili kroz nju, neodvojivo je od pitanja tocne ubikacije Agwae Vive i Populosa. To su mjesta na kojima se nalazila putna postaja na cesti Poetavw - Mursa. Za nas je vazno to da se negdje kod ovih postaja morala odvajati cesta koja je vodila prema Aquae Iasae. Dakako, na danasnjem stupnju arheoloske znanosti, potrebno je kroz sustavna iskopavanja materijalno dokazati postojanje putnih postaja, ali i samih trasa cesta. To jos nismo postigli, ali je sve vise nalaza koji poput kockica mozika pune praznine, te nam tako daju precizniju sliku ovog prostora.

Klemenc je bio misljenja da se Aqua Viva nalazila kod Vinice (KLEMENC, SARIA 1936; KLEMENC 1953), a neki su je postavljali i drugdje, dok se u “novije” vrijeme sa sve vecom sigurnoscu ova putna postaja smjesta u Petrijanec (SARIC 1975, 49, 50; FULIR 1970 i ini). Postaju Populos nije bilo moguce priblizno pripisati nekome mjestu, sve do Vukovicevih nalaza na Sarnici, te iskopavanja Vikic-Belanciceve (VIKIC-BELAN-CIC 1968). Njihovi rezultati vjerojatno daju za pravo Fuliru, koji samouvjereno postavlja ovu postaju bas na to mjesto (FULIR 1970,11, 12). Time se ujedno potvrduje prvotno promisljanje Klemenca (KLEMENC, SARIA 1936, 91, “...vorbei nach Bartolovec...”), ali ne i njegov odnos prema samoj postaji Populos (KLEMENC 1953, 85, “Mutatio Populos je ze samo na cesti proti Mursi”).

No, sada je potrebno odrediti i tocan smjer ceste

of topographic and other maps, it is easy to conclude that the easiest passage through Varazdinbreg is here, through the junction of the Blizna creek valley heading southwards with the Veliki potok creek through the Koscevec valley, also southbound. These are, namely, the only two valleys, created by the activity of running waterways that meet at almost the same point on the ridge of Varazdinbreg. The place is today the village of Vrtlinovec; its altitude above sea level puts it at the lowest point of this ridge.18 This micro location is located at the water reservoir in Vrtlinovec, where the present-day local Kneginec-Toplice road passes, over the long since constructed embankment. I am convinced that this embankment “remodelled” the once even lower saddle of this natural link between these two valleys. The described route, through the cultivated Blizna creek valley, over the gentle pass at the Vrtlinovec water reservoir and through the Veliki potok creek valley (Koscevec), actually marks the millennial prehistoric communication between the Drava and Bednja valleys. Modern day highway engineers recognised these natural advantages and chose the same route as the predecessors had several thousand years ago. The Varazdinske Toplice - Varazdin section of the highway, namely, today passes along exactly this route with the one difference that a tunnel has been built now that passes right under the lowest pass, at the mentioned Vrtlinovec water reservoir.

The issue of the route of the Roman road has previously touched on the Blizna toponym, but existence of this site was until now unknown (KLEMENC 1953). Decades of debate on identifying the directions taken by Roman roads between Poetovia, Mursa and Siscia in the Varazdin area have yet to been concluded, and will certainly not be for some time to come. The numerous sites were unknown at the time when the first routes of the future highway were being drawn into the maps, and they could therefore been marked out more or less at will, that is to say by whatever line was more appropriate. The issue of Blizna and that of the possible Roman road running along or through it is inseparable from the issue of the determining the location of Aquae Viva and Populos. These are places on which the travel stations on the Poetovw - Mursa road were located. What is important for us is that the one arm of the road branched off somewhere near these stations in the direction of Aquae Iasae. Of course, with today’s level of archaeological science, material proof of the existence of the travel stations and of the road’s route itself, needs to been found through systematic excavations. This we have not yet achieved, but there are more and more finds that, like the pieces of a mosaic, fill the gaps and offer us a more precise picture of this region.

Klemenc was of the opinion that Aqua Viva was located near Vinica (KLEMENC, SARIA 1936; KLEMENC 1953), others placed it elsewhere, while in “newer” times this travel station is with increasing certainty being situated in Petrijanec (SARIC

prema Aquae Iasae, koji se negdje morao odvajati od ceste Poetovio - Mursa, a izmedu spomenutih postaja. Klemenc je 1953.g. bio misljenja da je ta cesta polazila od danasnjeg Tarcina, preko Kneginca pa Vrtlinovca preko hrpta brda, otprilike danasnjom trasom. Za svoju teoriju on navodi srednjovjekovne zapise koji spominju i Bliznu, aJi kao granicu posjeda (KLEMENC 1953, 84, 85, “Prima meta... pervenit ad rivulum qui vulgo dicitur Blizna, et per eundem rivulum vertitur ad meridiem, pervenit ad quandam vallem et ascendit ad magnam viam, per quam itur ad Toplitz.”, zatim dalje: “...inde per eundem rivulum Blizna eundo ad meridiem (venissent) ad quandam vallem et ascenderet ad magnam viam, per quam itur ad Thoplicam...”). Njemu je u ovom slucaju bitno to sto magna via, koju on prema torn nazivanju u 15.st. smatra rimskom prema postan-ku, ide iz pravca Kneginca u Topliee.19 Ujedno bi iz Kneginca, prema njegovom misljenju, nastavljala preko Blizne do Martijanca (rimski grobovi), Poljanca (nalaz rimskih kola) i rimskog gratia Iovije (Ludbrega) (KLEMENC 1953, 85, karta).

Pulir je vrlo kritican prema Klemencovim citiranjima srednjovjekovnih izvora te je misljenja kako oni izrazom magna via ne potvrduju postojanje rimske ceste, i to podrobnije razlaze (PULIR 1970, 6,7). Nadalje, on je uvjeren, na osnovi rezulata iskopavanja Vikic-Belanciceve, kako se glavna cesta za Aquae Iasae odvajala bas na Sarnici, odnosno njegovoj mutatio Populos (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1968, 98; PULIR 1969, 1970,11, 12). Razumnim slijedom, takav pravac ceste, zasad materijalno potvrden samo u sondi 11 iskopavanja na Sarnici 1968.g., mogao bi uz Kelemen i Kastelanec doci na Jakopovec, odnosno Bliznu, kako bi se nasao na putu prema Toplicama.20

No, on ju, kao i Vikic-Belancic te Gorenc, poslije Kastelanca, vodi preko Velikog vrha na Vrtlinovec, preko hrpta brda (PULIR 1969, 389 - 391, karta). Prema njegovu misljenju, tragovi u vidu sljunka, koji se mogu pratiti gotovo cijelim putom od Sarnice, preko Velikog vrha, do samih Toplica naznake su rimske ceste. Postujuci njegov izniman terenski trad u obilasku ove trase i inih, odredenja takvih tragova za rimsku cesta trebaju i dodatnu potvrdu kroz iskopavanja.

Nasim iskopavanjima na Blizni zasad nije otkrivena rimska cesta. No, otkriveni su tragovi opseznijeg naseljavanja iz antickog i kasnoantickog

Jakopovec-Blizna. Jama J23 tijekom pra`njenja.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Pit J23 during emptying.

131

1975, 49, 50; PULIR 1970 and others). The Populos station could not be conditionally attributed to a particular place until Vukovic's finds at Sarnica, and the Vikic-Belancic excavations (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1968). Their results probably confirm Pulir’s position, whose confidently Jakopovec-Blizna. Jama J23 nakon placed the station at that precise location (FULIR 1970,11, 12). This also confirmed Klemenc’s ini-

pra`njenja.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Pit J23 after emptying.

19 Zalwaljujem pro£dr.Anamariji Kurilie na ljubaznoj pomoei u prijeyodu latinskili eitata objavljenili kod Klemenca. Thanks to Professor Anamarija Kurilie Ph.D. for her assistance in translating the Latin passages published by Klemenc. ■'•> Vikie-Belaneie i Gorene smatraju da je trasa rimske eeste sa Samiee vodila u Topliee preko Velikog wha (iznad Jakopovea). Doduse, njiliovo tuma&nje je nerazborito jer predlazu trasu “...preko Tuhovca-Zbelave-Bartolovca na Kelemen, te preko Velikog vrha...”,sto je slijed bez nekog smisla. Takoder smatraju da je postojao i drugi put, koji je iz pravea VarazdinaTOdio u Topliee preko Turfina kao odvojak eeste Poetovio - Siseia (VIKIC, GORENC 1969, 7). Kao juzni odvojak sa isteeeste, spominju i trecu trasu, koja bi iz pravca Novog Marofa dolazila u Topliee, preko Gromaea, ali ujedno uz potok Koseevee, sto jedno drugo iskljueuje (VIKIC, GORENC 1969, 14). Cetvrti pravaebi iz smjera Topliea isao dolinom Bednje prema Ludbrega. Zbog svojili ofiglednilinejasnoea u preeiznom trasiranju, nije moguee ozbiljnije razmatrati njiliov prinos u ovom radu, osim kao podatak kako se zalazu za eetiri osnovna pravca rimskih cesta koje su se racvale u Toplieama. Vikic-Belancic and Gorenc feel that the route of the Roman road lead from Sarnica to Toplice by way of Veliki vrh (above Jakopovec). There explanation is, however, unreasonable because it proposes a route “...over Tuhovec-Zbelava-Bartolovec to Kelemen, and over Veliki vrh...” which is a sequence without logic. They also feel that a second route existed that lead from Varadin to Toplice by way of Tumn as a branch of the Poetovio - Siscia road (VIKIG, GORENC 1969, 7). As a southern branch of the same road they mention a third route that would lead from Nov Marof to Toplice by way of Gromace but also the Koscevec creek, but here one cancels the other out (VIKIC, GORENC 1969, 14) A four of their evident ambiguity in tracing out precise routes, their contribution in this work cannot be taken seriously other than to note the fact that they propose four basic routes of the Roman roads that branched at Toplice.

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Jakopovec-Blizna. Iskopavanje kontrolnog profila po sredini sonde A i pra`njenje najdubljih ukopa.

Jakopovec-Blizna. Excavation of a control profile along the middle of trench A and emptying of the deepest excavation.

doba, koji nam mogu pomoci u potrazi za samom trasom. Kao sto je vec prethodno razlozeno, dolina potoka Blizne prema Vrtlinovcu, prirodan je i najlaksi put za dolazak u Tbplice. Stoga mislim da se rimska cesta prema Tbplicama uistinu odvajala sa Sarnice, te preko nalazista Blizna, uz istoimeni potok prelazila sedlo kod Vrtlinovca i dolinom Koscevca uJaziku Toplice. Ipak, s obziromimsadasnje stanje istrazivanja, a iiimjuci u vidu iniJiTOve rezultate, ova pretpostavka jos nije konacna.

Anticki nalazi s Blizne mogli su pripadati ljudima koji su zivjeli na samom “lijevku” kojim se ulazilo na brdovit put prema jugu, odnosno dolinama Bednje i Save. U ranom i srednjocarskom dobu, ovdje se vjerojatno nije nalazilo neko znacajnije naselje, mozda samo nekoliko kuca, ali razvidno je kako je u vrijeme kasne antike, ovaj polozaj iznenada dobivao znatno vecu vaznost. Zasto zasad nije jasno, pogotovo sto ovdje nije rijec o utvrdenom pribjezistu, vec o otvorenom, nebranjenom prostora koje je u nesrazmjeru s takvim, u to doba vec vrlo cestim naseljima. Nadam da ce otvaranje novih arheoloskih sondi na Blizni otkriti i druge fiksne strukture koje bi nam to mogle objasniti. Takoder je za ovo pitanje vazno i iskopavanje ostalih kasnoantickih nalazista u najblizqj okolici, ponajprije Sarnice, te ostalih mogucih nalazista na potezu Turcin - Ludbreg. Na konacno razrjesenje ovih pitanja, s obzirom na tempo arheoloskih istrazivanja, sigurno ce se dugo cekati, ali se nadam da ce rezultati ovih iskopavanja Blizne pomoci u nalazenju odgovora na slozena pitanja kasne antike ovog podrucja.21

KATALOG TABLA 1 - Blizna K4

1- Rubni fmi - prijelazno fmi ulomak zdjele sa dva cepasta ispupcenja. 2- Srednje fmi ulomak zdjele s jednim cepastim ispupcenjem (drugo je ispalo iz lezista). 3- Trbusni sivi prijelazno fmi ulomak posude sa

tial thoughts (KLEMENC, SARIA 1936, 91, “...vorbei nach Bartolovec...”), but not his position regarding the Populos station itself (KLEMENC 1953, 85, “Mutatio Populos je ze samo na cesti proti Mursi”).

Now, however, we need to determine the exact direction the road took heading for Aquae Iasae, that should fork somewhere off the Poetovio - Mursa road, between the mentioned stations. Klemenc in 1953 was of the opinion that this road started from modern day Turcin, via Kneginec, then Vrtlinovec over the ridge of the hill, more or less along the present route. In support of his theory he cites a medieval document that mention Blizna, but as the border of a possession (KLEMENC 1953, 84, 85, “Prima meta... pervenit ad rivulum qui vulgo dicitur Blizna, et per eundem rivulum vertitur ad meridiem, pervenit ad quandam vallem et ascendit ad magnam viam, per quam itur ad Toplitz.”, and further: “...inde per eundem rivulum Blizna eundo ad meridiem (venissent) ad quandam vallem et ascenderet ad magnam viam, per quam itur ad Thoplicam...”). To him it is in this case important that the magna via, that he, based on this 15th century appellation, considers to be of Roman origin, heads from the direction of Kneginec to Toplice.19

It would also from Kneginec, in his opinion, continue on over Blizna to Martijanec (Roman graves), Poljanec (find of a Roman cart) and the Roman town of Iovia (Ludbreg) (KLEMENC 1953, 85, map).

Pulir is very critical of Klemenc’s citations of medieval sources and of the opinion that their appellation magna via does not confirm the existence of a Roman road, and goes on to explain this in detail (PULIR 1970, 6,7). Further, he is convinced, based on the results of the Vikic-Belancic excavations, that the main road for Aquaelasae split off at Sarnica, i.e. at his mutatio Populos (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1968, 98; PULIR 1969, 1970,11, 12). Following a logical sequence, that route, for the present having material confirmation only in trench 11 of the 1968 Sarnica excavation, could, by way of Kelemen and Kastelanec come to Jakopovec, i.e. Blizna, to find its way to Toplice.20 But, he, as do Vikic-Belancic and Gorenc, after Kastelanec, leads it over Veliki vrh to Vrtlinovec, and over the ridge of the hill (FULIR 1969, 389 - 391, map). Traces in the form of gravel, in his opinion, that can be followed along almost the entire route from Sarnica, over Veliki vrh, right up to Toplice itself, are signs of a Roman road. In respect of his exceptional efforts, in fieldwork touring this route and elsewhere, the determination of these traces as a Roman road requires further proofs by way of excavations.

Our excavation at Blizna has for the moment not uncovered a Roman road. The traces of large-scale settlement from the Roman and late Roman periods have, however, been found and they can help us in the search for the route itself. As was previously expounded, the Blizna creek valley in the Vrtlinovec direction is a natural and the easiest

dva cepasta ispupcenja iznad kojih je horizontalni niz blago zlijebljenih duguljastih poteza. 4- Rekonstruirani vrc s drskom do oboda, sivosmede boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene gline s malo primjesa pijeska, izvana erne a u prijelomu sive boje. 6- Rub grubog lonca crvenosive boje. Priblizno kruskasti oblik posude. 7- Veliki grubi lonac s malo podignutom ruckom poput kljuna. Sivocrvenkaste boje, kamencici u fakturi.

TABLA 2 - Blizna K4 1- Ulomak fine posude sa V-ukrasom od dvije crte, okrazene sa dva niza tockica na crti. Uz obod horizontalni niz tockica a na obodu niz zareza. Ulomak fine tamno-sive rucke vrca. Sa strane prema rucki kosi (prekinuti) niz tockica. Tri ulomka. 2- Veliki ulomak bikonicnog trbuha (dolje neukrasen udubljeni dio) fine amforice sa cetiri niza tockica i nizom vertikalnih zareza. Bogato ukrasen ulomak s horizontalnim linijama i tockama, te vertikalnim i kosim zarezima. Tri ulomka. 3- Dio bikonicne zdjele s kratkom ruckicom od oboda do trbuha. Bogato ukrasena. Drska ima nizove uboda a gornji dio s horizontalnim crtama gore (uokolo kapljicasti ubodi), te na donjemu dijelu jednaki trakasti motiv izveden vertikalno. 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostomcno, dobro prociscene gline, izvana tamno smede glacane, a u prijelomu sive boje. 5- Rub tanke sivocrvene zdjelice sa dva niza tockica izmedu kojih je crta. 6- Mali ulomak s urezanim crtama, otpala drska. 7- Urezi i ubodi na finom vrcu blizu otpale drske. 8- Veliki ulomak vece bikonicne sive fine zdjele, ukrasen izvana i iznutra. Izvana dva horizontalna niza tockica u gornjem dijelu. Iznutra dva malo zakrivljena niza tockica od kojih jedna traka od dva niza tockica smjera prema dnu. Vise ulomaka. 9- Ulomak posude izradene prostomcno, dobro prociscene gline, sive boje. Na vanjskoj povrsini tragovi bojenja crnom bojom. 10- Ulomak sive fine bikonicne zdjele. Iznad brezuljkaste aplikacije dva kosa urezana niza crta.

TABLA 3 - Blizna K4 1- Slijepljena gruba bikonicna zdjela.

way to get to Tbplice. I feel therefore that the Roman road heading for Tbplice truly branches off at Sarnice, and passing over the site at Blizna, follows the creek of the same name over the saddle at Vrtlinovec and, running along the Koscevec valley, enters Tbplice. Given the present state of the research, however, and keeping in view Fulir’s results, this proposition is by no means final.

The Roman period finds at Blizna could have originated from people who lived at the very “funnel” through which the hilly southward route was accessed, i.e. along the Bednja and Sava river valleys. There probably was no larger settlement here during the early and middle Empire period, perhaps only a few houses, but it is evident that this position suddenly took on a much greater significance during the late Roman period. Why this happened is for the moment unclear, especially as this was not a fortified refugium, but rather an open, undefended area not in proportion with this kind of, at the time quite frequent, settlements. I hope that the opening of new archaeological trenches at Blizna will uncover other fixed structures that could unravel this enigma. Also key to this issue are excavations at the other late Roman period sites in the direct vicinity, above all at Sarnica, and other possible sites along the Turcin-Ludbreg line. Given the tempo of archaeological research the final resolution of these questions will be long in coming, but I do hope that the results of these excavations at Blizna will help in providing answers to the complex questions of the late Roman period in this area.21

CATALOGUE TABLE 1 - Blizna K4

1- Pine to traditionally fine potsherd from a bowl with two plug-like protrusions. 2- Medium fine potsherd from a bowl with a single pluglike protrusion (the other has faUen out of place). 3- Convex grey transitionaUy fine potsherd with two plug-like protrusions above which is a horizontal series of long, lightly grooved, strokes. 4- Reconstructed jug with handle extending to the rim, of greyish-brown colour. 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay with little temper of sand, of black colour outside and grey at the break. 6- Edge of a rough pot of reddish-grey colour Roughly pear-shaped vessel. 7- Large rough pot with slightly elevated beak-like handle. Of reddish-grey colour, pebbles in the texture.

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21 Nakon pisanja ovog rada, 2005.g. izwsena su i nova iskopavanja nalazista Blizna. Osim jedne sonde na zapadu nalazista, u kojoj je otkriven dio veee keltske poluzemuniee, uglamom je istrazwano na istoenoj strani. Nekadasnja jama K l l otvorena je u svojoj pozadini, te se ispostayilo kako je rijee o jednoj wlo velikoj jami, koja se moze siwislije tumafiti samo kao ribnjak ili nesto tomu slieno. Kopano je i na nekim dijelowna nalazista, gdje se dosad nije sondiralo. Na krajnjem istoku nalazista otkrivena je jos jedna nova lasinjska zenmniea s ostaeima obrade kamenili alatki. Na wliu pjeseanog brezuljka, otkriveno je nekoliko ranosrednjovjekomili jama koje bi mogle datirati od 7. do 9.st., kao i nekoliko drugili, vjerojatno iz prapowjesti i doba seobe naroda. I ova nova kampanja pokazala je da je Blizna veliko i wijedno nalaziste koje & tek kroz yise kampanja pokazati sve svoje poteneijale. Now arlieoloski nalazi upravo su na obradi, a objava ove kampanje iskopavanja ce slijediti iduce godine. New excavations were carried out at the Blizna site in 2005 after the writing of this book was completed. Besides a single trench to the west of the site, in which part of a larger Celtic dugout house was uncovered; most of the new research took place on the eastern side. Former pit K11 was opened in its background and was revealed as a very large pit that can be ogica ly explained only as a fishpond or the like. Parts of the site that had not previously seen sondages were excavated. A new Lasinja dugout house with the remains of stone tool fabrication was uncovered to the far east of the site. Several early Medieval pits were uncovered at the top of a sandy hillock that could be dated from the 7th to 9th centuries, as were several others, probably prehistoric and from the Migration period This new campaign again testified to Blizna’s status as a large and valuable site that will prove its potential only though several campaigns. The new archaeological finds are currently being processed, and the publishing of the results of this campaign should take place next year.

134 2- Prostorucno izradena zlica, s mnogo primjesa sitnih kamencica koji se trase, nepravilnog oblika, smede boje. 3- Naglaseno bikonicna crnosiva zdjela, uvucen donji dio. 4- Fina neukrasena siva, blago bikonicna zdjela, ulomak. 5- Velik ulomak sive fine bikonicne zdjele s rebrastim horizontals izvucenim trbuhom. 6- Obradeni roznjak. 7- Sjekira od glacanog uslojenog tamno zelenog kamena slabije kvalitete.

TABLA 4 - Blizna K7 / K8 / K14 1- Dio ruba zdjele s roscicem na obodu. Fina posuda. K7. 2- Dio trbuha srednje grabe posude (loncica) na kojoj se nalaze crveni tragovi poput slikanja ili premaza. K7. 3- Rubni dio gmbog lonca. Izvana oker, iznutra sive boje. U fakturi kamencici. K7. 4- Ulomak fine bikonicne zdjele, izvana erne, iznutra crvene. K7. 5- Dio zlice s otvorom za drsku. K7. 6- Slijepljeno i neslijepljeno dno srednje grabe posude, ravno. Sive boje. K8. 7- Ulomak fine sive posude s horizontalnim nizom trokutica. K8. 8- Obradeni roznjak. K8. 9- Obradeni roznjak. K8. 10- Rub grubog loncica sivocrvenkaste boje, sa sitnim kamencicima u fakturi. K14. 11- Fina bikonicna siva zdjela s rebrastim horizontalnim zadebljanjem trbuha. K14.

TABLA 5 - Blizna, bakreno doba: Slojevi Slucajni nalazi

1- Ulomak keramicke zlice s otvorom za drsku, crvene boje. Sonda A, Kv H, Sloj 5. 2- Obradeni roznjak. Sonda A, Sloj 1-2. 3- Obradeni roznjak. Sonda A, Kv U, Sloj 3. 4- Obradeni roznjak. Sonda A, Sloj 1-2. 5- Obradeni roznjak. Sonda A, Kv =, Sloj 2. 6- Obradeni roznjak. Sonda A, Kv U, Sloj 4. 7- Ulomak velike grube bikonicne zdjele s kratkim gornjim dijelom. U fakturi kamencici. Slucajni nalaz. 8- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene gline, tamno sive i smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. 9- Crvena grublja bikonicna zdjela s kratkim gornjim dijelom. Slucajni nalaz. 10- Ulomak bikonicne zdjele ili tanjura. Ukrasen tockicama na sivoj vanjskoj strani, a iznutra vertikalnim snopom crta na smeckastoj podlozi. Slucajni nalaz. 11- Bikonicni ulomak s jednom rupom gore, izvana smeckast, iznutra siv Slucajni nalaz. 12- Sivi cetvrtasti obradeni amulet s rupom u sredini. Dio fine posude. Slucajni nalaz. 13- Obradeni roznjak. Slucajni nalaz.

TABLE 2 - Blizna K4 1- Potsherd of a fine vessel with V-decoration formed by two lines, surrounded by two series of dots on a line. A horizontal series of dots along the rim and a series of incisions on the rim. Potsherd of a fine dark grey jug handle. A slanted (incomplete) series of dots along the side towards the handle. Three potsherds. 2- Large potsherd of the carinated belly (an un-decorated recessed section lower) of a fine small amphora with four series of dots and a series of vertical incisions. A richly decorated potsherd with horizontal lines and dots and vertical and diagonal incisions. Three potsherds. 3- Part of a carinated bowl with a short handle from the rim to belly. Richly decorated. The handle has several series of pricks and the upper portion has horizontal lines upwards (drop-like pricks around them), and an equivalent vertical ribbon-like motif on the lower portion. 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of well-refined clay, of dark brown burnished colour outsides, and of grey colour at the break. 5- Edge of a thin reddish-grey bowl with two series of small dots between which is a line. 6- Small potsherd with engraved lines, handle has fallen off. 7- Incisions and pricks on a fine jug close to where the handle has fallen off. 8- Large potsherd of a large carinated grey fine bowl, decorated inside and outside. Two horizontal series of dots outside on the upper part. Two slightly crooked series of dots inside of which one ribbon of two series of dots heads downwards. Multiple potsherds. 9- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of well-refined clay, of grey colour. Traces of black colouring on outer surface. 10- Potsherd of a fine carinated bowl. Two diagonally engraved series of lines above a bumpy application.

TABLE 3 – Blizna K4 1- Rough, bonded, carinated bowl. 2- Hand-made spoon, tempered with a large quantity of crumbling small pebbles, of irregular shape, of brown colour. 3- Very carinated black-grey bowl, recessed lower section. 4- Fine undecorated grey, slightly carinated bowl, potsherd. 5- Large potsherd of a grey, fine carinated bowl with a ribbed, horizontally protruding, belly. 6- Retouched flint. 7- Axe of polished, layered, dark green stone of lower quality.

TABLE 4 – Blizna K7 / K8 / K14 1- Part of the edge of a bowl with small horns on the rim. Fine vessel. K7. 2- Part of the belly of a medium rough vessel (small pot) with red traces like painting or coating. K7. 3- Edge of a rough pot. Of ochre colour outside, grey on the inside. Pebbles in the texture. K7.

14- Obradeni roznjak. Slucajni nalaz. 15- Obradeni roznjak. Slucajni nalaz. 16- Obradeni roznjak. Slucajni nalaz. 17- Obradeni roznjak. Slucajni nalaz. 18- Obradeni roznjak. Slucajni nalaz. 19- Obradeni roznjak. Slucajni nalaz. 20- Obradeni roznjak. Slucajni nalaz. 21. Obradeni roznjak. Slucajni nalaz.

TABLA 6 Blizna J3 1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo primjesa, crvene, ponegdje smede boje. Dio T6- 2. 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo primjesa, crvene, ponegdje smede boje. Dio T6- 1. 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene gline, tamno smede do crvenkaste a u prijelomu erne boje. 4- Posuda izradena prostorucno, s veoma malo primjesa pijeska i kamencica, svijetlo do tamno smede boje.

TABLA 7 - Blizna J3 1- Dio posude izradene prostorucno, s malo primjesa, mekse izrade, narancaste, a u prijelomu sive i crne boje. Dio T7- 2. 2- Dio posude izradene prostorucno, s malo primjesa, mekse izrade, narancaste, a u prijelomu sive i erne boje. Dio T7- 1.

TABLA 8 - Blizna K5 / K6 1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, izvana tamno smede glacane, a u prijelomu erne boje. K5. 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s veoma malo primjesa pijeska i kamencica, izvana crvenkasto glacane, a u prijelomu tamno smede boje. K5. 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s veoma malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, tamno smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. K5. 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa pijeska i kamencica, grube povrsine, izvana smede i narancaste, iznutra tamno smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. K5. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, grube povrsine, nepravilne i tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. K6. 6- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, izvana narancaste, a iznutra i u prijelomu erne boje. K6. 7- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, izvana narancaste, a iznutra i u prijelomu erne boje. K6. 8- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, izvana narancaste, a iznutra i u prijelomu erne boje. K6 9- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, izvana zuckastosmede, a iznutra i u prijelomu erne boje. K6.

TABLA 9 Blizna K13 K12 1- Posuda izradena prostorucno, s malo primjesa

4- Potsherd of a fine carinated bowl, of black colour outside, red on the inside. K7. 5- Part of a spoon with an opening for a handle. K7. 6- Bonded and unbonded bottom of a medium rough vessel, straight. Of grey colour. K8. 7- Potsherd of a fine vessel with a horizontal series of small triangles. K8. 8- Retouched flint. K8. 9- Retouched flint. K8. 10- Edge of a rough small pot of reddish-grey colour, with small pebbles in the texture. K14. 11- Fine carinated grey bowl with a ribbed, horizontally protruding, belly. K14.

TABLE 5 – Blizna, Copper Age: Layers / Chance finds

1- Potsherd of a spoon with an opening for a handle, of red colour. Trench A, Kv H, Layer 5. 2- Retouched flint. Trench A, Layer 1-2. 3- Retouched flint. Trench A, Kv U, Layer 3. 4- Retouched flint. Trench A, Layer 1-2. 5- Retouched flint. Trench A, Kv = , Layer 2. 6- Retouched flint. Trench A, Kv U, Layer 4. 7- Potsherd of a large rough carinated bowl with a short upper section. Pebbles in the texture. Chance find. 8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, of dark grey and brown colour. Chance find. 9- Rough carinated bowl of red colour with short upper section. Chance find. 10- Potsherd of a carinated bowl or plate. Decorated with dots on the grey outer side, and with a vertical bundle of lines inside on a brownish base. Chance find. 11- Carinated potsherd with a single hole upwards, of brownish colour outside, grey on the inside. Chance find. 12- Grey quadrangular retouched amulet with centrally placed hole. Part of a fine vessel. Chance find. 13- Retouched flint. Chance find. 14- Retouched flint. Chance find. 15- Retouched flint. Chance find. 16- Retouched flint. Chance find. 17- Retouched flint. Chance find. 18- Retouched flint. Chance find. 19- Retouched flint. Chance find. 20- Retouched flint. Chance find. 21 . Retouched flint. Chance find.

TABLE 6 – Blizna J3 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little temper, of red colour, brown in places. Part of T6- 2. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little temper, of red colour, brown in places. Part of T6- 1 . 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, of dark brown to reddish colour, black at the break. 4- Hand-made vessel, with very little temper of sand and pebbles, of light to dark brown colour.

TABLE 7 – Blizna J3 1- Part of a hand-made vessel, with little temper, of softer fabrication, of orange colour, grey and black at the break. Part of T7- 2. 2- Part of a hand-made vessel, with little temper, of softer fabrication, of orange colour, grey and black

135

136 pijeska i kamencica, tamno smede, a mjestimice h break Part £T1 1 svijetlo smede i narancaste boje. Rekonstruirana. K13 TABLE 8 - Blizna K5 / K6 2- Veci dio posude izradene prostorucno, s i_ Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of dark brown primjesama pijeska i kamencica, nepravilne i tvrde burnished colour on the outside and black at the izrade, tanmo smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. K12. break. K5. 3- Obradeni roznjak. Nalaz u paljevini uz K12. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with very little

temper of sand and pebbles, of reddish burnished TABLA 10 - BNzna K11 colour on the outside and dark brown at the break.

1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo primjesa, glacane povrsine, svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s veoma malo primjesa, svijetlo smede boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo

K5. 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with very little temper of sand, of harder fabrication, of dark brown colour, black at the break. K5. 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of sand and pebbles, of rough surface, of brown and orange colour on the outside, dark

primjesa pijeska, tanmo smede, a u prijelomu crne brown on the inside, black at the break. K5. boje. 5_ Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s veoma day, of rough surface, of irregular and harder fabri-malo primjesa pijeska, narancaste boje. cation, of dark brown colour. K6. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo 6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined primjesa pijeska, grublje izrade, svijetlo smede boje. clay of orange colour outside, black on the outside 6- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo and at the break. K6. primjesa pijeska, tamno smede, a u prijelomu tamno 7- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined sive b ■ clay, of orange colour outside, black on the outside

7.Ko^aiStoim«tevm8tragovimaaoe&,ia bitia. ™ ^ t l r i " f a tad-made vessel of unrefined

9- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene ^PotsheTof a hand-made vessel, of unrefined glme, svijetlo sive boje. clay> 0f yellowish-brown colour outside, black on the 10- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo outside and at the break. K6. primjesa pijeska i kamencica, zute boje. 11- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo TABLE 9 - BNzna K13 / K12 primjesa pijeska, tamno smede, a u prijelomu erne 1- Hand-made vessel, with little temper of sand and boje pebbles, of dark brown colour, light brown and or-12- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, ange in places. Eeconstructed. K13. prociscene gline, svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu crne 2- large part of a hand-made vessel, with temper of boje. Na povrsini tragovi bojenja crnom bojom? sand and pebbles, of irregular and harder fabrica-13- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno s malo tion'of d a A browl colour'black at the break K12

3- Retouched flint. Found by the side of urn K12.

TABLE 10 – Blizna K11 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little tem-

primjesa pijeska, smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. 14- Prsljen izraden prostorucno, s malo primjesa pijeska, narancaste, a u prijelomu erne boje. Pregoren. per; has a burnished surface, of light brown colour, 15- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s veoma black at the break. malo primjesa pijeska, tamno smede, a u prijelomu 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with very little erne boje. Tragovi bojenja crnom bojom. temper, of light brown colour. 16- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, withUttle temper of primjesa pijeska, tamno sive i svijetlo smede boje. sand, of dark brown colour, black at the break. 17- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with very little primjesama pijeska, tamno smede boje. Sniper of sand, of orange colour.

5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of sand, of rough fabrication, of light brown colour. 6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little temper of sand, of dark brown colour, dark grey at the

primjesama pijeska i kamencica, svijetlo sive i smede break boje. Slucajni nalaz. 7_ Flint artefact with traces of plant cutting 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo 8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little tem-primjesa pijeska, svijetlo smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. per of sand, of brown colour, black at the break. 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene 9- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, gline, svijetlo smede do sive, a iznutra erne boje. of light grey colour. Slucajni nalaz. 10- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quan-

TABLA 11 - BNzna, kasno broncano doba: Slucajni nalazi / Slojevi

1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s

4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s tity of temper of sand and pebbles, of yellow colour. 137 primjesama kamencica, svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu 11- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little temper — crne boje Slucajni nalaz of sand, of dark brown colour, black at the break. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s veoma 12- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, malo primjesa pijeska, smede, a u prijelomu erne of light brown colour, black at the break. Traces of boje Slucajni nalaz black colouring on the surface? 6- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s 13- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little tern-primjesama pijeska, tamno smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. 7- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo

per of sand, of brown colour, black at the break. 14- Hand-made spindle whorl, with little temper of sand, of orange colour, black at the break. Scorched. 15- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with very little

primjesa kamencica, tvrde izrade, svijetlo crvenkaste temper of sand; of dark brown coloui. biack at the boje. Slucajni nalaz. break. Traces of black colouring. 8- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s veoma 16- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little tem-malo primjesa pijeska, nepravilnei tvrde izrade, per of sand, of dark grey and light brown colour svijetlo narancaste boje. Slucajni nalaz. 17- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of 9- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s sand, of dark brown colour. primjesama pijeska i kamencica, narancaste, a u prijelomu erne boje (prepaljeno). Slucajni nalaz. TABLE 11 - Blizna, late Bronze Age: 10- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s Chance finds / Layers primjesama p s k a tamno smede b Sluc ni 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of

i j e , eue uoje. uoaj ^ ^ ^ pebbleg> of U g M grey and brown c o k ) U r nalaz' Chance find. 11- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s veoma 2_Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little tem-malo primjesa pijeska i kamencica, tamno smede, a per of sand, of light brown colour. Chance find. u prijelomu erne boje. Slucajni nalaz. g_ Potsherd of a hand.made vessel, of refined clay, 12- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s 0f light brown to grey colour, black at the break. primjesama pijeska, tamno smede boje. Slucajni Chance find. nalaz. 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of 13- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, pebbles, of light brown colour, black at the break. prociscene gline, erne boje. Slucajni nalaz. Chance find. 14- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with very little primjesama pijeska, tamno smede do crvenkaste, u temper of sand, of brown colour, black at the break prijelomu erne boje. Slucajni nalaz. Chance find. 15- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno 6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of

a u m u , s veoma of dark brown colour Chance find malo primjesa pijeska, narancaste boje. Slucajm 7_Poteherd of a hand.made vessel;With little tem. nalaz- per of pebbles, of harder fabrication, of light red-16- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s dMi colour. Chance find primjesama pijeska, tamno smede, u prijelomu erne 8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with very little boje. Slucajm nalaz. temper of sand, of irregular and harder fabrication, 17- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s veoma of light orange colour. Chance find. malo primjesa pijeska, zutosive, a u prijelomu erne 9- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of boje. Slucajm nalaz. sand and pebbles, of orange colour, black at the 18- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s break (Scorched). Chance find. primjesama kamencica, narancaste, a u prijelomu 10- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of sive boje. Slucajm nalaz. 19- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, slabije prociscene, tamno smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. Sonda A, Kv L, Sloj 4. 20- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s

sand, of dark brown colour. Chance find. 11- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with very little temper of sand and pebbles, of dark brown colour, black at the break. Chance find. 12- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of sand, of dark brown colour. Chance find.

primjesama pijeska i kamencica, izvana smede, a i3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, iznutra narancaste boje. Sonda A, Kv C, Sloj 3. of black colour. Chance find 21- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s 14- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of primjesama pijeska i kamencica, izvana narancaste, sand, of dark brown to reddish colour, black at the a iznutra erne boje. Sonda A, Kv B-L, Sloj 4a. break. Chance find.

15- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with very little TABLA 12 - Blizna J2 / J11 temper of sand, of orange colour. Chance find.

1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, 16- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of cjelokupno od grafita s malo primjesa kamencica, sand> of dark b ™ colour, black at the break. tvrde izrade, sive boje. J2. Chance find. 2- Dio posude izradne na brzovrtecem kolu dobro ^"Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with very little prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, sive boje sa crmm temper of sand, of yellow-grey colour, black at the

138 premazom na vanjskoj strani. J2 . break. Chance find. ~ 3- Osteceni uteg mekse izrade, crvene do narancaste, 18- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of

a u prijelomu erne boje. J2 . pebbles, of orange colour, grey at the break. Chance 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje. J2 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, vidljivi tragovi prstiju, prociscene gline, nepravilne i tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. J l l .

find. 19- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, poorly refined, of dark brown colour, black at the break. Trench A, Kv L, Layer 4. 20- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of sand and pebbles, of brown colour outside, orange on the inside. Trench A, Kv C, Layer 3.

6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, 21- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, svijetlo sive boje. J l l . sand and pebbles, of orange colour outside, black 7- Ulomak posude izradene pros torucno?, on the inside. Trench A, Kv B-L, Layer 4a. prociscene gline, malo porozne a tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. J l l TABLE 12 - BNzna J2 / J11 8- Dio posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene 1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast gline, vrlo nepravilne a tvrde izrade, smede boje. potter’s wheel, entirely of graphite, with little temper J n of pebbles, of harder fabrication, of grey colour. J2.

9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, tamno sive boje. J l l 10- Dio broncanog lima s rubom. Na povrsini vidljivi

2- Part of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of harder fabrication, of grey colour with a black coating on the outside. J2. 3- A damaged weight, of softer fabrication, of red to orange colour, black at the break. J2.

tragovi iskucavanja. J l l a . 4_ Potsherd of a vessei manufactured on a fast 11- Ulomak posude izradene pros torucno, potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of harder fabrication, nepravilne i tvrde izrade, izvana svijetlo a iznutra 0f light brown colour. J2 tamno smede boje. J l l . 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with visible fin-12- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, ger impressions, of refined clay, of irregular and dobro prociscene gUne, tvrde izrade, svijetlo sive boje. harder fabrication, of dark brown colour. J l l . Procijenjeni promjer oboda 28 cm. J l l . 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast

potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of harder fabrication, TABLA 13 - Blizna J7 of %ht grey colour. J l l .

7- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel (?), of refined clay, of slightly porous and harder fabrication, of dark brown colour. J l l

1- Dio posude izradene prostorucno, slabije prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, tamno smede, a u prijelomu tamno sive boje. Ispod oboda probusena rupa.

8- Part of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined clay, of very irregular and harder fabrication, of brown

2- Ulomak posude izradene p ros to rucno , coioUr. J l l neprociscene gline, grube povrsine, crno do tamno 9. Potsherd of a vess d manufactared on a fast smede boje. potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of harder fabri-3- Posuda izradena prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa cation, of dark grey colour. J l l organskog materijala, vrlo porozne i nepravilne izrade, 10- Part of a sheet of bronze with edging. Traces of tamno smede boje. Eekonstruirana. hammering visible on the surface. J l l a . 4- Dio posude izradene prostorucno, slabije H - Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of irregular prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, tamno smede, a u and harder fabrication, of light brown colour out-pri'elomu crne boie side and dark brown on the inside. J l l . 5- Ulomak posude izradene p ros to rucno , 12- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast neprociscene g L grube izrade etlo smed potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of harder fabri-nepiouscene giine, , svij eue, a u ^ . ^ Q £ ^ ^ y colour Estimated rim diameter prijelomu erne boje. ig 2 g cm J n

6- Dio posude izradene prostorucno, slabije prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, zagladene povrsine, TABLE -\ 3 _ B|jzna j7 tamno smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. i_ Part of a hand-made vessel, of less refined clay, of

harder fabrication, of dark brown colour, dark grey TABLA 14 - BNzna J7 at the break. A single perforation under the rim.

1- Posuda izradena prostorucno, na obodu vidljivi 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined tragovi prstiju, slabije prociscene gline, tamno clay, of rough surface, of black to dark brown colour. smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. Na dnu utisnut 3- Hand-made vessel, with large quantity of organic znak u obliku kriza, koji se vidi i na unutrasnjoj temper, of very porous and irregular fabrication, of strani. Eekonstruirana. dark brown colour. Eeconstructed.

2- Posuda izradena p r o s W n o , p r o a , e n e gline, t^^^^l^^t^ tamno smede boje. Ispod oboda probusena rupa. J 7 " ~ " ' ' Rekonstruirana. 5_ potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined

TABLA 15 Blizna J7 clay of rough fabrication, ofkght brown colour, black 139 1- Dio prostoracno izradene posude, s tragovima at (he break primjese organskog materijala, porozne izrade, 6- Part of a hand-made vessel, of less refined clay, of izvana smede, iznutra tamno smede a u prijelomu harder fabrication, with polished surface, of dark erne boje. brown colour, black at the break. 2- Roznjacka izradevina. 3- Dio prostoracno izradene posude, s tragovima TABLE 14 - BNzna J7 primjese organskog materijala, porozne izrade, trusi 1- Hand-made vessel, Traces of finger impressions se, narancaste, a u prijelomu i iznutra erne boje. Na visible on the rim, of less refined clay, of dark brown obodu bojena crnom bojom. colour> black at the break A sign is impressed on

the bottom in the form of a cross, also visible from the inside. Reconstructed. 2- Hand-made vessel, of refined clay, of dark brown colour. A single perforation under the rim. Reconstructed.

4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, posve od grafita, tamno sive boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, dobre izrade, svijetlo smede do tamno sive boje. 6- Prsljen, prociscene gline, tamno smede, a u TABLE 15 - BNzna J7 prijelomu crvenkaste boje. 1_ part 0f a hand-made vessel, with traces of or-7- Dio posude izradene prostoracno, slabije ganic temper, of porous fabrication, of brown colour prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, tamno smede, a u outside, dark brown inside, black at the break. prijelomu erne boje. 2- Flint artefact.

3- Part of a hand-made vessel, with traces of or-TABLA 16 - Blizna J23 ganic temper, of porous fabrication, crumbles, of

l- Posuda izradena prostomcno, neproclscene gline, OTange colour' black inside and at the break. smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. Rekonstruirana. 2- Ulomak prostoracno izradene posude, s tragovima primjese organskog materijala, porozne izrade, tvrde izrade, narancaste, a u prijelomu i iznutra erne boje.

Coloured black at the rim. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, entirely of graphite, of dark grey colour. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of good fabrication, of light brown to dark grey colour.

3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, 6_ SpincQe whorl; of refined d of dark brown dobro prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, tamno sive boje. col0ur, reddish at the break. 4- Ulomak prostoracno izradene posude, s 7- Part of a hand-made vessel, of less refined clay, of tragovima primjese organskog materijala, porozne harder fabrication, of dark brown colour, black at izrade, trusi se, tamno narancaste, a u prijelomu i the break. iznutra erne boje. 5- Ulomak prostoracno izradene posude, s TABLE 16 - BNzna J23 tragovima primjese organskog materijala, porozne 1" Hand-made vessel, of unrefined clay, of brown izrade, trusi se, tamno narancaste, a u prijelomu i col°-, black at the break. Eeconstructed. iznutra erne bo e 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with traces of 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, smeckastosive boje.

organic temper, of porous fabrication, of harder fabrication, of orange colour, black inside and at the break. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of hard fabrica-

7- Prsljen izraden od dijela trbuha grafitne posude, tiorl; of dark grey colour tvrde izrade, sive boje. 4_ Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with traces of 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, organic temper, of porous fabrication, crumbles, of dobro prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, smeckastosive dark orange colour, black inside and at the break. boje. Dio T16- 10. 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with traces of 9- Osteceni zeljezni noz s dvije zakovice i ostacima organic temper, of porous fabrication, crumbles, of drva na drsci dark orange colour> black inside and at the break. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast dobro prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, smeckastosive Potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of harder fabri-

TT Tlfi 8 cation, of brownish-grey colour. boje. 10 b-a. 7- Spindle whorl made from part of the belly of a 11- Dio prstena od prozirnog plavog stakla. ^ t e vessel, of hard fabrication, of grey colour. 12- Osteceni uteg, mekse izrade, crvene do | . j ^ , of ft ^ manufectured £ a fast narancaste, a u prijelomu crne boje. potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of harder fabri

cation, of brownish-grey colour. Part of T16-10. TABLA 17 - Blizna, mlacfe zeljezno doba: Slojevi 9- Damaged iron knife with two rivets and the rem-

1- Dio posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, nants of wood on the handle. prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, zute boje. Sonda A, 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast Kv P, Sloj 3. potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of harder fabri-2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s cation, of brownish-grey colour. Part of T16-8.

140 malo primjesa, tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. Sonda A, Kv O, Sloj 3. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu, s primjesama grafita, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede i sive boje. Sonda A, Kv P, Sloj 3. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu?, slabije prociscene gline, smede boje. Sonda A, Kv E, Sloj 3. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama grafita i kamencica, tvrde izrade, tamno sive boje. Sonda A, Kv P, Sloj 3. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s malo primjesa grafita, grublje i tvrde izrade, zuckaste boje. Sonda A, Kv P, Sloj 3. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu?, s malo primjesa grafita, tvrde izrade, tamno smede do crvenkaste boje. Sonda A, Kv E, Sloj 3. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, kroz prijelom: tamno siveA)jelkaste/crneA)jelkaste/tamno sive boje. Sonda A, Kv O, Sloj 3. 9- Dio posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu ili prostorucno, s veoma malo primjesa grafita, tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. Sonda A, Kv N, Sloj 3. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, posve od grafita, sive boje. Sonda A, Kv 0, Sloj 3. 11- Posuda izradena prostorucno, s primjesama kamencica i vrlo malo grafita, nepravilne povrsine s tragovima skidanja viska gline iznutra, smede boje. Sonda A, KvP, Sloj 3.

TABLA 18 - Blizna, mlade zeljezno doba: Slojevi K15

1- Ostecenizeljezni noz. Sonda A, Sloj 2, PN 1. 2- Dio zeljeznog noza? Sonda A, Kv K, Sloj 2. 3- Dio zeljeznog noza? Sonda A, KvP, Sloj 2. 4- Dio narukvice od tamno plavog stakla s apliciranomzutom trakom. Sonda A, Kv M, Sloj 2, PN 3. 5- Dio narukvice od prozirnog tamno plavog stakla. Sonda A, Kv S, Sloj 3, PN 2. 6- Mali zeljezni okov. Sonda A, Kv S, Sloj 3. 7- Dio zeljeznog predmeta. Sonda A, Kv 0, Sloj 2. 8- Broncana perlica? Sonda A, KVP, Sloj 3. 9- Dio broncanog lima s rubom. Sonda A, Jama 14. 10- Dio zeljeznog predmeta. Sonda A, Kv K, Sloj 2. 11- Dio podloge kamenog zrvnja. Sonda A, Kv D, Sloj 3. 12- Dio zeljeznog predmeta? s tragovima prepaljivanja. Sonda A, Kv D, Sloj 3. 13- Dio broncanog predmeta. Sonda A, Jama J21. 14- Posuda izradena prostorucno, slabije prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. Rekonstruirana. K15.

TABLA 19 - Blizna, mlacfe zeljezno doba: Slucajni nalazi

1- Dio posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu,

11- Part of a ring of transparent blue glass. 12- Damaged weight, of softer fabrication, of red to orange colour, black at the break.

TABLE 17 – Blizna, late Iron Age: Layers 1- Part of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of harder fabrication, of yellow colour. Trench A, Kv P, Layer 3. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with little temper, of harder fabrication, of dark brown colour. Trench A, Kv O, Layer 3. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel, with temper of graphite, of harder fabrication, of light brown and grey colour. Trench A, Kv P, Layer 3. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel (?), of less refined clay, of brown colour. Trench A, Kv E, Layer 3. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with temper of graphite and pebbles, of harder fabrication, of dark grey colour. Trench A, Kv P, Layer 3. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel, with little temper of graphite, of rougher and harder fabrication, of yellowish colour. Trench A, Kv P, Layer 3. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel (?), with little temper of graphite, of harder fabrication, of dark brown to reddish colour. Trench A, Kv E, Layer 3. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of hard fabrication, through the break: dark grey/whitish/black/whitish/dark grey colour. Trench A, Kv O, Layer 3. 9- Part of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel or by hand, with very little temper of graphite, of harder fabrication, of dark brown colour. Trench A, Kv N, Layer 3. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, entirely of graphite, of grey colour. Trench A, Kv O, Layer 3. 11- Hand-made vessel, with temper of pebbles and very little graphite, of irregular surface with traces of the removal of excess clay on the inside, of brown colour. Trench A, Kv F, Layer 3.

TABLE 18 – Blizna, late Iron Age: Layers / K15 1- Damaged iron knife. Trench A, Layer 2, PN 1. 2- Part of an iron knife? Trench A, Kv K, Layer 2. 3- Part of an iron knife? Trench A, Kv F, Layer 2. 4- Part of a bracelet of dark blue glass with applied yellow ribbon. Trench A, Kv M, Layer 2, PN 3. 5- Part of a bracelet of transparent blue glass. Trench A, Kv S, Layer 3, PN 2. 6- Small iron band. Trench A, Kv S, Layer 3. 7- Part of an iron object. Trench A, Kv O, Layer 2. 8- Bronze bead? Trench A, KV F, Layer 3. 9- Part of a sheet of bronze with edge. Trench A, Pit 14. 10- Part of an iron object. Trench A, Kv K, Layer 2. 11- Part of the base of a grindstone. Trench A, Kv D, Layer 3. 12- Part of an iron object (?) with traces of scorching. Trench A, Kv D, Layer 3.

prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, kroz prijelom: erne/ svijetlo smede/crne/svijetlo smede/crne boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno, slabije prociscene gline, tamno smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. Vidljivi tragovi bojanja crnom bojom. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, kroz prijelom: erne/ svijetlo smede/crne/svijetlo smede/crne boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, kroz prijelom: tamno sivo/svijetlo smede/crne/svijetlo smede/ tamno sive boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, kroz prijelom: svijetlo smede/crne/svijetlo smede boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, kroz prijelom: svijetlo smede/crne/svijetlo smede boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, svijetlo sive boje. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, zuckaste boje. 9- Dio posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, svijetlo sive boje. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, kroz prijelom: erne/ svijetlo smede/crne/svijetlo smede/crne boje. 11- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, kroz prijelom: erne/ svijetlo smede/crne/svijetlo smede/crne boje. 12- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, kroz prijelom: sive/ crne/sive boje. 13- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno, slabije prociscene gline, tamno smede boje. 14- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, tamno sive a u prijelomu svijetlo sive boje. 15- Prsljen izraden od ulomka posude, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, kroz prijelom: sive/crne/sive boje.

TABLA 20 - Blizna, mlacfe zeljezno doba: Slucajni nalazi

1- Posuda izradena na brzovrtecem kolu, posve od grafita, nepravilno mrvljenog, sive boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, uglavnom od grafita s malo primjesa kamencica, sive boje. 3- Dio narukvice od prozirnog tamno plavog stakla s debelo apliciranom zutom trakom. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, uglavnom od grafita s malo primjesa kamencica, nepravilne a tvrde izrade, sive boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, posve od grafita s malo primjesa kamencica, tvrde izrade, sive boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, posve od grafita s malo primjesa kamencica, tvrde izrade, sive boje. Dno je blago izboceno.

13- Part of a bronze object. Trench A, Pit J21. 14- Hand-made vessel, of less refined clay, of harder fabrication, of dark brown colour. Reconstructed. K15.

TABLE 19 - Blizna, late Iron Age: Chance finds 1- Part of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of hard fabrication, through the break: of black/light brown/black/light brown/ black colour. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of less refined clay, of dark brown colour, black at the break. Visible traces of black colouring. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of hard fabrication, through the break: of black/light brown/black/light brown/ black colour. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of hard fabrication, through the break: of dark grey/light brown/ black/light brown/ dark grey colour. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of hard fabrication, through the break: of light brown/black/light brown colour. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of hard fabrication, through the break: of light brown/black/light brown colour. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of harder fabrication, of light grey colour. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of harder fabrication, of yellowish colour. 9- Part of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of harder fabrication, of light grey colour. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of hard fabrication, through the break: of black/light brown/black/light brown/ black colour. 11- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of hard fabrication, through the break: of black/light brown/black/light brown/ black colour. 12- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of hard fabrication, through the break: of grey/black/grey colour. 13- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of less refined clay, of dark brown colour. 14- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of harder fabrication, of dark grey colour, light grey at the break. 15- Spindle whorl made from the potsherd of a vessel, of refined clay, of hard fabrication, through the break: of grey/black/grey colour.

TABLE 20 - Blizna, late Iron Age: Chance finds 1- Vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, entirely of graphite, irregularly crumbling, of grey colour. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, mostly of graphite with a little tem-

141

142 TABLA 21 - Blizna, mlacfe zeljezno doba: Slucajni nalazi

1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, porozne izrade, tamno smede, a u prijelomu crne boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, slabije prociscene gline, tamno smede, a u prijelomu crne boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, porozne izrade, tamno smede, a u prijelomu sive boje. 4- Brus od tvrdog kamena pjescenjaka. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno s doradom na kolu, porozne izrade, izvana i u prijelomu tamno crvene, a iznutra crne boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, porozne izrade, izvana tamno crvene, a iznutra i u prijelomu crne boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa sitnog kvarcita, grublje izrade, tamno crvene boje. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, uglavnom od grafita s malo primjesa kamencica, tvrde izrade, sive boje.

TABLA 22 - Blizna, antika: Slojevi 1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama organske materije, porozne izrade, sive boje. Sonda A, Sloj 1-2. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, tamno smede boje. Sonda A, Kv E, Sloj 2. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s primjesama organske materije, porozne izrade, tamno zute boje. Sonda A, Kv R, Sloj 2. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska i sitnih kamencica, tvrde izrade, crne boje. Sonda A, Kv H, Sloj 3. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo primjesa vecih kamencica, izvana smede, u prijelomu crne a iznutra crvenkaste boje. Sloj 2 kod K11. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu?, s mnogo primjesa kamencica i kvarcita, grube izrade, sive boje. Sonda A, Kv U, Sloj 3. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa vecih kamencica, svijetlo sive boje koja ostavlja trag. Sonda A, Kv N, Sloj 2. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, svijetlo sive boje koja ostavlja trag. Sonda A, Kv E, Sloj 2. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, narancaste boje s tragovima crvenog bojanja. Sonda A, Kv S, Sloj 2. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa vecih kamencica, tvrde izrade, izvana crne, a u prijelomu i iznutra sive boje. Sonda A, Kv P, Sloj 2. 11- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu?, neprociscene gline, tamno sive boje. Sonda A, Kv K, Sloj 2. 12- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu?, tragovi stanjivanja stijenki cesljem pod

per of pebbles, of grey colour. 3- Part of a bracelet of transparent blue glass with thickly applied yellow ribbon. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, mostly of graphite with a little temper of pebbles, of irregular and harder fabrication, of grey colour. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, entirely of graphite with a little temper of pebbles, of harder fabrication, of grey colour. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, entirely of graphite with a little temper of pebbles, of harder fabrication, of grey colour. The bottom is slightly bulging.

TABLE 21 - Blizna, late Iron Age: Chance finds 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of porous fabrication, of dark brown colour, black at the break. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of less refined clay, of dark brown colour, black at the break. 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of porous fabrication, of dark brown colour, grey at the break. 4- Whetstone of hard sandstone. 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel finished on a potter’s wheel, of porous fabrication, of dark red colour outside and at the break, black on the inside. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of porous fabrication, of dark red colour outside, black on the inside and at the break. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of temper of very small quartz, of rough fabrication, of dark red colour. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, mostly of graphite with a little temper of pebbles, of harder fabrication, of grey colour.

TABLE 22 – Blizna, Roman period: Layers 1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with temper of organic material, of porous fabrication, of grey colour. Trench A, Layer 1-2. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with temper of a large quantity of organic material, of porous fabrication, of dark brown colour. Trench A, Kv E, Layer 2. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel, with temper of organic material, of porous fabrication, of dark yellow colour. Trench A, Kv R, Layer 2. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with temper of sand and small pebbles, of harder fabrication, of black colour. Trench A, Kv H, Layer 3. 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little temper of larger pebbles, of brown colour outside, black at the break and of reddish colour inside. Layer 2 at K11. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel (?), with a large quantity of temper of pebbles and quartz, of rough fabrication, of grey colour. Trench A, Kv U, Layer 3. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with little temper of larger pebbles, of light grey colour that leaves a mark. Trench A, Kv

obodom, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, sive N, Layer 2. 143 boje Sonda A Kv C Sloj 2 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast 13- Ulomak posude izradene na brzowtecem kolu, potter’s wheel, of weU-refoed clay, ofkght grey colour dobro prociscene gline, narancaste boje. Svijetlo ^ a t leaves a mark. Trench A, Kv E, Layer 2. crveni premaz s vanjske strane. Sigilata. Sonda A, 9" Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast K M ai -o potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of orange colour

V ' J ' withfiaces of red colouring. Trench A, Kv S, Layer 2. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast

TABLA 23 - Blizna, anllka: SlOjevi potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of temper of 1- Ulomakcepa posude izradene na brzovrtecem iarger pebbieS)0fnarder fabricatiOI1)0f biack coiour kolu, s primjesama kamencica, tvrde izrade, svijetlo outside, grey on the inside and at the break. Trench sive boje. Sonda A, Kv 0, Sloj 2. A, Kv P, Layer 2. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s 11- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow mnogo primjesa sitnih kamencica, tamno sive boje. potter’s wheel (?), of unrefined clay, of dark grey Sonda A, Kv U, Sloj 3. colour. Trench A, Kv K, Layer 2. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu?, s mnogo 12- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow primjesa kamencica koji se truse, sive boje. Sonda potter’s wheel (?), traces of the thinning of the waUs A g l ■ x_2 using a comb under the rim, with temper of sand, of

harder fabrication, of grey colour. Trench A, Kv C, Layer 2. 13- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of orange colour. Light red coating on the outside. Sigillata. Trench A, Kv M, Layer 2.

4- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu?, neprociscene gline, tamno sive boje. Sonda A, Kv K, Sloj 2. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. Sonda A, Kv A, Sloj 2. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu?, TABLE 23 - Blizna, Roman period: Layers s primjesama pijeska i kamencica, tvrde izrade, 1- Potsherd of the plug of a vessel manufactured on crvenkastosmede boje. a fast potter’s wheel, with temper of pebbles, of harder 7- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s puno fabrication, of light grey colour. Trench A, Kv 0, primjesa sitnih kamencica koji se truse, tamno smede Layer 2. boje Sonda A Kv R Sloj 2 2" Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast 8- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu?, prociscene Potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of temper of gline, tvrde izrade, izvana erne, a u prijelomu i small pebbles, of dark grey colour. Trench A, Kv U, iznutra svijetlo sive boje. Sonda A, Kv H, Sloj 2. L a ^ 3fa manufactared on a potter, 9- Ulomak posude od svijetlo smedeg prozirnog wheeU?);With a large quantity of temper of pebbles stakla. Sonda A, Kv C, Sloj 2. that crumble, of grey colour. Trench A, Layer 1-2. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, 4_ potsherd of a vessel mairafactured on a siow prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, izvana svijetlo sive, a potter’s wheel (?), of unrefined clay, of dark grey u prijelomu i iznutra tamno sive boje. Sonda A, Kv col0ur. Trench A, Kv K, Layer 2. L, Sloj 2. 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of 11- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, sand, of harder fabrication, of dark brown colour prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, narancaste boje. Trench A, Kv A, Layer 2. Iznutra drobljeni kvarcit u zelenkastoj caklini. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow Mortarij Sonda A Kv K Sloj 2 potter’s wheel (?), with temper of sand and pebbles, 12- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, dobro prociscene gline, mekse izrade, crvene boje. Tamno crveni premaz s vanjske strane. Sigilata. Sonda A, Kv H, Sloj 2. 13. Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, svijetlo sive boje.

of harder fabrication, of reddish-brown colour. 7- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of pebbles that crumble, of dark brown colour. Trench A, Kv R, Layer 2. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel (?), of refined clay, of harder fabrication, of black colour outside, light grey on the inside and at

Sonda A, Kv H, Sloj 3. the break Trench A, Kv H, Layer 2. 9- Shard of a vessel of light brown transparent glass.

TABLA 24 - Blizna, anlika: SlUCajni nalazi Trench A, Kv C, Layer 2. 1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno?, s 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast primjesama pijeska i sitnih kamencica, tvrde izrade, potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of harder fabrication, izvana narancaste, u prijelomu sive a iznutra svijetlo of light grey colour outside, dark grey on the inside smede boje and at the break- Trench A, Kv L, Layer 2. 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno?, s mnogo primjesa sitnih kamencica, smede boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno?, s primjesama pijeska i sitnih kamencica, tvrde izrade, izvana narancaste, u prijelomu sive a iznutra svijetlo

11- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of harder fabrication, of orange colour. Crushed quartz on the inside in a greenish glaze. Mortar. Trench A, Kv K, Layer 2. 12- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast

144 smede boje. potter’s wheel, of well-refined clay, of softer fabrica-— 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno?, s mnogo tion, of red colour. Dark red coating on the outside.

primjesa pijeska i sitnih kamencica, tvrde izrade, Sigillata. Trench A, Kv H, Layer 2. izvana narancaste, u prijelomu sive a iznutra svijetlo smede boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno s doradom na kolu, s malo primjesa vecih kamencica i organske materije, porozne izrade, izvana svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu i iznutra sivkaste boje.

13. Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of harder fabrication, of light grey colour. Trench A, Kv H, Layer 3.

TABLE 24 – Blizna, Roman period: Chance finds 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel (?), with temper of sand and small pebbles, of harder fabrication, of

6- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno?, s mnogo orange colour outside; grey at the break and light primjesa sitnih kamencica, svijetlo smede boje. brown on the inside. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu?, s mnogo 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel (?), with a large primjesa kamencica, smede boje. quantity of temper of smaU pebbles, of brown colour. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu?, s mnogo 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel (?), with temper primjesa kamencica sive boje of sand and small pebbles, of harder fabrication, of 9- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno?, s mnogo orange colour outside, grey at the break and light

brown on the inside. primjesa sitnog kvarcita i kamencica, nepravilne izrade, izvana i u prijelomu narancaste a iznutra erne boje. 10- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno?, s mnogo primjesa sitnog kvarcita koji se truse, erne, u prijelomu crvene boje.

4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel (?), with a large quantity of temper of sand and small pebbles, of harder fabrication, of orange colour outside, grey at the break and light brown on the inside. 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel finished on a potter’s wheel, with little temper of larger pebbles

11- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, and organic material, of porous fabrication, of light neprociscene gline, izvana tamno sive, a iznutra i u brown coiour outside) greyish on the inside and at prijelomu sive boje. the break. 12- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, 6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel (?), with a large s primjesama pijeska, erne, a u prijelomu sive boje. quantity of temper of small pebbles, of light brown 13- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, colour. prociscene gline, izvana tamno sive, a iznutra i u 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s prijelomu sive boje wheel (?) > t h a large quantity of temper of pebbles, 14- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, of brown colour'

8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel (?), with a large quantity of temper of pebbles, of grey colour. 9- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel (?), with a large quantity of temper of small quartz and pebbles, of

neprociscene gline, sive boje.

TABLA 25 - Blizna, anlika: Slucajni nalazi 1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno s doradom na brzovrtecem kolu, s puno primjesa organske irreguiar fabrication, of orange colour outside and materije, porozne izrade, izvana erne, a u prijelomu at the break, black on the inside. i iznutra tamno sive boje. 10- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel (?), with a large 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s quantity of temper of small quartz that crumbles, of malo primjesa pijeska, tvrde izrade, izvana erne, a black colour, red at the break. iznutra i u prijelomu sive boje H- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno?, s mnogo potter’s wheel, of unrefined clay of dark grey colour PrimJesa krupniJeg i sitniJeg kvarcita, sviJetlo smede, outside, grey on the inside and at the break.

• ■ , K 12" Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast 4 P U l Z k pold^zradene prostorucno ili na potter’s wheel, with temper of sand, of black colour,

sporovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa sitnijeg f g ^ s h e r d " a vessel manufactured on a fast kvarcita, smede, u prijelomu tamno sive boje. potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of dark grey colour 5- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu?, neprociscene outside; grey on the inside and at the break. gline, svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu sive boje. 14_ Potsherd of a vessd manufactared on a fast 6- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, neprociscene potter’s wheel, of unrefined clay, of grey colour. gline, tvrde izrade, erne, a u prijelomu sive boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, TABLE 25 - Blizna, Roman period: Chance finds tvrde izrade, crvenkaste boje. Izvana tragovi bojenja 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel finished on a u crno fast potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of temper 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s of organic material, of porous fabrication, of black primjesama pBeska i kamencica, tvrde izrade, svijetlo c°lour outside, dark grey on the inside and at the sive boje. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, zuckaste boje koja ostavlja trag. Tamno crveni premaz s obje strane. Sigilata.

break. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with little temper of sand, of harder fabrication, of black colour outside, grey on the in-

10- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s mnogo primjesa kamencica, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 11- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno ili na sporovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, zuckaste, a u prijelomu erne boje. 12- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, prociscene gline, narancaste boje. 13- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, tvrde izrade, narancaste boje. Izvana ocakljeno zuckastosmeckastom caklinom. 14- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, zuckaste boje koja ostavlja trag. Narancasti premaz s obje strane. Sigilata. 15- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, zuckaste boje koja ostavlja trag. Narancasti premaz s obje strane. Sigilata. 16- Ulomak zeljezne sjekire. 17- Ulomak posude od zuckastozelenkastog prozirnog stakla. 18- Ulomak posude od tamno zelenkastog prozirnog stakla. 19- Diozeljeznog noza. 20- Ulomak posude od plavkastog prozirnog stakla Bradavica nije prilijepljena. 21- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, erne boje.

TABLA 26 - Blizna, seoba naroda: Slojeui Slucajni nalazi

1- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa vecih kamencica, tvrde izrade, sive boje. Preljevena tekucom glinom. Sloj 2 kod Kl l . 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno, s malo primjesa vecih kamencica, tvrde ali vrlo nepravilne izrade, izvana tamno smeda, a iznutra narancaste boje. Sonda A, Kv L, Sloj 2. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa vecih kamencica, tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. Preljevena tekucom glinom. Sloj 2 kod Kl l . 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno s doradom na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnih kamencica, nepravilne povrsine, smede boje. Sonda A, Kv B, Sloj 2. 5- Posuda izradena na sporovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa vecih kamencica, tvrde izrade, tamno sive boje. Sonda A, Kv O, Sloj 2. 6- Posuda izradena prostoracno, s primjesama kamencica, vrlo nepravilne povrsine s tragovima skidanja viska gline pri dnu, tamno smede boje. Rekonstruirana. Sonda A, Kv L, Sloj 2. 7- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno, s mnogo primjesa vecih kamencica i kvarcita koji se truse, vrlo nepravilne izrade, narancaste i mjestimice erne boje. Sonda A, Kv K, Sloj 2. Dio T26-8,10. 8- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno, s mnogo primjesa vecih kamencica i kvarcita koji se truse,

side and at the break. 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel (?), with a large quantity of temper of large and small quartz, of light brown colour, black at the break. 4- Potsherd of a vessel made by hand or on a slow potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of temper of small quartz, of brown colour, dark grey at the break. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel (?), of unrefined clay, of light brown colour, grey at the break. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel, of unrefined clay, of harder fabrication, of black colour, grey at the break. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of harder fabrication, of reddish colour. Traces on the outside of black colouring. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with temper of sand and pebbles, of harder fabrication, of light grey colour. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of yellowish colour that leaves a mark. Dark red coating on both sides. Sigillata. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of temper of pebbles, of harder fabrication, of light brown colour. 11- Potsherd of a vessel made by hand or on a slow potter’s wheel, with temper of a large quantity of organic material, of porous fabrication, of yellowish colour, black at the break. 12- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of orange colour. 13- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel, of harder fabrication, of orange colour. Glazed on the outside with yellow-brown glaze. 14- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of yellowish colour that leaves a mark. Orange coating on both sides. Sigillata. 15- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of yellowish colour that leaves a mark. Orange coating on both sides. Sigillata. 16- Shard of an iron axe. 17- Shard of a vessel made of transparent yellow-green glass. 18- Shard of a vessel made of transparent dark greenish glass. 19- Part of an iron knife. 20- Shard of a vessel made of transparent bluish glass. Nub not attached. 21- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of black colour.

TABLE 26 – Blizna, Migration period: Layers / Chance finds

1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel, with little temper of larger pebbles, of harder fabrication, of grey colour. Covered with a coat of liquid clay. Layer 2 at K11. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little temper of larger pebbles, of harder but very irregular fabrication, of dark brown colour outside, orange on the inside. Trench A, Kv L, Layer 2.

145

146 vrlo nepravilne izrade, narancaste i mjestimice erne 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow — boje. Sonda A, Kv K, Sloj 2. Dio T26-7,10. potter’s wheel, with little temper of larger pebbles, of

9- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu, harder fabrication, of dark brown colour. Covered s malo primjesa vecih kamencica, tvrde izrade, with a coat of liquid clay. Layer 2 at K l l .

4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel finished on a izvana crvenkastosmede boje. Preljevena tekucom glinom. Sloj 2 kod K l l . 10- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa vecih kamencica i kvarcita koji se truse, vrlo nepravilne izrade, narancaste i mjestimice erne

fast potter’s wheel, with temper of small pebbles, of irregular surface, of brown colour. Trench A, Kv B, Layer 2. 5- Vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel, with little temper of larger pebbles, of harder fabrication, of

boje. Sonda A, Kv K, Sloj 2. Dio T26-7,8. dark ^ colour. r&e l lch Aj K v 0 , Layer 2. 11- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo 6- Hand-made vessel, with temper of pebbles, of primjesa vecih kamencica, tvrde izrade, smede boje. very irregular surface with traces of the removal of Preljevena tekucom glinom. Sloj 2 kod K l l . excess clay near the bottom, of dark brown colour 12- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem Eeconstructed. Trench A, Kv L, Layer 2. kolu?, s malo primjesa vecih kamencica, nepravilne 7- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quan-i tvrde izrade, sive boje. Na dnu tragovi skidanja s tity of larger pebbles and quartz that crumbles, of podloge ostrim predmetom. Sonda A, Kv R, Sloj 2. very irregular fabrication, of orange and, in places, 13- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo black colour. Trench A, Kv K, Layer 2. Part of T26-primjesa vecih kamencica, izvana smeda, u 8'10' prijelomu sive a iznutra narancaste boje. Slucajni nalaz. 14- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno s

8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of larger pebbles and quartz that crumbles, of very irregular fabrication, of orange and, in places, black colour. Trench A, Kv K, Layer 2. Part of T26-

doradom na kolu, s malo primjesa vecih kamencica, 7 10 izvana smeda, u prijelomu sive a iznutra narancaste 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow boje. Preljevena tekucom glinom. Slucajni nalaz. potter’s wheel, with little temper of larger pebbles, of 15- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo harder fabrication, of reddish-brown colour outside. primjesa vecih kvarcita, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede, Covered with a coat of liquid clay. Layer 2 at K l l . a u prijelomu svijetlo crvene boje. Slucajni nalaz. 10- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large 16- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo quantity of larger pebbles and quartz that crumbles, primjesa vecih kamencica, tvrde izrade, tamno of very irregular fabrication, of orange and, in places, smede boje. Slucajni nalaz.

TABLA 27 - Blizna, rani srednji vijek: Slucajni nalazi

black colour. Trench A, Kv K, Layer 2. Part of T26-7,8. 11- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little temper of larger pebbles, of harder fabrication, of brown colour. Covered with a coat of liquid clay. Layer 2 at

1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo J Q ] ^ primjesa veceg kvarcita i organske materijcporozne 12_ Potsherd 0f a vessel manufactured on a slow i nepravilne izrade, svijetlo smede a u prijelomu potter’s wheel (?), with little temper of larger pebbles, crvene boje. of irregular and harder fabrication, of grey colour 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s Traces on the bottom of its removal from a base primjesama organske materije, porozne i nepravilne using a sharp object. Trench A, Kv R, Layer 2. izrade, svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu i iznutra erne 13- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little tem-bq)-e per of larger pebbles, of brown colour outside, orange on

3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s primjesama organske materije, porozne izrade, izvana narancaste, u prijelomu erne, a iznutra smede boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s

the inside and grey at the break. Chance find. 14- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel finished on a potter’s wheel, with little temper of larger pebbles, of brown colour outside, orange on the inside and grey at the break. Covered with a coat of liquid clay. Chance find.

primjesama organske materije, porozne i nepravilne i 5 - Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little tem-izrade, izvana narancaste, a u prijelomu i iznutra per of large quartZ; of harder fabrication, of light erne boje. brown colour, light red at the break. Chance find. 5- Zeljezni tuljac vrha strijele. 16- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little tem-6- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s per of larger pebbles, of harder fabrication, of dark primjesama organske materije, porozne i nepravilne brown colour. Chance find. izrade, izvana sivkastosmede, a u prijelomu i iznutra crne boje TABLE 27 - Blizna, early Medieval period:

Chance finds TABLA 28 - Blizna OSlaN nalazi 1_ Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with little tem-1- Ulomak posude izradene prostoruc de P - o f larger quartz and orgamc material, of porous f : r . , ^ mcno, smeue and irregular fabrication) 0f light brown colour, red

2- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno, svijetlo smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. 3- Zadebljani rab crvene zdjele ili lonca. Sonda A, Jama J5. 4- Rub sive bikonicne zdjelice. Sonda A, Jama J5. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno, s mnogo primjesa vecih kvarcita i kamencica, izvana svijetlo narancaste, u prijelomu crvenkaste a iznutra erne boje. Slucajni nalaz. 6- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno, s mnogo primjesa vecih kvarcita i kamencica, svijetlo smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. 7- Dio noge posude 1 izradene prostoracno, s malo primjesa kvarcita, izvana narancaste, u prijelomu erne boje. Sonda A, Kv L, Sloj 2. 8- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno, s primjesama vecih kamencica, izvana crvenkaste, a u prijelomu i iznutra erne boje. Rucka prilijepljena. Slucajni nalaz. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa sitnih kamencica i pijeska koji se truse, izvana i u prijelomu sivkastosmede, a iznutra erne boje. Slucajni nalaz. 10- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno s doradom na kolu, s mnogo primjesa sitnih kamencica, izvana smede, a u prijelomu i iznutra tamno sive boje. Slucajni nalaz. 11- Dio zeljeznogcavla. Sonda A, Sloj 1. 12- Zeljezni cavao. Sonda A, Kv 2, Sloj 2. 13- Dio zeljeznogcavla. Sonda A, Sloj 1. 14- Dio zeljeznogcavla. Sonda A, Sloj 1. 15- Dio zeljeznogcavla. Sonda A, Sloj 1. 16-Zeljezni cavao. Slucajni nalaz. 17- Diozeljeznog predmeta. Sonda A, Sloj 1. 18- Dio zeljeznog sila? Sonda S, Kv J, Sloj 4. 19- Dio zeljeznogcavla? Sonda A, Kv L, Sloj 3. 20- Kamen slabije kvalitete s vise ureza nepoznate namjene. 21- Obradeni roznjak. Sonda A, Kv N, Sloj 2.

2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of organic material, of porous and irregular fabrication, of light brown colour, black on the inside and at the break. 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of organic material, of porous fabrication, of orange colour outside, brown on the inside and black at the break. 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of organic material, of porous and irregular fabrication, of orange colour outside, black inside and at the break. 5- Iron cylinder of an arrowhead. 6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of organic material, of porous and irregular fabrication, of greyish-brown colour outside, black on the inside and at the break.

TABLE 28 – Blizna, other finds 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of brown colour. Chance find. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of light brown colour. Chance find. 3- Thickened edge of a red bowl or pot. Trench A, Pit J5. 4- Edge of a small carinated bowl of grey colour. Trench A, Pit J5. 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of larger quartz and pebbles, of light orange colour outside, black on the inside, reddish at the break. Chance find. 6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of larger quartz and pebbles, of light brown colour. Chance find. 7- Part of a vessel’s feet? Hand-made, with little temper of quartz, of orange colour outside, black at the break. Trench A, Kv L, Layer 2. 8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with temper of larger pebbles, of reddish colour outside, black on the inside and at the break. Handle bonded on. Chance find. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of temper of small pebbles and sand that crumble, of greyish-brown colour outside and at the break, black on the inside. Chance find. 10- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel finished on a potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of temper of small pebbles, of brown colour outside, dark grey on the inside and at the break. Chance find. 11- Part of an iron nail. Trench A, Layer 1. 12- Iron nail. Trench A, Kv 2, Layer 2. 13- Part of an iron nail. Trench A, Layer 1. 14- Part of an iron nail. Trench A, Layer 1. 15- Part of an iron nail. Trench A, Layer 1. 16- Iron nail. Chance find. 17- Part of an iron object. Trench A, Layer 1. 18- Part of an iron awl? Trench S, Kv J, Layer 4. 19- Part of an iron nail? Trench A, Kv L, Layer 3. 20- Stone of poorer quality with several incisions of unknown use. 21- Retouched flint. Trench A, Kv N, Layer 2.

147

148

77

Tabla 1. Jakopovec-Blizna. K4, 4208±91calBC. Table 1. Jakopovec-Blizna. K4, 4208±91calBC.

149

Tabla 2. Jakopovec-Blizna. K4, 4208±91calBC. Table 2. Jakopovec-Blizna. K4, 4208±91calBC.

150

Tabla 3. Jakopovec-Blizna. K4, 4208±91calBC. Table 3. Jakopovec-Blizna. K4, 4208±91calBC.

151

\ \

8

10

Tabla 4. Jakopovec-Blizna. 1-5 K7. / 6-9 K8. / 10-11 K14. Table 4. Jakopovec-Blizna. 1-5 K7.16-9 K8.110-11 K14

152

/ V

- ^

13 14 15

20

16

21

17

Tabla 5. Jakopovec-Blizna. Bakreno doba: 1-6 slojevi. / 7-21 slucajni nalazi. Table 5. Jakopovec-Blizna. Copper Age: 1-6 layers. / 7-21 chance finds.

153

wy-Vv: \J-.Vgi

\ \ > \

1 » 1 i

! J / f

' / * /

Tabla 6. Jakopovec-Blizna. J3, 1186±50 calBC. Table 6. Jakopovec-Blizna. J3, 1186+50 calBC.

154

Tabla 7. Jakopovec-Blizna. J3, 1186±50 calBC. Table 7. Jakopovec-Blizna. J3, 1186+50 calBC.

155

Tabla 8. Jakopovec-Blizna. 1-4 K5. / 5-9 K6. Table 8. Jakopovec-Blizna. 1-4 K5. / 5-9 K6.

156

Tabla 9. Jakopovec-Blizna. 1 K13. / 2-3 K12. Table 9. Jakopovec-Blizna. 1 K13.12-3 K12

157

Tabla 10. Jakopovec-Blizna. K11, 1059±45 calBC. Table 10. Jakopovec-Blizna. K11, 1059+45 calBC.

158

Tabla 11. Jakopovec-Blizna. Kasno broncano doba: 1-18 slucajni nalazi. / 19-21 slojevi. Table 11. Jakopovec-Blizna. Late Bronze Age: 1-18 chance finds. / 19-21 layers.

159

• i

J J /..

10

Tabla 12. Jakopovec-Blizna. 1-4 J2. / 5-12 J11, 75±86 calBC. Table 12 Jakopovec-Blizna. 1-4 J2 15-12 J11, 75+86 calBC.

160

Tabla 13. Jakopovec-Blizna. J7. Table 13. Jakopovec-Blizna. J7.

161

Tabla 14. Jakopovec-Blizna. J7. Table 14. Jakopovec-Blizna. J7.

162

i ;

Tabla 15. Jakopovec-Blizna. J7. Table 15. Jakopovec-Blizna. J7.

163

Tabla 16. Jakopovec-Blizna. J23. Table 16. Jakopovec-Blizna. J23.

164

Tabla 17. Jakopovec-Blizna. Mlade zeljezno doba: Slojevi. Table 17. Jakopovec-Blizna. Late Iron Age: Layers.

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Tabla 18. Jakopovec-Blizna. Mlade zeljezno doba: 1-13 slojevi. / 14 K15. Table 18. Jakopovec-Blizna. Late Iron Age: 1-13 layers. / 14 K15.

166

Tabla 19. Jakopovec-Blizna. Mlade zeljezno doba: Slucajni nalazi Table 19. Jakopovec-Blizna. Late Iron Age: Chance finds

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Tabla 21. Jakopovec-Blizna. Mlade zeljezno doba: Slucajni nalazi Table 21. Jakopovec-Blizna Late Iron Age: Chance finds

169

Tabla 22. Jakopovec-Blizna. Antika: Slojevi Table 22. Jakopovec-Blizna. Roman period: Layers

170

Tabla 23. Jakopovec-Blizna. Antika: Slojevi Table 23. Jakopovec-Blizna. Roman period: Layers

171

Tabla 24. Jakopovec-Blizna. Antika: Slu~ajni nalazi Table 24. Jakopovec-Blizna. Roman period: Chance finds

172

Tabla 25. Jakopovec-Blizna. Antika: Slu~ajni nalazi Table 25. Jakopovec-Blizna. Roman period: Chance finds

173

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Tabla 26. Jakopovec-Blizna. Seoba narada: 1-12 slojevi. / 13-16 slucajni nalazi. Table 26. Jakopovec-Blizna. Migration period: 1-12 layers. / 13-16 chance finds.

174

Tabla 27. Jakopovec-Blizna. Rani srednji vijek: Slu~ajni nalazi Table 27. Jakopovec-Blizna. Early Middle Ages: Chance finds

175

Tabla 28. Jakopovec-Blizna. Ostali nalazi. Table 28. Jakopovec-Blizna. Other finds.

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175,61

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1176,04 175,93

I ryfc 175,80 J Z D 175.61

1^*7175,82 [QlUdL I 175,68

J28 177,13

175,83 175,64

v177,66

GORNJI PUSTAKOVEC KOD CAKOVCA Bakrenodobno naselje Prilikom gradnje juzne obilaznice grada

Cakovca, Odjel za zastitu arheoloske bastine nadzirao je tu izgradnju. Kao sto je to bilo i s izgradnjom nadziranih dionica autoceste, ova trasa nije bila terenski arheoloski pregledana, a Odjel je posao dobio kada je gradnja vec zapoceta.

Tijekom arheoloskoga pregleda vec dovrsenih gradevinskiliradova dana 3.3.2004.g., na stacionazi trase 4+350 kod sela Gornji Pustakovec otkriveno je arheolosko nalaziste, na prostora koji je dosad bio arheoloska nepoznanica. Novopronadeno nalaziste osteceno je bagerima prije pocetka arheoloskog nadzora, jer investitor nije pravodobno izvijestio o pocetku gradevinskih radova. U iskopu zemlje prikupljeno je nekoliko kilograma keramickih ulomaka koji pripadaju bakrenom dobu, tj. lasinjskoj kulturi.

Zastitna arheoloska iskopavanja vodena su u vremenu od 7. do 30 .6 .2004^ Prapovijesno naselje djelomice osteceno gradnjom obilaznice, dijelom je istrazeno ovim iskopavanjima. Preostali dio naselja nalazi se izvan granica eksproprijacije i opsega prostora koji je predviden radovima na izgradnji obilaznice i pratecih objekata, pa tu nisu provodena zastitna istrazivanja. No, pokrenut je postupak preventivne zastite nalazista kao

GORNJI PUSTAKOVEC NEAR CAKOVEC Copper Age Settlement The Archaeology Heritage Protection Depart

ment also carried out supervision of construction works during the construction of the bypass that passes to the south of the city of Cakovec. As with the construction of supervised parts of the highway, the terrain along which this route runs was also not archaeologically surveyed, and the Department got the job when construction had already commenced.

An archaeological site was discovered during archaeological surveying March 3, 2004, of already completed construction work at kilometre marker 4+350 near the village of Gornji Pustakovec, in an area that was previously archaeologicaUy unknown. As the contracting company did not give a timely report on the start of construction work, the newly discovered site was damaged by excavators prior to the archaeological supervision. Several kilograms of potsherds were collected from the excavated soil that originated in the Copper Age, i.e. the Lasinja culture.

Eescue archaeology excavations were carried out from June 7 to 30 of 2004.1 This prehistoric settlement, partially damaged during the construction of the bypass, was explored in part during the dig. The remainder of the settlement is located outside of the limits of the land purchased for the needs of

181

Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Usporedni arheoloski i gractevinski radovi na trasi obilaznice Cakovca.

Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Parallel archaeological and construction work on the route of the Cakovec bypass.

1 U arheoloskim radovima osim autora kao yoditelja sudjeloyali su arheolozi i studenti: Josip Yido™, Darko Perisa, Branka Koyafie, Jelena Buric i Petra NoYinseak. Participating in the archaeological work besides the author, acting as dig leader, were archaeologists and students: Josip Vidooic, Darko Perisa, Branka Kmacic, Jelena Buric and Petra Nooinscak.

182

Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Jama J2 tijekom praznjenja.

kulturnog dobra pri Konzervatorskom odjelu u Varadinu.

Nalaziste se nalazi na dosadasnjim poljoprivred-nim povrsinama stotinjak metara juzno od kuca naselja Gornji Pustakovec, sada dijela grada Cakovca. Prostor izmedu kuca i danasnje obilaznice mjestani zovu i Vrtovi, a po svojim topografskim obiljezjima se po nicemu ne razlikuje od okolnog terena. Rijec je o ravnici i poljima koja se bez nekih uzvisina rasprostiru kilometrima u svim smjero-vima. Nekoliko stotina metara sjevernije nalazi se kanal rijeke Trnave, a moguce je da su nekadasnji rukavci Trnave na prostoru zvanom Ledine nekad bili i mnogo blize nasem naselju.

BAKRENO DOBA NALAZI Gradevinski radovi su se na ovom dijelu trase

odvijali tako da je bager po odredenoj niveleti skidao 30 - 50 cm zemlje, te ju odlagao s obje strane trase. Odmah iza bagera su kamioni navozili sljunak, koji je zatim zaravnat valjkom. Pregledom izbacene zemlje uz obje strane trase, pronadeni su samo pokretni nalazi. Zbog toga na pocetku nije bilo sigurno gdje se tocno nalaze arheoloski slojevi, i da li ih jos ima ispod navezenog sljunka.

Prilikom pocetka arheoloskih iskopavanja, bager je razmaknuo prebacenu zemlju, i tako ocistio prostor s obje strane trase. Zatim su uz sam rub vec iskopane zemlje postavljene dvije uzduzne sonde, A i B. One su trebale odrediti pravce rasprostiranja nalazista. U sondi A pronaslo se vrlo malo bakrenodobnih nalaza, ali je sonda svejedno dovrsena, a s te strane su za svaku sigurnost dodane jos 4 sonde, E,F,G i H. No, i one su bile bez nekih vrednijih arheoloskih struktura, i s vrlo malo prapovijesne keramike.

S druge, sjeverne strane, vec se u prvoj sondi Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Pit J2 during pronasla zatvorena cjelina, jama iz bakrenog doba emptying. (J2). Kako se kasnije pokazalo, rijec je o

the bypass and the area foreseen for construction work on the bypass itself and the accompanying facilities, and rescue archaeology work was, therefore, not carried out here. The procedure for preventive protection of the site as a cultural good has, however, been initiated with the Conservation Department in Varazdin.

The site is located on what was up until now agricultural land about a hundred metres south of the houses in the village of Gornji Pustakovec, already a part of suburban Cakovec. The area between the houses and the present day bypass is referred by the local inhabitants as the Vrtovi (Gardens), and its topography is in no way different from that of the surrounding terrain. It is a flat plain with fields that stretch for kilometres in all directions without any elevations. Several hundred metres to the north is the canal of the Trnava River, and it is possible that the former backwaters of the Trnava River, in the area called Ledine could have been much closer to our settlement.

COPPER AGE FEATURES Construction work on this part of the work was

carried out by an excavator removing some 30 to 50 cm of soil based on set level markers and depositing it to both sides of the route. Trucks brought in gravel right after the excavators had finished their work, which was then packed down by rollers. A survey of the excavated soil to both sides of the route yielded only finds. It was for this reason initially unclear where the archaeological layers were in fact, and whether there were still any under the new layer of gravel.

At the start of archaeological excavations, the excavator cleared a part of the excavated soil to uncover an area to both sides of the route. Two parallel trenches, A and B, were then dug along the very edge of the already excavated soil. Their purpose was to determine the direction and spread of the site. Trench A yielded only sporadic Copper Age finds, but the trench was nevertheless completed and a further 4 trenches, E, F, G and H, were added to this side in case they might yield finds. They too, however, did not yield archaeological structures of any significance, and contained only sporadic finds of prehistoric pottery.

On the other, northern, side, the first trench revealed a closed ensemble, a Copper Age pit (J2). As was later discovered this was a dugout house, set some 30 cm into the subsoil. A smaller pit (J2A) was found in the larger one, dug about 7 cm into the bottom of pit J2. This pit might be the remains of a post hole, or for food storage. In the upper layers of this pit’s deposit a separate find was located, part of a polished axe (PN2). It is interesting to note that there was no charcoal or bones in this pit’s deposit. Another stone axe, PN1, was found in the direct vicinity of pit J2.

An ensemble of pits was found to the north of J2. A very small polished stone axe, PN4, was found

poluzemunici, ukopanoj oko 30 cm u zdravicu. Unutar jame pronadena je i manja (J2A), ukopana oko 7 cm u dno jame J2. Ova jama mogla bi biti ostatak stupa, ili spremnika za hranu. U gornjem sloju zapune ove jame pronaden je i posebni nalaz, dio glacane sjekire (PN2). Zanimljivo je kako u zapuni jame uopce nije pronaden gar, niti kosti. U samoj blizini jame J2, pronadena je i druga kamena sjekira, PN1.

Sjevernije od J2, pronaden je sklop jama J3. U njoj je pronadena i jedna vrlo mala glacana kamena sjekira PN4. U istocnom dijelu ispraznjena je i mala jama J3B. Uz samu jamu J3 s juzne strane, nalazi se malo plica jama J3C. U zapadnom dijelu jame J3 ukopana je neobicno duboka i uska jama J3A. Njena dubina iznosi oko 67 cm unutar jame J3, odnosno najmanje 98 cm od razine bakrenodobnog hodnog sloja (3). U zapuni ove jame naslo se i nesto sljunka, a na samom dnu nekoliko vecih ulomaka bakrenodobne keramike i jedna cijela keramicka zlica. Ocigledno je ova jama sluzila kao bunar u kojem su se prikupljale podzemne vode, a zlica je upala i tamo ostala nekome koji se te vode htio napiti. Jama J3 proteze se dalje na sjever, a nije iskopavana u torn nastavku, jer su tu poljoprivredni nasadi koji izlaze iz linije otkupa za gradnju obilaznice, pa tako nisu mogli biti predmet ovih zastitnih istrazivanja. Zbog toga se, nazalost, ne moze zakljucno tumaciti ovaj sklop jama. Za tumacenje postoji nekoliko mogucnosti. Jedna je da je J3 bila poluzemunica, u kojoj se nalazio bunar, ili je bio naknadno ukopan u nju. To se moglo desiti i kada je ona jos bila u funkciji, ali i kasnije. S obzirom da je zapuna ponesto drukcija, ocigledno je kako nisu zapunjavane u posve isto vrijeme, vec je vjerojatnije kako je bunar djelomice zatrpavan kasnije. Jama J3 vjerojatno je zatrpavana polako, redovitim

in it. A small pit, J3B, was emptied in the eastern part. Along pit J3 to the southern side is a slightly shallower pit designated as J3C. An unusually long and narrow pit, J3A is dug into the western part of pit J3. It depth in pit J3 is about 67 cm, which means at least 98 cm from the level of the Copper Age occupational layer (3). Some gravel was found in the deposit of this pit, and a few larger potsherds from Copper Age ceramics and one entire ceramic spoon at the very bottom. It is evident that this pit served as a well in which subterranean waters were collected, and that the spoon fell in when someone went to get a drink. Pit J3 extends further to the north, but this extension was not excavated as they are agricultural fields under cultivation beyond the line of the land purchased for the needs of the construction of the bypass, and could not as such be a subject of this rescue archaeology research. A final determination cannot for this reason, unfortunately, be given for this ensemble of pits. There are several possible explanations. One is that J3 was a dugout house with a well inside it, or afterwards dug inside it. This may have happened while the dugout house was still in use or afterwards. Considering that the deposit is somewhat different, it is evident that they were not filled at the same time and it is more likely that the well was partially filled in afterwards. Pit J3 was probably filled in slowly, by a regular discarding of refuse. The upper part of the well was, however, not including here the pottery on the bottom which comes from the period of its use, probably filled in quickly, with soil and gravel and with very little refuse or potsherds. It appears to me that we can explain this situation in the following way. The filling in of the entire J3 ensemble started during the time the settlement was still inhabited. The shallower pits and the lower part of the well were

Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Ispraznjena jama J3. Drugi dio jame prostire se pod neotkupljeno zemljiste. ^akovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Emptying of pit J3. The other part of the pit stretches under the land that has not been purchased.

183

184

Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Ulomak posude s karakteristicnim ukrasom. (T2-5) Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Potsherd of a vessel with a characteristic decoration. (T2-5)

slijedom ubacivanja otpadaka. No, gornji dio bunara je, ne racunajuci na keramiku na dnu koja potjece iz doba njegova koristenja, zatrpan vjerojatno na brzinu, zemljom sa sljunkom i s vrlo malo otpadaka, odnosno keramickih ulomaka. Cini mi se da ovo stanje mozemo tumaciti na sljedeci nacin. Cijeli se sklop J3 poceo zatrpavati jos za doba obitavanja u naselju. Tako su zapunjene plice jame i donji dio bunara. Kada je naselje napusteno, u nekoj poplavi je do vrha zapunjen i bunar. To bi objasnilo nepostojanje arheoloskih nalaza i postojanje sljunka u gornjem dijelu zapune bunara. S nesto malo ugljena koji je pronaden na dnu jame J3A (bunara) izvedeno je AMS-14C ispitivanje. Ishod pokazuje 36.st.pr.Kr. (3569±48 calBC), odnosno 35.st.pr.Kr. prema drugome mjerenju iz istog uzorka (3461±63 calBC).2

Jame J 5 , J6 i J7 ; relativno su plitke, a mogle bi biti ostaci stupova, sto upueuje na nadzemnu gradnju; medutim, to nije potvrdeno na bilo koji drugi nacin. U njima nije bilo pokretnih nalaza pa ih se ne moze datirati, niti sa sigurnoscu povezati sa ostalim strukturama.

Vise nije bilo daljnjih struktura, premda je sonda prosirena u oba smjera uzduz trase obilaznice. Prema postignutim dubinama uz trasu, zakljuceno je da se slojevi pod samom trasom vise ne mogu pronaci, ili barem ne u netaknutom stanju. U nastavku nadzora gradnje obilaznice kod ovog nalazista pregledano je i naknadno kopanje novog kanala za vodove, otprilike po sredini trase. Na jednome mjestu, gdje je sloj zemlje bio malodublje ocuvan, vidjeli su se ostaci neke bakrenodobne jame, ocuvani u samo nekoliko centimetara dubine. Koliko je bilo moguce, jama je ispraznjena i poput ostalih snimljena totalnom stanicom, te imenovana J8 . Vjerojatno se pod sljuncanom posteljicom trase obilaznice vise mogu pronaci drugi ostaci arheoloskih slojeva, jer je drugdje ista postavljena do zdravice.

Na tlorisu je vidljivo rasprostiranje arheoloskih nalaza u pravcu sjever - jug. Gotovo sigurno se ostale stambene strukture nalaze sjeverno od ovog mjesta, u polju prema kucama. To bi podrucje u buduenosti vrijedilo barem sondazno istrazivati i dalje.

Gledano vertikalno stratigrafski, izdvojeno je nekoliko osnovnih slojeva. Prvi sloj je debljine 20 cm, s nalazima od 19. do 20.st., koji se ovdje nalaze poradi oranja. Sljedeci sloj je 2, takoder debeo oko 20 cm, a u njemu se nalazi poneki komad malo starije keramike, ali samo od 16. do 18.st. Ocigledno je kako su se vec i u to doba obradivala ova polja. Odmah ispod njega je nesto tanji, 10 cm, sloj 3, s dosta bakrenodobnih nalaza. Ovo je hodni sloj naseg prapovijesnog naselja. Ispod njega nalazi se sloj 4, debljine oko 30 cm, koji cini arheoloski jalovu zdravicu, koja se sastoji od svijetlo zuckaste pjeskovite ilovace. Ispod njega je sloj 5, takoder geoloski sloj, koji se sastoji od srednje velikog

filled in this fashion. The well was filled to its top during some flood after the settlement had already been abandoned. This would explain the lack of archaeological finds and the existence of gravel in the upper part of the well’s deposit. AMS-14C testing was carried out on a small sample of charcoal found at the bottom of pit J3A (the well). The test results indicate a dating to the 36th century BC (3569±48 calBC), i.e. to the 35th century BC according to another test from the same sample (3461±63 calBC).2

Pits J 5 , J6 and J 7 are relatively shallow and could be the remains of post holes, which would indicate the remains of posts, which would indicate raised construction; this is not, however, confirmed in any other way. There were no finds in them so that they can not be dated, nor with certainty be connected to other structures.

There were no further structures, even though the trench was widened in both directions along the route of the bypass. Based on the depths attained along the route it was concluded that layers would not be found under the route itself, at least not in an undisturbed state. In the continuing supervision of the construction of the bypass at this site the subsequent excavation of new canals for leads was also overseen, located at about the middle of the route. At one spot, where the soil layer was preserved to a greater depth, the remains of a Copper Age pit were visible, preserved to a depth of only a few centimetres. The pit was emptied as much as was possible and, like the others, recorded in a total geodetic station and designated as J8 . It is likely that other remains of archaeological layers can not be found under the new gravel bed of the bypass route as it has elsewhere been laid to the level of the subsoil.

On the ground plan it is evident that the archaeological finds are spread from north to the south. It is almost certain that the remaining defensive structures are situated to the north of this location, in the field towards the houses. It would be worthwhile in the future to carry out at least sondage explorations of this area.

If we regard the stratigraphy here vertically, there are several separate basic layers. The first layer is 20 cm thick with finds from the 19th and 20th centuries, found here on account of ploughing. The next, layer 2, also 20 cm thick and contains sporadic finds of somewhat older pottery, but only from the 16th to 18th centuries. It is evident that this area had already been under cultivation in this period. Directly beneath this layer is a somewhat thinner one, of 10 cm, layer 3, with quite a bit of Copper Age finds. This is the occupational layer of our prehistoric settlement. Under this one is layer 4, about 30 cm thick, consisting of archaeologically barren subsoil, made up of sandy light yellow clay. Under

2 AMS-14C dataeija izradena je u Leibniz Labor far Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforselmng, Christian-Albreehts-Universitat u Kielu (KIA-25318, BP 4750+25; BP 4690+30). Sfa-aeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilistu u Kolmi. AMS-14C dating was done at^Lalmz Laborjur Altersbestimmung undlsotopenforschung, Ghnstian-Albreehts-Vniversitat in Kiel (KIA-25318, BP 4750±25; BP 4690±30). Shorten^ mm,ratim using CaXPal (Mine Badiomrt atimdone at tkeVniversity of Koln.

rijecnog sljunka, s ponekim proslojcima sitnog rijecnog pijeska ili dragdje takoder od pjescane ilovace. Sve nase jame ukopane su u zdravicu iz onodobnog hodnog sloja, ovdje nazvanog sloj 3. Stambeni objekti i otpadne jame ukopane su samo kroz zemljani sloj 4, osim jame - bunara, koji je ukopan i u sloj 5. Prema iskopavanjima vidi se kako slojevi nisu ispremijesani oranjem ili nekim drugim djelovanjima, barem na istrazenom dijelu. Sve jame bile su netaknute, a ocuvan je u punoj debljini cak i bakrenodobni hodni sloj.

POKRETNI NALAZI Keramicki nalazi Glavninu pokretnih arheoloskih nalaza na ovom

nalazistu cini keramika. Na tablama su prikazani najosobitiji nalazi. Keramika se moze podijeliti na grabu i finu. Gruba je izradena s mnogo primjesa sitnog kvarcita i kamencica, cesto slabo pecene gline. Pokatkad je povrsina ovih posuda malo zagladena, pa se primjese vide samo u presjeku. Drage su posude izradene od dobro prociscene i pecene gline, a takve su cesto ukrasene urezanim crtama i ubodima. One su obicno uglacane do sjaja, a neke imaju i tragove bojenja crnom bojom. U Gornjem Pustakovcu se cesto javljaju posude sa “sendvic" presjekom u vise boja, nastao vjerojatno primjenom posebne tehnike pecenja, a cini se i premazivanja glinom vec izradene posude. Naime, na nekim posudama taj debelo preljeven sloj gline otpada u velikim komadima i jasno je vidljivo kako nije rijec o osnovnoj gradi posude. Ocigledno je kako su vjesti lasinjski loncari poznavali vise pristupa izradi posuda, i tim bi tehnologijama trebalo ubuduce posvetiti vise paznje.

Repertoar oblika je uglavnom tipican za lasinjsku kulturu. Sto se tice grublje keramike, pronadene su zlice, vrlo ceste u ovoj kulturi (Tl-2, T4-4,7). Takoder ceste su i zdjele na supljoj nozi, od kojih smo uspjeli rekonstruirati jednu (T3-1). Brojne su i razlicite zdjele s ruckama (T4-8, T5-3, T6-8) ili poluruckama (T6-4). Njima treba pribrojiti i posude s raznim cepastim i inim priljepcima, koji su osim kao ukras sluzili i za pridrzavanje (T2-6, l l , T4-5, T6-4). Ukrasi su najcesce u obliku roscica (Tl-5, T2-6, T3-1, T4-5), cepova (Tl-4), udubljenih cepova (T2-11) i plocasti (T6-4). Na posudama se nalaze u gornjoj polovici, po jedan ili u paru, jedan do drugoga. Takve posude ceste su u lasinjskoj kulturi, a ukrasi-ruckice i drugdje se kolebaju u oblicima (Beketinec HOMEN 1990, sl.5-2,3,7,8; Resnikov prekop i Ljubljansko barje DIMITRIJEVIC1979, t.XJX-3,7,8). Medu rjede nalaze treba pribrojiti nalaz cjedila, T4-2, koji je vjerojatno slicio onome iz Bukovja kod Koprivnice (HOMEN 1990, sl.4-4).

Ukrasi izvedeni crtama i ubodima uglavnom su slicni lasinjskim nalazima sa ostalih objavljenih nalazista. Najcesce su to vrcevi s jednom ili dvije rucke (T2-l,4,5, vjerojatno jedan vrc; T6-5,6,7) ili zdjelaste posude (T2-7). Ukras s obje strane posude mozemo usporediti s onim iz Beketinca

this one is layer 5, also a geological layer that is made up of mid-sized river gravel, with the odd interspersed layer of fine river silt or elsewhere of sandy clay. All of our pits are dug into the subsoil from the occupational layer of the time, here designated as layer 3. The dwellings and middens are all dug only through the soil of layer 4 except for the pit-well that was dug into layer 5. The excavation shows that the layers were not mixed by ploughing or some other activity, at least in the part that was explored. All of the pits were untouched and even the Copper Age occupational layer was preserved in its full depth.

FINDS Ceramic finds The majority of archaeological finds at this site

is made up of pottery. The most particular finds are shown in the tables. The ceramics can be divided into a rough and fine group. The rough pottery is manufactured with a large amount of fine quartz and pebble temper, often of poorly fired clay. The surface of these vessels is sometimes somewhat smoothed-out so that the temper is visible only in the cross-section. The other vessels are made of weU refined and weU fired clay, and are often decorated with engraved lines and pricks. They are usually burnished to a high gloss and some have traces of black colouring. There are many vessels at Gornji Pustakovec with a “sandwich” cross-section of several colours, probably the result of the use of special firing techniques and, it appears, the re-coating of already manufactured vessels with clay. On several vessels, namely, this thick M coating of clay has broken off in large pieces and it is clearly visible that this is not a part of the vessel’s basic structure. It is evident that the skilled Lasinja potters were ac- Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. quainted with several approaches to the manufac- Rekonstruirana zdjela na nozi. (T3-1) tare of pottery. These technologies deserve greater Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec^ Recon-attention in the future.

The repertoire of shapes is for the most part typical of the Lasinja culture. As concerns the rougher pottery, spoons were found, quite frequent to this culture (Tl-2, T4-4, 7). Also frequent are bowls on hollow feet, of which we managed to reconstruct one (T3-1). There are numerous bowls with handles (T4-8, T5-3, T6-8) or half-handles (T6-4). Vessels with various plug-like and similar attachments, which served both as decoration and for holding the vessel, should be numbered among these (T2-6, 11, T4-5, T6-4). Decorations appear most often in the form of smaU horns (Tl-5, T2-6, T3-1, T4-5), plugs (Tl-4), indented plugs (T2-11) and plate-like ones (T6-4). They are on the vessels found Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Ulomak on the upper half, alone or in pairs, one next to the ° ° a P ° " ; l " ' other. Vessels such as these are frequent in the therim'ofTv'Lseft^-l)

185

structed vessel with foot. (T3-1)

186

Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Rekonstruirana keramicka zlica, 3569±48 calBC. (T4-4) Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Reconstructed ceramic spoon, 3569+48 calBC. (T4-4)

Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Roznjacko sjecivo. (T6-10) Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Flint blade. (T6-10)

(HOMEN 1990, sl.5-1) ali i s nekim nalazima u ovoj knjizi (Blizna T2-8, T5-10, mozda Stara ves Tl-1). Ukras na posudi T6-5 vrlo je slican onome s male zdjelice pronadene u Drljanovcu (MIKLIK 2003, s.35, sl.2). Neobicni su ukrasi i nacin izrade posuda T2-2,3 i T5-5.

Vrlo zanimljive su velike posude s ukrasima u vidu zadebljanja i dva reda kruznih rapica na izbocenoj traci uz sam obod (Tl-1,4). Ovakve se inace ne nalaze na lasinjskim nalazistima. Gotovo isti ukrasi nalaze se u repertoara posuda kulture ljevkastih pehara ranog bakrenog doba (Moravska, KOSTURIK 1997, tip214 - 256, 229, 234), a postoje i u pretklasicnoj fazi badenske kulture (Deronje-Mostonoga I, DIMITRIJEVIC 1979c, t.XXII-3).

Kameni nalazi - Darko Komso Arheolosko nalaziste Pustakovec nalazi se

jugoistocno od Cakovca. Tijekom arheoloskih istrazivanja prikupljeno je 7 kamenih izradevina, ukupne tezine 311,88 grama. Ovaj skup nalaza cine 3 glacane sjekire prikupljene u okviru arheoloskog konteksta, 3 izradevine od cijepanog kamena, od kojih je jedna prikupljena unutar arheoloskog konteksta, a dvije kao slucajni nalaz, te jedan oblutak prikupljen kao slucajni nalaz.

Skup nalaza glacanih sjekira cine dvije cijele i jedna slomljena izradevina. Prvi je nalaz glacane plosnate trapezaste sjekire, fine obrade i ostrog sjeciva, sivosmede boje, tezine 29,5 grama; prikupljena je u sondi B, PN 1 (T5-2). Dragi nalaz cini mala glacana plosnata trapezasta sjekira, fine obrade i blago zatupljenog sjeciva, zutosmede boje, tezine 2,69 grama, koja je prikupljena u jami 2, PN3 (T4-10). Slicne sjekire nadene su u lengyelsko/ lasinjskom kontekstu na arheoloskom nalazistu Hrsina/Boduli/spilja 1 (PERKIC U TISKU), te tijekom terenskog rekognosciranja Brezja (Simek 1981). Treci nalaz cini ulomak baze glacane plosnate sjekire, fine obrade, svijetlo zelene boje, tezine 24,64 grama, prikupljene u jami 2, PN2 (Tl-6).

Skup nalaza cijepanih izradevina ukupne je tezine 13,53 grama, a cine ga jedan odbojak (1,16 grama), prikupljen u jami 2, te po jedno prizmaticno malo sjecivo (2,18 grama, T6-10) i ulomak bezoblicne jezgre sa 30 posto okorine (10,19 grama, T6-11), prikupljeni kao slucajni nalazi. Sve tri prikupljene izradevine nacinjene su od roznjaka izvrsnih osobina cijepanja, smede, svijetlo smede i sive boje, dostupnih lokalno. Plohak je sacuvan samo kod odbojka i diedricnog je oblika. Prizmaticno malo sjecivo je zarubak s koso obradenim distalnim i proksimalnim krajem (T6-10). Ono je postdepozicijskim procesima slomljeno na dva dijela. Zanimljiva je usporedba sa slicnim nalazom iz arheoloskog nalazista Vinkovci - trznica/ hotel, gdje je potkraj 1977. godine pronaden vrc sa ostavom cijepanih kamenih izradevina, koja se sastojala od 48 obradenih i neobradenih izradevina, medu kojima treba istaknuti tri izradevine od opsidijana, jedne bifacijalno obradene strelice s

Lasinja culture, and decoration-handles also waver elsewhere in form (Beketinec HOMEN 1990, sl.5-2, 3, 7, 8; Resnikov prekop and Ljubljansko barje DIMITRIJEVIC 1979, t.XIX-3, 7, 8). Among the rarer finds are the find of a strainer, T4-2, that is probably similar to the one from Bukovje near Koprivnice (HOMEN 1990, sl.4-4).

Decorations done as lines or pricks are for the most part similar to Lasinja finds from the other published sites. Most often these are jugs with one or two handles (T2-1, 4, 5, probably from a single jug; T6-5, 6, 7) or a bowl-like vessel (T2-7). Decoration on both sides of a vessel can be compared to those from Beketinec (HOMEN 1990, sl.5-1) but also with some finds in this book (Blizna T2-8, T5-10, maybe Stara ves Tl-1). The decorations on vessel T6-5 are very similar to those on a small bowl found at Drljanovec (MIKLIK 2003, s.35, sl.2). The decorations and method of fabrication of vessels T2-2, 3 and T5-5 are unusual.

Also very interesting are large vessels with decorations taking the form of a thickening and two rows of circular holes on a protruding ribbon directly Mowing the rim of the vessel (Tl-1, 4). Vessels such as these are usuaUy not found at Lasinja sites. An almost identical decoration is found in the repertoire of vessels of the funnel-like beaker culture of the early Copper Age (Moravska, KOSTURIK 1997, type 214 - 256, 229, 234), and is also present in the pre-classical phase of the Baden culture (Deronje-Mostonoga I, DIMITRIJEVIC 1979c, t.XXII-3).

Lilhic assemblage - Darko Komso The archaeological site of Pustakovec is located

to the southeast ofCakovec. 7 stone artefacts were collected during the archaeological exploration, having a total combined weight of 311.88 grams. This assemblage of finds is composed of 3 polished axes in the frame of an archaeological context, 3 knapped lithics artefacts, of which one was coUected within an archaeological contexts and two as chance finds, and one pebble collected as a chance find.

The assemblage of finds of polished axes consists of two intact and one broken artefact. The first is a find of a polished, flat, trapezoid-shaped axe, well made and with a sharp cutting edge, of grey-brown colour, weighing 29.5 grams; it was collected in trench B, PN1 (T5-2). The second find is a small polished, flat, trapezoid-shaped axe, well made and with a slightly dulled cutting edge, of yellow-brown colour, weighing 2.69 grams, collected in pit 2, PN3 (T4-10). Similar axes were found in a Lengyel/Lasinja context at the archaeological site of Hrsina/Boduli/cave 1 (PERKIC IN PRINT), and during recognisance of the Brezje terrain (Simek 1981). The third find is a shard from the base of a polished flat axe, well made, of light green colour, weighing 24.64 grams, collected in pit 2, PN2 (Tl-6).

The assemblage of finds of knapped lithics artefacts has a combined weight of 13.53 grams,

krilcima i udubljenom bazom za nasad, te vise alatki zarubljenih krajeva (DIMITRIJEVIC 1979B; MARKOVIC1994).

Oblutak je prikupljen kao slucajni nalaz, tezine 241,52 grama (T6-9). Na dva raba vidljiva su ostecenja, vjerojatno nastala koristenjem ovog oblutka kao tvdog cekica za odbijanje cijepanih kamenih izradevina.

Zbog malobrojnog skupa nalaza kamenih izradevina moguce je odrediti samo njegove osnovne karakteristike. Kod izradevina od cijepanog kamena sirovinski materijal potjece iz sekundarnih aluvijalnih nanosa, dopremljenih iz primarnih, vjerojatno razlicitih lezista djelovanjem rijeka i natalozenih na obalama. Prisutno je vise razlicitih tehnologija proizvodnje, i to tehnologija prizmaticnih sjeciva i ad hoc tehnologija dobivanja odbitaka. Oblutak s vjerojatnim tragovima koristenja upueuje na moguce koristenje tvrdog cekica za proizvodnju kamenih izradevina. Zastupljeni tipovi glacanih sjekira javljaju se kroz dugo razdoblje od srednjeg neolitika do ranog broncanog doba. Nalazi iz jama 2 i 3, a time i cjelokupni skup kamenih nalaza, uspjesno su datirani analizom radioaktivnog ugljika (KIA 25318) 4750±25 BP, odnosno kalibrirano 3569±48 pr.Kr., u razdoblje bakrenog doba, a pripadajucom keramikom u lasinjski kulturni sklop.

Kosti Na nalazistu nisu pronadene kosti, sto je

karakteristicno i za neka druga nalazista lasinjske kulture (Blizna, Stara ves, Gromace 2, Ribnica-Vshod). Mikroskopski pregled uzoraka zemlje iz zemunice J2 takoder nije iznjedrio ostatake koji bi pomogli u odredivanju poljoprivrednih kultura u njihovo doba.

SREDNJI I NOVI VIJEK NALAZI U sondi A i F pronaslo se vrlo malo

bakrenodobnih nalaza, ali ovdje je pronadena novovjekovna jama J l , koja se na osnovi nalaza keramicke lule i drugih sitnih nalaza moze datirati u kasnol9.st.

Mjestani su u razgovora opisivali kako su se na ovim poljima nalazile velike jame iz kojih je iskopavana glina. Ona je koristena za pecenje opeka tijekom gradnji u selu Gornji Pustakovec, ali i prilikom gradnje velike stare vojarne u blizini, pocetkom 20.st. Mozda je jama J l bila jedna od tih jama, sudeci da u njoj nismo pronasli mnogo otpadaka, a i datacijski bi nekako odgovarala.

POKRETNI NALAZI Kerami~ki nalazi U slojevima 1 i 2 pronadeno je malo nalaza

novovjeke i kasnosrednjovjekovne keramike. Jedini zanimljiviji ulomak je dio keramicke lule, T5-6, pronaden u gornjem dijelu zasipa jame J l . Ova tola pripada proizvodnji manufakturnog lularskog

and consists of one flake (1.16 grams), collected in pit 2, one prismatic bladelet (2.18 grams, T6-10) and one shard from a formless core with 30 percent cortex (10.19 grams, T6-11), collected as chance finds. All three of the coUected artefacts are made of flints of exceUent knapping characteristics, of brown, light brown and grey colour, and locaUy available. A platform is preserved only on the flake and is of dihedral shape. A prismatic bladelet is a truncation with obliquely retouched distal and proximal ends (T6-10). It was broken into two parts as a result of post depositional disturbances. There is an interesting comparison to a similar find from the Vinkovci - market/hotel archaeological site, where a jug was found near the end of 1977 with a hoard of knapped lithic artefacts, that consisted of 48 retouched and unretouched artefacts, among which three artefacts made of obsidian stand out, one bifacial retouched arrowhead with wings and notched base and several tools with truncated ends (DIMITRIJEVIC 1979B; MARKOVIC1994).

A pebble was collected as a chance find, weighing 241.52 grams (T6-9). Damage is visible on two of its edges, probably created by the use of this pebble as a hard hammer for the production of knapped lithic artefacts.

Because of the small number of lithic finds in this assemblage, only its basic characteristics can be determined. The raw material for the artefacts of knapped lithics originates from secondary alluvial deposits, transported from primary ones, probably several, by the motion of the river and deposited on its banks. There are several different production technologies present - a prismatic blade technology and an ad hoc flaking technology. The pebble with what are probably traces of use-related wear indicates its possible use as a hard hammer for the production of lithic artefacts. The represented types of polished axes appear through a long period from the middle Stone Age to the early Bronze Age. The finds from pits 2 and 3, and thereby the entire assemblage of lithic finds, was successfully dated by an analysis of radioactive carbon (KIA 25318) 4750±25 BP, calibrated to 3569±48 BC, to the Copper Age period, and the accompanying ceramics to the Lasinja culture ensemble.

Bones No bones were found at the site, which is charac

teristic of some other Lasinja culture sites (Blizna, Stara ves, Gromace 2, Ribnica-Vshod). Microscopic surveys of soil samples from dugout house J2 also did not yield remains that could help in determining agricultural cultures of the time.

MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN PERIODS FEATURES Very little Copper Age finds were collected in

trenches A and P, but an early Modern pit, J l , was found here, that can be dated, based on finds of ceramic pipe and other small finds, to the late 19th century.

187

Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Ostecena glacana kamena sjekira. (T1-6) Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Damaged polished stone axe. (T1-6)

188

Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Keramicka lula (T5-6)

^akovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Clay pipe (T5-6)

^akovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Oskudni tragovi jame J8 u iskopu gra|evinskog jarka kroz trasu.

^akovec-Gornji Pustakovec. The few traces of pit J8 in the excavated construction ditch through the route.

sredista u Schemnitzu, odnosno danasnjoj Banskoj Stiavnici u Slovackoj. Takve lule cest su nalaz na podrucju nekadasnje Austro-Ugarske, a kod nas osobito u sjeverozapadnom dijelu zemlje (BEKIC 2000, t.4-7,8). Ovaj primjerak izraden je u Koenigovqj radionici, vjerojatno za vrijeme njegovih nasljednika {Koenig Sohn), po prilici u drugoj polovini 19.st.

ZAKLJUCAK Unatoc maloj istrazenoj povrsini, ovo djelomicno

istrazeno naselje ipak je dalo pregrst podataka za istrazivanje lasinjske kulture. Neki su nalazi prvi put dokumentirani u netaknutim cjelinama, a i ostali su stratigrafski “uredni”.

Kao sto je spomenuto u tekstu, jame J5, J6 i J7, mogle bi biti ostaci stupova, sto odmah upucuje na nadzemnu gradnju. Na nalazistu je nadeno i nesto komada paljene zemlje koji su takoder u prvi mah nalikovali na ljep. Medutim, pazljivijim pregledom potvrdeno kako nije rijec o blatu kojim je prekrivana neka mreza grana, vec o necem posve drugome. Ovi nalazi “ljepa”, cini se, vise svjedoce o postojanju ad hoc izradenih peci za keramiku nego o nekim stambenim strakturama. Tome doprinosi i nalaz konglomerata sastavljenog od vrlo sitnog kamena koji bi svjedocio o izradi keramickili posuda na ovome mjestu. Naime, na tlorisu je oznacen i PN4, koji predstavlja oveci gramen kamena. Kamen je, ne posebno cvrst, geoloski konglomerat sitnih kamencica razne boje. Vec pri malo jacem udarcu se raspada. Moguce je da je rijec upravo o onom kamenu koji je kao primjesa koristen u gruboj keramici pronadenoj na ovom nalazistu. Za potvrdu te pretpostavke potrebno je, naravno, podrobno geoloski ispitati gramen i veci uzorak keramickili ulomaka s ovog nalazista. Izgradnja peci za keramiku ipak je u skladu s razinom keramografije lasinjske kulture. Neke druge i mlade kulture, kod kojih je potvrdeno pecenje posuda na otvorenoj

The local inhabitants, in discussion, described how there had been large pits in these fields from which clay was extracted. It was used for brick production during construction in the village of Gornji Pustakovec and during the construction, at the beginning of the 20th century, of the large old military barracks located nearby. Pit J l may have been one of these, judging by the small amount of refuse in it, and the dating also fits.

FINDS Ceramic finds A small quantity of finds of early Modern and

late Medieval pottery were found in layers 1 and 2. The only find of any interest is a potsherd from a ceramic pipe, T5-6, found in the upper part of the fill of pit J l . This pipe comes from the pipe manufacturing facility in Schemnitz, present day Banska Stiavnica in Slovakia. Pipes like these are frequently found on the territory of the former Austro-Hun-garian empire, and in Croatia in particular in the northwest of the country (BEKIC 2000, t.4-7, 8). This specimen was manufactured in the Koenig workshop, probably during the time of his heir {Koenig Sohn), most likely in the second half of the 19th century.

CONCLUSION Despite the small size of the explored area, this

partially explored settlement nevertheless yielded a handful of data useful for the research of the Lasinja culture. Some of the finds were for the first time documented in undisturbed ensembles, while the remaining finds are also, as far as stratigraphy is concerned, in “good order.” As has been mentioned in the text, pits J5, J6 and J7, might be the remains of posts, which immediately indicates raised construction. A quantity of fired earth was also found at the site that, also initially, resembled daub. A careful examination revealed, however, that this was not mud that had covered a netting of branches, but something altogether different. These finds of “daub”, it appears, bear witness rather to the presence of a kiln set up ad hoc, and not to some kind of dwelling. Contributing to this reading of the situation is the find of a conglomerate composed of very smaU stones that probably indicates the production of ceramic vessels at this location. PN4 is, namely, marked on the ground plan, showing the location of a larger clump of stones. The stone, not particularly firm, is a geological conglomerate of smaU stones of various colours. It falls apart if struck with any intensity. It is possible that this is in fact the stone used as a temper in the rough pottery found at this site. Confirmation of this hypothesis would require, naturally, a detailed geological examination of the clump and a larger sample of the potsherds from this site. The construction of a kiln for firing ceramics is nevertheless in keeping with the level of development of ceramography in the Lasinja culture. Some other, and later, cultures, for which the firing of vessels over open fires or in holes has been con-

vatri i u mpama, bez neke posebne tehnologije izrade, nisu bile u mogucnosti izraditi posude koje se mogu mjeriti s lasinjskim. A lasinjska kultura je barem sto se tice izrade keramickih posuda bila vrlo “napredna” i mnoge druge kulture nisu se uopce upustale u izradu takvih proizvoda kao sto su npr. visoke zdjele na supljoj nozi. 0 posebnim tehnikama izrade keramickih posuda ove kulture vec je bilo rijeci u ovom poglavlju, i mislim kako je vrlo vjerojatno da ce se vremenom otkriti vise o izradi razlicitih tipova njihove keramike i u torn pogledu i o upotrebi posebnih peci.

Opcenito gledano, jedini dosad poznati lasinjski nalazi na podrucju Mediniurja potjecu sa nalazista tzv. Gorican-Kota 143. Ovo nalaziste istrazivao je Zeljko Tomicic 1979.g., prilikom rekognosciranja za potrebe izgradnje naftovoda (TOMICIC1985). Tbm prilikom iskopao je dva zemunicka objekta s nalazima koji se mogu pripisati starijem zeljeznom dobu i ranom broncanom dobu, licenskoj kulturi. Medu ovim nalazima, dva ulomka keramickih posuda pripadali bi prema Tomicieu lasinjskoj kulturi, kao i nekoliko kamenih artefakata.

Drugih nalaza koji bi pripadali lasinjskoj kulturi na podrucju Medimurja do ovih iskopavanja nije bilo.3 Tako je Gornji Pustakovec prvo sigurno i istrazivano naselje ove kulturne pojave na podrucju Medimurja. Igrom slucaja (?) nekoliko kilometara dalje, kod Nedelisca na Staroj vesi pronadeno je i drugo nalaziste lasinjske kulture, takoder pronadeno prilikom nadzora nad izgradnjom cakovecke obilaznice.

Usporedujuci ova dva naselja, Pustakovec i Staru ves, uocljive su mnoge slicnosti. Prvo, oba nalazista su relativno blizu vodotoka i na vrlo blago uzdignutom ili posve ravnom polozaju. To je opce obiljezje lasinjskih nalazista, te osim na Blizni i Gromacama 2 poznato s velike vecine svih ostalih nalazista (DIMITRIJEVIC 1979, 147). Poluzemunice na oba nalazista su kruzne osnove, promjera oko 2 m, bez jasnih tragova stupova. Vjerojatno su imale okrugli satorast krov s konstrukcijom od laksih grana koji nije ostavio traga u zemlji. Tb bi prilicilo nekoj vrsti lutalackog zivota, bez potrebe za gradnjom cvrstih stambenih tvorevina. Pokrov satora mogao je biti od zivotinjske koze, te prenosen od stanista do stanista. Na lutalacko-stocarski zivot pripadnika lasinjske kulture upozorava i Dimitrijevic (DIMITRIJEVIC 1979, 140, 164, 165). Oba nalazista takoder nisu velika niti uslojena, pa ih je mozda uistinu dobro nazivati dobnim iU privremenim stanistima.

Prilikom istrazivanja na tri nalazista lasinjske kulture izvedena su ispitivanja uzoraka mjerenjem radioktivnog ugljika, metodom AMS-14C. Ishod iz jame J3A Pustakovca dao je najmladi datum, 3569±48 calBC; 3461±63 calBC. Ispitivanje ugljena iz zemunice K4 na Blizni pokazao je ishod 4214±87 calBC, a ugljen iz otpadne jame J l na

189

firmed, without some special production technol- Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. Pogled na ogy, were not able to manufacture vessels that could jame J3 i J2 s juga. measure up to the Lasinja production. And the Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. A view ot Lasinja culture, at least as far as the manufacture />'& ^ and J2 from the south. of ceramic vessels is concerned, was very “advanced”, and many other cultures did not even try their hand at the manufacture of products such as, for example, tall bowls on hollow feet. There has already been mention in this chapter of the special techniques of ceramics manufacture in this culture, and I am of the opinion that it is very likely that more will be discovered in time of the production of various types of their pottery and, in this regard, of the use of special kilns.

In general, the only currently known Lasinja finds in the Medimurje region come from the so-called Gorican-Kota 143 site. This site was explored by Zeljko Tomicic in 1979, during a survey that preceded the construction of an oil pipeline (TOMICIC 1985). At that time he excavated two dugout house-like features with finds that can be attributed to the early Iron Age and early Bronze Age, from the Litzen culture. Among these finds, two potsherds from ceramic vessels would, according to Tomicic, come from the Lasinja culture, as would several lithic artefacts.

Up to these excavations there have been no other finds from the Lasinja culture in the Medimurje region.3 This makes Gornji Pustakovec the first confirmed and explored settlement from this culture in the Medimurje region. By chance (?), several kilometres further on, at Nedelisce on Stara ves, a second site from the Lasinja culture was found, also during the supervision of construction of the Cakovec bypass.

In comparing these two settlements, Pustakovec and Stara ves, there are many evident similarities.

'Na usmenoj obawjesti zatoaljujem Josipu VidoYieu. I thank Jos'i/p Vidmiic who provided this information by word-of-mmth

190 Gromacama 2 starost od 4293 ± 33 calBC. First of all, both sites are relatively close to water-Nedavna Zizekova istrazivanja lasinjskog ways and on very gently elevated or quite flat posi-

naselja u Hardeku kod Ormoza dala su 14C ishode tions. This is a general trait of Lasinja sites and is u rasponu od oko 4900 - 3300.g.pr.Kr. (ZIZEK typical not only of Blizna and Gromace 2 but also of 2003a, 35), odnosno 3800 - 3300. g.pr.Kr (ZIZEK the vast majority of aU other sites (DIMITRIJEVIC 2003a, 152). Prilikom istrazivanja sojenickog 1979, 147). The dugout houses at both sites have naselja Kanzianiberg-Lasinja grupe na Keutscha- round bases, with a diameter of about 2 m, without cher jezeru u Austriji, izvedeno je vise ispitivanja clear traces of posts. They probably had round tent-(SAMONIG 2003). Ishodi dendrokronoloskih like roofs constructed of light branches that did not mjerenja upucuju na razdoblje od 3947. do leave a trace on the ground. This would fit with 3871.g.pr.Kx, a 14C ispitivanja na razdoblje od some sort of nomadic life, without the need for the 4100. do 3700.g.pr.Kr. Somogyijeva spominje i construction of more permanent dwelling structures. stariji 14C datum pocetka Kanzianiberg-Lasinja The covering of the tent may have been of animal grupe, 4240 - 3950.g.pr.Kr. (SOMOGYI 2000, skins and transported from habitation to habita-46). Ocigledno je kako ishodi s ovih iskopavanja tion. Dimitrijevic has indicated the nomadic-herd-djelomicno odgovaraju onima s drugih nalazista. ing lifestyle of the Lasinja culture Hardek ima cak i 200 godina mlade ishode nego (DIMITRIJEVIC 1979, 140, 164, 165). Both sites Pustakovec (oko 3500.g.pr.Kx), dok je za ishod s are also neither large nor layered, so that we are Blizne (oko 4200.g.pr.Kr.) usporediv onaj s truly justified in referring to them as period or tem-Keutschacher jezera, mlacti 100 godina ili pak isti porary habitations. prema cjelokupnoj Kanzianiberg grupi. Ishod s Testing of samples of radioactive carbon was car-Gromaca 2 ne mozemo konacno uvrstiti u tipicnu ried out during the exploration of the three Lasinja lasinjsku kulturu, jer mozda je rijec o starijoj Sece culture sites using the AMS-14C method. The re-inacici. suit of the analysis for pit J3A at Pustakovec yielded

Balaton-Lasinja 1 u Madarskoj u novije vrijeme the latest dating, 3569±48 calBC; 3461±63 calBC. postavlja izmedu se 4000. i 3500. calBC Testing of the charcoal from dugout house K4 at (sastavljanje ishoda Raczky Kalicz, Porenbaher, Blizna yielded a dating of 4214±87 calBC, while Horvath, Hertelendi, WhittUe, Sherratt) ili 4400. i the charcoal from midden J l at Gromace 2 showed 4000. calBC (prema Baldia), dok Tezak-Gregl a dating of 4293±33 calBC. lasinjsku kulturu postavlja na podrucju Hrvatske The recent exploration by Zizek of a Lasinja otprilike u razdoblje izmedu 3700. i 3200. g.pr.Kr. settlement at Hardek near Ormoz yielded 14C re-(TEZAKGREGL 1998, 58). suits ranging from about 4900 - 3300 BC (ZIZEK

Cini se kako se u novije vrijeme pokazuje da je 2003a, 35), i.e. 3800 - 3300 BC (ZIZEK 2003a, lasinjska kultura uistinu dugovjecna, osim sto je 152). Several tests were carried out during the ex-prostorno vrlo rasprostranjena, sto se znalo i prije. ploration of a pile dwelling of the Kanzianiberg-No, potrebno je jos mnogo 14C ispitivanja, kako Lasinja group at Lake Keutschacher in Austria bismo utvrdili zadovoljavajuci vremenski slijed od (SAMONIG 2003). The results of dendrochrono-postanka do nestanka kulture, kao i tomu sukladno logical measurements indicate a period from 3947 preispitivanje dosadasnjih obrazaca keramike. to 3871 BC, while 14C testing shows a period rang-

Premda je proslo mnogo godina od Dimitrije- ing from 4100 to 3700 BC. Somogyi mentions an viceva sastavljanja podataka o lasinjskoj kulturi, older 14C dating for the beginning of the do danas nazalost nismo mnogo napredniji. I drugi Kanzianiberg-Lasinja group, 4240 - 3950 BC arheolozi koji su nastavili promisljanja svojih (SOMOGYI 2000, 46). It is evident that the results predhodnika (Tezak-Gregl, Markovic, Homen i ini), of these excavations fit in part with those from other nazalost nisu uspjeli u vecoj mjeri odgovoriti na sites. Hardek has a result even 200 years later than stara i kljucna pitanja ove kulturne pojave. Prob- that from Pustakovec (about 3500 BC), while the lem je u nesretnim okolnostima zbog nesustavnih result from Blizna (about 4200 BC) is comparable istrazivanja ovih nalazista ili njihova neobjavlji- to that from Lake Keutschacher, 100 years later or vanja, koja bi zasigurno drukcijim pristupom dala the same if compared to the overall Kanzianiberg mnogo vise odgovora. group. We can not definitely include the result from

Gromace 2 among those of the typical Lasinja cul-KATAL0G tare, because it may be an earlier version of the Sece. TABLA 1 - Pustakovec, Jama 2 Balaton-Lasinjalin Hungary has recently been

1- Dio posude izradene prostorucno, s primjesama dated between 4000 and 3500 calBC (result com-kvarcita, slabe izrade, kroz prijelom: tamno crvene/ piling by Raczky, Kalicz, Porenbaher, Horvath, narancaste/crne/narancaste/tamno crvene boje. Hertelendi, WhittUe, Sherratt) or 4400 and 4000 2- Ulomak zlice izradene prostorucno, s malo calBC (according to Baldia), while Tezak-Gregl puts primjesa sitnih kvarcita, dobre izrade, tamno smede, the Lasinja culture in the territory of Croatia at a u prijelomu tamno sive boje. about the period from 3700 and 3200 BC (TEZAK-3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo GREGL 1998, 58). primjesa vecih kvarcita, slabe izrade, kroz prijelom: It appears that the Lasinja culture has, as of tamno sive/svijetlo smede/crne/svijetlo smede/tamno recently, been revealed as a truly long-lived one, be-

sive boje. sides, which was known previously, also being spread 191 4- Dio posude izradene prostorucno, s primjesama across a very wide territory. Much more 14C testing kvarcita, slabe izrade, kroz prijelom: svijetlo smede/ is needed, however, if we are to establish a satisfac-narancaste/crne/narancaste/tamno crvene boje. tory temporal succession from the emergence to the 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo disappearance of this culture, and, which follows, primjesa kamencica, slabe izrade, smede, a u the reassessment of current ceramics patterns. Al-prijelomu crne boje. though many years have passed since Dimitrijevic 6- Dio sjekire od uglacanog svijetlo zelenog kamena compiled his data on the Lasinja culture, we have izvrsne kvalitete. still not moved forward much. Other archaeologists

too, who have continued the analysis of their prede-TABLA 2 - Pustakovec, Jama 2 cessors (Tezak-Gregl, Markovic, Homen and oth-

1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene ers) have, unfortunately, not managed to answer, in gline, kroz prijelom: tamno sive/narancaste/tamno any significant measure, the old and key questions sive/narancaste/tamno sive boje. Dio T2-4,5. of this cultural phenomenon. The difficulty is in the 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene unhappy circumstances caused by the unsystem-gline, dobre izrade, svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu atic exploration of these sites or the lack of their tamno sive boje. publication, which would, if a different approach 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene were adopted, certainly provide many more answers. gline, dobre izrade, smede, a u prijelomu crne boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene CATALOGUE gline, kroz prijelom: tamno sive/narancaste/tamno TABLE 1 - Pustakovec, Pit 2 sive/narancaste/tamno sive boje. Dio T2-1,5. 1- Part of a hand-made vessel, with a temper of 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene quartz, of mediocre manufacture, through the break: gline, kroz prijelom: tamno sive/narancaste/tamno of dark red/orange/black/orange/dark red colour. sive/narancaste/tamno sive boje. Dio T2-1,4. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made spoon, with a little tem-6- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene per of fine quartz, of good manufacture, of dark gline, izvana tamno sive, a u prijelomu i iznutra brown colour, dark grey at the break. tamno smede boje. 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a little tem-7- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene per of coarser quartz, of mediocre manufacture, gline, dobre izrade, svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu through the break: of dark grey/light brown/black/ zute boje. light brown/dark grey colour. 8- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo 4- Part of a hand-made vessel, with a temper of primjesa sitnih kamencica, dobre izrade, smede, a u quartz, of mediocre manufacture, through the break: prijelomu crne boje. of light brown/orange/black/orange/dark red colour. 9- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a little tem-primjesa kvarcita i kamencica, grube izrade, crne per of small pebbles, of mediocre manufacture, of boje. Izracunati promjer oboda oko 20 cm. brown colour, black at the break. 10- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, 6- Part of an axe made of polished light green stone prociscene gline, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: smede/ of excellent quality. narancaste/smede/narancaste/svijetlo crvene boje. 11- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, TABLE 2 - Pustakovec, Pit 2 prociscene gline, dobre izrade, tamno crvene, a u 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, prijelomu smede boje. through the break: of dark grey/orange/dark grey/

orange/dark grey colour. Part of T2-4, 5. TABLA 3 - Pustakovec, Jama 3 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay,

1- Posuda izradena prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa of good manufacture, of light brown colour, dark sitih kamencica i pijeska, glatke povrsine, kroz grey at the break. prijelom: smede/narancaste/smede/narancaste/ 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, smede boje. Na zadebljanju suplje noge vidljivi su of good manufacture, of brown colour, black at the tragovi bojanja crnom bojom. Rekonstruirana. break. 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, primjesa kvarcita, tamno crvene, a u prijelomu crne through the break: of dark grey/orange/dark grey/ boje. orange/dark grey colour. Part of T2-1, 5. 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, gline, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: tamno smede/ through the break: of dark grey/orange/dark grey/ crvene/crne/crvene/tamno smede boje. orange/dark grey colour. Part of T2-1, 4.

6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, TABLA 4 - Pustakovec, Jama 3 of dark grey colour outside, dark brown at the break

1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene and on the inside. gline, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: tamno sive/crvene/ 7- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, crne/crvene/tamno sive boje. Mozda dio T4-3,6,9. of good manufacture, of light brown colour, yellow 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene at the break.

192 gline, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: tamno smede/ 8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a little tem-crvene/crne/crvene/svijetlo smede boje. per of small pebbles, of good manufacture, of brown 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene colour, black at the break. gline, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: tamno sive/crvene/ 9- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large crne/crvene/tamno sive boje. Mozda dio T4-l,6,9. amount of temper of quartz and pebbles, of rough 4- Zlica izradena prostorucno, neprociscene gline, manufacture, of black colour. The calculated diam- grube izrade, smede boje. Jama 3a (bunar). eter of the rim is about 20 cm. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo 10- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, primjesa sitnih kvarcita, dobre izrade, svijetlo smede, of good manufacture, through the break: of brown/ a u prijelomu erne boje. Jama 3c. orange/brown/orangeAight red colour. 6- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene 11- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, gline, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: tamno sive/crvene/ of good manufacture, of dark red colour, brown at crne/crvene/tamno sive boje. Mozda dio T4-l,3,9. the break. 7- Ulomak zlice izradene prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa kvarcita, kroz prijelom: crne/crvene/crne/ TABLE 3 - Puslakovec, Pit 3 crvene/crne boje. 1- Hand-made vessel, with a large amount of tem-8- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo per of small pebbles and sand, with a smooth sur-primjesa kvarcita, tamno crvene, a u prijelomu erne face, through the break: of brown/orange/brown/ boje. orange/brown colour. At the thickening of the hol-9- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene low foot there are visible traces of black colouring. gline, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: tamno sive/crvene/ Reconstructed. crne/crvene/tamno sive boje. Mozda dio T4-l,3,6. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a little tem-10- Sjekira od glacanog sivo smedeg kamena. per of quartz, of dark red colour, black at the break Posebni nalaz 3. 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay,

of good manufacture, through the break: of dark TABLA 5 - Puslakovec, bakreno doba: Slojevi / brown/red/black/red/dark brown colour.

ostalo: Slojevi 1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo TABLE 4 - Puslakovec, Pit 3 primjesa vecih kvarcita, tamno smede, a u prijelomu 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, tamno sive boje. Sonda I, Sloj 3. of good manufacture, through the break: of dark 2- Kamena glacana sjekira. Posebni nalaz 1. grey/red/black/red/dark grey colour. Perhaps a part 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene of T4-3, 6, 9. gline, dobre izrade, zuckasto do narancaste boje. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, Sonda D, Sloj 3. of good manufacture, through the break: of dark 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo brown/red/black/redAight brown colour. primjesa vecih kvarcita, svijetlo smede boje. Sonda 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, I, Sloj 3. of good manufacture, through the break: of dark 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene grey/red/black/red/dark grey colour. Perhaps a part gline, dobre izrade, svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu of T4-1, 6, 9. narancaste boje. Sonda I, Sloj 3. 4- Hand-made spoon, of unrefined clay, of rough 6- Ostecena keramicka tola, izvanredno dobre izrade, manufacture, of brown colour. Pit 3a (well). tamnosmeda a u prijelomu crvenskaste boje. S 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a little tem-ocuvanim pecatom MKONIG(...) SCHEMNITZ. per of fine quartz, of good manufacture, of light Sonda A, Sloj 2, kod Jame 1. brown colour, black at the break. Pit 3c.

6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, TABLA 6 - Puslakovec, bakreno doba: of good manufacture, through the break: of dark SlUCajni nalazi grey/red/black/red/dark grey colour. Perhaps a part

1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s of T4-l, 3, 9. primjesama kvarcita, slabe izrade, kroz prijelom: 7- Potsherd of a hand-made spoon, with a large svijetlo smede/narancaste/tamno sive/narancaste/ amount of temper of quartz, through the break: of svijetlo smede boje. black/red/black/red/black colour. 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo 8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a little tem-primjesa manjih kvarcita, dobre izrade, kroz per of quartz, of dark red colour, black at the break prijelom: smede/narancaste/tamno sive/narancaste/ 9- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, smede boje. of good manufacture, through the break: of dark 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo grey/red/black/red/dark grey colour. Perhaps a part primjesa vecih kvarcita, dobre izrade, smede, a u of T4-1, 3, 6. prijelomu erne boje. 10- Axe made of polished grey-brown stone. Spe-4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo cial find 3. primjesa manjih kvarcita, neuredne izrade, smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. TABLE 5 - Puslakovec, Copper Age: 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene Layers / Other: Layers

gline, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: tamno sive/ narancaste/tamno sive/narancaste/tamno sive boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno, prociscene gline, dobre izrade, crvene boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno, s mnogo primjesa manjih kvarcita, svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. 8- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno, s primjesama manjih kamencica, neuredne izrade, svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. 9- Oblutak bijelog kamena, donesen s nekog drugog mjesta na nalaziste, koristen kao cekic za izradu kremenih alatki. 10- Obradeni roznjak. 11- Obradeni roznjak.

1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large amount of temper of coarser quartz, of dark brown colour, dark grey at the break. Trench I , Layer 3. 2- Polished stone axe. Special find 1. 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, of good manufacture, of yellowish to orange colour. Trench D, Layer 3. 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large amount of temper of coarser quartz, of light brown colour. Trench I , Layer 3. 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, of good manufacture, of light brown colour, orange at the break. Trench I, Layer 3. 6- Damaged ceramic pipe, of exceptionally good manufacture, of dark brown colour, reddish at the break. With preserved stamp MKONIG(.. .) SCHEMNITZ. Trench A, Layer 2, at pit 1 .

193

TABLE 6 - Pustakovec, Copper Age: Chance finds 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a temper of quartz, of mediocre manufacture, through the break: of light brown/orange/dark grey/orange/light brown colour. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a little temper of finer quartz, of good manufacture, through the break: of brown/orange/dark grey/orange/brown colour. 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a little temper of coarser quartz, of good manufacture, of brown colour, black at the break. 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large amount of temper of finer quartz, of slipshod manufacture, of brown colour, black at the break. 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, of good manufacture, through the break: of dark grey/orange/dark grey/orange/dark grey colour. 6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, of good manufacture, of red colour. 7- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large amount of temper of finer quartz, of light brown colour, black at the break. 8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a temper of smaller pebbles, of slipshod manufacture, of light brown colour, black at the break. 9- Pebble of white stone, transported to the site from some other location, used as a hammer for the production of flint tools. 10- Retouched flint. 11- Retouched flint.

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Tablal.Cakovec-Gomji Pustakovec. J2. Table 1. Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. J2.

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Tabla 2. Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. J2. Table 2. Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. J2.

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Tabla 3. Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. J3, 3569±48 calBC. Table 3. CEakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. J3, 3569±48 calBC.

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Tabla 4. Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. J3, 3569±48 calBC. Table 4. Cakovec-Gornji Pustakovec. J3, 3569±48 calBC.

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STARA VES KOD NEDEUSCA (CAKOVEC) Viseslojno razvedeno naselje Prilikom arheoloskog nadzora izgradnje juzne

obilazmce gradaCakovca^a prostoru novog rotora i kanala Trnava kod Nedelisca, otkrivena je veca kolicina sitnih arheoloskih nalaza. Istrazivanja su vodena u razdoblju odl6. 8. 2004. do 27. 9. 2004.g., kada je izvoditelju dopusteno zatrpavanje i dovrsetak gradevinskih radova. Nakon arheoloskih iskopavanja pokrenut je postupak preventivne registracije ovog nalazista kao kulturnog dobra pri Konzervatorskom odjelu u Varazdinu.

Nalaziste je uvelike osteceno strojnim iskopom kanala sirine i dubine oko 2x2 metra. No, upravo tijekom radova na kanaka boravio sam u nadzoru te zamijetio arheoloske nalaze, pa je tako dio neostecenog nalazista ipak iskopan primjenom arheoloske metode. Otvorena je jedna sonda u kojoj je otkriveno vise jama, medu kojima dvije zemunicke kuce s gradivom koji pripada lasinjskoj kulturi u prvom i ranim Slavenima u dragom slucaju. Osim ova dva objekta i jama koji su iskopani u sondi, na prostoru vec iskopanog kanala pronadene su i brojne druge jame koje datiraju u bakreno, kasno broncano doba, kasnu antiku, rani, razvijeni i kasni srednji vijek. Ove jame iskopane su i dokumentirane izravno iz jarka, sto je dosad primjenjivano i u slicnim ovakvim situacijama na autocestama.

STARA VES NEAR NEDEUSCE (CAKOVEC) Dispersed Multilayer Settlement A larger quantity of small archaeological finds

was coUected in the area of the new roundabout and the Trnava canal at Nedelisce during archaeological supervision of the construction of the southern bypass of the city of Cakovec. The exploration was carried out during the period from August 16 to September 27, 2004 when the contractor was allowed to complete the fill and finish construction work. After the archaeological excavation the procedure was put in motion for the preventive registration of this site as a cultural good at the Conservation Department in Varazdin.

The site suffered extensive damage from excavation by heavy machinery of a canal about 2 metres wide and about 2 metres deep. I was in the field on supervisory work during the construction work on the canal and noticed archaeological finds, so that an undamaged part of the site was in fact excavated using archaeological methods. A trench was opened which yielded several pits among which are two dugout houses with material from the Lasinja culture in the first one and from early Slavs in the second. Besides these two features and the pits excavated in the trench, numerous other pits that date to the Copper Age, late Bronze Age, late Roman period and early, high and late Medieval

203

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Nalaziste u trenutku obustavljanja radova. Nedelisce-Stara ves. The site at the moment construction work was stopped

204

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Praznjenje jame K5 na pokosu kanala. Nedelisce-Stara ves. Emptying pit K5 in the canal’s side.

Pronadena je veca kolicina dijelova keramickih posuda razlicitih oblika - nekolicina ih je restaurirana u cijelosti - te i malo metalnih nalaza (noz, strelica, praporac, novae itd.) te ulomak glacane kamene sjekire. Ovo nalaziste vrlo je zanimljivo po nalazima i broju zastupljenih razdoblja, ali treba napomenuti kako je “razvedenog” karaktera, koji je u novije vrijeme poznat s nekih drugih nalazista otkrivenih prilikom gradnje autocesta, osobito u Sloveniji. Naime, unatoc vecem broju, jame su siroko rasporedene na prostora do 1 kilometar (!) pa izmedu njih postoje praznine od oko 50 ili vise metara. Preostali dio naselja je izvan granica eksproprijacije i opsega prostora koji je predviden za radove na izgradnji obilaznice i pratecih objekata, pa tu nisu provodena istrazivanja.

Stara ves naziv je polja na prostora izmedu naselja Nedelisce i zapadnog p r edg rada (industrrjske zone) grada Cakovca. Nadmorska visina polja je oko 166, 167 m. S juzne strane omedeno je starom cestom Nedelisce - Cakovec, sa istocne strane prometnim rotorom i cestom prema sjeveru, a na sjevernoj stranizeljeznickom prugom. Nakon pruge pocinje veliko podrucje Globetke, vjerojatno nekadasnja mocvarista, koje je metar do dva nize od polja Stare vesi. Kroz nalaziste prolaze stari rasteretni kanali rijeke Trnave, a nije poznat anticki tok rijeke. Svakako je na ovom prostora dosta krivudao, a na jednom mjestu smo ga i dokumentirali u novom iskopu, sa smjerom okomitim na danasnji rasteretni kanal (vidi veliki tloris). Dakle, rijec je o sirokom podrucju (oko 1 km2), lagano uzdignutom od ostalog prostora, koji je vjerojatno u davnini bio ispresijecan razigranim tokom i pritocima rijeke-rjecice Trnave.

Do sada nije bilo poznato bilo kakvo arheolosko nalaziste u blizini zapadnog ulaza u grad Cakovec. Prvo, najblize nalaziste je srednjovjekovno gradiste sjeverno od Nedelisca, koje je svojedobno istrazivao Zeljko Tomicic, te ustanovio kako je rrjec o utvrdenom posjedu magistra Mihaela iz 13.st., koji

periods were found in the already excavated canal. These pits were excavated and documented directly from the canal a method that has been used previously in case like these on highways.

A larger quantity of parts of ceramic vessels of various shapes were found - some have been restored in their entirety - and a smaller quantity of metal finds (a knife, an arrowhead, a jingle-bell, coin, etc.) and a shard from a polished stone axe. This site is very interesting both by its finds and by the number of represented periods, but it should be said that it is of a “dispersed” nature, known of late from some other sites discovered during the construction of highways, especially in Slovenia. Namely, despite there great number, the pits are spread across a wide area of up to 1 kilometre (!) so that there are empty spaces of about 50 or metres between them. The remainder of the settlement is outside the area of expropriation and the area foreseen for works on the construction of the bypass and its accompanying facilities, so that exploration was not carried out there.

Stara ves is the name of a field that stretches between the settlement of Nedelisce and the western suburbs (the industrial zone) of the city of Cakovec. The field is about 166 to 167 m above sea level. To the south side it is bordered by the old Nedelisce -Cakovec road, to the east side by the traffic roundabout and the northbound road, and to the north side by a railway line. The large Globetka area stretches out after the railway line, probably a former marshland, about a metre or two lower than the Stara ves field. The old overflow canal of the Trnava River passes through the site, while the river’s prehistoric route is unknown. It in any event meanders quite a bit in this area, and we documented it at one spot in the new excavation, running perpendicular to the present day overflow canal (see the large ground plan). This is, therefore, a large area (about 1 km2), raised slightly above the surrounding area, which was probably once intersected by the meandering lines of the main flow and backwaters of the Trnava River/creeks.

No archaeological sites have been known of to date near the western entry to the city of Cakovec. The closest other site is a Medieval burg north of Nedelisce that was once explored by Zeljko Tomicic, who established that it was the fortified estate of a Master Mihael from the 13th century that was in function up to the 15th century (TOMICIC 1985b, 1986, 1990). This site is about a kilometre from Stara ves as the crow flies.

Construction works on the river’s new overflow canal were secondary works during the construction of the bypass. Namely, in order to improve the flow of traffic the construction of a new roundabout was foreseen that the southern bypass joins onto. It was necessary, therefore, to fill in the old canal and dig a new one, up to 100 m away. The excavation of the canal was carried out to a depth and width of about 2x2 m. Given the foreseen gentle slope of the sides and the about 1 metre high raised embankments;

je djelovao do 15.st. (TOMICIC 1985b, 1986, 1990). Ovo nalaziste udaljeno je od Stare vesi oko kilometar zracne crte.

Radovi na iskopu novog rasteretnog kanala rijeke posredni su radovi prilikom izgradnje obilaznice. Naime, kako bi se poboljsala protocnost prometa predvidena je gradnja novog rotora na koji se prikljucuje juzna obilaznica. Stoga je bilo potrebno zatpati stari kanal, te iskopati novi, do 100 m udaljen. Iskop kanala izvoden je na oko 2x2 m dubine i sirine. S obzirom na predvidene blage pokose i bocne nasipe visine 1 m, iskop je bio i malo veci. Prateci rad bagera na jos neiskopanom dijelu kanala, uocena je jama, te je tada zatrazeno zaustavljanje daljnih radova. Na torn mjestu postavljena je zastitna ograda od upozoravajucih traka, a arheoloska iskapanja zapoceta su u roku od dva dana .1 Istovremeno s radovima na arheoloskoj sondi, izveden je sustavni pregled cijelog podracja oko rotora. Pronadene su jos neke jame, kao i nekoliko mjesta s vecom gustocom keramike. Svi ovi radovi na nalazistu provodeni su u vrlo susnom kolovozu, sto je svakako otezavalo pronalazak arheoloskih struktura. Zarni grob u profilu pokosa pronaden je tek pocetkom rajna, nakon prve kise koja je isprala rastreseni sljunak. Tkko se moze predmnijevati kako u kanalu postoje i druge arheoloske strukture koje nisu zamijecene.

Polje Stare vesi sastoji se od vrlo tankog pokrova zemlje, do 50 centimetara. U zemlji ima i malo sljunka. Odmah ispod till pola metra zemlje nalazi se vrlo tvrdi sloj manje i srednje velikog rijecnog sljunka do dubine od 2 m, a vjerojatno i vise. Sljunak

the actual excavation was slightly larger. A pit was found while supervising the work of an excavator on a still unexcavated part of the canal and a stop to further work was sought. A protective barrier of warning tape was set up on the spot and archaeological excavation got under way within two days.1 A systematic survey of the entire area surrounding the roundabout was carried out parallel to the work on the archaeological trench. More pits were found, as were some places with a higher density of ceramics. All of these works on the site were carried out during a very drought-stricken August, which certainly make the finding of archaeological structures more difficult. An urn grave in the profile of the embankment was only found at the start of September, after the first rain that washed away the gravel strewn over it. I t can be assumed, then, that there are other archaeological finds in the canal that have not yet been located.

The Stara ves field consists of a very thin covering of soil, up to 50 centimetres in depth. There is a small amount of gravel in the soil. Directly under this half metre of soil is a very hard layer of small or mid-sized river gravel to a depth of 2 metres, probably more. This gravel is in places intersected by interspersed layers of very fine sand. All of the archaeological finds are found in the mentioned one half metre of soil and not a single one of them goes beyond the start of the geological layer of gravel. This is true of all of the historic periods represented at this site. The levels of digging can hardly be differentiated even though they cover a period of some 5500 years.

205

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Prastruga rijeke Trnave, otkrivena iskopom novog kanala. Nedelis}e-Stara ves. Ancient channel of the Trnava River, uncovered by the excavation of the new canal

'Voditelj arheoloskih radova je bio autor ovog rada. The author of this work led the archaeological work.

206

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Dio dna posude s urezanim ukrasom, J3. (T1-1)

Nedelis}e-Stara ves. Part of the bottom of a vessel with engraved decoration, J3. (T1-1)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Keramicki cep, J3. (T2-6)

Nedelis}e-Stara ves. Ceramic plug, J3. (T2-6)

je mjestimice ispresijecan proslojcima vrlo sitnog pijeska. Svi arheoloski objekti nalaze se ukopani u spomenutih pola metra zemlje i ni jedan od njih ne zadire kroz pocetak geoloskog sloja sljunka. Tb vrijedi za sva povijesna razdoblja zastupljena na ovom nalazistu. Razine ukopavanja gotovo se ne mogu razlikovati, premda je rijec o razdoblju od oko 5500 godina.

Vrlo je zanimljivo da arheoloske strukture dosad nisu bile ostecene, iako se nalaze na vec 20 cm od povrsine. Naime, rijec je o travnatim povrsinama koje su uglavnom koristene kao pasnjaci koji nisu nikad orani, sto su potvrdili i pojedini mjestani. Jedina prijasnja ostecenja plod su kopanja uz stam cestu, poglavito za plinovod, telefonske kabele te energetsku mrezu. Sonda je bila postavljena uz samo cvoriste spomenutih, ali je svejedno dala prilicno dobar arheoloski rezultat. Na tome mjestu otkriveni su nalazi iz ranog srednjeg vijeka, kao i bakrenog doba. Prepoznat je hodni sloj oba razdoblja, koji je, kolebajuci se (± 5cm), bio nadslojen jedan na drugi. Na drugim dijelovima nalazista, u iskopanom kanalu, jame su bile razbacane na velikim udaljenostima, a medu njima nalazi se prostor s vrlo malo nalaza ili gotovo nista bez njih. Sve strukture koje su mogle biti prepoznate iskopane su i dokumentirane kao i u drugim ovakvim primjerima pod oznakom K (vidi Blizna).

BAKRENO DOBA NALAZI Na nalazistu su iskopane samo dvije jame iz ovog

razdoblja, koje pripadaju lasinjskoj kulturi. J3 je obla poluzemunica koja po svojim karakteristikama odgovara istodobnim jamama pronadenim na nalazistu Gornji Pustakovec, takoder prilikom radova na ovoj obilaznici. Plitko je ukopana (25 cm), a na dnu se otkriva geoloski sloj sljunka. U ispuni jame pronadeni su mnogobrojni ulomci keramike, dio glacane kamene sjekire i manja kolicina gara. J4 je vjerojatno otpadna jama u kojoj su osim nekoliko ulomaka keramike nadeni i ostaci dobro paljene zemlje, bez primjesa organskih materijala. Cini se kako je rijec o pecenom podu, jer je gornja povrsina ugladena, a u podlozi se nalaze manji kameni obluci. Ovaj pod se vjerojatno nalazio u nekoj zemunici, gdje je sluzio za ucvrscivanje sljunka u hodnoj podlozi. Veci broj ulomaka lasinjske keramike pronaden je takoder oko ovih jama, u vrlo tankom hodnom sloju. Druge lasinjske strukture na ovom nalazistu nisu pronadene, osim mjestimicni slucajni nalazi keramike. K6 obuhvaca veci skup ulomaka lasinjske keramike a bilo ih je i u K9. Ipak, u ovim slucajevima ne moze se zasigurno govoriti o jamama ili zatvorenim cjelinama.

POKRETNI NALAZI Kerami~ki nalazi Glavninu pokretnih arheoloskih nalaza na ovom

nalazistu cini keramika. Na tablama su prikazani najkarakteristicniji nalazi. Keramika se moze podijeliti na grabu i finu. Grublja je izradena s

What is very interesting is that the archaeological structures have not yet been damaged, even though they start only 20 cm from the surface. These are, namely, grass-covered areas that have been used mostly as pastures and have never been ploughed, a fact confirmed by several of the local inhabitants. The only former damage came from excavation along the old road, mostly for the natural gas line, telephone cables and power grid. A trench was opened along the very hub of these but it stiU yielded a quite satisfactory archaeological result. Finds from the early Middle Ages and Copper Age were discovered at this spot. The occupational layers of both periods were recognised that were, fluctuating (± 5cm), layered on atop the other. At other parts of the site, in the excavated canal, the pits were scattered at great distances with spaces between them having very few or no finds. All of the structures that could be recognised were excavated and documented as in other cases of this kind under the designation K (see Blizna chapter).

COPPER AGE FEATURES Only two pits from this period were excavated at

the site, belonging to the Lasinja culture. J3 is a round dugout house that by its characteristics fits with pits from the same period found at the Gornji Pustakovec site, also excavated during construction work on this bypass. It is dug shallow (25 cm), and a geological layer of gravel is revealed at its bottom. Numerous potsherds were found in the pit’s deposit, as was part of a polished stone axe and a smaller amount of charcoal. J4 is probably a midden in which, besides several potsherds, the remains of well-burnt soil were found, without an admixture of organic material. It appears to be a baked floor as the top layer is smoothed out and there are small pebbles underneath. This floor was probably in some dugout house, where it served to firm up the gravel in the walking surface. Larger quantities of potsherds from Lasinja ceramics were also found around these pits, in a very thin occupational layer Other Lasinja structures were not found at this site, with the exception of sporadic chance finds of pottery. K6 encompasses a larger ensemble of potsherds from Lasinja ceramics, and there were also some in K9. However, in these cases it can not be were certainty determined were they are pits of closed ensembles.

FINDS Ceramic finds The majority of archaeological finds at this site

are of pottery. The most particular finds are shown in the tables. The ceramics can be divided into a rough and fine group. The rough pottery is manufactured with a large amount of fine quartz and pebble temper, often of poorly fired clay. The surface of these vessels is sometimes somewhat smoothed-out so that the temper is visible only in the cross-section. The other vessels are made of weU-

mnogo primjesa sitnog kvarcita i kamencica, cesto slabo pecene gline. Pokatkad je povrsina ovili posuda malo zagladena, pa se primjese vide samo u presjeku. Drage posude izradene su od dobro prociscene i pecene gline, a takve su cesto ukrasene urezanim linijama i ubodima. Kao na nalazistu u Gornjem Pustakovcu, i ovdje se javljaju neke posude sa “sendvic" presjekom u vise boja, sto je vjerojatno plod posebne tehnike pecenja i premazivanja glinom.

Repertoar oblika je uglavnom tipican za lasinjsku kultura. Kao i dragdje na lasinjskim nalazistima, medu najcescim nalazima su vrcevi s jednom ili dvije duge rucke (Tl-11, T3-1; Balatonbogliar-Zinger-dulo SOMO-GYI 2000, kep.6-8), obicno fino izradeni. Kratke debeljus-kaste ruckice obicno pri-padaju grubljim posu-dama (T2-2,4; Andocs-Nagytoldipuszta SOMOGYI 2000, kep.3-1-4). Zatim zdjele (Tl-1, 8, 9, 13, 14, T3-8,9), te zdjele na supljoj nozi (T2-1, T3-7) i zlice (T2-7, 8, 9, 10). Razmjerno je malo ukrasenih posuda na ovom nalazistu, ali su ukrasi uglavnom tipicni. Rjedi ukras je onaj u obliku kriza, na dnu zdjele (Tl-1), uvjetno slican zdjeli iz Beketinca (HOMEN 1990, si.6-10). Kao i dragdje, ovdje se javljaju prilijepljene polurackice u obliku roscica i bradavica, i to uglavnom pod obodom (Tl-9, 13, T3-2,8,9). Vrlo slicne su posude iz Brezja kod Varazdina, Krca kod Cerja Tuznog ali i daljih prostora; Ordashelii-Kecsi-melo, Savoly-Babocsa itd. (TOMICIC 1969a, t.XI-2, TOMICIC 1969b, t.XII-1; SOMOGY 2000, kep.15-4, kep.16-2). Zanimljiva je cepasta poluruckica visoko na obodu jedne od ovili zdjela (T3-2). Neobicna je i vrlo mala posudica, mozda igracka (T3-6). U jami J3 pronaden je i jedan cep, inace rijedak u lasinjskom gradivu. Za usporedbu moze se navesti slican iz

refined and well-fired clay, and are often decorated with engraved lines and pricks. Like the finds at Gornji Pustakovec, here to there are some vessels with a “sandwich” cross-section of several colours, probably the result of the use of special firing techniques and clay coating.

The repertoire of shapes is mostly typical of the Lasinja culture. As elsewhere at Lasinja sites, jugs with long single or double handles are among the most frequent finds (Tl-11, T3-1; Balatonbogliar-Zinger-dulo SOMOGYI 2000, kep.6-8), usually of good manufacture. Short, plump, handles usually belong to the rougher vessels (T2-2, 4; Andocs-Nagytoldipuszta SOMOGYI 2000, kep.3-1-4). Then there are bowls (Tl-1, 8, 9, 13, 14, T3-8, 9), and bowls on a hoUow foot (T2-1, T3-7) and spoons (T2-7, 8, 9, 10). There are relatively few decorated vessels at this site, but the decorations are mostly typical. A less frequent decoration is one in the form of a cross on the bottom of a vessel (Tl-1), somewhat similar to a vessel from Beketinec (HOMEN 1990, sl.6-10). As elsewhere, attached semi-handles appear here too, in the form of small horns and nubs, usually just under the rim (Tl-9, 13, T3-2, 8, 9). Very similar to these are vessels from Brezje near Varazdin, Krce near Cerje Tuzni and elsewhere: Ordashehi-Kecsi-melo, Savoly-Babocsa etc. (TOMICIC 1969a, t.XI-2, TOMICIC 1969b, t.XII-1; SOMOGY 2000, kep.15-4, kep.16-2). A plug-like semi-handle placed high on the rim of one bowl is interesting (T3-2). T3-6 is an unusual and very small vessel, perhaps a toy. A plug was found in pit J3, otherwise rare among Lasinja material. A similar one found at Bukovje near Krizevci (HOMEN 1990 si.4-6) can be cited as similar for comparison.

207

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Dopola ispraznjena ostecena jama K2. Nedelisce-Stara ves. Half emptied, damaged pit K2.

208

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Zarni grab K10 u trenutku pronalaska na pokosu kanala. / Ociscen zarni grab K10. Nedelis}e-Stara ves. Cremation grave K10 at the moment of its discovery in the side of the canal. / Cleaned-out cremation grave K10.

Bukovja kod Krizevaca (HOMEN 1990 sl.4-6).

Kameni nalazi U jami J3, datiranoj na osnovi keramickih nalaza

u razdoblje bakrenog doba, prikupljen je ulomak glacane sjekire, vjerojatno dio sjekire-cekica (T1-12), sivosmede boje. U K6, datiranoj na osnovi keramickih nalaza u razdoblje bakrenog i rimskog doba, prikupljen je glacani plosnati kamen sivozelene boje, s tragovima obrade/koristenja, nepoznate namjene. Glacana sjekira moze se na osnovi popratnih nalaza odrediti u razdoblje bakrenog doba.

KASN0BR0NCAN0 DOBA NALAZI Kasnom broncanom dobu, odnosno kulturi

zarnih polja, pripadaju dvije jame, K2 i K5, obje manjih mjera. Prepoznate su u pokosu kanala i

Lithics assemblage A shard from a polished stone axe of grey-brown

colour (T1-12), probably part of an axe-hammer, was collected in pit J3, dated based on finds of pottery to the Copper Age period. K6, dated based on finds of pottery to the Copper Age and Roman period, a flat polished stone of grey-green colour of unknown use was collected with traces of retouching/ use. The polished axe can based on accompanying finds be identified as being from the Copper Age.

LATE BRONZE AGE FEATURES Two pi ts , K2 and K 5 , both of smaller

dimensions, originate in the late Bronze Age, i.e. from the Urnfield culture. They were found in the sides of the canal and were partially damaged. K5 contained numerous potsherds from which we managed to reconstruct one bowl. Other potsherds from this pit come mostly from very large vessels, probably pithos. K5 is situated in the far eastern part of the site. More than 350 m to the west is pit K2. I t also contained a large quantity of potsherds, except that these are almost all are scorched and disfigured. Some charcoal was also found in K2. The ancient steep channel of a river was recognised only 10 m to the west, with remains of charred branches and tree trunks on the former river bottom along with a small quantity of late Bronze Age pottery. A cremation grave from this culture was found to the east of K2 and the ancient river channel. Grave K10 was found in the second phase of excavations, when the summer rains had washed over and made it visible in the excavated canal profile. I t is about 25 m from K2 and it is not clear whether this was a solitary grave or the outer part of a cremation graveyard. The large urn was standing upright but it had already, in some distant past, broken into larger and smaller fragments. It appears that the opening of the urn was covered by a wide bowl, several potsherds of which were found. This covering must have been damaged during the working of this field at some time in the past. In carrying out the construction excavation, the excavator damaged the urn laterally so that it has not been preserved in its entirety.

I t was reconstructed with almost all of the available potsherds, while a part of the rim remained unused as there was no neck art to connect it to the rest in a whole. The urn is shaped like a wide pot with a flared rim with a ceramic ribbon attached to the bottom portion of the belly with impressed finger decorations. The cremated remains of the deceased were found inside the urn. There was no charcoal or ash in the vessel and it appears that the bone remains were washed before being placed in the urn. Right next to the urn was a grave good, a small bowl, cracked and in several parts during some early period, but with all its parts present. A careful survey of the nearby surroundings did not yield any other grave goods or graves. An anthropological examination identified the burnt bones as coming

djelomicno ostecene. K5 je sadrzavala mnogobrojne keramicke ulomke od kojih smo bili u mogucnosti rekonstruirati jednu zdjelu. Drugi ulomci iz te jame uglavnom su pripadali vrlo velikim posudama, vjerojatno pithosima. K5 se nalazi na krajnje istocnom dijelu nalazista. Vise od 350 m zapadno nalazi se jama K2. U njoj je takoder pronadena veca kolicina keramickih ulomaka, s time da su potonji gotovo svi prepaljeni do izoblicenja. U K2 se pronaslo i nesto gara. Samo 10 m zapadnije od nje prepoznata je prastraga rijeke, u kojoj su na nekadasnjem dnu pronadeni ostaci pougljenjenih grana i debla te malo ulomaka kasnobroncanodobne keramike. Istocnije od K2 i prastruge pronaden je i paljevinski grob ove kulture. Grob K 10 pronaden je u dragom dijelu iskopavanja, kada su ga ljetne kise isprale i ucinile vidljivim u iskopanom profilu kanalu. Udaljen je oko 25 m od K2, a nije jasno da li je rijec o usamljenom grobu ili obodnom dijelu paljevinskoga groblja. Velika zara stajala je uspravno, ali se vec u neko davno doba raspala na vece i manje dijelove. Cini se da je otvor zare bio prekriven sirokom zdjelom od koje je pronadeno nekoliko ulomaka. Ovaj pokrov mora da je bio ostecen prilikom obrade polja u neko doba. Vrseci gradevinski iskop, bager je ostetio zaru bocno, ukoso, pa nam tako nije ostala sacuvana u cijelosti. Rekonstrairana je s gotovo svim raspolozivim ulomcima, dok je j e d a n dio oboda ostao neiskoristen, jer nije bilo vratnog dijela koji bi ga povezivao s ostalima u ejelinu. Zara je u obliku sirokog lonca s razvracenim rubom, a preko donjeg dijela trbuha prilijepljena je keramicka traka s ukrasom izvedenim utiscima prstiju. Unutar zare nalazili su se spaljeni ostaci pokojnika. U posudi nije bilo gara i pepela, i cini se da su ostaci kostiju oprani prije polaganja u posudu. Tik do zare nalazio se grobni prilog, mala zdjelica, napukla u nekoliko dijelova jos u staro doba, ali sa svim dijelovima. Pomnom pretragom najblize okolice nije pronaden nikakav drugi grobni prilog ili drugi grob. Antropoloskim pregledom prepoznato je da su spaljene kosti pripadale muskoj osobi od 30 do 40 godina, na cijim ostacima nisu zabiljezene nikakve patoloske promjene. Nalaz groba K10 i jame s prepaljenom keramikom i garom K2 mogao bi biti u nekoj vezi. Mozda je rijec o ostacima pogrebnog obreda u vezi s tim ili nekim drugim grobom u blizini. U okolici nisu pronadeni tragovi naselja, osim vec spomenute zatrpane prastruge rijeke, za koju, s obzirom na nalaze keramike, mozemo reci da je iz tog razdoblja.

P0KRETNI NALAZI Keramicki nalazi Kasnobroncanodobni nalazi potjecu iz dvije

otpadne jame, K5 i K2, groba K10 te kao slucajni nalazi posvuda po nalazistu. Sveukupan broj nije velik, a ovdje su prikazani najosobitiji nalazi.

U K5 pronadeno je mnogo keramickih ulomaka; medutim, vecina je pripadala debelim stijenkama trbuha velikih posuda, pa je ostalo malo tipicnoga

from a male from 30 to 40 years of age, on whose remains no pathological changes were determined. The find of grave K10 and the pit K2 with scorched pottery and charcoal could be in some sort of relation. Perhaps these are the remains of a funeral ritual related to this or some other grave in the vicinity. Traces of habitat ion were not found in the surrounding area, except the already mentioned fffled-in ancient river channel for which, given the finds of pottery, we can date to this period.

FINDS Ceramic finds Finds from the late Bronze Age originate

from two pits, K5 and K2, from grave K10 and as chance finds across the entire site. The total number is not great, with the most particular finds shown here.

Numerous potsherds were found in K5; most, however, come from the thick walls of the bellies of large vessels, so that little typical material remained based on which some sort of conclusion could be formulated. A constricted bowl (T4-5) is unusual because it becomes thicker near the rim. Sketches in literature show vessels like this one to be relatively th in (for example Igr isce VRDOLJAK 1995 t.16-4, t .l7-4). A rim (T4-2) might come from a high, slightly conical vessel (Igrisce VRDOLJAK 19951.10-2). The remaining potsherds, rims, ceramic ribbons with fingerprints and horizontal handles, only point to material from the Urnfield culture.

The contents of grave K10 probably consisted of three vessels. The first is the urn itself in which burnt bones were found (T5-5, probably also T5-1), then a small vessel as a grave good (T5-3) and perhaps a bowl-urn lid (T5-2, 4). The urn is of unusual shape, having a quite wide bottom and a low centre of gravity. Also, a decoration in the form of a plastic ribbon is located on the lower part of the vessel. If potsherd T5-1 does in fact come from this urn, then its shape could be reconstructed in part. It is in part similar to a vessel fromlgrisce (VRDOLJAK 1995, t.6-2), but I was unable to find any real comparisons. Several potsherds from an accompanying bowl were found, that was probably placed upside down over the opening on the urn and served as a lid. This custom is not rare, but the bowl is unusual on account of its very constricted rim. The small vessel is reminiscent in shape of some larger vessels, typical products of the Urnfield culture.

Pit K2 is situated near grave K10 and may be in

209

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Rekonstruirana zdjela, K5. (T4-5) Nedelis}e-Stara ves. Reconstructed bowl, K5. (T4-5)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Djelomice rekonstruirana grobna zara s keramickom trakom s otiscima prstiju, K10. (T5-5). Nedelis}e-Stara ves. Partially recon

structed gave urn with ceramic ribbon bearing fingerprints, K10. (T5-5).

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Rekonstruirana zdjelica, prilog grobu K10. (T5-3) Nedelis}e-Stara ves. Reconstructed small bowl, grave good to K10. (T5-3)

210

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Presjek poluzemunice J1. Nedelisce-Stara ves. Cross-section of dugout house J1.

gradiva prema kojem se moze nesto vise zaljuciti. Zatvorena zdjela (T4-5) neobicna je zbog zadebljanja prije samog oboda. U literaturi se prema crtezima takve posude prikazuju kao relativno tanke (npr. Igrisce VRDOLJAK 1995 t.16-4, t.17-4). Obod (T4-2) mogao bi pripadati visokoj, lagano konicnoj posudi (Igrisce VRDOLJAK 1995 t.10-2). I ostali ulomci, obodi, keramicka traka s otiscima prstiju i vodoravna rucka, upucuju samo na gradivo kulture polja sa zarama.

Sadrzaj groba K10 vjerojatno se sastojao od tri posude. Kao prvo, od same zare u kojoj su pronadene spaljene kosti (T5-5, vjerojatno i T5-1), zatim male posudice kao priloga (T5-3) te mozda zdjele -poklopcazare (T5-2,4). Zara je neobicna po svom obliku, ima dosta siroko dno i nisko postavljeno teziste. Takoder joj se ukras u obliku plasticne trake nalazi na donjem dijelu posude. Ako je ulomak T5-1 uistinu pripadao zari, onda bi se oblik mogao djelomice rekonstruirati. Djelomicno slicna je posuda s Igrisca (VRDOLJAK 1995, t.6-2), ali pravih usporedbi nisam pronasao. Pronadeno je i vise ulomaka pripadajucih zdjeli, koja je vjerojatno bila postavljena naopacke na otvor zare i sluzila kao poklopac. Takav obicaj nije rijedak, ali je zdjela neobicna zbog veoma zatvorenog oboda. Mala posudica svojim oblikom podsjeca na neke vece posude, tipicne proizvode kulture polja sa zarama.

Jama K2 nalazi se u blizini groba K10 i mozda je s njim u odredenoj vezi. Kao sto je vec receno, sva keramika odbacena u ovoj jami prepaljena je i unistena pa je bilo tesko izdvojiti neke karakteristicne primjerke. Ulomak posude s naglasenim prijelazom iz vrata u rame (T4-3) cest je u kasnom broncanom dobu, a posebice ga ima u ranijim fazama (Moravce SOKOL 1996 s.4-2, s.13-1 i ine). Isto vrijedi za rucku (T4-4) (Moravce SOKOL 1996 s.9-5, s.15-3 i ine). No, sve ove usporedbe nisu nam dovoljne da nalaze odredimo uze u odredenu fazu kulture polja sa zarama.

some kind of relation to it. As has already been said, aU of the pottery discarded into this pit was scorched and destroyed making it difficult to single out some characteristic specimens. A potsherd from a vessel with a marked transition from neck to shoulder (T4-3) is frequent in the late Bronze Age, and is especially prevalent in the earlier phases (Moravce SOKOL 1996 s.4-2, s.13-1 and others). The same goes for handle T4-4 (Moravce SOKOL 1996 s.9-5, s.15-3 and others). All of these comparisons are, however, insufficient to more exactly identify the finds as originating from some particular phase of the Urnfield culture.

THE LATE ROMAN AND EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIODS FEATURES The finds that can be attributed to this period

are the most numerous ones from our excavations. A dugout house (J l ) was excavated in the archaeological trench that had only had its edge damaged by an excavator. Two middens were discovered right next to it that are layered on over the other on their outer parts (J2 and J2b). Numerous potsherds were found in the pit that originate from late Roman period and Slavic vessels. Along with the pottery, worked crystal, parts of an iron jingle-bell, animal bones and some charcoal were found in the pit’s deposit. Also found in the deposit of pit J l were a number of large, deliberately broken pebbles, but without traces of subsequent retouching. Pits J2 and J2b have similar deposits, and potsherds from the same vessels, so that it is possible that al three ensembles were filled, entirely or in part, at the same time. 8 larger and smaller potsherds from Roman period roof tiles were found in pit J l . Of these two have traces of heavy scorching, and one may bear a four-cornered stamp. Two pieces from flue-tiles were also found along with these potsherds of Roman period construction material. There were 6 pieces of flue-tile in pit J2 among which one, most of which is preserved intact, has traces of impressed lines. Two potsherds from roof tiles were also found in this pit. Also found in pit J2 were 7 fragments of daub and something similar to daub. Part of a Roman period roof tile was found in the K8 ceramic ensemble.

More potsherds from pottery and roof tiles originating in the same period were found in the direct vicinity of pits J l , J2 and J2B, lying in a thin occupational layer. A well-worn Roman coin (PN2) was also found here. A small pyramid-shaped iron arrowhead was found during the excavation of the dugout house, but it appears that it was in the grass having been ejected from the canal by the excavator so that it can not for certain be brought into connection with this ensemble of pits. The dugout deposit was dated using the AMS-14C method to the 7th century (calAD 655±7).2

All of the potsherds of early Slavic origin were found in these three pits, they were not found elsewhere at this site even as chance finds. The

211

KASNA ANTIKA I RANI SREDNJI VIJEK NALAZI Iz nasih iskopavanja najbrojniji su nalazi koji

se mogu pripisati ovom razdoblju. U arheoloskoj sondi je iskopana poluzemunica ( J l ) , samo djelomice mbno ostecena radom bagera. Tik do nje otkrivene su i dvije otpadne jame, koje se na rubnom cU>lu preslojavaju (J2 i J2b). U jami je pronadeno mnostvo keramickih ulomaka, koji pripadaju kasnoantickim i slavenskim posudama. Uz keramiku u ispuni je pronaden obradeni kristal, dijelovi zeljeznih praporaca, zivotinjske kosti i nesto gara. Takoder je u ispuni jame J l pronadeno i dosta vecih, namjerno lomljenih oblutaka, ali bez tragova neke naknadne obrade. Jame J2 i J2b imaju slicnu ispunu, a ima i ulomaka istih posuda, pa je moguce da su sve tri cjeline u potpunosti ili djelomice istovremeno zapunjavane. U jami J l , pronadeno je 8 vecih ili manjih ulomaka rimskih tegula. Od toga dvije imaju tragove jakog prepaljivanja, a jedna mozda i tragove cetverouglatog pecata. Uz te ulomke rimskoga gradevinskog materijala, tu su pronadena i dva dijela tabula. U jami J2 bilo je 6 komada tubula, medu kojima jedan, sacuvan u vecem dijelu, ima i tragove utisnutili crta. I u ovoj jami nadena su dva ulomka tegula. Takoder je u jami J2 pronadeno i 7 ulomaka ljepa ili necega sto sUci ljepu. Dio rimske tegule pronaden je i u skupu keramike K8.

U neposrednoj blizini jama J l , J2 i J2B pronadeni su jos ulomci istodobne keramike i tegula, koji su lezali u tankom hodnom sloju. Tu je pronaden i jedan izlizani rimski novae (PN2).

situation with late Roman period finds is somewhat different as they have been found elsewhere at Stara ves. They are found sporadically along about 250 m of the canal. Of that, two larger ensembles of potsherds, K9 and K8 have been marked on the ground plan. The same potsherds of late Roman period vessels represented in J 1 , J2 and J2b are found in these two and elsewhere, but not early Slavic

FINDS Ceramic finds Based on its characteristics, most of the finds at

Stara ves originate from the late Roman and early Medieval periods. But, as has already been explained in previous chapters, these are finds that come from the period of the 6th and 7th centuries and which were located in the same closed ensembles. I will therefore deal with both groups of finds in a single chapter.

Roman period finds at Stara ves are of various methods of manufacture. Potsherds of orange coloured vessels are found, of well-refined clay and soft texture, manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel. There are also harder fired grey potsherds with a quantity of temper - of sand and fine pebbles - also manufactured on a potter’s wheel. The most numerous are, however, those made by hand with a very large quantity of crushed stone in the clay.

The first pottery ensemble has late Roman period attributes, is of well refined clay, of light orange colour and manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel. Several potsherds that come from this ensemble are shown

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Ispraznjena poluzemunica J1. Na desnoj strani objekt je ostecen, ali je poznat njegov tocan oblik i mjere. Nedelis}e-Stara ves. Emptied dugout house J1. The right side of the structure is damaged, but its exact shape and dimensions are known.

ones.

212

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Ulomak tarionika, J1, 655±7 calAD. (T8-4)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Potsherd of a mortar, J1, 655+7 calAD. (T8-4)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Ulomak zdjelice, J2. (T10-5)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Potsherd of a small bowl, J2. (T10-5)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Rekonstruirani lonac s okomitim metlicastim ukrasom, J1, 655±7calAD. (T8-1)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Reconstructed pot with vertical brushed surface decoration, J1, 655±7calAD. (T8-1)

Prilikom kopanja zemunice pronadena je i jedna mala zeljezna piramidalna strelica, ali cini se kako se nalazila u travi izbacena bagerom iz kanala, pa ju ne mozemo sa sigurnoseu povezati s ovim sklopom jama. Ispuna zemunice datirana je AMS-14C metodom u 7.st. (calAD 655±7).2

U ove tri jame pronadeni su svi ulomci koji pripadaju ranim Slavenima, dok drugdje na nalazistu nisu pronadeni niti kao slucajni nalazi. Malo je drukcije stanje s kasnoantickim nalazima kojih se pronaslo i drugdje na Staroj vesi. Njih se mjestimicno pronalazi na duzini od oko 250 m po kanalu. Od toga su na tlorisu zabiljezene dva veca skupa keramickih ulomaka K9 i K8. U njima i dragdje pronalaze se ulomci istih kasnoantickih posuda zastupljenih u J l , J 2 i J2b , ali bez ranoslavenskih.

POKRETNI NALAZI Keramicki nalazi Prema svojim znacajkama, znatan dio nalaza sa

Stare vesi pripada razdoblju kasne antike i ranog srednjeg vijeka. No, kako je vec objasnjeno u prethodnim poglavljima, rijec je o nalazima koji pripadaju razdoblju 6. i 7.st. a koji su se nalazili u istim zatvorenim cjelinama. Stoga eu obje grape nalaza prikazati u istom poglavlju.

Anticki nalazi na Staroj vesi raznovrsni su po nacinu izrade. Pronalaze se ulomci narancastih posuda, dobro prociscene gline i meke fakture, izradenih na brzovrtecem kolu. K tome, tvrde peceni sivi ulomci, s odredenom kolicinom primjesa -pijesak i sitni kamencici - takoder izradeni na kolu. Najbrojnije su pak posude izradene prostorucno, s veoma mnogo primjesa drobljenih kamencica u glini.

Prvi keramicki skup kasnoantickog je obiljezja, dobro prociscene gline, svjetlije narancaste boje i izraden na brzovrtecem kolu. Na tablama je za primjer prikazano nekoliko ulomaka koji pripadaju

torn skupu. To su dio tarionika {mortarium) T8-4, dio lonca T9-7, ulomak amfore T l l -3 i dio t an ju ra T l l - 8 . Tarionici su

upotrebljavani dugo tijekom rimskoga doba, a posebice sucesti na kasnoantickim nalazistima (npr. Tinje nad Loko pri Zusmu CIGLENECKI t.11-3). Amfora sa svojim tanjim stijenkama i oblikom

takoder se moze odrediti kao kasnoanticki proizvod. Tanjur - pladanj ima tragove

crvene boje i oponasa sigilatno posude. Slici pronadenim nalazima na Gornjem trgu u

Ljubljani, za koje autor ne daje posebno tumacenje (VICIC 2002, t.10-1,5). Nalazi s

Gornjeg trga u Ljubljani datiraju se od 1. do l.stoljeca. Izvan ove grape treba postaviti dio

neobicnog oboda male posudice T l l - 6 . On je narancaste boje, ali izvrsno prociscene gline i tvrdog pecenja.

in the tables as examples. These are part of a mortar {mortarium) T8-4, part of a pot T9-7, a potsherd from an amphora T l l - 3 and part of a plate T l l -8 . Mortars were long in use during the Roman period, and are especially frequent at late Roman period sites (for example Tinje nad Loko at Zusmu CIGLENECKI t.11-3). The amphora with its thin walls and shape can be identified as a late Roman period product. The plate-platter has traces of red colour and emulates sigillata vessels. It is similar to finds from Gornji trg in Ljubljana, for which the author does not provide any special explanation (VICIC 2002, t.10-1, 5). The finds from Gornji trg in Ljubljana are dated to the period from the 1st to 4th centuries. T l l - 6 , part of the unusual rim of a small vessel, should be regarded apart from this group. It is of orange colour, but of very well refined clay and of hard firing.

The other group of pottery, of grey colour, often with a temper of sand and hard fired, can be, based on the represented shapes be identified as originating in the late Roman period. Interesting examples are the rim of a pot T9-4, a small wheel-decorated pot T9-6 and the potsherd of a small bowl T10-6 (Sveta gora over Bistrico ob Sotli CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.89-14). A potsherd from a wide greyish coloured pot or small bowl T l l - 5 , is unusuaUy hard and well manufactured, and also bears a dark, coloured on, decoration. I did not find a potsherd such as this one in the available literature on Roman period pottery, and it is also unknown to me from the repertoire of Medieval pottery, not even that of early Modern or Modern ceramics.

The third ensemble of Romanic ceramic finds is also the most represented at Stara ves. It is characterised by hand manufacture with traces of finger modelling, thinner walls, a brownish colour and an abundance of temper of finely crushed pebbles. The majority of these are large pots, decorated with disorderly and shallow brushed surface engraving. Reconstructed pot, T8-1, belongs to this group, as do other fragments of pots T8-2, T9-1, 2, 3, 5 and perhaps also T l l - 2 . Despite the fact that pottery such as this has to date rarely been found or published, sufficiently convincing comparisons can be found in the material of elevated late Roman period refugium. T9-5, a small flared-mouth pot, for example - a similar one was found at Ajdovski Gradec nad Vranjem (CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.88-6). Examples similar to our larger pots have been found at other refugium (Ajdovski Gradec nad Vranjem, Korinjski Hrib nad Korinjem, Hruscica pri Podkraju etc. CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.86-8, sl.102-6, 7, sl.111-2-4). Although handmade and of irregular shape, this ensemble of pottery was certainly produced by the remaining indigenous Romanic population. The shapes of the necks, the distribution and kinds of decoration and temper,

2 AMS-14C dataeija izradena je u Leibniz Labor fiir Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforselmng, Christian-iUbreehts-Universitat u Eelu (KIA-25320, BP 1375+20). Skraeena kalibraeija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izradena na Sveueilistu u Kolim. AMS-MG dating was done at the Leibniz Labor fiir AUersiestimm-mg und Isot^mforschung, C%nstian-Albrechts-Vnwersitmin Kiel (KIA-2S320: BP 137S ±20). Shortened calibration using CaLPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln.

I dragi skup keramike, sivkaste boje, cesto s primjesama pijeska i tvrde pecen, moze se prema zastupljenim oblicima odrediti u kasnu antiku. Zanimljiviji primjerci su obod lonca T9-4, kotacicem ukrasen loncic T9-6 i ulomak zdjelice T10-6 (Svete gore nad Bistrico ob Sotli CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.89-14). Ulomak sivkastog sirokog lonca ili pak zdjelice T l l -5 , neobicno je tvrd i kvalitetno izraden, a takoder ima tamno bojeni ukras. Ovakav ulomak nisam pronasao u dostupnoj literaturi o antickoj keramici, ali nije mi poznat ni iz repertoara srednjovjekovne, pa ni novovjeke i modernodobne keramike.

Treci skup romanskih keramickih nalaza je ujedno i najzastupljeniji na Staroj vesi. Odlikuje se prostoracnom izradom s tragovima modeliranja prstima, tanjim stijenkama, smeckastom bojom i mnogim primjesama sitno drobljenih kamencica. Uglavnom je rijec o vecim loncima, ukrasenim neurednim i plitkim metlicastim urezivanjem. Ovom skupu pripada rekonstrairani lonac T8-1, i dragi dijelovi lonaca T8-2, T9-l,2,3,5 a i mozda T l l - 2 . Unatoc tome sto je ovakva keramika dosad rijetko pronalazena ili objavljivana, mogu joj se pronaci dovoljno uvjerljive usporedbe u materi jalu kasnoantickih visinskih pribjezista (refugium). Naprimjer loncic sirokog usca T9-5, slican je pronadenom na Ajdovskom Gradecu nad Vranjem (CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.88-6). Vecim loncima slicni su pronadeni i na drugim pribjezistima (Ajdovski Gradec nad Vranjem, Korinjski Hrib nad Korinjem, Hrusc ica pr i Podkra ju itd. CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.86-8, sl.102-6,7, s l . l l l -2-4). Premda prostorucne izrade i nepravilnog oblika, ovaj keramicki skup zasigurno pripada proizvodnji preostalog starosjedilackog romanskog stanovnistava. Oblici grla, raspored i tip ukrasa pa i primjese, posvema ill odreduju kao kasnoanticku tradiciju, a ne kao slavensku keramiku tog doba.

Kao i na Blizni, na Staroj vesi pronadeno je i nekoliko ulomaka posebnog keramickog skupa. Taj skup obiljezavaju prostorucno izradene posude, srednje do vrlo grube i nepravilne izrade. Glina je uglavnom prociscena, ali se u gradi posude ipak nalazi poneki neoubicajeno velik kamen. Boje variraju, ali su najcesce tamno smede ili erne.

Kao sto je vec izlozeno za nalaze ovog keramickog skupa s Blizne, ovakve posude mogu se vrlo cesto pronaci u objavljenim nalazima 5 - 7.st, germanskog (TEBJAL 1987 abb.VIII,l.h; RYBOVA 1987, abb.XIV,21.i, XIV,23.f; Sisak VINSKI 1954, D itd.), slavenskog (NEVIZANSKY 1991 t.VII-6, t.XVI-16, t.XII-3,5 itd.) i avarskog (VILA 1999, t.142, 155, 156, 161 itd.) konteksta. Ulomak jedne takve posude pronaden je u jami J l , zajedno s kasnoant ick im, bolje reci romansk im starosjedilackim i doseljenickim slavenskim materijalom. Ovaj ulomak posude (T8-5) je tamno smede boje, a zbog svoje nepravi lnos t i i nedosljednosti u obliku, tesko je zakljuciti cak i njegovu orijentaciju (gore - dolje), pa sam ju nacrtao na nacin koji mi se cinio najrazboritijim.

identify them entirely as coming from the late Roman tradition, and not from the Slavic pottery of the time.

Like at Blizna, several po t she rds of a special ceramic ensemble were also found. This ensemble is characterised by hand-made vessels, of mid to very rough and irregular manufacture. The clay is for the most part refined, but there are nevertheless sporadic and unusually large stones in the material of these vessels. The colours vary, but are predominantly dark brown or black. As has already been said for the find of this pottery ensemble at Blizna, these kinds of vessels can very frequently be found in published finds from the 5th to 7th centuries of Germanic (TERJAL 1987 abb.VIII,l.h; RYBOVA 1987, abb.XT7,21.i, XIV23.f; Sisak VINSKI 1954, D etc.), Slavic (NEVIZANSKY 1991 t.VII-6, t.XVI-16, t.XII-3, 5 etc.) and Avar (VILA 1999, t.142, 155, 156, 161 etc.) contexts. A potsherd from one such vessel was found in pit J l , together with late Roman period, or rather indigenous Romanic and settler Slavic material. This potsherd of a vessel (T8-5) is of dark brown colour and, because of its irregular and inconsistent shape, it is difficult to conclude even what its orientation is (what is up and what is down), so that I have sketched it in the way that seemed most reasonable. The other potsherd that would come from this ensemble is a part of the bottom and the lower end of the belly (Tl l -9) of a vessel, also of very irregular make. Nothing more can be said of this pottery ensemble for the moment other than that it in terms of stratigraphy, in other words temporally, coincides with finds from a time that covers somewhat more than the migration period, i.e. from the end of the 4th to the beginning of the 7th century.

The finds of Slavic vessels at Stara ves can be directly linked to recent finds from explorations at highways in Slovenia, especiaUy with a large ensemble from this period at Nova | tabla near Murska Sobota.

Slavic vessels are routinely porous on ' account of the temper of organic material in the walls prior to firing. There are no Slavic vessels at this site with any other kind of temper that " would remain preserved in the walls of the vessel. Some were slipped in liquid clay prior to being fired. Despite their irregular shapes and porousness, they are quite durable and do not crumble. As far a form go, only pots are represented, all hand-made, with the exception of several potsherds that were probably only finished off on a potter’s wheel. None of the vessel’s bottoms bear traces of the axle of a potter’s wheel, either as a circular depression or as a crosslike relief. Many differences can be found in the pots indicating the hands of the many different potter’s

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Nedelisce-Stara ves. Rekonstruirana zdjelica s nepravilnim metlicastim ukrasom, J1, 655±7calAD. (T9-5)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Reconstructed small bowl with irregular brushed surface decoration, J1, 655±7calAD. (T9-5)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Dio lonca s metlicastim ukrasom, J1, 655±7 calAD. (T9-2)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Part of a pot with brushed surface decoration, J1, 655±7 calAD. (T9-2)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Rekonstruirani lonac s urezanim ukrasom u obliku “sunca”, J1, 655±7 calAD. (T6-5)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Reconstructed pot with engraved decoration in the shape of a “sun”, J1, 655+7 calAD. (T6-5)

214

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Ulomak poroznog lonca s visestrukim crtama i valovnicama, J2.

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Potsherd of a porous pot with multiple lines and wavy lines, J2.

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Rekonstruirani lonac Ijevkastog vrata s visestrukim valovnicama i crtama, J1, calAD 655±7. (T7-1).

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Reconstructed pot with funnel-shaped neck with multiple wavy lines and lines, J1, calAD 655+7. (T7-1)

Drugi ulomak koji bi pripadao ovom skupu je dio dna i donjeg dijela trbuha (Tl l -9 ) , takoder vrlo nepravilne izrade. Zasada se o ovom skupu keramike ne moze vise reel osim to da se stratigrafski, odnosno vremenski na oba nalazista uglavnom poklapa s nalazima iz vremena seobe naroda i nesto sire, odnosno od kraja 4. do pocetka 7.stoljeca.

Nalazi slavenskih posuda na Staroj vesi mogu se izravno povezati s nedavnim nalazima s istrazivanja na autocestama u Sloveniji, posebice s velikim sklopom ovog razdoblja na Novoj tabli kod Murske Sobote.

Slavenske posude su redovito porozne, zbog primjesa organske materije u stijenkama prije pecenja. Na ovom nalazistu nema slavenskih posuda s bilo kakvim dragim primjesama koje bi ostale sacuvane u stijenkama. Neke su bile i premazane tekucom glinom prije pecenja. Unatoc nepravilnom oblikovanju i poroznosti, prilicno su postojane i ne truse se. Od oblika su zastupljeni iskljucivo lonci, svi izradeni prostorucno, osim nekoliko ulomaka koji su vjerojatno samo doradeni na kolu. Ni jedno dno nema tragove osovine loncarskog kola, bilo kao krazno udubljenje ili krizoliki reljef. Kod lonaca se mogu pronaci brojne razlike koje ocituju vise razlicitih majstorskih raku koje su ih izradile. Vitki i nepravilni lonac tanjih stijenki (T6-1), razvracenog oboda, ima neobican ukras - nekoliko kraznica, izvedenih “razjedi-njenim” eesljem.3 Ovakav ukras nisam nasao u meni dostupnim objavama keramike tog doba, osim mozda donekle slicne ukrase s najstarijih slavenskih posuda Poljske (KOSTRZEWSKI, 1947, ryc.232-27-33). Lonac je izraden prostorucno, vrlo je porozan, a prije pecenja bio je premazan tekucom glinom. Oblik vitkog, “duguljastog”, lonca nije

rijedak na ostalim slavenskim nala-zistima (Breclav-Libiva MAHACEK 2002 br .7; Brodski Drenovac

TOMICIC 2002, br.38 itd.). Znatno drukcije oblikovan je mali trbusasti

lonac sa slabije razvracenim, odnosno ljevkastim vra tom i ukrasom dvostrukih ravnih crta i valovnicom unutar njih (T7-1). Izraden je prostorucno i poroznih je stijenki, ali relativno pravilno oblikovan (Lebeny - Kaszas-Domb

TAKACS 2002, br.14; Bijelo Brdo TOMICIC 2002, br.22; Nova Tabla

G U S T I N , T I E F E N G R A B E R 2002, sl.9-1; Pod Kotom TUSEK

2002, br.24 i td) . Trecu inacicu zastupa lonac T10-8, razvracenog oboda, visok i

s najsirim promjerom u gornjoj polovici tijela. Nepravilne je i porozne izrade, s mnogo

who made them. A slender and irregular thin-walled pot (T6-1) with flared rims has an unusual decoration - several circles, executed by a “fragmented” comb.3 I did not find a decoration like this one in the published materials available to me dealing with the pottery of that period, except perhaps for a possibly similar decoration from the oldest Slavic vessels in Poland (KOSTRZEWSKI, 1947, ryc.232-27-33). The pot is hand-made, very porous, but was slipped in liquid clay prior to firing The form of a slender, “elongated”, pot is not rare at other Slavic sites (Breclav-Libiva MAHACEK 2002 br.7; Brodski Drenovac TOMICIC 2002, br.38 etc.). Of significantly different shape is a small rotund pot with a slightly flared, or rather funnel-shaped neck and a decoration consisting of double straight lines and a wavy line between them (T7-1). It is hand-made and has porous walls but is relatively regular in shape (Lebeny - Kaszas-Domb TAKACS 2002, br.14; Bijelo Brdo TOMICIC 2002, br .22; Nova Tabla G U S T I N , T I E F E N G R A B E R 2002, sl.9-1; Pod Kotom TUSEK 2002, br.24 etc.). The third version is represented by pot T10-8, having a flared rim, tall and with its greatest diameter in the upper half of the body. It is of irregular and porous manufacture with numerous traces of finger modelling. Pots like these are also the most frequent finds at Stara ves and elsewhere (Nova Tabla G U S T I N , T I E F E N G R A B E R 2002, si .7-2; Breclav-Pohansko MAHACEK 2000, obr.1-22 etc.).

The majority of potsherds found are not decorated. Individual potsherds are decorated with various executions of comb-like engravings of two to five lines. Decorations such as these have the most numerous combinations. Most often these are multiple wavy lines bordered to the top and bottom by straight lines (T7-1, 3, Tll-11), sets of horizontal lines, sometimes intersected by short perpendicular engravings (T7-6) or just short perpendicular engravings (T10-11). There are also very poorly executed “frame” decorations with horizontal and vertical lines (T7-2) under which is a “false wavy line” (without a proper sequence). There are rare finds of wavy lines on the inner part of the rim itself (T10-9) or holes or wide lines on the rim (T10-10). With the exception of the “unique” circular decoration on vessel T6-1, comparisons can be found for all of the others in the well published material from early Slavic sites (Nitra-Mikov dvor FUSEK 1991, Zagreb-Vehka Gorica TOMICIC 2002, Murska Sobota-Nova Tabla G U S T I N , T I E F E N G R A B E R 2002, Pod Kotom-cesta TUSEK 2002, Pod Kotom -Jug SAVEL 2002; Vyskovce nad Iplom NEVIZANSKY 1991; Brezno-Louny PLEINEROVA 2000; Breclav-

» “Razjedinjenim” eesljem podrazumijeYam “ad hoe" izraden splet stapieastili granfiea, eilj kojili je bilo oponasanje pravog eeslja s fiksim “graneieama”. Naime, lArasavanjeejekmtim ili “fiksnim” eesljem, tipieno kod romanske keramike tog doba, ostavlja uredan trag na posudi, dok se kod “razjedinjenog”eeslja granSee prilikom zagrebavanja vlazne glineM^^ ilierte. A “fragmented” comb refers here to an “ad hoc” knit of stick-like branches, the aim of which is to imitate a true comb with fixed “branches”. Decorating with an entire or “fixed” comb, namely, typical of Romanic pottery of the time, leaves an orderly trace on the vessel, while the “fragmented” comb’s branches spread without any order when drawn across moist clay creating an irregular multiple wavy line or line.

tragova modeliranja prstima. Takvi lonci ujedno su i najcesci nalaz na Staroj vesi, pa i dragdje (Nova Tibia GUSTIN, TIEFENGRABER 2002, si.7-2; Breclav-Pohansko MAHACEK 2000, obr.1-22 itd.).

Glavnina pronadenih ulomaka nije ukrasena. Pojedini su ulomci ukraseni, i to razlicito izvedenim cesljastim urezima s dvije do pet crta. Ovakvi ukrasi imaju najbrojnije kombinacije. Najcesce su to visestruka valovnica omedena s gornje i donje strane ravnim crtama (T7-l ,3 , T l l - 11 ) , nizovi vodoravnih crta, pokatkad presjeceni kratkim okomitim urezima (T7-6) ili samo kratki okomiti urezi (T10-11). Postoji i vrlo neuredno izvedeni “okvirni” ukras s vodoravnim i okomitim crtama (T7-2), ispod kojeg je “lazna valovnica” (bez pravog slijeda). Rijetko se moze pronaci i valovnica na unutrasnjem dijelu i samom obodu (T10-9), utiskivanje rupa ili sirih crta na obod (T10-10). Osim “jedinstvenom” kruznom ukrasu s posude T6-1, svima ostalima mogu se naci usporedbe u dobro objavljenom gradivu ranoslavenskili nalazista (Nitra-Mikov dvor FUSEK 1991, Zagreb-Velika Gorica TOMICIC 2002, Murska Sobota-Nova Tibia GUSTIN, TIEFENGRABER 2002, Pod Kotom-cesta TUSEK 2002, Pod Kotom -Jug SAVEL 2002; Vyskovce nad Iplom NEVIZANSKY 1991; Brezno-Louny PLEINEROVA 2000; Breclav-Pohansko MAHACEK 2000; Poljska KOSTRZEWSKI 1947, ryc.232 i dragdje).

Vjerojatno najmladi ulomak ove cjeline iz ranosrednjovjekovnog doba je slucajni nalaz Tl l -11. Valovnica i trake na njemu su izvedene “pravim” cesljem i mnogo urednije, a i tanjih je stijenki. Za njega bi se moglo reci kako je izraden rucno, ali doraden na sporovrtecem kolu, barem sudeci prema pravilnosti oblika. Pronadena su i tri prsljena (T7-5, T10-5, Tll-12), izradena od antickih opeka ili tegula, sto je uobicajeno i na drugim nalazistima.

Opisani nalazi mogu se odrediti prema nekim od postojecih tipologija ranoslavenske keramike, a zemljopisno naprikladnije je prihvatiti nedavno objavljenu tipologiju na osnovi nalaza iz Nove Table u Murskoj Soboti (GUSTIN, TIEFENGRABER 2002). Prema tamo ustanovljenim i opisanim fazama razvoja, keramika iz Stare vesi pripadala bi fazi IB ili najkasnije 1C. Ove faze datiraju se apsolutnokronoloski u razdoblje prve polovine 7.stoljeca. Osnovne karakteristike faze IB su nestajanje keramike “praskog” tipa, pocetak ukrasavanja lonaca urezivanjem visestrukim crtama i valovnicama, poroznost materijala i jos prevladavajuca prostorucna izrada posuda. Datum dobiven AMS-14C ispitivanjem uzorka ugljena iz jame J l na Staroj vesi (655±7 calAD), priblizno potvrduje ovo odredenje.

Vec odavno raspravljalo se o pitanju postojanosti naseobina staroromanskog stanovnistva na prostoru Panonije i drugdje, uglavnom prema metalnim nalazima (VINSFJ1964, 113), a kasnije i prema keramickim nalazima. Za proucavanje

Pohansko MAHACEK 2000; Poljska KOSTRZEWSKI 1947, ryc.232 and elsewhere).

Perhaps the latest potsherd of this early Medieval period ensemble is chance find Tll-11. The wavy line and ribbon on it are executed by a “true” comb and are in much better order, and it has thinner walls. It could be said of this piece that it was handmade, but finished off on a slow potter’s wheel, at least judging by the regularity of its shape. Three spindle whorls were also found (T7-5, T10-5, Tl l -12), made of Roman period bricks or roof tiles, which is also typical of other sites.

The described finds can be identified based on some of the existing typologies of early Slavic pottery, with the geographically most suitable being the recently published typology based on the finds from Nova Tabla in Murska Sobota (GUSTIN, TIEFENGRABER 2002). According to the developmental phases established and described there, the ceramics from Stara ves would originate from the IB phase, or at the latest from the 1C phase. These phases are dated by absolute chronology to the period of the first half of the 7th century. The basic characteristics of phase IB are the disappearance of the “Prague” type ceramics, the beginning of decorations on the pots consisting of multiple line and wavy line engravings, the porosity of the material and the continuing predominance of hand manufacture. Datings arrived at through AMS-14C testing of charcoal samples from pit J l at Stara ves (655±7 calAD) approximately corroborate this identification.

The deliberations concerning the issue of the persistence of the settlements of old Romanic inhabitants in the area of Pannonia and elsewhere have been lead for some time now, mostly based on metal finds (VINSFJ 1964, 113), and later based on finds of pottery. Of exceptional importance for the study of the ceramics of these “Dark Ages” is a publication of finds from Tinje nad Loko pri Zusmu (CIGLENECKI 2000), where at one location we can Mow the layering of late Roman, Germanic and early Slavic period pottery, and a few similar sites in Slovenia and the Czech Republic. I also feel that this small ensemble consisting of one dugout house and a few pits at Stara ves is key in understanding the “technology transfer” that took place between the indigenous Romanic and settler Slavic populations (PLETERSKI, BELAK 2002). At Stara ves, namely, we have hand-made Romanic pots with brushed surface decorations and multiple wavy lines (T8-1!) and both decorated and undecorated very early Slavic pottery in the same context, and much more than that, making this ensemble an exceptional source for the study of this period.

215

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Ulomak poroznog lonca s “okvirnim” ukrasom, J1, 655±7 calAD. (T7-2)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Potsherd of a porous pot with “frame” decoration, J1, 655+7 calAD. (T7-2)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Rekonstruirani lonac, J2b. (110-8)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Reconstructed pot J2b. (T10-8)

216

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Osteceni metalni praporac, J1-PN4, 655±7 calAD. (T6-4)

Nedelis}e-Stara ves. Damaged metal jingle-bell, J1-PN4, 655+7 calAD. (T6-4)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Izlizan i prepaljen rimski novae. Na aversu vidljivo poprsje cara nadesno, a na reversu Mezija koja stoji s rukama nad bikom i lavom. PN2.

Nedelis}e-Stara ves. Worn and scorched Roman period coin. The obverse depicts the half-length portrait of an emperor facing right, and on the reverse Moesia standing with hands over a bull and lion. PN2.

keramike ovog “mracnog doba” iznimno je bitna objava nalaza s Tinja nad Loko pri Zusmu (CIGLENECFJ2000), gdje se na jednom mjestu moze pratiti preslojavanje kasnoanticke, germanske i ranije slavenske keramike, a i jos nekoliko slicnih nalazista u SlovenijnCesloj\Takoder smatram da je i ovaj mali sklop jedne zemunice i nekoliko jama na Staroj vesi kljucan za razumijevanje “preuzimanja znanja” o tehnici izrade keramike koje je od starosjedilackog romanskog stanovnistva na pridoslo slavensko stanovnistvo i obratno (PLETERSKI, BELAK 2002). Na Staroj vesi, naime, imamo u istom kontekstu prostorucno izradene romanske lonce s metlicastim ukrasom ali i visestrukom valovnicom (T8-1!) te ujedno neukrasenu i ukrasenu vrlo ranu slavensku keramiku, kao i mnogo toga dmgog sto ove cjeline cini izvanrednim izvorom za proucavanje ovog doba.

Metalni nalazi Nalazi metala rijetki su u ranoslavenskim

naseljima, pa je nekoliko ulomaka pronadenih u jami J l doista sretna okolnost. Pronaden je dio cetvrtastogzeljeznog zvonca (T6-2 - PN4), kovanog od nekoliko plocica povezanih raskovanim bakrom. Anticka zvonca uglavnom su izradena lijevanjem, a ovo po obliku i izradi slici pronadenom u hunskom kontekstu druge trecine sredine 5.st. u Madarskoj (Budapest-Zuglo KAZANSKI 2005, 36). Zatim okrugli praporac ili gumb (PN5), nacinjen slicnom tehnikom, kovanjem zeljeznih plocica i prekivanjem spojeva bakrom. Obla zvonca i praporci nisu rijetkost u ranosrednjovjekovnome materijalu, ali su cesti tek od 8. do 9.st., pa je ovaj nalaz jedan od najranijih meni poznatih (Nin-Sv.Kriz, Zdrijac BELOSEVIC1980, s.92, t.XXVI-28,29, t.XLIV 17-20; Satu Nou FIEDLER 1992, abb.44-1 itd.). Zvonca i praporci sluzili su vjerojatno u kultne svrhe, kao zvuk za prizivanje ili tjeranje zlih duhova. Prema Uwe Piedleru, najcesce su bili ovjeseni o pojas ili usiveni u odjecu djece, kako bi odagnali zle sile (FIEDLER 1992, 194, 195). Slicnog oblika i izrade su i gumbi, koji su sluzili kao nausnice i pripadali zenskoj nosnji (Olmouc-Slavonin CIZMAR, GEISLEROVA, UNGER 2000, obr.146; BEM 2001, pic.72; Rumunjska FIEDLER 1992, abb.43).

Ostecen masivni zeljezni kovani cavao (Tll-10) vjerojatno je rimskodobni. Broncani novae (PN2) pronaden je vrlo izlizan i prepaljen. Prema njegovu stanju tesko je tocno odrediti o kojem je vladaru rrjec. Cini se kako revers prikazuje poznati vimnacijski tip, s Mezijom koja stoji s poluispruzenom desnicom nad bikom s nase lijeve strane i lavom s desne strane. Zamjecuje se takoder izbacena i naglasena donja hasta slova L u natpisu PMS COL VIM, sto je uobicajeno na velikoj vecini ovih tipova reversa. Ovaj prikaz koristen je od cara Gordijana III. do Galijena, no avers ne daje moguenosti da se zakljuci o kome je tocno rijec. Tu se zamjecuje samo poprsje cara udesno, bez zrakaste krune. Kako god bilo, ovi novci kovani su u

Metal finds Metal finds are rare at early Slavic settlements

so that the few shards found in pit J l are a truly happy circumstance. Part of a square iron beU (T6-2 - PN4) was found, forged from a few plates bonded by forged copper. Roman period bells were made mostly by mould-casting, and this one is by its shape and manufacture similar to one found in Hungary in a Hun context from the second third of the 5th century (Budapest-Zuglo KAZANSKI 2005, 36). There is also a round jingle-bell or button (PN5), manufactured using a similar technique, the forging of iron plates and the re-forging of the joints with copper. Round bells and jingle-bells are not a rarity in Medieval material, but are frequent only from the 8th to 9th century, which makes this find one of the earliest known to me (Nin-Sv.Kriz, Zdrijac BELOSEVIC 1980, s.92, t.XXVI-28, 29, t.XLIV 17-20; Satu Nou FIEDLER 1992, abb.44-1 etc.). Bells and jingle-bells were probably used in cult rituals, to make sound that called or caused evil spirits to flee. According to Uwe Fiedler, they were most often hung of a belt or sowed into children’s clothing to scare off evil forces (FIEDLER 1992, 194, 195). Of similar form and manufacture are buttons that served as earring and were a part of a woman’s garb (Olmouc-Slavonin CIZMAR, GEISLEROVA, UNGER 2000, obr.146; BEM 2001, pic.72; Rumunjska FIEDLER 1992, abb.43).

A damaged massive wrought iron nail (Tll-10) is probably of Roman period origin. A very worn and scorched bronze coin (PN2) was found. Because of its condition it is difficult to ascertain from which ruler’s period it comes from. It appears that the reverse depicts the well-known Vimnacium type, with Moesia standing with fist half-extended over a bull to our left and a lion to the right. Also visible is the protruding and emphasised lower arm of the letter L in the inscription PMS COL VIM, which is usual on the majority of this type of reverse. This depiction was used from the time of Emperor Gordian III to Galien, but the obverse does not aUow us to conclude of exactly whose depiction it might be. Here we can only make out the half-length portrait of the Emperor facing right, without rayed crown. Whatever the case, this money was minted during the period from 238 to 268, and given the debased nominal (Ae20, in its initial form probably Ae25), is most likely from one of the later rulers of this period.

Other finds As far as Roman period glass is concerned, only

a single shard from the flat handle of a jug (?) was found at Stara ves as a chance find (Tll-7). It appears that the mass production of glass was already diminishing at the time. A shard from a stone object of unknown use (T6-6) was found in dugout house J l that is on its preserved side polished to a high gloss, and a small square-shaped whetstone made of sandstone, worn by use on all

razdoblju od 238. do 268.g., a s obzirom na oslabljenu nominalu (Ae20, u prvobitnom stanju vjerojatno Ae25), vjerojatnije je rijec o nekom od kasnijih vladara tog razdoblja.

Ostali nalazi Sto se tice antickog stakla, na Staroj vesi

pronaden je samo jedan ulomak plocaste rucke vrca?, i to kao slucajan nalaz (Tll-7). Cini se kako je u to doba masovna izrada stakla vec jenjala. U zemunici J l pronaden je ulomak kamenog predmeta nepoznate namjene, koji je na ocuvanoj strani uglacan do visokog sjaja (T6-6), te mali cetvrtasti bms od pjescenjaka, izlizan uporabom sa svih strana (T6-7).

Izvanredan nalaz je djelimicno obradeni komad prozirnoga gorskog kristala (PN3). Kristal se formirao u dvije nepravilne sesterostranicne piramide na krajevima i s izduzenim seterostranicnim tijelom, ali je dodatno brusen (?) da se postigne veca pravilnost loma. Na njemu nema tragova busenja za umetanje alke ili neke rape na osnovi kojih bi se moglo zakljuciti kako je predmet nosen na vidljivome mjestu (oko vrata ili slicno). Vjerojatno je koristen kao zastita od uroka i zlih duhova, te nosen u koznoj vrecici, kao sto to neki ljudi cine i u danasnje vrijeme. Prozirni braseni gorski kristali mogu se pronaci u inventarima germanskih grobova iz doba seobe naroda (Njemacka, QUAST 2001 s.438, b.504) ali i u ranoslavenskom gradivu (Poljska, KOSTRZEWSKI 1947, 185, 186, ryc.185). Uglavnom su to sesterostranicni ili visestranicni privjesci s rapom u sredini, ali pokatkad mogu biti i neprobuseni, ili(i) u obliku kuglice, skoljke i si.

Premda manje reprezentativan, ali je jednako vazan i nalaz ostecenog kostanog privjeska (T10-4). Rijec je o plocastoj kosti, fmo uglacanoj sa svih strana. Uzduzna rupa za konac bila je probusena kroz sredinu privjeska. Najzanimljivije bi bilo saznati o kojoj je kosti rijec, sto je tesko odrediti jer je ulomak obraden. Postoji mogucnost da je to ulomak ljudske lubanje ili siroke bedrene kosti goveda ili konja. Kako kost sama po sebi nijeYrijedna sirovina za izradu ukrasa, niti je rijec o umjetnicki obradenoj ili ukrasenoj kosti, vjerujem da je prava bit privjeska u porijeklu kosti. Da li je rijec o kosti predaka ili neprijatelja, ili pak neke vece i u vjerskom smislu znacajnije zivotinje, zasad ostaje otvoreno pitanje.

Prema nekoliko ulomaka kostiju iz jame J l prepoznato je samo govedo (Bos sp.).lz istog razdoblja je i fragment zuba iz jame J2b, koji je pripadao malom prezivacu - ovci ili kozi {(Ms aries, Gapra HrcMs). Vecina ulomaka kostiju pronadenih u jamama J l , J2, i J2b imaju tragove glodanja, vjerojatno mesozdera (psa?).

Mikroskopskim pregledom uzoraka zemlje nisu ustanovljeni ostaci (sjemenke i si.) koji bi pomogli u odredivanju biljnog pokrova ili iskoristavanja poljoprivrednih kultura u doba zapunjavanja jame J l .

four sides (T6-7). An exceptional find is a partially retouched piece

of transparent rock crystal (PN3). The crystal was formed into two irregular six-sided pyramids at its ends and with an elongated six-sided body, but was further ground (?) to achieve a more regular refraction. There are no traces on it of boring for the insertion of a ring or any hole on the basis of which one could conclude that this object was worn in a visible place (around the neck or the like). It was probably used as a protection from spells and evil spirits and carried in a small leather bag just as some people do to this day. Transparent ground rock crystals can be found in the inventory of Germanic graves from the migration period (Germany, QUAST 2001 s.438, b.504) but also among early Slavic material (Poljska, KOSTRZEWSKI 1947, 185, 186, ryc.185). They are mostly six-sided or multi-sided pendants with holes in the middle, but can also sometimes be without boring and/or in the shape of a sphere, shell and the like.

Although less representative, of equal importance is a find of a damaged bone pendant (T10-4). This is a flat bone, well polished on all sides. A longitudinal hole for a thread was bored thought he middle of the pendant. What would be most interesting to discover is of what animal the bone is from, which is difficult to determine as the shard has been retouched. There is the possibility that it is a part of a human skull or a wide thighbone of some ox or horse. As the bone itself is not a valuable raw material for the production of ornaments, nor is it an artistically worked or decorated bone, I believe that the true nature of the pendant is in the bone’s origin. Whether it is the bone of an ancestor or an enemy, or even of some large and in the religious sense important animal, is for now an open question.

Based on the several bones shards from pit J1 only an ox (Bos sp.) was identified. The fragment of a tooth from pit J2b is from the same period, from a small ruminant - a sheep or goat (Ovis aries, Capra hircus). The majority of bone shards found in pits J1, J2, and J2b bear traces of gnawing, probably from a carnivore (a dog?).

A microscopic analysis of soil samples did not establish remains (seeds and the like) that would assist in determining the foliage or use of agricultural cultures at the time pit J1 was filled in.

This site is key in the study of the interaction of the remaining Romanic indigenous population and the settling Slavic peoples in the earliest phases of their arrival. The number of finds, their complexity and the value of the data that could still be obtained demand an individual, detailed publication of the material of this period at Stara ves, which shall be undertaken in the near future.

LATER EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD FEATURES Two pits were found at the far western part of

the site. K3 is a larger pit of elongated shape the

217

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Doracteni gorski kristal, J1-PN3, 655 ± 7 calAD. (T6-5) Nedelisce-Stara ves. Retouched rock crystal, J1-PN3, 655+7 calAD. (T6-5)

218 Ovo nalaziste kljucno je za proucavanje deposit of which contained a small number of ~ medudjelovanja preostalog romanskog, starosjedi- potsherds, two clay spindle whorls, one iron knife

lackog stanovnistva i slavenskih pridoslica u and some charcoal. The other pit is located nearby najranijoj fazi njihova dolaska. Brojnost nalaza, but there were no archaeological finds and it has not kompleksnost i vrijednost podataka koji bi se jos been marked on the ground plan. It appears that mogli izvuci, iziskuje i zasebnu, podrobnu objavu pit K3 was at the time of its filling full of liquid as the materijala ovog razdoblja sa Stare vesi, sto ce i biti soil of the deposit was greenish coloured, like that of ucinjeno u skorije vrijeme. marsh mud. Perhaps this is a former latrine. The

small number of finds, given the volume of the pit, KASNIJI RANI SREDNJI VIJEK speaks in favour of this possibility. The charcoal NALAZI from this pit was tested using the AMS-14C method Na krajnje zapadnom dijelu nalazista pronadene and the result indicates the 11th century (calAD

su dvije jame. K3 je oveca jama izduzenog oblika, u 1080±47).4 9 pieces of earthen flooring were found cijoj se ispuni pronaslo malo ulomaka keramike, in pit K3. The flooring was made of clay without dva glinena prsljena, jedan zeljezni nozic i nesto organic or other temper, thick, based on the remains gara. Druga jama nalazi se u blizini, ali u njoj nije over 4 cm, and with a weU smoothed upper surface. bilo nikakvih arheoloskih nalaza i nije zabiljezena These are the remains of a some raised house that na tlorisu. Cini se kako je jama K3 u doba svqjeg comes from this period. Unfortunately, other than punjenja bila prepuna tekucine, jer je zemlja ispune K3, we did not discover any structures anywhere bila zelenkasto obojena, poput mocvarnoga gliba. else at Stara ves, or any other chance fragments Mozda je rijec o nekadasnjoj fekalnoj jami. Tome u from this period. prilog govori i malen broj nalaza s obzirom na njezinu zapreminu. Gar iz jame ispitan je metodom FINDS AMS-14C a ishod upucuje na 11 st. (calAD Ceramic finds 1080 ±47).4 U jami K3 pronadeno je i 9 komada The finds from pit K3 are about three hundred zemljanog poda. Podnica je bila nacinjena od gline years later, but also from the early Medieval period. bez organskih ili drugih primjesa, debela, prema Midden K3 was dated using the AMS-14C method ostacima, vise od 4 cm i dobro zagladene gornje to the second half of the 11th century. Finds from povrsine. Rijec je ostacima neke nadzemne kuce koja this period have in Croatia not been published pripada torn razdoblju. Nazalost, osim K3, nigdje enough, with the exception of contemporary drugdje na Staroj vesi nismo pronasli strukture, explorations of Tajana Sekelj-Ivancan, Tatjana pa ni slucajne ulomke iz ovog razdoblja. Tkalcec and several other researchers.

Finds from table T12 and T13 were found in POKRETNI NALAZI midden K 3 . A great deal more potsherds were found Keramicki nalazi in the pit, but so small that it would make no sense Tristotinjak godina mladi, ali takoder iz ranog to discuss them here. The ones detailed here are,

srednjeg vijeka su nalazi iz jame K3. Otpadna jama however, enough to show the interesting pottery K3 datirana je AMS-14C metodom u drugu production of the period. The depicted potsherds polovinu ll.stoljeca. Nalazi ovog razdoblja u nas come from vessels that were for the most part made takoder nisu dovoljno objavljivani, uz iznimku on a slow potter’s wheel. Circular impressions on suvremenijih istrazivanja Tajane Sekelj-Ivancan, their bottoms, the trace of a wheel axle (T13-4) are Tatjane Tkalcec i nekolicine drugih istrazivaca. evidence of the use of a potter’s wheel on this relatively

Nalazi s tabli T12 i T13 pronadeni su u otpadnoj rough and irregular pottery. Several “sharp” (T12-jami K3. U jami je pronadeno mnogo vise ulomaka, 1, 4) or “semi-rounded” (T12-2, 5) pot rims are ali su oni toliko sitni da ih nije imalo smisla sve shown on table T12. There are “cut off” rims (T13-ovdje prikazati. No, i ovo je dovoljno da pokaze 1, 2, 5) on table K13. The variety of the ends of zanimljivu keramicku proizvodnju tog razdoblja. these vessels indicates the period in which the Prikazani ulomci pripadaju posudama koje su transition was made from rounded rims, to ones ponajvise izradivane na sporovrtecem kolu. Dokaz that were “cut off”. This development did, za upotrebu kola na ovoj relativno gruboj i admittedly, last quite some time, but from the nepravilnoj keramici su kruzni otisci na dnu, ostaci accompanying finds at the majority of sites it is osovine kola (T13-4). Na tabli T12 prikazano je evident that from the 8th century, when they nekoliko “ostrih” (T12-l,4 ) ili “poluzaobljenih” appeared, to the 11th century, the number of “cut (T12-2,5) oboda lonaca. Na tabli K13 nalaze se off” rims had statistically grown so much that pak “odrezani” obodi (T13-l,2,5). Sarolikost ovih “rounded” or “sharp” rims (like those here) can zavrsetaka upucuje na razdoblje u kojem se odustalo hardly be found originating from the 12th century. od oblih oboda i preslo na one “odrezane”. Taj Most of the finds with which these at Stara ves can razvoj doduse potrajao je prilicno dugo, ali prateci be compared unfortunately are to be found in

«AMS-14C dataeija izradena je u Leibniz Labor fiir Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforselmng, Christian-Albreehts-Universitat u Eelu (KIA-25319, BP 960 ± 20). Skracena kalibracija putem CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration izra dena na Sveu5»u u Kolnu. AMS-MG dating was done at the Leita Labor fUr Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Chnsttan-Albrechts-Vnwersitat in Kiel (KIA-2531 ft BP 960 ±20). Shortened calibration using GalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration done at the University of Koln.

nalaze na vecem broju nalazista uocljivo je kako se museum depots, without special markings or from 219 od 8.st., kada su se pojavljivali, do ll.st., statisticki unsystematic explorations (SEKELJ-IVANCAN povecao broj “odrezanih” oboda toliko da iz 12.st. 2000, SEKELJ-IVANCAN 2001, SEKELJ-“oble”, odnosno “ostre” (kao ovdje) gotovo i ne IVANCAN, TKALCEC, SILJEG 2003). mozemo naci. Vecina nalaza s kojima se mogu The shape of pot T12-1, 3 is similar to one usporediti ovi sa Stare vesi nazalost potjecu iz found at Borovljani (SEKELJ-IVANCAN 2000) muzejskih depoa bez posebnih oznaka ili iz that the author dates approximately to the period nesustavnih istrazivanja (SEKELJ-IVANCAN from the 8th to 10th centuries. “Sharp” rims are 2000, SEKELJ-IVANCAN 2001, SEKELJ- known from various sites (Vrba, Sarvas-Gradac, IVANCAN, TKALCEC, SILJEG 2003). Torcec-Blazevo Pole, Vinkovci-Duga ulica,

Oblik lonca T12-l,3, slici pronadenome u SEKELJ-IVANCAN 2001, br.50, 250, 299, 372). Borovljanima (SEKELJ-IVANCAN 2000) koje Semi-rounded ones like that on T12-2, 5 are similar autorica okvirno datira od 8. do lO.stoljeca. “Ostri” to ones found at Duga ulica in Vinkovci (SEKELJ-obodi poznati su s razlicitih nalazista (Vrba, Sarvas- IVANCAN 2001, br.336, 394). Cut rims, of which Gradac, Torcec-Blazevo Pole, Vinkovci-Duga ulica, some can have barely distinguishable grooves in the SEKELJ-IVANCAN 2001, br.50, 250, 299, 372). top of the rim, have been found at the sites Lipovac-Poluzaobljeni obodi kao T12-2,5 slice pronadenima Ivanac, Gradac-Sarvas, Vinkovci-Duga ulica, u Dugoj ulici u Vmkovcima ( SEKELJ-IVANCAN (SEKELJ-IVANCAN 2001, br.153, 249, 350, 2001, br.336, 394). Odrezani obodi, od kojih neki 354, 385). An irregular, horizontal, brushed surface mogu vec imati i slabo razlucene utore u vrhu oboda decoration (T12-10) can also be found elsewhere pronadeni su na nalazistima Lipovac-Ivanac, (Vinkovci-Duga ulica, SEKELJ-IVANCAN 2001, Gradac-Sarvas, Vinkovci-Duga ulica, (SEKELJ- 385). All of the parallel finds can be placed in the IVANCAN 2001, br.153, 249, 350, 354, 385). period from the 8th to 12th centuries. Ukras nepravilnog vodoravnog metlicastog Two unusual spindle whorls were found in pit ukrasavanja (T12-10) takoder se pronalazi i K3. The first is of very small dimensions (T13-6), drugdje (Vinkovci-Duga ulica, SEKELJ- and the second has a very elongated and slender IVANCAN 2001, 385). Svi usporedni nalazi mogu shape (T13-7). se postaviti u razdoblje od 8. do 12.stoljeca.

U jami K3 pronadena su i dva neobicna prsljena. Metal finds Prvi je vrlo malih mjera (T13-6), a drugi neobicnog A damaged small iron knife, T12-9, was found izduzenog i tankog oblika (T13-7). in pit K3. Its length may have been even a little

shorter than the depicted sketch of it. Metalni nalazi A very small pyramidal iron arrowhead on a U jami K3 pronaden je i osteceni mali zeljezni cylinder, found near pit J l , but as a chance find, is

noz, T12-9. Njegova duzina mozda je bila i malo rare on account of its dimensions of about 3.8 cm kraca u odnosu na prikazan crtez. (T15-10). The most similar one I found was from

Vrlo mala zeljezna piramidalna strelica na tuljac, material originating from the Adriatic seaboard. pronadena blizu jame J l , ali kao slucajni nalaz, According to Dragicevic, similar finds of pyramidal rijedak je tip zbog svojih mjera od oko 3,8cm (T15- arrowheads from Bribir originate in the 14th century, 10). Najslicnije sam pronasao tek u gradivu s but her sketches do not, unfortunately, have jadranske obale. Prema Dragicevicewj, slicni nalazi measurements (DRAGICEVIC 1987, sl.22-8, 9). piramidalnih strelica s Bribira potjecu iz 14.st., ali The second find is from the legacy of Vladimir nazalost njezini crtezi nemaju mjerilo Mirosavljevic, who collected an almost identical (DRAGICEVIC 1987, sl.22-8,9). Drugi nalaz je iz arrowhead somewhere in the environs of Baska on ostavstine Vladimira Mirosavljevica, koji je gotovo the island of Krk. It appears that the difference is identicnu strelicu prikupio negdje u okolici Baske only in size, to the advantage of the find from Baska na Krku. Cini se kako je razlika samo u velicini, u (about 5 cm long). Glogovic does not date it to any korist strelice iz Baske (oko 5 cm). Glogoviceva ju exactness, saying only that it was a “medieval poblize ne datira, navodeci kako je rrjec o weapon” (GLOGOVIC 1989, 100, sl.1-11). A “srednjovjekovnom oruzju” (GLOGOVIC 1989, sketch of an arrowhead from the Keglevic hill fort in 100, sl.1-11). Crtez strelice s Keglevica gradine u Mokro polje, which Delonga dates to between the Mokrom polju, koju Delonga datira izmedu 13. i 13th and 16th centuries, does not depict the 16.St., nema presjek ostrice, pa nije sigurno je li arrowheads cross-section, so that it is uncertain uopce rijec o piramidalnom zavrsetku. Ujedno su whether its tip is in fact pyramidal. The dimensions mjere te strelice vece (oko 6,2 cm) od nase of this arrowhead are also larger (about 6.2 cm) (DELONGA 1985, t.VIII-12). Zeljezne than ours (DELONGA 1985, t.VIII-12). piramidalne strelice na tuljac upotrebljavali su jos i Pyramidal iron arrowheads mounted on cylinders Rimljani, a ocigledno je kako su koristene i do were used by the Romans, and it is evident that they kasnog srednjeg vijeka. Nas primjerak zbog were used through to the late Middle Ages. Our nedostatka stratigrafskih podataka i uvjerljive specimen can not, because of a lack of stratigraphic usporedbe ne moze se datirati. data and convincing comparisons, be dated.

Tako je i sazeljeznom ostricom T15-9. Ona je The same goes for iron blade T15-9. It is

220

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Dio rucke s utisnutim ukrasima u nizu. Slucajni nalaz. (T15-1) Nedelis}e-Stara ves. Part of a handle with an impressed series of decorations. Chance find. (T15-1)

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Dio oboda iz K1 Nedelis}e-Stara ves. Part of a rim from K1

ostecena na oba kraja, a slici na manji noz ili britvu. Zanimljivi su urezi u nizu na jednoj strani ostrice, ali oni ne svjedoce da je sluzila za piljenje, vec se njome ipak rezalo.

Ostali nalazi U jami K3, pronaden je zub goveda (Bos sp.).

RAZVIJENI SREDNJI VIJEK TE RANI NOVI VIJEK NALAZI Sirom nalazista Stara ves moguce je pronaci

ulomke koji pripadaju kasnom srednjem vijeku i ranom novom vijeku. Ipak, pronadena je samo jedna straktura, oznacena kao K l . Rijec je o vrlo velikoj jami, dugoj gotovo 10 m, koja se proteze u profilu pokosa kanala. Djelomicno je ostecena bagerom, a vjerojatno se proteze pod novo-izgradenim nasipom. Zbog nedostatka vremena i novca, ova jama nije iskopana u cijelosti, ali je djelomicno dokumentirana. Osim malogzeljeznog cavlica i nekoliko zivotinjskih kostiju, u njoj se nalazi samo velika kolicina ulomaka keramike, a ti nalazi vjerojatno pripadaju kasnom 16.stoljeca.

POKRETNI NALAZI Kerami~ki nalazi Usamljeni ulomak keramickog lonca T15-3,

pronaden kao slucajni nalaz, zbog grube bi izrade, nepravilnog pecenja, grade stijenke, dvostrukih valovnica i ravnih crta valjalo datirati u razdoblje 12. ili 13.stoljeca. Drugih nalaza iz tog doba na Staroj vesi nije bilo.

U golemoj jami K l nalaze se mnogobrojni keramicki ulomci raznolikih posuda. Na tabli 14 prikazan je odreden broj tipicnih ulomaka. Prema nacinu izrade, svi su vrlo srodni, pa je vjerojatno rijec o otpacima iz obliznje, nepronadene radionice. Najblize usporedbe i najslicnije su nam iz i s t raz ivanja na laz i s ta Nedel isce-Gradisce (TOMICIC 1985b, TOMICIC 1990). Lonac T14-6 slici loncu si.8-1, lonac T15-5 vjerojatno loncu sl.8-3. Dno T14-12 mozda peharu sl.8-7, ali je kriz ovdje uokviren kruznicama i krajnji rub dna nema naglasenu tanku nogu. Zato ga je mozda bolje usporedivati s dnom sl.9-2. Rucka T15-1 s ukrasom urezanih tankih crta vrlo slici brojnim nalazima prikazanim na si.10, a posebice primjerku sl.10-11. Oblik zdjelice T15-2 po svojem presjeku podsjeca na si.8-8. Tbmicic nalaze s Nedelisca-Gradisca datira u razdoblje od sredine 13.st. do sredine 15.st. (TOMICIC 1985b, 62), dok su nalazi sa Stare vesi i malo mladi. Naime, nasi nalazi vise nemaju znacajke 13. s t , kao sto je jednostavan obod bez rebara i deblje stijenke (npr. Ciglenica Tl,2) ili trnasta produzenja istih oboda (Dornenmnd), pa niti znacajke 14.st. kao okomito trakasto izveden obod {Leistenmnd) i debeljuskasta tijela lonaca. Kod ulomaka sa Stare vesizamjetljivi su veoma razvraceni siroki trakasti obodi s vise rebara {Karniesmnd) koji se javljaju tek od 15.st, te ostro naglaseni utori za cepove na unutrasnjoj strani oboda, karakteristicni za kasni srednji vijek i rani

damaged at both ends, and resembles a smaUer knife or razor. A series of engravings on one side of the blade are interesting, but they do not bear witness to its possible use as a saw, as it was used only for cutting.

Other finds An ox tooth (Bos sp.) was found in pit K3.

HIGH MEDIEVAL AND POST MEDIEVAL PERIODS FEATURES Finds can be located across the entire breadth of

the Star ves site that originate in the late Medieval and Post Medieval periods. Only a single structure was found, however, designated as K l . This is a very large pit, almost 10 m long, which runs along the profile of the canal’s side. It was partially damaged by an excavator, and probably extends under the newly constructed embankment. A lack of time and funds did not allow us to excavate this pit in its entirety, but it is partially documented. Besides a small iron nail and several animal bones, it contained only a large amount of potsherds, these finds originating probably in the late 16th century.

FINDS Ceramic finds A solitary potsherd from a T15-3, a pot, was

found as a chance find, that can be, on account of its rough manufacture, irregular firing, the structure of its waUs, a double wavy line and a straight line, be dated to the 12th or 13th century. There were no other finds from this period at Stara ves.

The huge pit K l contains numerous potsherds from a variety of vessels. Table 14 shows a number of typical potsherds. Based on the method of their manufacture they are aU related, so that it is likely that they are refuse from a probable nearby workshop that has not been found. The closest comparisons and most similar specimens are from the exploration of the Nedelisce-Gradisce site (TOMICIC 1985b, TOMICIC 1990). Pot T14-6 is similar to pot sl.8-1, pot T15-5 probably to pot sl.8-3. Bottom T14-12 perhaps to beaker sl.8-7, but the cross here is framed by circles and the far edge of the bottom does not have an emphasised thin foot. It is, therefore, perhaps better compared to bottom sl.9-2. Handle T15-1 decorated with thin engraved lines is very similar to numerous finds shown in si.10, and especially to the specimen in sl.10-11. The shape of small bowl T15-2 is in its cross section reminiscent of si.8-8. Tbmicic dates the finds from Nedelisce-Gradisce to the period from the mid 13th century to the mid 15th century (TOMICIC 1985b, 62), while the finds from Stara ves are somewhat later. Our finds, namely, no longer have the characteristics of the 13th century such as a simple rim without ribs and thicker walls (Ciglenica T l , 2 for example) or the thorn-like extensions of these same r ims (Dornenrand), nor the characteristics of the 14th century, like a vertical ribbon-executed rim (Leistenmnd) and rotundish pot bodies. Very flared, wide, ribbon-like rims with

novi vijek Ove znacajke karakteristicne su za kasnije razvqjne stupnjeve Ciglenice (15., i 16.st.) i Canjeva (15..-17.st.). Ujedno nacin, odnosno kvaliteta izrade primjeraka sa Stare vesi vise odgovara 16. i 17. St., pa smatram da jamu Kl i njeno gradivo naposljetku mozemo datirati oko 1600.godine.

Ostali nalazi Kao slucajni nalazi prikupljena su dva slomljena

brasna kamena, koji se mogu datirati u novovjeko doba (T15-6,7), te jedna glacana izradevina (T15-8), upitne namjene i datacije.

U jami Kl pronadeno je nekoliko ulomaka kostiju goveda (Bos sp.), medu kojima na jednoj kosti postoje tragovi skidanja mesa ostrim predmetom. U istoj jami pronaden je i jedan zub svmje (Sus sp.).

ZAKLJUCAK Podrucje Stare vesi kod Nedelisca siroki je

prostor koji je bio naseljen od bakrenog doba do ranog novog vijeka. Naseobinama na ovom nalazistu pogodovali su lagano uzdignut i neplavljen polozaj te blizine vodotokova.

Istrazivanje na Staroj vesi zapravo je samo zapocelo, jer je velika vecina nalaza jos pod zemljom. Prema onome sto je iskopano, cini se kako ni jedna od zastupljenih kultura na ovome mjestu nije imala naselje s gusto rasporedenim stambenim objektima. Rijec je o visekratno naseljavanom, sirokom nizinskom prostora, uz vodotokove, na kojem su vjerojatno rastrkano zivjele manje skupine ljudi, iskoristavajuci okolni prostor koji im je bio dovoljan za prezivljavanje. Vrlo slicnog karaktera je nalaziste Nova Tabla kod Murske Sobota, u novije vrijeme istrazena i djelomicno objavljena (GUSTIN,

multiple ribs (Karniesrand) are evident in the potsherds from Stara ves that appear only by the 15th century, and sharply emphasised grooves for plugs on the inside of the rim, typical of the late Medieval and Post Medieval periods. These traits are characteristic of the later developmental levels at Ciglenica (15th and 16th century) and Canjevo (15th - 17th century). Also, the method, i.e. the quality of manufacture of the specimens from Stara ves a more consistent with the 16th and 17th centuries, so that I feel that pit Kl and its material can, finally, be dated to around the year 1600.

Other finds Two broken whetstones were coUected as chance

finds that can be dated to the Early Modern period (T15-6, 7), and on polished artefact (T15-8), of unknown use and dating.

Several bone shards from an ox (Bos sp.) were found in pit Kl, on one of which there are traces of the removal of meat with a sharp object. The tooth pf a pig (Sus sp.) was also found in this it.

CONCLUSION The Stara ves area near Nedelisce is a wide area

that was settled from the Copper Age to the Post Medieval period. The settlements at this site were favoured by a slightly elevated and flood-free position and the proximity of a waterway.

The exploration of Stara ves has, in fact, only started, as many of the finds are still underground. Based on that which has been excavated, it appears that not a single one of the cultures represented at this location had a settlement with densely distributed dwellings. This is a wide lowland area, near a waterway, that was settled on several occasions, were

221

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Arheoloski radovi na sondi A. Desno ispraznjena poluzemunica J1, a u sredini jos neotkopane jame J2 i J2b. Nedelis}e-Stara ves. Archaeological work at trench A. To the right is emptied dugout house J1, and in the middle are still unexcavated pits J2 and J2b.

222 TIEFENGRABER, 2003). Kronoloski prva kultura na ovom nalazistu je

lasinjska kultura. Uz slucajne nalaze, pronadene su dvije jame. Jedna je manja, otpadna, J4, a druga je kruzna poluzemunica, J3 . Takva kruzna poluzemunica pronadena je i na nalazistu Gornji Pustakovec. Opcenito su nalazi i strukture s oba ova nalazista slicni.6

Drugo po redoslijedu je kasno broncano doba, odnosno razdoblje kulture polja sa zarama. Uz slucajne nalaze, pronaden je i ostecen zarni grob (K10) kao i jama s veoma prepaljenim keramickim ulomcima u blizini (K2). Poneki ulomci pronadeni su i u zatrpanoj stragi rjecice Trnave. Kako nije rijec o osamljenom grobu, svjedoci i otpadna jama K5, pronadena prilicno daleko od spomenutih nalaza Ostaci stambeniliobjekata na nalazistu zasad nisu pronadeni, ali sudeci prema poznatim strukturama, i oni bi mogli biti rastrkani po polju. Kao i na Blizni, ovo naselje nalazilo se u nizini, na otvorenom i obrambeno nezasticenom polozaju.

Zeljeznodobnih i ranoantickih nalaza zasad nije bilo. Medutim, proistjece da je polje Stara ves ponovno naseljeno u doba kasne antike. Za to nemamo strukturalno jasnih dokaza, ali su relativno brojni nalazi kasnoanticke keramike posvuda po nalazistu.

Vjerojatno se na ovo doba izravno, bez prekida, veze i doba ranog srednjeg vijeka. Naime, u jami, zapravo poluzemunici J l te otpadnim jamama J2 i J2b, pronadeno je, uz mnostvo ranoslavenskih i mnogo nalaza koji se mogu pripisati prezivjelom romanskom stanovnistvu. Prilikom iskopavanja

smaller, dispersed, groups of people lived, making use of the surrounding area, which was sufficient for their survival. The Nova Tabla site near Murska Sobota, recently explored and partially published, has very similar characteristics (GUSTIN, TIEFENGRABER, 2003).

Chronologically, the first culture here was the Lasinja. Two pits were found along with the chance finds. The smaller one, J4, is a midden, while the other, J3, is a round dugout house. A round dugout house like this one was found at the Gornji Pustakovec site. In general the finds and structures of both these sites are similar.6

The next period in line is the late Bronze Age, i.e. the Urnfield culture period. A damaged cremation grave (K10) was found along with chance finds, as was a nearby pit (K2) containing very scorched potsherds. Sporadic potsherds were also found in the steep filled-in channel of the Trnava creek. That this is not a solitary grave is indicated by midden K5, found quite a way from the mentioned finds. The remains of dweUings have not yet been found at the site, but judging by the known structures, they too could be dispersed around the field. Like at Blizna, this settlement was situated on a lowland area, in the open and in a defensively unprotected position.

Iron Age and early Roman period have not been found yet. It, however, follows that the Stara ves field was again settled in the late Roman period. We have no structurally clear evidence of this, but finds of late Roman period pottery are relatively frequent all over the site.

Nedelisce-Stara ves. Sonda A. S lijeve strane ispraznjena poluzemunica J3, a desno ispraznjene otpadne jame J2 i 2b. Nedelis}e-Stara ves. Trench A. To the left is emptied dugout house J3, to the right are emptied middens J2 and J2b.

5 Zayise podatakawdi zakljueni dio poglavlja o Gomjem Pustakoveu. For more data see the concluding section of the chapter on Gornji Pustakovec.

ustanovljeno je kako su sve tri spomenute cjeline It is likely that there was a smooth, unbroken, 223 bile netaknute od vremena svojeg zatrpavanja. transition from this period to the early Middle Ages. ~ Zatrpane su u cijelosti i u kratkom razdoblju jedna Namely, along with the numerous early Slavic finds za drugom ili cak istovremeno. Starosjedilacki lonci in pit, or rather dugout house, J l , and in middens ubacivani su u jame gotovo citavi, sto znaci da sve J2 and J2b, there were also many found that can be kasnoanticke nalaze nisu Slaveni prikupili kao attributed to the surviving Romanic population. razbijene ulomke i ovdje ostavili, sto je inace During the excavation it was established that all uobicajeno.6 three of the mentioned ensembles had remained

Premda je istrazen mali prostor, cini se kako je untouched since having been filled in. They were na Staroj vesi prezivjela manja zajednica Romana, entirely filled in one after the other or perhaps even koji su ovdje docekali i dolazak nekog simultaneously. The indigenous pots were thrown ranoslavenskog roda ili obitelji. S obzirom na in almost intact, which means that the Slavs did not staroromanske posude u ranoslavenskoj zemunici, gather all of the late Roman period finds as broken moze se zakljuciti kako su zivjeli u dobrosusjedskim potsherds and leave them here, which is otherwise odnosima. U posudama su se mogli nalaziti the usual case.6

“kupljeni”, bolje reel “zamijenjeni” proizvodi, ciji Although the area explored was small, it appears je omot zavrsavao kao otpadak u napustenoj that a smaller community of Romanic people zemunici. Ovakve jasno citljive situacije prilicno su survived Stara ves to await the arrival of some early rijetke u dosadasnjim istrazivanjima naseljavanja Slavic clan or family. Considering the old Romanic Slavena, pa je stoga Stara ves iznimno vazna za vessels in an early Slavic dugout house, it can be daljnje proucavanje suzivota Romana i Slavena. concluded that they had good neighbourly relations.

Jama J l , poluzemunica je izduzenog i oblog These vessels might have contained “purchased”, oblika. Premda su u torn dobu bile ceste cetvrtaste or rather “traded” products, whose packaging ended poluzemunice s oblim kutovima, nasa nije up as refuse in the abandoned dugout house. Clearly jedinstvena. Medu inim, izdvajam inace dosta readable situations like this one are quite rare in the srodno nalaziste Nova Tabla kod Murske Sobote explorations to date of Slavic settlement, making (GUSTIN, KNIFIC, 2003). Tamo pronadene Stara ves of exceptional significance in the farther poluzemunice po obliku, a i po mjerama (oko 5-6 x study of the coexistence of Romanic and Slavic 2,5-3m) potpuno odgovaraju nasoj zemunici (oko populations. 5 x 2,5m). Zajednicko im je i to sto nisu imale Pit J l , a dugout house, has an elongated and ocuvane tragove krovne strukture, poput tragova rounded shape. Although square dugout houses stupova, sto se tumaci tako da su bile pokrivene with rounded corners were frequent at the time, ours laganom konstrukcijom od grana i krovnim is not unique. Among others I can single out the pokrovom od trstike. Ova konstrukcija mogla je otherwise quite related site at Nova Tabla near imati i svezane nosive grede, sto nam prikazuje jedna Murska Sobota (GUSTIN, KNIFIC, 2003). The od brojnih idealnih rekonstrukcija (WAWRU- dugout house found there both in shape and in SCHKA 1999, abb.lO, prema Kobylinski). dimensions (around 5-6 x 2.5-3m) is entirely

Mladi nalazi blizi su danasnjem naselju, consistent with our dugout house (about 5 x 2.5m). Nedeliscu. Jama K3 pripada ll.st. Njezin karakter They also have in common that they both did not je zasigurno otpadni, ali nalazi tvrdo pecenog poda have preserved traces of a roof structure such as upueuju na postojanje nadzemnih kuca, zasad postholes, which is interpreted as meaning that they neotkrivenih. Iz razdoblja izmedu 11. i 16.st. nije were covered by a light construction of branches otkriveno mnogo nalaza, ali nam je prema and a roofing of reeds. This construction may have Tomicicevim istrazivanjima poznato kako se na had tied support joists, which is depicted in one of kilometar udaljenom polozaju nalazilo utvrdeno the numerous ideal reconstructions gradiste iz 13. do 15.st. (TOMICIC 1985b, (WAWRUSCHKA 1999, abb.10, based on TOMICIC1990). Moguce je da se stanovnistvo sa Kobylinski). Stare vesi u to doba povuklo u sigurnost ovog Later finds are closer to the present day utvrdenog naselja. Takoder je pronadena i settlement of NedeUsce. Pit K3 originates in the 11th osamljena jama Kl. Nalazi iz ove vrlo velike jame century. Its attributes are certainly those of a upueuju na to kako se uz nju vjerojatno nalazila midden, but the presence of a hard-fired flooring keramicarska radionica. Tako bi gotovo iskljucivo indicates the existence of raised houses, for now keramicki nalazi pronadeni u ovoj vise od 10 m undiscovered. Not many finds were collected from dugoj jami pripadali radionickom otpadu. Oni se the period between the 11th and 16th century, but mogu datirati oko 1600.g., a nije jasno u kojem je based on Tomicic's explorations we know that there odnosu ova moguca keramicarska radionica bila was a fortified hill fort from the 13th to 15th century prema starrjem naselju Nedelisce-Gradisce i about a kilometre away (TOMICIC 1985b,

6 U ranoslavenskim zemunieama na nalazistu Nova tabla kod Murske Sobota nalazilo se sitnili ulomaka rimskog stakla, sigilate, tegula i si Razridno je kako su to predmeti koje su naseljeniei prikupljali s rimskili ruserina kao za njili zanimljwe predmete. I s drugili nalaziste poznato je upotrebljavanje rimskog novea, staila i sigilate za izradu privjesaka. There were very small shards of Roman period glass, sigillata, roof-tiles and the like at the early Slavic dugout houses found at the Nova tabla site near Murska Sobota. It is evident that these were objects that the settlers gathered from the Roman ruins as objects of interest to them. The use of Roman coins, glass and sigilatta for the production of pendants is also known from other sites.

224 mladem, danasnjem Nedeliseu. Kao sto je vec receno, nalaziste Stara ves zapravo

je tek nasluceno, a samo visegodisnja i prostorno opsirna iskopavanja mogla bi u cjelini otkriti sto se sve ovdje dogadalo kroz dugo razdoblje od oko 5500 godina.

KATALOG TABLA 1 - Stara ves, Jama 3

1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene gline, dobre izrade, tamno smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostomcno, s malo primjesa kvarcita, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: tamno smede/svijetlo smede/crne/svijetlo smede/tamno smede boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostomcno, prociscene gline, dobre izrade, tamno smede, a u prijelomu sive boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostomcno, prociscene gline, dobre izrade, svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu narancaste boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostomcno, prociscene gline, dobre izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene prostomcno, s malo primjesa kvarcita, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: tamno smede/narancaste/sive/narancaste/tamno smede boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene prostomcno, prociscene gline, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: tamno smede/ narancaste/sive/narancaste/tamno smede boje. 8- Ulomak posude izradene pros torucno , neprociscene gline, izvana narancaste, u prijelomu sive a iznutra tamno sive boje. 9- Ulomak posude izradene pros torucno , neprociscene gline, smeckaste boje. 10- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, sive boje. Naknadno posve prepaljena. 1 1 - Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene gline, kroz prijelom: tamno smede/ narancaste/sive/narancaste/tamno smede boje. 12- Ulomak sjekire od glacanoga, sivosmedeg kamena dobre kvalitete. 13- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa kvarcita, kroz prijelom: crne/narancaste/ tamno sive/narancaste/crne boje. 14- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene gline, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: tamno smede/narancaste/sive/narancaste/tamno smede boje.

TABLA 2 - Stara ves, Jama 3 1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, slabije prociscene gline, dobre izrade, kroz prijelom: smede/ narancaste/sive/narancaste/smede boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa kvarcita, izvana narancaste, u prijelomu

TOMICIC1990). It is possible that the inhabitants of Stara ves withdrew to the safety of this fortified settlement during this period. Also found was solitary pit, K l . The finds from this very large pit indicate that there was probably a ceramics workshop situated nearby. The almost exclusively ceramic finds found in this over 10 m long pit would then be the refuse of this workshop. They can be dated to about the year 1600, and it is not clear in what relationship this possible ceramics workshop may have had to the older settlement of Nedelisce-Gradisce and the later, present day one of Nedelisce.

As has already been said, only the surface has been scratched at the Stara ves site, and only several years of excavation over a wider area could provide a complete picture of its development over a long period of about 5500 years.

CATALOGUE TABLE 1 - Stara ves, Pit 3

1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, of good manufacture, of dark brown colour, black at the break. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a little quartz temper, of good manufacture, through the break: of dark brown/light brown/black/light brown/ dark brown colour. 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, of good manufacture, of dark brown colour, grey at the break. 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, of good manufacture, of light brown colour, orange at the break. 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, of good manufacture, of light brown colour. 6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a little quartz temper, of good manufacture, through the break: of dark brown/orange/grey/orange/dark brown colour. 7- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, of good manufacture, through the break: of dark brown/orange/grey/orange/dark brown colour. 8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined clay, of orange colour outside, grey at the break and of dark grey colour on the inside. 9- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined clay, of brownish colour. 10- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined clay, of grey colour. Subsequently entirely scorched. 11- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, through the break: of dark brown/orange/grey/ orange/dark brown colour. 12- Shard of an axe made of polished, grey-brown stone of good quality. 13- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of quartz temper, through the break: of black/orange/dark grey/orange/black colour. 14- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, of good manufacture, through the break: of dark brown/orange/grey/orange/dark brown colour.

sive a iznutra svijetlo smede boje. TABLE 2 - Slara ves, Pit 3 225 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo 1- Potsherd oOf a hand-made vessel, of poorly refined ~ primjesa kvarcita, izvana svijetlo smede, u prijelomu clay, of good manufacture, through the break: of erne, a iznutra svijetlo smede boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, izvana narancaste, u prijelomu sive, a iznutra tamno sive boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo

brown/orange/grey/orange/brown colour. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of quartz temper, of orange colour outside, grey at the break and of light brown colour on the inside. 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large

primjesa kvarcita, kroz prijelom: crne/narancaste/ quantity of quartz temper; of light brown colour tamno sive/narancaste/crne boje. outside, back at the break, and of light brown colour 6- Cep posude izraden prostorucno, neprociscene 0n the inside. gline, dobre ali nepravilne izrade, sive do narancaste 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined boje. clay, of orange colour outside, grey at the break, and 7- Ulomak zlice izradene prostorucno, prociscene of dark grey colour on the inside. gline, dobre ali nepravilne izrade, svijetlo smede do 5" Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large narancaste boje quantity of quartz temper, through the break: of 8- Ostecenazlica izradena prostorucno, s mnogo black/orange/dark grey/orange/black colour. primjesa vecih kvarcita, slabije izrade, sive boje. 9- Ulomak zlice izradene prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa manjih kvarcita, dobre izrade, tamno

6- Hand-made plug of a vessel, of unrefined clay, of good but irregular manufacture, of grey to orange colour. 7- Potsherd of a hand-made spoon, of refined clay,

smede boje. Vidljivi tragovi glacanja povrsine of good but irregular manufacture, of light brown to stapicem. orange colour. 10- Ulomak zlice izradene prostorucno, s mnogo 8- Damaged hand-made spoon, with a large quantity primjesa manjih kvarcita, dobre izrade, tamno of coarse quartz, of mediocre manufacture, of grey smede boje. colour.

9- Potsherd of a hand-made spoon, with a large TABLA 3 - Slara ves, bakreno doba: K9 / quantity of fine quartz, of good manufacture, of Sonda E,F,G, SIOJ4 / SIUCajni nalazi dark brown colour. Visible traces of surface poUshing

1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene m t h a sma11 stlck dine, svijetlo smede, a u prjelomu erne boje. 10" P°tsherd °f a hand"made ^ ^ with a ^ I- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s T k t o J n l l u T ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ primjesama kvarcita, kroz prijelom: tamno smede/ *"" mVm

svijetlo smede/tamno sive/svijetlo smede/tamno TABLE 3 - Slara veS, Copper Age: K9 / Trenches smede boje. E, F, G, Layer 4 / Chance finds 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s malo 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, primjesa vecih kvarcita, kroz prijelom: svijetlo of light brown colour, black at the break. smede/svijetlo smede/crne/svijetlo smede/svijetlo 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with quartz smede boje temper, through the break: of dark brown/light 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene brown/dark greyAight brown/dark brown colour. gline, crne i narancaste boje. Prepaljeno. 3" Potsherf of a hand-made vessel, with a little 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene gline, kroz prijelom: tamno smede/narancaste/ tamno sive/narancaste/tamno smede boje. 6- Posudica izradena prostorucno, neprociscene

temper of coarse quartz, through the break: of light brown/light brown/black/light brown/light brown colour. 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, of black and orange colour. Scorched.

gline, neuredne izrade, tamno smede i crvenkaste 5- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay, boje. through the break: of dark brown/orange/dark grey/ 7- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, orange/dark brown colour. neprociscene gline, kroz prijelom: crno/svijetlo 6- Small hand-made vessel, of unrefined clay, of smede/tamno sive/svijetlo smede/crne boje. slipshod manufacture, of dark brown and reddish 8- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprocis- colour. cene gline, izvana svijetlo smede, iznutra i u prijelomu 7- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined sive b -e clay, through the break: of black/light brown/dark 9- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s greyAight brown/black colour. primjesama kvarcita, izvana svijetlo smede, u prijelomu sive, iznutra crvenkaste boje. 10- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno,

8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined clay, of light brown colour outside, grey at the break and on the inside. 9- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with quartz

prociscene gline, izvana sive, u prijelomu i iznutra temper; of light brown colour outside; grey at the

226 svijetlo smede boje. break, and of reddish colour on the inside. ~ TABLA 4 - Slara ves, K2 / K5 10- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay,

1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, of grey colour outside, light brown at the break and neprociscene gline, narancaste, sive i erne boje. Prepaljeno. 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, smede, a u prijelomu sive boje. Prepaljeno.

on the inside.

TABLE 4 - Slara ves, K2 / K5 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined clay, of orange, grey and black colour. Scorched. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined

3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprocis- clay> of brown colour> grey at the break Scorched cene gline, narancaste i sive boje. Prepaljeno. 3_ Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, clay of orange and grey colour. Scorched. neprociscene gline, sive boje. Prepaljeno. 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined 5- Posuda izradena prostorucno, neprociscene gline, clay, of grey colour. Scorched. tamno smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. Eekonstrui- 5- Hand-made vessel, of unrefined clay, of dark rana brown colour, black at the break. Reconstructed. 6- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, narancaste, a u prijelomu smede boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, izvana smede, u prijelomu tamno sive, a iznutra tamno smede boje.

6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined clay, of orange colour, brown at the break. 7- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined clay, of brown colour outside, dark grey at the break, and of dark brown colour on the inside. 8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined

8- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, day, 0f orange colour outside, black at the break, neprociscene gline, izvana narancaste, u prijelomu and of dark brown colour on the inside. erne, a iznutra tamno smede boje. 9- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined 9- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, clay, of rough manufacture, of dark brown colour. neprociscene gline, grube izrade, tamno smede boje.

TABLE 5 - Stara ves, K10 TABLA 5 - Slara ves K10 !" Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined

1- Ulomak posude 'izradene prostorucno, clay ofUght brown colour outside, black at the break, neprociscene gline, izvana svijetlo smede, u prijelomu and of d a A b ™ colour on the inside' Probably erne, a iznutra tamno smede boje. Vjerojatno dio f ^ ^ of & hand_made ^ rf unrefined

clay, of brown colour, black at the break. Probably 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprocis- ^ 0f T5 4 cene gline, smede, u prijelomu crne boje. Vjerojatno 3. SmaU hand.made vessel, of unrefined clay, of dio T5"4- dark brown colour, black at the break.Eeconstructed. 3- Posudica izradena prostorucno, neprociscene 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined gline, tamno smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. clay, of brown colour, black at the break. Probably Rekonstruirana. part of T5-2. 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, 5- Part of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined clay, of neprociscene gline, smede, u prijelomu erne boje. %ht brown colour outside, black at the break, and Vjerojatno dio T5-2 of dark brown colour on the inside. Probably part of 5- Dio posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene T5_1 gline, izvana svijetlo smede, u prijelomu erne, a iznutra tamno smede boje. Vjerojatno dio T5-1.

TABLA 6 - Slara ves, Jama 1

TABLE 6 Stara ves, Pit 1 1- Hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of organic material, of porous and irregular manufacture, of light brown to black colour.

1- Posuda izradena prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa Decoration executed in a slipshod fashion, using organske materije, porozne i nepravilne izrade, sticks. Coated in a thin layer of liquid clay. svijetlo smede do erne boje. Ukras izveden neuredno, 2- Part of an iron bell? Made by forging small iron stapicima. Preljevena tankim slojem tekuce gline. plates. Joints strengthened by hammering in copper. 2- Dio zeljeznog zvonca? Izradeno kovanjem Special find PN4. zeljeznih plocica. Spojevi ojacani ukivanjem bakra. 3" Part of an iron object. Posebni nalaz PN4 4- Damaged iron jingle-beU or button. Manufactured 3- Dio zeljeznog predmeta. 4- Ostecen zeljezni praporac ili gumb. Izradeno kovanjem tankih zeljeznih plocica. Spojevi ojacani ukivanjem bakra. Posebni nalaz PN5. 5- Gorski kristal, proziran, nepravilnog oblika,

find PN3.

by forging small, th in , iron plates. Joints strengthened by hammering in copper. Special find PN5. 5- Highland crystal, transparent, of irregular shape, surface retouched using an unknown tool. Special

povrsine urectivane nepoznatom alatkom. Posebni 6- Retouched stone of unknown use. One preserved 227 nalaz PN3 surface polished to a high gloss. Of brown colour. 6- Obradeni kamen nepoznate namjene. Jedna 7- Small whetstone made of sandstone. sacuvana powslna uglacana do visokog sjaja. Smede boje. 7- Mali bras od kamena pjescenjaka.

TABLA 7 – Stara ves, Jama 1

TABLE 7 – Stara ves, Pit 1 1- Hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of organic material, of porous manufacture, of black colour. Decoration executed in a slipshod fashion, using sticks. Reconstructed.

1- Posuda izradena prostomeno, s mnogo primjesa 2_ Potsherd of a hand.made vessel; with a large organske materije, porozne izrade, erne boje. Ukras quantity of temper of organic material, of porous izveden neuredno, stapicima. Eekonstruirana. manufacture, of dark brown colour outside and 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo black on the inside. Decoration executed in a very primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, izvana slipshod fashion, using sticks. Coated in a thin layer tamno smede a iznutra erne boje. Ukras izveden of liquid clay. vrlo neuredno, stapicima. Preljevena tankim slojem 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large tekuce gline quantity of temper of organic material, of porous 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo manufacture, of dark brown to black colour

primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, tamno smede do erne boje. Ukras izveden neuredno, stapicima.

Decoration executed in a slipshod fashion, using sticks. 4- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of organic material, of porous

4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo ma i rafacture ; 0f dark brown colour. Coated in a thin primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, tamno iayer 0f iiqUid ciay smede boje. Preljevena tankim slojem tekuce gline. 5- Part of a spindle whorl made from part of a roof 5- Dio prsljena nacinjenog od dijela tegule?, s tile (»), with temper of crushed brick, of dark orange primjesama drobljene opeke, tamno narancaste boje colour that leaves a mark. Of material identical to koja ostavlja trag. Materijal identican tubulusu na the flue-tile at T10-6. T10_6. 6- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large

6- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, izvana narancaste a u prijelomu i iznutra erne boje. Ukras izveden neuredno, stapicima. Preljevena tankim slojem tekuce gline.

quantity of temper of organic material, of porous manufacture, of orange colour outside, black at the break and on the inside. Decoration executed in a slipshod fashion, using sticks. Coated in a thin layer of liquid clay. 7- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large

7- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo qUantity of temper of organic material, of porous primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, tamno manufacture, of dark brown colour. Coated in a smede boje. Preljevena tankim slojem tekuce gline. thin layer of liquid clay. 8- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo 8- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, tamno quantity of temper of organic material, of porous smede boje. manufacture, of dark brown colour.

TABLA 8 - Stara ves, Jama 1 1- Posuda izradena na sporovrtecem kolu ili prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa manjih kamencica, grube izrade, tamno smede i ponegdje narancaste i svijetlo smede boje. Uz dno tragovi modeliranja

TABLE 8 – Stara ves, Pit 1 1- Vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel or made by hand, with a large quantity of temper of small pebbles, of rough manufacture, of dark brown and in places orange and light brown colour. Traces of finger modelling along the bottom. Reconstructed.

prstima. Eekonstruirana. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow 2- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu potter’s wheel or made by hand, with a large quantity ili p ros torucno, s mnogo pr imjesa manjih of temper of small pebbles, of rough manufacture, kamencica, grube izrade, svijetlo smede, a u of light brown colour, black at the break. Visible prijelomu erne boje. Vidljivi tragovi modeliranja traces on the inside of finger modelling. prstima iznutra 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s 3- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s mnogo wheel, with a large quantity of temper of small primjesa manjih kamencica, grube izrade, izvana PebbH of rough manufacture, of light brown colour

svijetlo smede, u prijelomu sive, a iznutra erne boje. Ukras izveden stapicem. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, zuckaste boje. Iznutra prilijepljen

outside, grey at the break, and of black colour on the inside. Decoration executed with a stick. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of yellowish colour. Crushed quartz attached to the inside.

drobljeni kvarcit. 5- Part of a hand-made vessel, of refined clay but

228 5- Dio posude izradene prostorucno, prociscena ali s nekoliko vecih rapica, vjerojatno od kamencica koji su ispali, nepravilne izrade, tamno smede a u prijelomu crvenkaste boje. Vidljivi tragovi modeliranja prstima i malom letvicom. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, uglavnom prociscena ali s rapicama, vjerojatno od organske materije, pomalo nepravilne izrade, izvana erne u prijelomu svijetlo sive a iznutra tamno sive boje.

TABLA 9 - Stara ves, Jama 1 1- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu ili prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa manjih kamencica i kvarcita, grube i nepravilne izrade, tamno smede, a u prijelomu erne boje 2- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu ili p ros torucno, s mnogo pr imjesa manjih kamencica, grube i nepravilne izrade, tamno smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s mnogo primjesa sitnih kamencica i kvarcita koji se truse, narancaste a u prijelomu erne boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa sitnih kamencica i kvarcita, svijetlo sive a u prijelomu crvenkaste boje. 5- Posuda izradena na sporovrtecem kolu ili prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa manjih kamencica, grube i nepravilne izrade, erne, a iznutra erne i smede boje. Rekonstruirana. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, dobre izrade, svijetlo sive, a u prijelomu crvenkaste boje. 6- Dio posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, dobre izrade, sive boje. Ukras izveden kotacicem.

TABLA 10 - Stara ves, Jama 2 / Jama 2b 1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa organske materije, porozne i vrlo nepravilne izrade, svijetlo do tamno smede, iznutra erne boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, tamno smede boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, tamno smede boje. Ukras izveden neuredno, stapicima. Preljevena tankim slojem tekuce gline? 4- Dio kostanog privjeska, glacanih povrsina, s probijenom rupom. 5- Prsljen, prociscene gline, sive boje koja ostavlja trag. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica i pijeska, tvrde izrade, sive boje. 7- Dio tubulusa, s primjesama drobljene opeke tamno narancaste boje koja ostavlja trag, na povrsini, gdje su urezane cite, tragovi zalijepljenog

with several holes, probably from pebbles that have fallen out, of irregular manufacture, of dark brown colour, reddish at the break. Visible traces of modelling with fingers and with a small lath. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel, largely refined but with small holes probably from organic material, of somewhat irregular manufacture, of black colour outside, light grey at the break, and of dark grey colour on the inside.

TABLE 9 – Stara ves, Pit 1 1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel or made by hand, with a large quantity of temper of small pebbles and quartz, of rough and irregular manufacture, of dark brown colour, black at the break 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel or made by hand, with a large quantity of temper of small pebbles, of rough and irregular manufacture, of dark brown colour, black at the break. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of temper of fine pebbles and quartz that crumbles, of orange colour, black at the break. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of temper of fine pebbles and quartz, of light grey colour, reddish at the break. 5- Vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel or made by hand, with a large quantity of temper of small pebbles, of rough and irregular manufacture, of black colour, black and brown on the inside. Reconstructed. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of good manufacture, of light grey colour, reddish at the break. 6- Part of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of good manufacture, of grey colour. Decoration executed with a small wheel.

TABLE 10 – Stara ves, Pit 2 / Pit 2b 1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of organic material, of porous and very irregular manufacture, of light to dark brown colour, black on the inside. 2- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of organic material, of porous manufacture, of dark brown colour. 3- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of organic material, of porous manufacture, of dark brown colour. Poorly executed decoration, using sticks. Coated in a thin layer of liquid clay? 4- Part of a bone pendant, of polished surface, with a hole bored into it. 5- Spindle whorl, of refined clay, of grey colour that leaves a mark. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a temper of pebbles and sand, of harder manufacture, of grey colour. 7- Part of a flue-tile, with a temper of crushed brick

pijeska (zbuka). of dark orange colour that leaves a mark, traces of 229 8- Posuda izradena prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa attached sand (mortar) on the surface where there ~ organske materije, porozne i vrlo nepravilne izrade, are engraved lines.

8- Hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of organic material, of porous and very irregular manufacture, of brown and orange colour. 9- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of organic material, of porous manufacture, of dark brown colour. Decoration

smede i narancaste boje. 9- Ulomak posude izradene prostomcno, s mnogo primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, tamno smede bqje. Ukras izveden cesljem. Preljevena tankim slqjem tekuce gline. 10- Ulomak posude izradene prostomcno, s mnogo executed using a comb Coated in a thin layer of primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, izvana iiquid ciay svijetlo smede a iznutra tamno smede bqje. Ukras 10- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large izveden neuredno, stapicima. quantity of temper of organic material, of porous 11- Ulomak posude izradene prostomcno, s mnogo manufacture, of light brown colour outside, and of primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, izvana dark brown colour on the inside. Decoration executed narancaste, inace crne bqje. Ukras izveden neuredno, ™ a slipshod fashion, using sticks. stapicima. 12- Ulomak posude izradene prostomcno, s mnogo primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, izvana tamno smede, inace narancaste bqje.

TABLA 11 - Stara ves, kasno broncano doba:

11- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of organic material, of porous manufacture, of orange colour outside, otherwise of black colour. Decoration executed in a slipshod fashion, using sticks. 12- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, with a large quantity of temper of organic material, of porous

Slucajni nalaz / antika i rani srednji vijek: ma imfacrare, 0f dark brown colour outside, SlUCajni nalazi i SlOJevi otherwise of orange colour.

1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, narancaste, a u prijelomu erne TABLE 11 - Stara ves, late Bronze Age: Chance boje. Slucajni nalaz. find / Roman period and early Medieval period: 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s Chance finds and layers mnogo primjesa pijeska koji se tmsi, svijetlo smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, narancaste boje koja ostavlja trag. Amfora. Slucajni nalaz.

1- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined clay, of orange colour, black at the break. Chance find. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of sand temper that crumbles, of light brown colour. Chance find.

4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s 3_ Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast mnogo primjesa kamencica i pijeska koji se trusi, potter’s wheei; of refined ^ of orange coiour that tamno smede boje. Slucajni nalaz. leaves a mark. Amphora. Chance find. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast malo primjesa pijeska, dobre, tvrde izrade, sive boje. potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of pebble and Linije izvedene crnom bojom. Slucajni nalaz. sand temper that crumbles, of dark brown colour. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, vrlo dobre i tvrde izrade, narancaste boje. Slucajni nalaz. 7- Ulomak staklene posude, prozirne zelenkastoplave boje. Slucajni nalaz. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu,

Chance find. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a little temper of sand, of good and hard manufacture, of grey colour. Lines executed in black colour. Chance find. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of very good and hard

prociscene gline, narancaste, a u prijelomu svijetlo manufactare; of orange coiour. Chance find. sive boje. Na povrsini tamno narancasti premaz. 7_ Shard of a giass vessei; 0f transparent greenish-Sigilata 1 Slucajni nalaz. blue colour. Chance find. 9- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast neprociscene gline, porozne i nepravilne izrade, potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of orange colour, light svijetlo i tamno smede do narancaste, a u prijelomu grey at the break. A dark orange slip on the surface. sive boje. Slucajni nalaz. Sigillata? Chance find. 10- Zeljezni cavao. Slucajni nalaz. 9" P°tsherd of a hand-made vessel, of unrefined

clay, of porous and irregular manufacture, of light and dark brown to orange colour, grey at the break. Chance find. 10- Iron nail. Chance find.

11- Ulomak posude izradene prostomcno?, s mnogo primjesa organske materije, porozne izrade, tamno smede do erne boje. Ukras izveden cesljem. Sonda D, E, P, Sloj 4. 11- Potsherd of a hand-made vessel (?), with a large 12- Dio prsljena nacinjenoga od dijela tegule?, s quantity of temper of organic material, of porous

230 primjesama drobljene opeke, narancaste boje koja ostavlja trag. Sonda F, Sloj 2.

TABLA 12 - Stara ves, K3 l-Dio posude izradene na kolu, s primjesama kamencica i kvarcita, izvana zuckaste, a u prijelomu i iznutra tamno sive boje. Vjerojatno dio T3-2. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa sitnih kvarcita koji se truse, svijetlo sive, a iznutra narancaste boje. Prepaljeno. 3- Dio posude izradene na kolu, s primjesama kamencica i kvarcita, izvana zuckaste, a u prijelomu i iznutra tamno sive boje. Vjerojatno dio T3-1. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu?, s primjesama kvarcita koji se truse, izvana narancaste, a u prijelomu i iznutra tamno sive do erne boje. Iznutra tragovi modeliranja prstima. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s malo primjesa kvarcita i kamencica, smede boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s mnogo primjesa kvarcita, izvana crvenkaste, u prijelomu tamno sive i svijetlo narancaste boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa kamencica i kvarcita, tvrde izrade, tamno smede boje. 8- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu ili prostorucno?, s malo primjesa kvarcita, tvrde izrade, izvana crvene tamno smede i erne, a u prijelomu tamno smede boje. Iznutra vidljivi tragovi grebanja viska gline ostrim predmetom. 9- Osteceni mali zeljezni noz. Rekonstruiran. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa kvarcita, tvrde izrade, izvana tamno smede, a u prijelomu i iznutra smede boje.

TABLA 13 - Stara ves, K3 1- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa kvarcita i kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo sive a iznutra crvenkaste boje. Prepaljeno. Mozda dio T13-4. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu?, s primjesama kvarcita i kamencica, tamno smede boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s malo primjesa sitnih kvarcita, svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu erne boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa kvarcita i kamencica koji se truse, izvana crvenkaste, u prijelomu sive a iznutra smede boje. Na dnu otisak osovine jednostavnog loncarskog kola. Mozda dio T13-l. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa kvarcita i kamencica koji se truse, narancaste i svijetlo smede boje. Prepaljeno. 6- Prsljen nacinjen od keramike s primjesama drobljene cigle, narancaste boje koja ostavlja trag. Od anticke tegule ili sl?

manufacture, of dark brown to black colour. Decoration executed with a comb. Trenches D, E, F, Layer 4. 12- Part of a spindle whorl made from part of a roof tile (?), with a temper of crushed brick, of orange colour that leaves a mark. Trench F, Layer 2.

TABLE 12 – Stara ves, K3 1- Part of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel, with a temper of pebbles and quartz, of yellowish colour outside, dark grey at the break and on the inside. Probably a part of T3-2. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of temper of fine quartz that crumbles, of light grey colour, and of orange colour on the inside. Scorched. 3- Part of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel, with a temper of pebbles and quartz, of yellowish colour outside, dark grey at the break and on the inside. Probably a part of T3-1. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel (?), with a temper of quartz that crumbles, of orange colour outside, and of dark grey to black colour at the break and on the inside. Traces of finger modelling on the inside. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel, with a little quartz and pebble temper, of brown colour. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of quartz temper, of reddish colour outside, dark grey and light orange at the break. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel, with a little temper of pebbles and quartz, of harder manufacture, of dark brown colour. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel or made by hand (?), with a little quartz temper, of harder manufacture, of red, dark brown and black colour outside, dark brown at the break. Traces visible on the inside of the removal of excess clay using a sharp object. 9- Damaged small iron knife. Reconstructed. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel, with a little quartz temper, of harder manufacture, of dark brown colour outside, brown at the break and on the inside.

TABLE 13 – Stara ves, K3 1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of quartz and pebble temper that crumbles, of light grey colour, reddish on the inside. Scorched. Perhaps a part of T13-4. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel (?), with a temper of quartz and pebbles, of dark brown colour. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel, with a little temper of fine quartz, of light brown colour, black at the break. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of quartz and pebble temper that crumbles, of reddish colour

7- Dio prsljena nacinjena od prociscene gline, grube izrade, smede, a u prijelomu erne boje.

TABLA 14 - Slara ves, K1 1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, tvrde i pravilne izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, tvrde i pravilne izrade, smede boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, tvrde i pravilne izrade, smede boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, tvrde i pravilne izrade, smede boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, tvrde i pravilne izrade, narancaste boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, tvrde i pravilne izrade, smede boje. 7- Cep posude izraden na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, tvrde i pravilne izrade, crno do tamno smede boje. Rekonstruiran. 8-Zeljeznicavlic. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, tvrde i pravilne izrade, smede boje. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, tvrde i pravilne izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 11- Ulomak cepa posude izraden na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, tvrde i pravilne izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 12- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, tvrde i pravilne izrade, smede boje. 13- Ulomak cepa posude izraden na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, tvrde i pravilne izrade, smede boje.

TABLA 15 - Stara ves, srednji vijek: Slucajni nalazi / Ostali slucajni nalazi 1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, tvrde i pravilne izrade, svijetlo smede a u prijelomu sive boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnog pijeska, tvrde i pravilne izrade, smede a u prijelomu sive boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s primjesama sitnih kamencica, tamno smede, a u prijelomu sive boje. 4- Ulomak cepa posude izraden na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, tvrde i pravilne izrade, zuckasto bijele boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s

outside, grey at the break and of brown colour on the inside. Imprint of the axle of a simple potter’s wheel on the bottom. Perhaps a part of T13-1. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of quartz and pebble temper that crumbles, of orange and light brown colour. Scorched. 6- Spindle whorl made of ceramic with a temper of crushed brick, of orange colour that leaves a mark. From a Roman period roof tile or the like? 7- Part of a spindle whorl made of refined clay, of rough manufacture, of brown colour, black at the break.

TABLE 14 – Stara ves, K1 1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a temper of fine sand, of hard and regular manufacture, of light brown colour. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a temper of fine sand, of hard and regular manufacture, of brown colour. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a temper of fine sand, of hard and regular manufacture, of brown colour. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a temper of fine sand, of hard and regular manufacture, of brown colour. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a temper of fine sand, of hard and regular manufacture, of orange colour. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a temper of fine sand, of hard and regular manufacture, of brown colour. 7- Plug of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a temper of fine sand, of hard and regular manufacture, of black to dark brown colour. Reconstructed. 8- Small iron nail. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a temper of fine sand, of hard and regular manufacture, of brown colour. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of hard and regular manufacture, of light brown colour. 11- Plug of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a temper of fine sand, of hard and regular manufacture, of light brown colour. 12- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a temper of fine sand, of hard and regular manufacture, of brown colour. 13- Plug of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a temper of fine sand, of hard and regular manufacture, of brown colour.

TABLE 15 – Stara ves, Medieval period: Chance finds / Other chance finds

1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a temper of fine sand, of hard and regular manufacture, of light brown colour, grey at the break. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a temper of fine sand, of hard

231

232 primjesama sitnog pijeska, tvrde i pravilne izrade, and regular manufacture, of brown colour, grey at ~ narancaste a u prijelomu sive boje. the break.

6- Kameni brus 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s 7- Kameni brus wheel, with a temper of fine pebbles, of dark brown

8- Obraden kamen nepoznate namjene. Samo jedna strana uglacana je do viskog sjaja. 9- Ostrica nepoznatog zeljeznog predmeta. Ukrasi? urezivanjem izvedeni samo duz jedne strane.

colour, grey at the break. 4- Plug of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of hard and regular manufacture, of yellowish-white colour. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast

10- Vrhzeljezne strelice s tuljcem. Posebni nalaz 1. potter’s wheel, with a temper of fine sand, of hard and regular manufacture, of orange colour, grey at the break. 6- Whetstone. 7- Whetstone. 8- Retouched stone of unknown use. Only one side polished to a high gloss. 9- Blade from an unknown iron object. Engraved decorations (?) executed only along one side. 10- Iron arrowhead with cylinder. Special find 1.

233

Tabla 1 Nedelisce-Stara ves. J3. Table 1 Nedelisce-Stara ves. J3.

234

Tabla 2 Nedelisce-Stara ves. J3. Table 2 Nedelisce-Stara ves. J3.

235

Tabla 3 Nedelisce-Stara ves. 1, K9. / 2-6, sonda E,F,G, Sloj 4. / 8-10, slucajni nalazi. Table 3 Nedelisce-Stara ves. 1, K9. / 2-6, trenches E, F, G, Layer 4. / 8-10, chance finds.

236

Tabla 4 Nedelisce-Stara ves. 1-4, K2. / 5-9. K5. Table 4 Nedelisce-Stara ves. 1-4, K2.15-9. K5

237

Tabla 5 Nedelisce-Stara ves. K10. Table 5 Nedelisce-Stara ves. K10.

238

Tabla 6 Nedelisce-Stara ves. J1, 655 ± 7 calAD. Table 6 Nedelisce-Stara ves. J1, 655+7 calAD.

239

Tabla 7 Nedelisce-Stara ves. J1, 655±7 calAD. Table 7 Nedelisce-Stara ves. J1, 655+7 calAD.

240

Tabla 8 Nedelisce-Stara ves. J1, 655 ± 7 calAD. Table 8 Nedelisce-Stara ves. J1, 655+7 calAD.

241

Tabla 9 Nedelisce-Stara ves. J1, 655±7 calAD. Table 9 Nedelisce-Stara ves. J1, 655+7 calAD.

II II II it

Nede

lisce

- S

tara

ves

243

Tabia 11 Nedelisce-Stara ves. 1, kasno broncano doba, slucajni nalaz. / 2-12, antika i rani srednji vijek, slucajni nalazi i slojevi. Table 11 Nedelis}e-Stara ves. 1, late Bronze Age, Chance find. / 2-12, Roman period and the early Medieval period, chance finds and layers.

244

Tabla 12 Nedelisce-Stara ves. K3, 1080±47 calAD. Table 12 Nedelisce-Stara ves. K3, 1080+47 calAD.

245

Tabla 13 Nedelisce-Stara ves. K3, 1080±47 calAD. Table 13 Nedelisce-Stara ves. K3, 1080+47 calAD.

246

Tabla 14 Nedelisce-Stara ves. K1. Table 14 Nedelisce-Stara ves. K1.

247

Tabla 15 Nedelisce-Stara ves. Ostalo: Slucajni nalazi. Table 15 Nedelisce-Stara ves. Other: Chance finds.

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STARA VES 2004. A

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166,10

166,11

165,75

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o 10

OSTALA NALAZISTA NA TRASI I U NJEZINOJ BLIZINI Prilikom arheoloskog nadzora pregledavani su i

prostori uz trase cestovnih smjerova u izgradnji, pa se tako doslo do vrlo vrijednih novih arheoloskih nalaza i nalazista. Ova novopronadena nalazista nisu bila iskopavana u sklopu ovog projekta, pa su obradena u zajednickom poglavlju. Takoder je dat pregled nekoliko vise ili manje objavljenih nalazista koja su svojedobno istrazivali dragi arheolozi, a poradi svoje blizine trasi autoceste se takoder moraju spomenuti.

Sva ovdje navedena nalazista bitan i neodvojiv su dio arheoloske slike podrucja na kojima je gradena ova autocesta i njezine prilazne ceste. Uglavnom mozemo sa sigurnoseu zakljuciti kako su ona istodobna, a poradi svoje blizine su komu-nicirala s novootkrivenim i iskopavanim nalazistima u sklopu ovog projekta.

GRADISCE 1 I 2 K0D MATUSINA (BREZNICKI HUM) Viseslojno utvrcTeno naselje Godine 2002., kada se gradio dio autoceste kod

Breznickog Huma, pregledavana je osim same trase i njezina bliza okolica. Pregledom Registra arheoloskih nalazista sjeverozapadne Hrvatske, na ovom dijelu trase nije bilo zabiljezenih nalaza, osim navodno antickog kamenog spomenika uz staru cestu (Registar, br.374.). Obradeni kamen i danas

OTHER SITES ON THE ROUTE AND ITS VICINITY Surveys carried out during the archaeological

supervision of areas along the route of the roads under construction lead to the uncovering of very valuable new archaeological finds and sites. These newly discovered sites were not excavated as a part of this project and are, therefore, covered in a single chapter. Also here is an overview of several more or less published sites that have been previously researched by other archaeologists, and should be mentioned on account of their proximity to the highway’s route. All of the sites mentioned here are vital and inseparable parts of the archaeological picture of the area in which this highway and its access roads are built. Jbr the most part we can with certainty conclud that they are synchronous and that, given their mutual proximity, they communicated with the newly excavated sites, uncovered in the frame of this project.

GRADISCE 1 and 2 NEAR MATUSINI (BREZNICKI HUM) Multi-layer Fortified Settlement The route and direct vicinity of the Breznicki

Hum section of the highway was surveyed while under construction in 2002. A review of the Register of archaeological sites of north western Croatia showed that there were no registered sites on this part of the route with the exception of an allegedly

253

Matusini-Gradisce. Lijevo Gradisce 1, desno Gradisce 2; pogled iz sela Matusini. Matusini-Gradisce. To the left Gradisce I to the right Gradisce 2; view from the village of Matusini.

254 se nalazi uz cestu, na polozaju malog izvora. Njegova datacija i mozebitno odredenje kao anticki sarkofag vrlo su upitni.1

Sa sjeverne strane autoceste, a lijevo i desno od mjesne ceste koja vodi prema zaseoku Matusini i dalje, nalazi se nekoliko zanimljivih uzvisina sada pokrivenih gustom sumom, medu kojima i jedna nazvana Gradisce. Tijekom radova na ovom dijelu trase u nekoliko navrata sam ih obisao i ustanovio kako je rijec o nekoliko arheoloskih nalazista. Na strmom brdu Gradisce, i njegovoj najvisoj koti (k.288), nalaze se tragovi zidova vezanih vapnom, te nekoliko ulomaka keramike, koji se mogu datirati u srednji vijek. No, na malo nizoj koti Gradisca,

Matusini-Gradisce. Povrsinski ociscen trag zida na Gradiscu 1. Zid je vezan zbukom. Matusini-Gradisce. Cleaned surface trace of a wall at Gradisce 1. The wall is joined by mortar.

koja se poput izduzene grede uzdize nad potok i mjesnu cestu prema Matusinima, nalazi se veliko utvrdeno naselje, s brojnim nalazima iz razlicitih doba. Kako ova nalazista nisu bila ugrozena gradnjom ceste, ovom prilikom nisu bila opseznije istrazivana, a prikupljeni povrsinski nalazi posluzili su postupku Preventivne registracije ovih

Roman period stone monument along the old road (Register, No. 374). The worked stone is to this day located near the road, near a small spring. It’s dating and possible identification as a Roman period sarcophagus is highly questionable.1

To the left of the highway, left and right of the local road that today leads to the small village of Matusini and farther on, are a few interesting elevations now covered in dense forest, among which is one called Gradisce. During construction on this part of the route I made tours of them on several occasions and established that there were archaeological sites here. On the steep Gradisce hill and its highest elevation (el. 288) are traces of walls bound with mortar, and several potsherds that can be dated to the Middle Ages. On a slightly lower elevation on Gradisce, which rises like an elongated ridge above a nearby creek and the local road to Matusini, is a large fortified settlement with numerous finds from the various periods. As these sites were not threatened by the construction of the highway, they were not at the time thoroughly investigated and the collected surface finds served to initiate the Preventive registration procedure of these newly located cultural goods, ongoing at the Conservation Department in Varazdin.

Since these are two distinct sites, separated by some two hundred metres, they have been for the time designated as Gradisce 1 and 2 near Matusini. Gradisce 1 is located at a higher elevation (el. 288), on most maps designated directly by that name, while Gradisce 2 is a lower ridge with the remains of a large hill fort.

Gradisce 1 is situated on the peak of an elongated hill stretching in a north - south direction. All of its approaches are more or less steep. On the peak itself there is a small flat elongated area. The hill is rocky in structure and stone veins are discernable at several places. Gradisce 2 is similar, being the natural continuation of this highland ridge. Gradisce 2, however, has a gentler slope to its east side and a very gentle approach from the north side. The southern and western sides of Gradisce 2 are nevertheless, very steep, and for the most part consists of sheer stone faces rising several tens of metres, virtually impossible to climb. The local road passes along the creek through a defile under the south side of the hill fort. The top of the elevation is wide, mostly flat and forms a closed area. Lower, to the south sides of both hills, is an expansive plateau that may also contain archaeological objects; this has yet, however, to be confirmed by concrete finds.

What can be discerned without excavation in the dense forest and undergrowth on Gradisce 2 are the remains of a very massive defensive wall that

1 Miroslav Fulir spominje ovaj spomenik te ga opisuje kao anticki, “koji na tabuli ansati ima reljef glave s pletenicama, sto bi odgovaralo spomeniku s keltskim reminiscencama” (FULIR 1969, 389). Prema misljenju Ante Vrankoviea, niz einjenica, a najjasnije nafin izrade (klesanja) spomenika upueuje kako nije rijee o antiekom sarkofagu, vee o novovjekovnom koritu za skupljanje izvorske vode, postavljenom tu za izgradnje ceste u 18.st. Miroslav Fulir mentions this monument and describes it as being from the Roman period, “that on the tabua ansata there is the relief of a head with braids, which would fit with a monument reminiscent of the Celtic” (FULIR 1969, 389). In the opinion of Ante Vrankovic, several facts, of which most clearly the method of the monument’s production (sculpting indic this is not a Roman period sarcophagus, but rather an early Modern basin for gathering spring water, placed here during road construction in the 18th century.

novopronadenih kulturnih dobara, koja je u tijeku pri Konzervatorskom odjelu u Varazdinu.

Kako je rijec o dva razlicita nalazista, medusobno udaljena dvjestotinjak metara, ona su uvjetno oznacena kao Gradisce 1 i 2 kod Matusina. Gradisce 1 je na visoj koti (k.288), na vecini karata izravno oznaceno tim nazivom, a Gradisce 2 niza greda sa ostacima velike gradine.

Gradisce 1 nalazi se na vrtm izduzenog brda u pravcu sjever - jug. Sve prilazne strane su mu vise ili manje strme. Na samom vrhu postoji manji izduzeni zaravnati prostor. Brdo je kamenito i na vise mjesta uocava se kamen zivac. Slicno je na Gradiscu 2, koje je prirodni nastavak ove planinske grede. No, Gradisce 2 ima blazu padinu na istocnoj strani, i vrlo blag pristup sa sjeverne strane. Ipak, juzna i zapadna strana Gradisca 2 vrlo su strme, a vecim se dijelom pretvaraju u kamene litice od vise desetaka metara, uz koje se gotovo nemoguce uspeti. Ispod juzne strane gradine, klancem prolazi mjesna cesta uz potok. Vrh uzvisine je prostran, uglavnom ravan i cini zatvorenu cjelinu. Nize, s juzne strane oba vrha, nalazi se prostrana visoravan, na kojoj bi se mogli takoder nalaziti arheoloski objekti, ali to za sada nije potvrdeno konkretnim nalazima.

Ono sto se u gustoj sumi i zbunju na Gradiscu 2 bez iskopavanja moze zamijetiti jest mjeri ostatak vrlo masivnog obrambenog zida koji gredu dijeli od blagog nastavka prema sjevernoj strani. Sumski puteljak koji ovuda prolazi donekle je urezan u bedem, ali zapravo samo prelazi preko bedema. Urusenja bedema su terasasta, pa je ovdje mozda rijec i o dva zida. Na samom zaravanku, unutrasnjem dijelu utvrde, a poblize sjevernom bedemu, uocljivi su skromni ostaci cetverokutnih gradnji u vidu pravilnih gromaca. I drugdje na zaravanku zamjeeuju se ostaci nekih gradnji u kamenu, a na jednome mjestu i oveca rupa, vjerojatno trag vadenja kamena. Zapadni i juzni bedem gotovo potpuno nedostaju. Mozda ill na tim mjestima nije ni bilo, ali vjerojatno su u neko novije vrijeme namjerno sruseni u dolinu, kako bi se kamen iskoristio za nove gradnje.

Mjestani Matusina s kojima je razgovarano, potvrdili su da su njihovi preci odronjavali kamenje s Gradisca 1 kako bi zidali svoje kuce. Na toj utvrdi se, kao sto je vec spomenuto, zamjeeuju barem dva zida koja kroz gusto raslinje izviruju na povrsinu. Oba zida prate duze strane ovog uskog vrha, a bez iskopavanja je nemoguce tocnije odrediti njihove mjere.

Na Gradiscu 2 pronadeno je relativno mnogo ulomaka keramike i ostalih nalaza s obzirom da su prikupljeni s povrsine. Najvise ill je pronadeno uz bedem i u korijenu jednog srusenog stabla. Oblici svjedoce kako je zivot na gradini poceo u kasno broncano i starije zeljezno doba. Na tablama je prikazan manji dio nalaza.

Posude s prilijepljenom keramickom trakom mogu se pripisati kasnom broncanom i starijem zeljeznom dobu (Tl-2,8) (Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t.21-6, t.77-

separates the ridge from the gentle extension towards the north side. The forest path that passes this way is somewhat cut into the ramparts, but in fact only passes over it. The ruins of the ramparts are terraced so that these may in fact be two walls. On the plateau itself, the interior of the fortification, and closer to the northern ramparts, the modest remains of a four-cornered edifice are discernible in the form of regularly shaped rock piles. The remains of construction in stone are also visible elsewhere on the plateau, and a larger hole on one spot, probably the traces of stone quarrying. The western and southern ramparts are almost entirely missing. Perhaps there were none there, although it is more likely that they were deliberately demolished and pushed into the valley so that the stone could be exploited for new construction.

The inhabitants of Matusini with which we spoke confirmed that their ancestors rolled stones from Gradisce 1 to build their houses. On this fortification, as has already been stated, at least two walls are discernable that break through the thick undergrowth to the surface. Both walls follow the longer sides of this narrow peak; their exact dimensions can not be determined without excavation.

Given that they were collected from the surface, a relatively large amount of potsherds and other finds were found at Gradisce 2. Most were found along the ramparts and the roots of a fallen tree. Their forms bear witness to the fact that life on this hill fort started in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age. A smaller part of the finds are shown in the tables.

Vessels with applied ceramic ribbons can be attributed to the late Bronze and early Iron Age (Tl-2,8) (Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t.21-6, t.77-5 and others). Applied ceramic ribbons of triangular cross-section on flared-rim vessels or on “pekva” (baking lid)

255

Matusini-Gradisce. Strme litice sjeverne strane Gradisca 2. Matusini-Gradisce. Steep cliffs on the north side of Gradisce 2.

256

Matusini-Gradisce. Ulomak crno glacanog vrca, Gradisce 2. (T1-3) Matusini-Gradisce. Potsherd of a burnished black jug, Gradisce 2. (T1-3)

5 i druge). Prilijepljene keramicke trake trokutastog presjeka na posudama otvorenog oboda ili pekvama (Tl-4) takoder se nalaze na nalazistima starijeg zeljeznog doba (Turska kosa CUCKOVIC 2004, si.14; Sv.Petar Ludbreski VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987, t . X X I I I - 7 , 1 0 ; Kucar D U L A R J . , CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t.20-4,7,8, t.52-6, t.58-5; HajndlZIZEK 2003, t.7-3). Treba doduse reel da su takve trake i ukras i na posudama kasnobroncanog doba (Doljnji Lakos DULAR 2002 s.157, 0-1). Medu neprikazanim ulomcima takoder ima i drugih koji se mogu datirati u kasnobroncano doba.

Ipak, vecina prapovijesnih nalaza pripada starijem zeljeznom dobu. Posebno su uocljivi ulomci s dobro uglacanom crnom vanjskom povrsinom, npr. dio zdjelice (Tl-3) narebrene na najsirem dijelu a koja je vjerojatno imala visoku rucku (Sv.Petar Ludbreski VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987, t.XXIII-1). Od ostalih tipicnih nalaza starijeg zeljeznog doba izdvajam ulomak (Tl-7) keramicke pokretne peci (Sv.Petar Ludbreski VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987, t.XXIII-8; Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t.36, t.55-1 i druge), te iznutra ostro prelomljenu zatvorenu zdjelu (Tl-1) (Kucar DULAR J. , C IGLENECKI S., DULAR A 1995,t.73-2 i ini), i na kraju prsljen (Tl-6) s najsirim dijelom u donjoj polovici (Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995,t.4-10 i ini). Spomenuti nalazi mogu se pronaci i u gradivu kasnog broncanog doba, ali su zajedno, kao skup, osobitiji za starije zeljezno doba.

U mnogo manjem broju negoli prapovijesni, ali ipak jasno, zastupljeni su ulomci kasnoanticke keramike. Na tabli je prikazano nekoliko tipicnih ulomaka. Sretnim slucajem (rijetko kod slucajnih nalaza) rekonstruirana je u cijelosti mala zdjelica (T2-1) koja po Cigleneckom pripada osnovnom tipu 3 kasnoantickih zdjelica. One su pronadene u vise inacica na Tinju ali i drugdje u slicnim kontekstima (Tinje CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.79; t.29-8, t.30-1). Dijelovi lonaca (T2-2,4) takoder se mogu pronaci u gradivu kasne antike. Rjeda je zdjela (T2-3) koja slici pronadenoj na Ancikovu gradiscu (STRMCIK 1997, t.5-1). Kasnoanticka keramika s Gradisca 2 vjerojatno potjece iz razdoblja kasnog 3. i 4. stoljeca. Naime nedostaje ranije, kao i kasnije gradivo. Mozda ce biti p ronadeno pr i l ikom buducih arheoloskih istrazivanja.

Od metalnih nalaza na tabli je prikazana ostrica noza bez drske (T2-5). I ona vjerojatno pripada kasnoantickom dobu. Pronaden je jos jedan veci dio predmeta nepoznate namjene od prekovanog zeljeza, koji nije prikazan na tabli.

Nadena su dva ulomka zuckastog kasnoantickog stakla, ali bez rubova koji bi pomogli u tipoloskom odredenju.

U korijenu srusenog stabla je zajedno s brojnom keramikom pronadena i odredena kolicina zivotinjskih kostiju. Provedeno je arheozoolosko odredenje. Prepoznata je bedrena kost dabra (Cas-

(Tl-4) are also found at sites from the early Iron Age (Turska kosa CUCKOVIC 2004, si.14; Sv Petar Ludbreski VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987, t.XXIII-7, 10; Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t.20-4, 7, 8, t. 52-6, t.58-5; Hajndl ZIZEK 2003, t.7-3). It should be said that ribbons like these are also decorations on vessels from the late Bronze Age (Doljnji Lakos DULAR 2002 s.157,0-l) . Among the potsherds not shown here are others that can be dated to the late Bronze Age.

Nevertheless, the majority of prehistoric finds come from the early Iron Age. Especially evident are potsherds with well-burnished black outer surfaces, for example part of a bowl (Tl-3) ribbed at its widest point and that probably had a highly-placed handle (Sv. Petar Ludbreski VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987, t.XXIII-1). Of the other typical finds from the early Iron Age, potsherd Tl-7 stand out, from a portable ceramic stove (Sv. Petar Ludbreski VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987, t.XXEI-8; Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t.36, t.55-1 and others), as does a closed bowl, sharply folded from the inside (Tl-1) (Kucar DULAR J. , C IGLENECKI S., DULAR A 1995,t.73-2 and others), and also the end of a spindle whorl (Tl-6) with its widest part in the lower half (Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t .4 -10 and o thers ) . The mentioned finds can also be found among material from the late Bronze Age, but are together, as a group, more typical of the early Iron Age.

In significantly smaUer numbers than those from the prehistoric period, but nevertheless clearly represented, are potsherds from the late Roman period. Several typical potsherds are shown in the tables. By a happy chance (rare with surface finds) a small vessel (T2-1) was entirely reconstructed, that according to Ciglenecki belongs to the basic type 3 late Roman period bowls. Several versions of these bowls were coUected at Tinje and elsewhere in similar contexts (Tinje CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.79; t.29-8, t.30-1). Parts of a pot (T2-2, 4) can also be found among material from the late Roman period. A less frequent find is a bowl (T2-3) similar to one found at Ancikovo gradisce (STRMCIK 1997, t.5-1). Late Roman period ceramics from Gradisce 2 probably originate in the period of the late 3rd and 4th centuries. Early, namely, and later material is missing. Perhaps it will be found during future archaeological exploration.

Of metal finds, the blade of a knife without handle (T2-5) is shown on the table. It too probably comes from the late Roman period. Also found was a larger part of an object or unknown use of wrought iron, not shown on the table.

Two shards of yellowish late Roman period glass were collected, but without edges that could help in identifying their type.

There were a number of animal bones mixed with numerous pieces of ceramics among the roots of a fallen tree. An archaeological identification was

tor fiber), zastopalna kost konja (Equus cabalus L.) i lopatica svinje (Sus sp.). Ostalih 6 ulomaka nije moglo biti odredeno. Kost dabra otkriva vrlo zanimljiv podatak. Odmah pod gradinom i sada tece potok Lonja, gdje su dabrovi u ono doba mogli naci svoje staniste. A da li je dabar bio iskoristen kao lovina, za prehranu, nije jasno. Ostaci dabra pronadeni su i na kasnoantickom pribjezistu Ajdovski gradec nad Vranjem (KNIFIC 1994, 215). Nalazi konjskih ostataka uvijek su posebno zanimljivi - uglavnom nisu koristeni u prehrani ljudi, sto se pak, sudeci prema nalazima, moze tvrditi za svinje.

Za Gradisce 1 nemamo vise nego dva ulomka keramike, za koje je jedino sigurno kako su nacinjeni grubo, ali na brzovrtecem kolu. Ni prema ostalim pokazateljima na ulomcima ne moze se reci vise nego to da bi mogli pripadati kasnoj antici ili srednjem vijeku.

P rema skromnim nalazima prikupljenim obilaskom nalazista zasad se moze reci da je na Gradiscu 2 sagradeno vece starijezeljeznodobno utvrdeno naselje s velikim kamenim suhozidom na sjevernoj strani. Ovaj strateski polozaj obnovljen je u osvit kasne antike i tada je vjerojatno sluzio kao utvrdeni kastrum. Poslije toga razdoblja, cini se, na Gradiscu 2 nije se vise zivjelo. Da li je Gradisce 1 sluzilo u kasnoj antici kao osmatracnica ili predstraza naselju na Gradiscu 2 ili se na torn visem vrhu nalazila kasnija srednjovjekovna kula, za sada se ne moze reci. Ako se iskopavanjima na Matusini-Gradiseu 2 potvrdi postojanje kasnoantickog utvrdenog naselja, morat ce se ponovno razmisliti i o konkretnoj namjeni ovakvog naselja. Jer smatra se kako je otprilike ovaj put, preko Breznickog Huma bio nekoc cesta koja je povezivala rimski grad Poetovio (danasnji Ptuj), putnu postaju Pyrri (Komin) i dalje prolazila prema rimskim gradovima Andautomp (Scitarjevo) i Siscioi (Sisak). Prema karti FJemenca i Sarije, (KLEMENC, SARIA 1936, 91, karta), ova trasa prolazila je zapadno od Matusina preko kote 377 iznad Huma. Autor je takvu trasu preko najviseg vrha u okolici (?!) ucrtao u kartu, vjerojatno poradi nalaza rimskog natpisa u Hrascini. No, FJemenc je mnogo godina kasnije promijenio polozaj trase, tako da ju je pretpostavio istocno od Matusina, prema Paki (KLEMENC 1953, 84, karta). No, ne bi bilo naodmet razmisliti o moguenosti da je ista cesta prolazila dolinom Lonje iz pravca Makojisca pokraj Matusina, i ispod nase utvrde, dalje na Breznicki Hum i Komin. Uostalom, i jedino je suvislo to da je put vodio dolinom kao i danas na torn pravcu. Stoga s vecim razlogom mozemo opravdati postojanje i kasnoantickog, te prapovijesnog utvrdenog naselja, koje je tako moglo izravno nadgledati i kontrolirati vaznu prometnu vezu sjevera i juga kroz ovaj brdski kraj, i to kada prolazi kroz mozda najuzi klanac. Pronalazak starijezeljeznodobne gradine i kasnoantickog kastruma, koji ce se nakon iskopavanja mozda usporedivati sa slicnim stanjem na slovenskom Kucaru kod Podzemelja arheolosko je iznenadenje.

257

under t aken . Identified were the thighbone of a beaver (Castor fiber), the heel bone of a horse (Equus cabalus L.) and the shoulder blade of a pig (Sus sp.). The remaining six bone shards could not be identified. The beaver bone reveals a very interesting fact. The Lonja creek runs to this day directly under the hill fort, where beavers might, at the time, have found their habitat. As to whether the beaver was hunted then, used as a source of food, is uncertain. Beaver remains have been found at the late Roman period refugium at Ajdovski gradec nad Vranjem (KNIFIC 1994, 215). Finds of horse remains are always especially interesting -they were usuaUy not used as food for humans which can not be said, judging by the finds, for pigs.

Gradisce 1 did not yield more than two potsherds, for which we know only that they are of rough fabrication, made on a fast potter’s wheel. Nothing more can be stated even based on the other indicators on the potsherds, other than that they could be from the late Roman period or Middle Ages.

Based on the modest finds collected during the visits of the sites it can be said for the moment that a larger fortified early Iron Age settlement was constructed at Gradisce 2 with a massive drystone wall to the northern side. This strategic location was renewed at the dawn of the late Roman period and probably served at the time as a fortified castrum. It appears that human habitation ceased at Gradisce 2 after this period. Whether Gradisce 1 served in the late Roman period as a watch post or fore guard to the settlement at Gradisce 2 or whether there was on this higher point a later medieval tower cannot be said for the moment. If excavations at Matusini-Gradisce 2 confirm the existence of a fortified late Roman period settlement, more thought will have to be given to the purpose of a settlement of this kind. Because it is considered that at approximately this route, over Breznicki Hum, a road once went that linked the Roman town of Poetovio (modern day Ptuj), the Pyrri travel station (Komin) and went further on to the roman towns olAndautonia (Scitarjevo) and Sisda (Sisak). According to the map by Kemenc and Saria, (KLEMENC, SARIA 1936, 91, map), this route passed west of Matusini over elevation 377 above Hum. The author drew this route passing over the highest peak in the surroundings (?!) into the map, probably on account of the find of a Roman inscription at Hrascine. Klemenc, however, many years later altered the location of the route, presuming its position to be east of Matusini, towards Paka (KLEMENC 1953,

Matusini-Gradisce. Rekonstruirana kasnoanticka zdjelica. (T2-1) Matusini-Gradisce. Reconstructed late Roman period bowl. (T2-1)

258

Tabla 1. Matusini-Gradisce. Gradisce 2, slucajni prapovijesni nalazi. Table 1. Matusini-Gradisce. Gradisce 2, chance prehistoric finds.

Katalog TABLA 1 - Matusini 2, prapovijest: Slucajni nalazi

1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, tvrde izrade, izvana smede, u prijelomu erne, iznutra svijetlo smede boje. Vanjska povrsina uglacana. 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene gline, tvrde izrade, sivo smede boje. Prepaljeno. 3- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, erne boje. Vanjska povrsina uglacana do visokog sjaja.

84, map). It would not however be unwarranted to give thought to the possibility that this same route went by way of the Lonja valley from the direction of Makojisce near Matusini, and passed under our fortification, onwards to Breznicki Hum and Komin Besides, it is only logical that the way led along the valley as it does today on that route. We can, therefore, with greater reason justify the existence of a late Roman period and prehistoric fortified settlement, that could thereby directly oversee and control a vital north-south traffic link through this hilly terrain, as it passes through perhaps the

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Matusini-Gradisce. Tabla 2. Gradisce 2, slucajni anticki nalazi. Matusini-Gradisce. Table 2 Gradisce 2, chance Roman period finds.

4- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno, neprociscene gline, tvrde i grube izrade, zuckaste boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede do narancaste boje. Vanjska povrsina uglacana. 6- Ulomak prsljena, neprociscene gline, svijetlo smede boje. 7- Ulomak pokretne peci izradene prostoracno, neprociscene gline, grabe i tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 8- Ulomak posude izradene prostoracno, neprociscene gline, tvrde izrade, izvana erne, u prijelomu svijetlo smede, iznutra smede boje.

TABLA 2 - Matusini 2 antika: Slucajni nalazi 1- Posuda izradena na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa manjih kvarcita, dobre izrade, erne, a u prijelomu tamno smede boje. Rekonstruirana. 2- Posuda izradena na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kvarcita i kamencica, dobre i tvrde izrade, tamno sive do smede, a u prijelomu i iznutra narancaste do smede boje. 3- Posuda izradena na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa manjih kamencica, dobre izrade, tamno sive a u prijelomu svijetlo sive boje. 4- Posuda izradena na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kvarcita i kamencica, dobre i tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje. 5- Diozeljeznog noza.

narrowest defile at that. The find of an early Iron Age hiU fort and a late Roman period castrum, that may, Mowing excavations, be found comparable to a similar situation at Slovenia’s Kucar near Podzemelj, is from an archaeological aspect a surprise.

Catalogue TABLE 1 - Matusini 2, Prehistory: Chance finds

1- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, of unrefined clay, of hard fabrication, of brown colour outside, black at the break, of light brown colour inside. With burnished outer surface. 2- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, of unrefined clay, of harder fabrication, of grey-brown colour. Scorched. 3- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, of refined clay, of harder fabrication, of black colour. With outer surface burnished to a high gloss. 4- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, of unrefined clay, of harder and rough fabrication, of yellowish colour. 5- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, of refined clay, of harder fabrication, of light brown to orange colour. With burnished outer surface. 6- Potsherd from a spindle whorl, of unrefined clay, of light brown colour. 7- Potsherd from a hand made mobile stove, of unrefined clay, of rough and harder fabrication, of light brown colour. 8- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, of unrefined clay, of harder fabrication, of black colour outside, light brown at the break, of brown colour inside.

260

Paka-Selo. Pogled na zaravanak u selu Paka, izme|u dva vijadukta. Tragovi nalaza in situ prona|eni su tek prilikom probijanja ovog jarka.

Paka-Selo. View of the plateau in the village of Paka, between two viaducts. Traces of in situ finds were found only during the excavation of this ditch.

PAKA (NOVI MAROF) Tragovi obitavanja iz rimskog i srednjovjekovnog doba Prilikom pregleda vec zapocetih radova na

izgradnji vijadukta Paka i Sajan, 14. kolovoza 2002.g., pronadeni su arheoloski vazni ulomci keramike. Vec su bili iskopani temelji za stupove, a blaga uzvisina iznad potoka koja povezuje dva vijadukta tada je zasipana kamenom lomljencem. Ovaj polozaj od tada se posebno nadzirao, ne bi li se uslo u trag mogucim arheoloskim strukturama. Pregledi su provodeni sve do dovrsenja trase i oba vijadukta; medutim, nije bilo dovoljno elemenata za provodenje arheoloskog iskopavanja.

Rijec je o blagoj uzvisini iznad potoka Paka, usred istoimenog sela. Ova uzvisina je obronak brda koje se takoder blago uspinje na oko 200 m visine. Na krajnje zapadnom dijelu uzvisine nalazi se nekoliko kuca koje su i danas nastanjene. Pedesetak metara istocno od tih kuca prolazi trasa autoceste. Na taj kratak prostor nadovezuju se dva vijadukta.

Nakon pronalaska ulomaka keramike, cijeli prostor je pomno pregledan kako bi se ustanovilo odakle dopiru nalazi. Oni su naime na pocetku pronadeni u zemlji koja je strojno vec bila preokrenuta, pa je trebalo utvrditi njihovo porijeklo. Prvo mjesto na kojem su nalazi pronadeni u profilu iskopa, dotad netaknuti strojem, bilo je na juznom dijelu, odnosno na zadnjem sjevernom iskopu stupa za vijadukt Paka. Vrlo usitnjena keramika pronalazena je na relativnoj dubini od oko 50 cm, a u profilima se nisu ukazivali tragovi gradnje ili jama. Ti nalazi bili su prikupljani, ali je bilo ocigledno kako je njihov karakter na ovome mjestu naplavinski, te da pravo nalaziste treba traziti na visem polozaju. Pregled brda obraslog sumom nije polucio rezultatima. Prilikom daljnjih pregleda pronalazeni su samo pokoji ulomci keramike, uglavnom u prekopanoj zemlji na sedlu uzvisine. Pri kraju gradevinskih radova, ovdje su strojno prokopani odvodni kanali uz trasu. Tom je prilikom napokon ustanovljen arheoloski sloj u kojem su

TABLE 2 - Matusini 2, Roman period: Chance finds

1- Vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, tempered with a large quantity of fine quartz, of good fabrication, of black colour, dark brown at the break. Reconstructed. 2- Vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with temper of quartz and pebbles, of good and harder fabrication, of dark grey to brown colour, orange to brown at the break and on the inside. 3- Vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with little temper of small pebbles, of good fabrication, of dark grey colour, light grey at the break. 4- Vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with temper of quartz and pebbles, of good and harder fabrication, of light brown colour. 5- Part of an iron knife.

PAKA (NOVI MAROF) Traces of Habitation from the Roman and Medieval Periods Potsherds of archaeological significance were

found during an August 14, 2002, survey of work already under way on the construction of the Paka and Sajan viaducts. Foundations for the viaduct’s columns had already been dug and the gentle rise above the creek that connected the two viaducts was then covered in crushed rock. Monitoring of this position was from then on given special attention with the aim of locating traces of possible archaeological structures. Surveys were carried out right up to the completion of the route and both viaducts; there were not, however, sufficient elements for the launch of an archaeological excavation.

This is a slight elevation above Paka creek, in the midst of the village of the same name. The elevation is part of the slope of a hill that also rises gently to a height of about 200 m. To the far west of the elevation are several houses that are currently inhabited. The highway route passes fifty metres to the east of these houses. The two viaducts pass over this narrow area.

After the finds of potsherds the entire area was carefully surveyed to establish from where the finds originated. They were, namely, initially found in earth that had already been excavated by heavy machinery and their origin had to be determined. The first place finds were located in the excavation profile, as yet undisturbed by machinery, was the southern part, i.e. the far northern excavation for a column of the Paka viaduct. Highly fragmented ceramic was located at a relative depth of about 50 cm, and the profiles did not yield traces of construction or pits. These finds were collected, but it was obvious that they had come there by flooding action and that the real site should be sought at a higher position. A survey of the forest-covered hill did not give results. Further surveys yielded only sporadic potsherds, mostly in the excavated soil at a saddle on the elevation. Drainage canals running along the route were dug here near the end of construction work. An archaeological layer was

prevladavali rijetH ulomci rimske keramike. Sloj se finally unearthed then in which sporadic potsherds 261 nalazio na relativnoj dubini od cetrdesetak from Roman period ceramics predominated. The centimetara, u duzini od desetak metara. Smjesten layer was at a relative depth of about forty je na najvisem dijelu ove uzvisine, sedla izmedu centimetres, about ten metres long. It is situated at vijadukta. Ni u profilu ovog iskopa nisu pronadeni the highest part of this elevation, the saddle between tragovi anticke gradnje, a nalazi su takoder bili the viaducts. Here again, in the profile of this rijetki. Ipak, moze se reci da je ova mikrolokacija excavation, there were no traces of Roman period ipak bliza nepoznatome nalazistu nego prethodna, construction found, and the finds were also few. u iskopu stupa za vijadukt. Kako nalazi nisu Nevertheless, it can be said that this micro-location potvrdili postojanje objekata bilo koje vrste a is closer to the unknown site than the previous one, gradevinski su radovi bili zavrseni, ovdje nisu in the hole excavated for a column of the viaduct. As provodena arheoloska iskopavanja. Ipak, the finds did not confirm the existence of structures pronalazak rimskodobnog hodnog sloja potvrduje of any sort and the construction work had been kako se ovdje tadasnjicovjek duze zadrzavao, pa je completed, no archaeological excavation was ovo nalaziste posebno izdvojeno. undertaken here. The find of a Roman period

Skromni ulomci keramike pronadeni na occupational layer, however, confirms extended nalazistu ipak donekle mogu svjedociti o human presence, and the site has been therefore nekadasnjoj naseobini. Nalazi srednjocarskog treated here individually. razdoblja su veci ulomak trbuha amfore (nije The modest potsherds found at the site do, prikazan) i ulomak lonca Tl-4 (npr. Obvoznica - however, bear witness to some extent of the nature Ptuj, TUSEK 1993, t.12-6). Ovaj lonac moze biti i of the former settlement. Finds from the Middle mnogo kasnija kopija takvih originala jer je nas Empire are a larger potsherd from the belly of an nacinjen od neprociscene gline. Najveci broj ulomaka amphora (not shown) and the potsherd of pot Tl-pripada razdoblju najkasnije antike. Tome dobu 4 (for example Obvoznica - Ptuj, TUSEK 1993, pripadaju dijelovi lonaca (Tl-1,5,6,8,9,10) a t.12-6). This pot may be a much later copy of mozda i dno (Tl-7). Lonac Tl-1 izraden je originals like these as ours is made of unrefined prostorucno, a ocit je izravan prijelaz iz ramena u clay. The majority of potsherds come from the obod, bez vrata posude. Takvih je nalaza posvuda period of the latest Roman period. Also from this po kasnoantickim pribjezistima (npr. Toncov grad period are parts of a pot (Tl-1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10) and pri Kobaridu, CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.125-7; perhaps a bottom (Tl-7). Pot Tl-1 is hand-made, Sonnenburger Huegel, RODRIGUEZ 1997, t.10- and the direct transition from shoulder to rim, 93). Takoder je znacajan ulomak s metlicastim without a neck on the vessel, is obvious. These kinds ukrasavanjem s obje strane stijenke posude (Tl- of finds appear all over the place at late Roman 5), kakav se takoder nalazi na kasnoantickim period refugium (for example at Toncov grad pri pribjezistima (Kathreinkogel, CIGLENECFJ2000 Kobaridu, CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.125-7; sl.131-18,25 po Rodriguez; ovdje: Sarnica - Sonnenburger Huegel, RODRIGUEZ 1997, t.10-Kelemen Tl-9). Dno posude (Tl-7) prema nacinu 93). Also significant is a potsherd with brushed izrade i obliku vrlo slici nekima pronadenim na surface decoration on both sides of the vessel’s walls Blizni, a koje takoder mozemo opredijeliti u kasnu (Tl-5), the likes of which are also found at late antiku (Blizna T26-9,10,ll). Ulomak poroznog Roman period refugium (Kathreinkogel, lonca s tragovima prstiju uz obod (Tl-3) mogao bi CIGLENECKI 2000 sl.131-18, 25 according to se povezati s razdobljem ranog srednjeg vijeka i Rodriguez; here: Sarnica - Kelemen Tl-9). The slavenskom seobom u ove krajeve. bottom of a vessel (Tl-7) in the method of its

Pronadene su i dvije kamene cijepane izradevine. manufacture and shape are very similar to some Cijepane izradevine morfoloski spadaju u found at Blizna, and which we can also attribute to lomljevinu, od kojih jedna ima 40% okorine. the late Roman period (Blizna T26-9, 10, 11). The Sirovinski materijal je sive i zelene boje, slabih potsherd of a porous pot with traces of fingers along karakteristika cijepanja, a na osnovi postojecih the rim (Tl-3) could be connected to the period of nalaza nije moguce izvuci nikakve zakljucke. the early Middle Ages and the Slavic migration in

Ovaj polozaj morat ce, nazalost, ostati bez these parts. definitivnog odredenja kako po dataciji, tako i po Two knapped stone artefacts were also found. svom karakteru. Ocigledno je to da se u anticko i The knapped artefacts belong morphologically to kasnoanticko doba ovdje boravilo, a mozda jos i u debris of which one has 40% cortex coverage. The ranom srednjem vijeku. Neki ulomci keramike raw material is of grey and green colour, of poor upueuju i na prapovijesno doba, ali to ipak treba knapping characteristics. No conclusions can be ostaviti samo kao ne bas cvrstu pretpostavku. made based on the existing finds. Mozemo pretpostaviti kako su ti nalazi ovdje u vezi This position will, unfortunately, have to remain s FJemencovim pretpostavljenim smjerom rimske without a definite determination both in date and in ceste, koji je kroz ovaj klanac mogao biti koristen i u its character. It is obvious that there was human druga vremena (ELEMENC 1953, 84, karta). Da presence here in the Roman and late Roman period, li su sve predmete odbacili mnogobrojni putnici, ili perhaps also in the early Middle Ages. Some of the je na ovom polozaju bilo i stambenih struktura, ostat potsherds indicate the prehistoric period, but this

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Tabla 1. Paka-Selo. Slucajni nalazi. Table 1. Paka-Selo. Chance finds.

ce nam nepoznato, mozda i zauvijek, ako je gradnja autoceste uistinu unistila sve preostale nalaze.

Katalog TABLA 1 - Paka: Slucajni nalazi

1- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude s tragovima prstiju, primjese pijeska i kamencica, izvana tamno smeda, prijelom crn. 2- Ulomak posude, mozda izradene prostorucno, dobro prociscene gline, sive boje koja ostavlja trag. 3- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude s tragovima prstiju, supljikave povrsine od primjesa pljeve, tamno smede boje. 4- Ulomak posude, mozda izradene prostorucno, s mnogo primjesa kamencica, kvarcita i pijeska koji se osipa, crvenkaste boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s primjesama pijeska i manjih kamencica, izvana i u prijelomu crvene a iznutra tamno smede boje, s grubo izvedenim metlicastim ukrasom na obje strane stijenke. 6- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s primjesama pijeska i manjih kamencica, izvana i iznutra tamno smede a u prijelomu crvene boje, s grubo izvedenim metlicastim ukrasom s vanjske strane stijenke. 7- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s mnogo primjesa pijeska, kamencica i kvarcita koji se truse, izvana svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu i iznutra crne boje. 8- Ulomak prostorucno izradene posude, s primjesama kamencica, tvrde izrade, s metlicastim ukrasom s vanjske strane stijenke. 9- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s

should be considered as only a not very f i rm possibility. We can presume that these finds being here are connected to Klemenc’s presumed route of the Roman road, that could have been used at other times through this defile (KLEMENC 1953, 84, map). Did numerous travellers discard all the objects, or were there lodging structures at this position, remains unknown to us, perhaps forever, if the construction of the highway really destroyed all remaining finds.

Catalogue TABLE 1 – Paka: Chance finds

1- Potsherd of a hand made vessel with traces of fingerprints, with temper of sand and smaller pebbles, of dark brown colour outside, black at the break. 2- Potsherd of a vessel, possibly made by hand, of well-refined clay, of grey colour that leaves a mark. 3- Potsherd of a hand made vessel with traces of fingerprints, with a porous surface caused by a temper of chaff, of dark brown colour. 4- Potsherd of a vessel, possibly made by hand, with a large quantity of pebble, quartz and sand temper that crumbles, of reddish colour. 5- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, with temper of sand and smaller pebbles, of red colour outside and at the break, dark brown on the inside, with a rough brushed surface decoration on both sides of the wall. 6- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, with temper of sand and smaller pebbles, of dark brown colour outside and inside, red at the break, with a rough brushed surface decoration on the outer wall. 7- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, with a large

primjesama pijeska i manjih kamencica, izvana i iznutra svijetlo smede a u prijelomu erne boje, s grubo izvedenim metlicastim ukrasom s vanjske strane stijenke. 10- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, s primjesama pijeska i manjih kamencica, izvana zuckaste a iznutra i u prijelomu smede boje, s grubo izvedenim metlicastim ukrasom s vanjske strane stijenke.

GRADISCE KOD PAKE (NOVI MAROF) Srednjovjekovna kula Utvrdu Paka otkrila je Marina Simek u proljece

2001.g. Vec sljedece godine zapocelo je istrazivanje i sanacija zidova, sto traje do danas (SIMEK 2003).

Utvrda se nalazi na strmom brdu, odnosno izdvojenom jeziccu iznad istomenog potoka. Njezin polozaj je obrambeno vazan, a vjerojatno je sluzila za nadgledanje prometa dolinom potoka kroz Kalnicko gorje. Sagradena je kao pravokutni objekt, velicine oko 18x9 m. Unutar tog jedinstvenog prostora nalazi se pregradni zid, koji nije uzidan u bedem. Tako utvrda djeluje kao oveca kula, s odvojenim stambenim i dvorisnim prostorom. Na podu kule otkriveni su tragovi paljevine i izgorjele drvene grade, sto upueuje da je objekt bio spaljen.

U arheoloskim iskopavanjima pronadena je veca kolicina keramike (i jedna cijela rebrasta casa), zeljezni cavli, karika lanca, kuka, dvodijelne zvale, potkova itd. Zanimljiv je i nalaz kamene osmerokutne posude, koja je vjerojatno sluzila kao muzar (SIMEK 2003, sl.2,3). Takoder je pronaden i odreden broj zivotinjskih - telecih, junecih, govedili, svinjskih (domacih i divljih) i kokosjih kostiju (SIMEK 2002, 2).

Prema dosad objavljenim obavijestima, moze se

quantity of sand, pebble and quartz temper that crumbles, light brown outside, black at the break and on the inside. 8- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, with temper of pebbles, of hard fabrication, with a brushed surface decoration on the outer wall. 9- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, with temper of sand and smaller pebbles, of light brown colour outside, light brown on the inside and black at the break, with a rough brushed surface decoration on the outer wall. 10- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, with temper of sand and smaller pebbles, of yellowish colour on the outside, brown on the inside and at the break, with a rough brushed surface decoration on the outer waU.

GRADISCE NEAR PAKA (N0VI MAR0F) Medieval Tower The Paka Portress was discovered by Marina

Simek in the spring of 2001. Exploration and conservation of the walls started by the next year, and continues to this day (SIMEK 2003).

The fortress is situated on a steep hill, that is to say a separate foot above the creek of the same name. Its position is defensively significant, and it probably served to oversee traffic using the creek’s valley through the Kalnicko gorje highlands. It was constructed as a quadrangular structure, about 18x9 m in size. Within this undivided area is a partition wall, not built into the ramparts. The fortress in this way resembles a large tower with a separate lodging area and courtyard. Traces of scorching and of charred wooden material, indicating that the structure had been burnt.

A larger quantity of ceramics was found during the archaeological excavation (and one entire ribbed

263

Gradisce kod Pake (Novi Marof) Srednjovjekovna kula Gradisce kod Pake (Novi Marof) Medieval Tower

264

Ljubescica-Budinec. Hrpt uzvisine na kojem se mogu naci srednjovjekovni nalazi. U prvom planu stari vojni rov. Ljubes~ica-Budinec. Ridge of the elevation on which Medieval period finds can be found. In the foreground are old military trenches.

zakljuciti kako je ova obrambena utvrda sluzila za nadzor prometa kroz dolinu potoka Pake. Sudeci po nalazima, sagradena je tijekom 13.st., vjerojatno nakon mongolskih provala. Drugi nalazi mogu se datirati u razdoblje koje seze do u 15.st, pa se njezino unistenje i napustanje zasad moze datirati u to vrijeme.

BUDINEC KOD LJUBESCICE (NOVI MAROF) Srednjovjekovna osmatracnica Prilikom visednevnih pregleda izgradnje

autoceste u dolini Bednje u visini sela Ljubescica, pregledana je i uzvisina znakovitog toponima Budinec.

Budinec je osamljeno brdo sa sjeverne strane Kalnickoga gorja i nalazi se u dolini rijeke Bednje. Njegovi relativno strmi obronci kao i strateski polozaj izdvajaju ga od ostalih u njegovoj blizini. Geoloski gledano, sazdano je od mekog kamena slabije kvalitete, sljunka i tankog zemljanog pokrova.

Na samom vrhu danas raste suma, a tlo je prekriveno liscem. Tu se nalazi rov koji su po svemu sudeci iskopali pripadnici nekadasnje JNA, s nekoliko oblih ukopa za mitraljeska gnijezda. U ovim poluzatrpanim rovovima dobro se vidi grada tla, rijecni sljunak, vjerojatno ostaci nekadasnjih pranaplavina otopina ledenjaka koje su tekle kroz danasnju dolinu Bednje. U takvom tlu ne mogu se razaznati ostaci nekih struktura, bilo zidanih ili drvenih, ali je pronadeno nekoliko ulomaka keramike. Ulomci su tipoloski tesko odredivi, ali za dva se s velikom vjerojatnoseu moze reci kako pripadaju srednjem vijeku. S obzirom na svoju grubu izradu, primjese sitnog drobljenog kvarca i ostalo, moglo bi ih se datirati u razdoblje od 13. do 16. st.

Budinec se svojim polozajem namece kao prikladno mjesto s kojeg se moze nadzirati tok Bednje od danasnjeg Novog Marofa pa sve do

glass), iron nails, chain links, a hook, a two-part curb bit, a horseshoe etc. The find of an eight-sided stone vessel, probably used as a mortar, is interesting (SIMEK 2003, sl.2, 3). Also found were a number of animal bones - of various ages of oxen, pig (domesticated and wild) and chicken (SIMEK 2002, 2).

According to materials published to date it can be concluded that this defensive fortification served to control traffic running through the Paka creek valley. Judging by the finds, it was constructed during the 13th century, probably after the Mongol incursions. Other finds can be dated to a period stretching to the 15th century so that its destruction and abandonment can, for now, be dated to this time.

BUDINEC NEAR LJUBESCICA (NOVI MAROF) Medieval Watchtower During the several days of surveying of the

highway construction in the Bednja valley, at the elevation of the village of Ljubescica, a height was surveyed of the indicative toponym of Budinec.

Budinec is a solitary hill on the north side of the Kalnicko gorje highlands and is situated in the Bednja river valley. Its relatively steep slopes and strategic position set it apart from the others in the vicinity. As regards its geology, the hill is made of soft stone of mediocre quality, gravel and a thin covering of soil.

A forest grows today on its peak, with the ground being covered in leaves. There is a trench here that was most likely dug by members of the former Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA), with several rounded excavations for machine gun nests. The structure of the ground is easily discernable here in these half-buried trenches, of river gravel, probably the remains of some prehistoric flooding of glacial runoff waters that flowed through the present day Bednja valley The remains of structures can not be discerned in this kind of ground, whether stonewall or made of wood, but several potsherds were collected. The typology of these potsherds is difficult to determine, but for two it can be with a high degree of certainty be said that they originate from the Middle Ages. Considering their rough fabrication, the temper of finely crushed quartz and other indicators, they could be dated to the period from the 13th to 16th century.

The position occupied by Budinec offers itself as a suitable place from where to monitor the flow of the Bednja from present day Novi Marof all the way to Hrastovec, a distance of about a dozen kilometres. Along with this there is another, perhaps more important advantage. The old way passes under Budinec that passes through the defiles of the Kalnicko gorje highlands and to this day provides easy access directly under the northern ramparts of the Veliki Kalnik fortification. The Veliki Kalnik fortress is situated on an easily defended position on a high and steep rock, from where a beautiful vista shoots out to the south side. The fortress is, however, “blind” to the north and the advance of a potential belligerent armed force could

Hrastovca u duzini od desetak kilometara. No k tome, postoji josjedna, mozda i vaznija prednost. Naime, ispod Budinca prolazi stari put kojim se kroz klance Kalnickoga gorja i dan-danas s lakocom dolazi izravno pod sjeverne bedeme utvrde Veliki Kalnik. Utvrda Veliki Kalnik nalazi se na lako branjivom polozaju visoke i strme kamene stijene, s koje se pruza predivan pogled prema juznoj strani. No, prema sjevera utvrda je “slijepa” i navala potencijalne neprijateljske vojske mogla bi se zamijetiti tek stotinjak metara pod utvrdom,sto je svakako prekasno za poduzimanje obrane. I zato izgleda kako je poradi obrane Velikog Kalnika na Budincu morala biti smjestena osmatracnica. To je mogao biti mali drveni cardak, cija bi posada mogla dojaviti svojoj maticnoj utvrdi na Kalniku prilazak vece turske ili neke druge neprijateljske vojske. Nalazi keramike tog doba na Budincu, iako skromni, daju odredenu tezinu ovoj pretpostavci, a daljnja sondiranja ce ju mozda i potvrditi.

GRADEC KODSKARNIKA (VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE) Viseslojno utvrcTeno naselje Obilazeci moguca arheoloska nalazista u blizini

Varazdinskih Tbplica, kako bi se razjasnila prilicno nejasna prapovijesna slika ovog dijela toka Bednje, pregledan je i brijeg Gradec iznad sela Skarnik Na prilicno strmoj uzvisini, pronadeni su brojni ulomci prapovijesne keramike te ostaci nekadasnjih bedema i naseobinskih terasa gradine.

Rijec je o novootkrivenom utvrdenom visinskom naselju, te je zahvaljujuci ucincima ovih pregleda pokrenut postupak Preventivne registracije kulturnog dobra koji se vodi pri Konzervatorskom odjelu u Varazdinu.

Gradec kod Skarnika stozast je i strm brijeg s pogledom na velik dio doline Bednje prema zapadu i istoku. Ovo mjesto nalazi se iznad veceg zavoja rijeke Bednje kod Varazdinskih Tbplica, pa je samim time strateski vrlo vazno, jer se odavde, osim velikog dijela doline Bednje, mogu pratiti i dogadanja na suprotnom brdskom masivu, gdje su danas smjestene Toplice i izlaz vaznog prapovijesnog puta kroz dolinu Koscevca. Na vrhu brijega danas stoji zidana vikendica i uredeni vinograd. Vlasnik vinograda na brijegu, Josip Ratkovic “Pepi”, sjeca se kako je prilikom oranja pronalazio keramicke ulomke, ali tome nije pridavao veliku paznju. Jedan pronadeni keramicki prsljen iskoristio je kao rucicu za pecna drva.

Na brdu Gradec nalazi se srednje velika gradina, koja je vjerojatno bila utvrdena zemljanim bedemima i drvenim palisadama, jer ne postoji dostupno leziste kamena. Tragovi moguce “akropole” obicnim pregledom nisu vidljivi. Ispod vinograda i u sumi, tragovi zavrsnog, vanjskog bedema, upucuju na naseobinsku terasu koja okruzuje vrh sa sjeverne strane. Vinograd je u vise navrata rigolan pa nisu vidljivi ostaci objekata. Ipak se u izoranoj zemlji mogu pronaci ulomci keramike i ljepa, pa ill je nekoliko prikazano na tabli.

be perceived only some hundred metres from the fortress, in any event to late to mount a defence. I t appears that a watchtower had to be placed on Budinec for the defence of Veliki Kalnik. This may have been a small wooden guard tower, whose garrison could warn its home base at Kalnik of the approach of a larger Turkish or some other enemy troops. Finds of ceramics from that period at Budinec, while modest, give a certain weight to this hypothesis, which further sondages may confirm.

Skarnik-Gradec. Prapovijesna i kasnoanticka gradina, u prvom planu niza naseobinska terasa. Skarnik-Gradec. Prehistoric and late Roman period hill fort, a lower settlement terrace is in the foreground.

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GRADEC NEAR SKARNIK (VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE) Multi-layered Fortified Settlement Tburing possible archaeological sites in the vicinity

of Varazdinske Tbplice in order to shed light on the quite unclear prehistoric picture of this part of the Bednja River, a survey was made of the Gradec hill above the village of Skarnik. Numerous potsherds from prehistoric ceramics were found on a quite steep elevation as were the remains of a former ramparts and the settlement terraces of a hill fort.

This is a newly-discovered fortified settlement on an elevated position, and thanks to the effects of these surveys the procedure ha been put into motion for the Preventive registration of a cultural good that is currently underway at the Department of Conservation in Varazdin.

Gradec near Skarnik is a conical and steep hill with a view of the larger part of the Bednja valley to the west and east. This place is situated above a larger bend in the Bednja river at Varazdinske Toplice, and it is precisely in this of strategic importance, because events can be monitored from here, besides on a large part of the Bednja valley, also on the opposite highland massif, the place where Toplice is situated today and where a key prehistoric route left the Koscevec valley. There is now atop the hill a weekend cottage and cultivated vineyard. The vineyards proprietor, a Josip Batkovic “Pepi”, says

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Skarnik-Gradec. Ulomak erne glacane zdjelice s ruckom. (T1-4) Skarnik-Gradec. Potsherd of a small burnished black bowl with handle. (T1-4)

Skarnik-Gradec. Keramicki prsljen, prebojen i upotrebljen kao rucica na peci. Skarnik-Gradec. Ceramic spindle whorl, repainted and used as a stove handle.

Unatoc vecem broju prikupljenih povrsinskih nalaza, tek je manji dio njih pogodan za bilo kakvo tipolosko odredenje.

Neki oblici ukazuju na kasno broncano doba, ali ih se vecina moze postaviti u starije zeljezno doba. Posuda s prilijepljenom keramickom trakom moze se pripisati kasnom broncanom i starijem zeljeznom dobu (Tl-5,6) (Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t.21-6 i ini). Tu je i lagano zatvorena posuda ravnog oboda (Tl-1) (Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t.74-10 i ini).

Medu tipicno starijezeljeznodobno gradivom isticem ulomake keramickih pokretnili peci (Tl-2,3) (Sv.Petar Ludbreski VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987, t.XXIII-8; Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t.36, t.55-1 i ine) i zdjelicu uglacane povrsine s visoko postavljenom ruckom (Tl-4). Za nju mozemo naci mnoge uspo-redbe u gradivu starijeg zeljeznog doba (Budinjak CUCKOVIC 2004, sl.19, s.10; Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, s.70-5), ali i u kasnom broncanom dobu (Staro Cice BALEN-LETUNIC 1996 s.7-6). Unatoc tim slicnostima u oblicima, na odredenom broju ulomaka koji nisu prepaljeni, ostala je sacuvana brizljivo uglacana crna povrsina, koja nam potvrduje kako vecina pra-povijesnih nalaza pripada starijem zeljeznom dobu.

Treba dodati kako je nacin izrade nekih posuda vrlo slican onima pronadenim na Bukovju kod Banjscine, a donekle i onom s Huste kod Jakopovca. Za te nalaze, koji su datirani u mlade zeljezno doba, a imaju mnoge osobine i oblike starijeg zeljeznog doba, vec je receno kako vjerojatno pripadaju starosjedilackom stanovnistvu, Jasima. Stoga je moguce da je i na Gracu starijezeljeznodobna tradicija prezivjela do mladeg zeljeznog doba, kada je gradina propala na duze vrijeme.

Nekoliko manjih ulomaka upueuje kako se i u doba kasne antike boravilo na ovom brdu. Dio

he remembers finding potsherds when ploughing, but did not give it much attention. He has made use of a ceramic spindle whorl he collected as a handle for a wood-burning stove.

There is a mid-sized hill fort on the Gradec hill, probably fortified by earthworks and wooden palisades, as there is no accessible source of stone. The traces of a possible “acropolis” are not visible upon a simple survey. Traces of final, outer, ramparts under the vineyard and in the forest indicate a settlement terrace that encircled the peak from the north side. The vineyard was deeply ploughed on several occasions so that the remains of a structure are not visible. Potsherds and fragment of daub can be found in the ploughed soil however, and several are shown in the table.

Despite a large number of collected surface finds, only a small number of them are suitable for any kind of typological determination. Some shapes point to the late Bronze Age, but the majority can be attributed to the early Iron Age. A vessel with applied ceramic ribbon can be attributed to the late Bronze and early Iron age (Tl-5, 6) (Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t.21-6 and others). Here too is a slightly constricted vessel with s t r a igh t r im ( T l - 1 ) (Kucar D U L A R J . , CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t.74-10 and others).

Among the typical early Iron Age material I would single out a potsherd from a mobile ceramic stove (Tl-2, 3) (Sv Petar Ludbreski VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987, t.XXIII-8; Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, t.36, t.55-1 and others) and a smaU bowl with burnished surface with a highly placed handle (Tl-4). We can find numerous comparisons for it among material from the early Iron Age (Budinjak CUCKOVIC 2004, sl.19, s.10; Kucar DULAR J., CIGLENECKI S., DULAR A. 1995, s.70-5), but also in the late Bronze Age (Staro Cice BALEN-LETUNIC1996 s.7-6). Despite the similarit ies in form, a meticulously polished black surface has remained preserved on a number of the potsherds that have not been scorched, which confirms that the majority of the prehistoric finds belong to the early Iron Age. It should be added that the method of fabrication of some of the vessels is very similar to those found at Bukovje near Banjscina, and to some extent also with those from Husta near Jakopovec. Of these finds, dated to the late Iron Age and having many traits and forms of the early Iron Age, it has already been said that they probably belong to the indigenous inhabitants, the Iasi. It is possible then that at the early Iron Age tradition survived at Gradec to the late Iron Age, when the hill fort fell into decay for a longer period of time.

Several smaUer potsherds indicate that there was human presence on this hill in the late Roman period. Part of a small bowl (Tl-7) can be found at other late Roman period sites (Invillino, CIGLENECKI 2000 sl.143-4, according to Bierbrauer; or Gradisce nad Basljem, CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.122-6).

zdjelice (Tl-7) moze se pronaci na drugim Gradec near Skarnik, other than indicating very 267 kasnoantickim nalazistima (Invillino, CIGLENE- probable late Bronze Age and earlylron Age phases, CK3 2000 sl.143-4, po Bierbrauer; ili Gradisce nad is also a possible fortified settlement of the Iasi who, Basljem, CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.122-6). from this position, controlled a large part of the

Gradec kod Skarnika, osim sto upucuje na vrlo Bednja river valley, and the hot water springs on vjerojatne kasnobroncane i starijezeljeznodobne faze, the opposite hill. This is for now the first settlement moguce je utvrdeno naselje Jasa koji su s ovog that might in the end provide material justification polozaja nadzirali veliki dio doline rijeke Bednje, te for the Boman name olAquae Iasae, because up to izvore tople vode na nasuprotnom brijegu. Ovo je now no traces have been found that might originate zasad prvo naselje koje bi u konacnici moglo from the people that awaited the Romans at Bednja materijalno opravdati rimski naziv Aquae Iasae, jer and the thermal springs. The excavations that have dosad nisu bili pronadeni tragovi koji bi potjecali been carried out for several decades now at the Park od stanovnika koji su na Bednji i izvorima tople in Toplice, namely, have not yet yielded in the nearer vode docekali Rimljane. Naime, prilikom or more distant vicinity any finds that might be iskopavanja koja se vise desetljeca vode u Parku u attributed to the Iron Age. That would make this Tbplicama, ni u blizoj i daljoj okolici dosad nisu site significant in the aspect of studying Roman prepoznati nalazi koji bi se mogli opredijeliti u occupation of Iasi territory. zeljezno doba. Time bi ovaj zeljeznodobni polozaj The current results of research into the past show dobio znacenje u pogledu proucavanja rimskog that the area south of the Sava River to the Drava osvajanja jaskog podrucja. River was held by the Pannonian tribe of Iasa right

Dosadasnji rezultati povijesnih istrazivanja up until the Roman occupation. Prom the pokazuju kako je prostor juzno od Save pa do archaeological aspect, this hypothesis is valid in Drave, sve do rimskog osvajanja drzalo panonsko general, with an observation that data is slowly being pleme Jasi. Arheoloski gledano, ova je postavka gathered that cover the area with definite Celtic uglavnom valjana, uz napomenu da se polagano ethnicity which is being separated from the areas on prikupljaju podaci koji pokrivaju podrucja sa which Pannonian nations lived. The latter is for the sigurnim keltskim etnikom i razdvajaju od onih na moment difficult to recognise from an archaeological kojima su zivjeli panonski narodi. Potonje je zasad aspect on account of their stability from the early arheoloski tesko prepoznati zbog njihove Iron Age. Nevertheless, near the end of the old era postojanosti od starijeg zeljeznog doba. Ipak, they were already partially Latenised, according to potkraj stare ere vec su djelomicno latenizirani, at least some material goods adopted from the Celts. barem prema nekim materijalnim dobrima In this regard more attention will have to be given to preuzetim od Kelta. U torn pogledu ce trebati vise archaeological sites at which the indigenous, early paznje posvetiti arheoloskim nalazistima na kojima Iron Age population is mixed with the incursive, se mijesa starosjedilacko, starijezeljeznodobno Celtic-Laten material. gradivo, s pridoslim, keltsko-latenskim gradivom. Late Roman period finds bear witness to the

Kasnoanticki nalazi svjedoce kako su se i na fact that the inhabitants of the Roman settlement of Gradec kod Skarnika sklanjali stanovnici rimskog Aquae Iasae also sought refuge at Gradec near naselja Aquae Iasae prilikom brojnih provala Skarnik during the numerous incursions by barbaric barbarskih naroda. nations.

Katalog Catalogue TABLA 1 - Gradec: Slucajni nalazi TABLE 1 - Gradec: Chance finds

1- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, 1- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, of unrefined neprociscene gline, tvrde izrade, zuckaste boje. clay, of harder fabrication, of yellowish colour. 2- Ulomak pokretne peci izradene prostorucno, 2- Potsherd from a hand made mobile stove, of neprociscene gline, grube i tvrde izrade, svijetlo unrefined clay, of rough and harder fabrication, of smede boje. light brown colour. 3- Ulomak pokretne peci izradene prostorucno, 3- Potsherd from a hand made mobile stove, of neprociscene gline, grube i tvrde izrade, svijetlo unrefined clay, of rough and harder fabrication, of smede boje. light brown colour. 4- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprocis- 4- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, of unrefined clay, cene gline, dobre izrade, izvana erne, inace smede of good fabrication, of black colour outside, otherwise boje. Vanjska povrsina uglacana. of brown colour. With burnished outer surface. 5- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, 5- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, of unrefined neprociscene gline, zute boje. Prepaljeno. clay, of yellow colour. Scorched. 6- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprocis- 6- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, of unrefined cene gline, grube i tvrde izrade, narancaste boje. clay, of rough and harder fabrication, of orange Prepaljeno. colour. Scorched. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast primjesama pijeska, tamno sive, a u prijelomu potter’s wheel, with sand temper, of dark grey colour, narancaste boje. orange at the break.

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Tabla 1. Skarnik-Gradec. Slucajni nalazi. Table 1. Skarnik-Gradec. Chance finds.

8- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, neprocis- 8- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, of unrefined cene gline, tamno sive boje. Prepaljeno. clay, of dark grey colour. Scorched.

GROMACE 3 KOD VARAZDINSKIH TOPLICA Anticka Vila rustica Prilikom arheoloskih radova na izgradnji

obilaznice Varazdinskih Tbplica, 2001 - 2003.g, pregledavani su i prostori na obroncima brda Selnica, iznad rijeke Bednje. Tom prilikom otkrivena je trasa rimske ceste na polozaju nazvanome Gromace 1 i bakrenodobna naseobina lasinjske kulture na polozaju Gromace 2.

U arheoloskim krugovima smatra se da se na poljima zvanim Gromace nalazilo rimsko groblje, prema obavijestima jos iz 1867.g., kada su ga pronasli Ivan Kukuljevic i irski grof Karlo MacDonell, ali ono prilikom radova na obilaznici nije pronadeno. Stoga su nastavljeni pregledi ovog velikog podrucja i nakon zavrsetka gradnje ceste. U toj potrazi za danas “izgubljenim” antickim grobljem na poblize neodredenom polozaju na Gromacama, pronadeni su ostaci rimskih gradevina. Stotinjak metara istocno od stare ceste, u blizini stupa za dalekovod, ukazali su se ostaci anticke vile

GROMACE 3 NEAR VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE Roman Period Villa Rustica During archaeological works on the construction

of the Varazdinske Toplice bypass from 2001 - 2003, the area of the slopes of the Selnica hill, above the Bednja River, were also surveyed. The route of a Roman road was discovered at that time at a position designated as Gromace 1 and a Copper Age settlement of the Lasinja culture at the Gromace 2 position.

It is considered in archaeological circles that the fields caUed Gromace were the site once of a Roman period graveyard, based on reports dating as far back as 1867 when it was found by Ivan Kukuljevic and the Irish count Karlo MacDoneU, but it was not found during construction work on the bypass. Surveys of this large area were, therefore, continued even after construction of the road was completed. The remnants of Roman construction were found in this search for the now “lost” Roman period graveyard situated at some not precisely defined

269

rustice. Sudeel prema nalazima, rijecje o vaznom novootkrivenom rimskom gradevinskom sklopu, te je zahvaljujuci ucincima ovih pregleda pokrenut postupak Preventivne registracije kulturnog dobra koji se vodi pri Konzervatorskom odjelu Ministarstva kulture u Varazdinu.

Gromace 3 nalaze se na blagim obroncima brda Selnica, koji se sa zapada spustaju prema dolini rijeke Bednje. Najveca gustoca nalaza je na maloj izdvojenoj uzvisini u obliku grebena, gotovo u dolini. Na nekoliko poljoprivrednih cestica, koje obuhvacaju ovo nalaziste, mogu se pronaci ulomci tegula, opeke, zbuke i gara. Brojni su i ulomci razlicitih keramickih posuda, rasuti podrucjem od otprilike 100 x 50 m. Nekoliko karakteristicnih ulomaka prikazano je ovdje na tablama. Na dva mjesta se u grmljem zaraslim medama uocavaju gromace s antickim gradevinskim materijalom.

Pronadena keramika moze se nedvojbeno odrediti u anticko doba. Ulomci uglavnom pripadaju svakodnevnom posudu, i to malim i velikim loncima, vrcevima i zdjelicama. Dio cepa Tl-8 slici primjerku iz Ptuja (Ptuj-Cafuta STRMCNIK-GULIC1993, t.9-16 itd.) iz srednjocarskog doba. Obod lonca Tl-1 slici primjerku iz ranorimskoga gradevinskog sklopa na Gornjem trgu u Ljubljani (VICIC 2002, 195, t.3-25). Pronaden je i dio velike posude kvalitetno izradene od sive gline i ukrasene vise-manje pravilnim metlicastim ukrasom (Tl-7). Ovakve posude vrlo su ceste na rimskim nalazistima i obicno se odreduju u 1. i 2. st. (Drenje, SKOBERNE 1987 s.28, t.1,2,3,4; Petrijanec SARIC 1975, t.XVI-1-6). Prema pronadenim ulomcima, cini se kako nedostaje gradivo iz kasnog 3. i 4.st., sto ce se ustanoviti tek sustavnim iskopavanjima.

location at Gromace. The remains of a Roman period villa rustica were revealed a hundred metres east of the old road, near a high power-transmission line tower. Judging by the finds, this is an important newly-discovered Roman construction complex, and thanks to the effects of these surveys the procedure has been put into motion for the Preventive registration of a cultural good that is currently underway at the Department of Conservation in Varazdin.

Gromace 3 is situated on the gentle slopes of the Selnica hills that drop from the west towards the Bednja river valley. The highest density of finds is on a slightly detached elevation in the form of a ridge, almost in the vaUey itself. Potsherds from roof tiles and bricks, mortar and charcoal can be found on the several agricultural plots that cover this site. There are numerous varied ceramic vessels, scattered across an area of roughly 100 x 50 m. Several characteristic potsherds are shown here in the tables. At two places, in overgrown plot boundaries, stone heaps are discernable containing Roman period construction material.

The located ceramics can be definitely identified as being from the Roman period. The potsherds come predominantly from everyday vessels, small and large pots, jugs and small bowls. Part of a stopper Tl-8 is similar to a specimen from Ptuj (Ptuj-Cafuta, STRMCNIK-GULIC 1993, t.9-16 etc.) from the Middle empire period. The rim of pot Tl-1 resembles a specimen from an early Roman period construction complex on Ljubljana’s Gornji trg (VICIC 2002, 195, t.3-25). Also located was part of a large vessel, well manufactured of grey clay, and decorated with more or less regular brushed surface decorations (Tl-7). Vessels like these are

Vara`dinske Toplice-Groma~e 3. Uzvisina na kojoj se nalaze ostaci rimskih zgrada i sitnih nalaza.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Groma~e 3. An elevation on which the remains of a Roman building and small finds were located.

27

Tabla 1.Varazdinske Toplice-Gromace 3. Slucajni nalazi. Table 1.Vara`dinske Toplice-Groma~e 3. Chance finds.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Groma~e 3. Dio oboda (T1-6)

Vara`dinske Toplice-Groma~e 3. Part of a rim (T1-6)

Dvije su moguenosti za tumacenje ovog nalazista. Prva je kako se na Gromacama 3 nalazila klasicna villa rustica koja bi morala imati i pripadajuce gospodarske zgrade, ako pretpostavimo da je na sredistu nalazista bila raskosna kuca rimskog patricija. No, saznanja o takvim dodatnim zgradama koje bi morale pripadati gospodarskom kompleksu zasad nema. Tu se otvara i druga mogucnost tumacenja. Mozda je rijec o “ljetnikovcu”, odnosno osamljenoj raskosnoj stambenoj zgradi nekog imuenog uglednika, koji se ovdje smjestio radi odmora i lijecenja u velikom i vaznom ljecilistu u obliznjem rimskoni gradu Aquae Iasae. Dakako, takve pretpostavke zasad treba ostaviti otvorenim. U ovom su kontekstu zanimljivi i rimski ostaci na polju Gradisce u Tuhovcu. Naime, rijec je o topografski gotovo identicnom polozaju, o blagoj, izdvojenoj uzvisini iznad Bednje, koja je priblizno jednako udaljena od sredista Aquae Iasae. Materijalni nalazi svjedoce o slicnom razdoblju, otprilike 1 - 3. st.pr.Kr., a takoder su rasporedeni na manjem podrucju, otprilike 50 x 100 m.

Katalog TABLA 1 - Gromace 3: Slucajni nalazi

l-Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, svijetlo sive boje koja ostavlja trag.

very frequent at Roman sites and are usually identified as coming from the 1st and 2nd centuries (Drenje, SKOBERNE 1987 s.28, t.l, 2, 3, 4; Petrijanec SARIC1975, t.XVI-1-6). Based on the located potsherds, it appears that material is missing from the late 3rd century and the 4th century, which will only be established by systematic excavation.

There are two scenarios to explain this site. The first is that there was a classic villa rustica at Gromace 3 that would have had to have its accompanying outbuildings, if we suppose that there was at the centre of the site the luxurious house of a roman patrician. There is, however, at present no knowledge of any such additional edifices that would have had to belong to this estate. This opens the other possible explanation. It is perhaps a “summer residence”, that is to say a solitary luxurious lodging of some wealthy notable that set up accommodations here for rest and healing at the large and important health spa in the nearby Roman town o Aquae Iasae. Naturally, these kinds of hypotheses should for the time being be left open to discussion. The Roman remains on a field Gradisce - Tuhovec are also interesting in this context. The position is, namely, topographically identical, a gentle, detached elevation above the Bednja, approximately the same distance from the centre of Aquae Iasae. Material finds indicate a similar time frame, from about the

2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, dobre i tvrde izrade, narancaste boje koja ostavlja trag. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica, kvarcita, tvrde izrade, tamno sive a u prijelomu svijetlo smede boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, dobre i tvrde izrade, svijetlo sive boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica, tvrde izrade, svijetlo sive boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, dobre i tvrde izrade, svijetlo sive, a u prijelomu svijetlo smede boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama kamencica, kvarcita i pijeska, dobre i tvrde izrade, tamno sive, a u prijelomu smede boje. 8- Ulomak cepa posude izraden na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, dobre i tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede, a iznutra svijetlo sive boje. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, dobre i tvrde izrade, tamno sive, a u prijelomu svijetlo sive boje. Tragovi bojenja crnom bojom. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, tvrde izrade, smede boje.

GRADISCE U VARAZDINSKIM TOPUCAMA Viseslojni tragovi obitavanja Prilikom nadzora izgradnje autoceste Zagreb -

Gorican, 2002.g., pregledane su i uzvisine iznad same trase. Tom prilikom otkriveno je novo arheolosko nalaziste koje se nalazi iznad Varazdinskih Toplica, iznad stijena koje se pokadsto nazivaju i Pecine. Na kartama se samo uzvisenje oznacava kao Gradisce.

Rijec je o novootkrivenom prapovijesnom nalazistu, te je zahvaljujuci ucincima ovih pregleda pokrenut postupak Preventivne registracije kulturnog dobra koji se vodi pri Konzervatorskom odjelu Ministarstva kulture u Varazdinu.

Brdo Gradisce nalazi se na samom izlazu iz Varazdinskih Toplica, prema zapadu i autocesti. Istaknutog polozaja, brdo se poput dugoga grebena strmih obronaka izdvaja prema dolini. Geloski sastav su sedrene stijene koje su stoljecima koristene kao kamenolom za izgradnju grada Toplica. Te stijene su 15 metara debele naslage termaJnih izvora, koji su na tome mjestu danas gotovo nestali (CABRIAN 1973, 4). Osim ovog zatrpanog termal-nog vrela na Gradiscu i svima poznatoga u Gradskom parku u Toplicama, postajalo je i vrelo u Petkovcu, gdje je takoder bilo prapovijesnih nalaza (CABRIAN 1973, 4).

Prema Registra arheoloskih nalaza, Stjepan Vukovic je 1955.g. sakupio dio arheoloskog i paleontoloskog gradiva u podnozju brda, gdje se lomio i odvozio sedreni kamen. Godine 1956. provodio je i pokusno iskopavanje nalazista koje je obuhvacalo sustav pukotina, pecina i polupecina (REGISTAR 1997, br.434). Pronadeni su kameni

1st to 3rd century BC, and are also dispersed across a smaller area, about 50 x 100 m.

Catalogue TABLE 1 - Gromace 3: Chance finds

l-Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of harder fabrication, of light grey colour that leaves a mark. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of good and harder fabrication, of orange colour that leaves a mark. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with temper of pebbles and quartz, of harder fabrication, of dark grey colour, light brown at the break. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a smaU quantity of sand temper, of good and harder fabrication, of light grey colour. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with pebble temper, of harder fabrication, of light grey colour. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a smaU quantity of sand temper, of good and harder fabrication, of light grey colour, light brown at the break. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with temper of pebbles, quartz and sand, of good and harder fabrication, of dark grey colour, brown at the break. 8- Potsherd from a vessel’s stopper manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of good and harder fabrication, of light brown colour, light grey on the inside. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of good and harder fabrication, of dark grey colour, light grey at the break. Traces of black colouring. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of harder fabrication, of brown colour.

GRADISCE IN VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE Multi-layer Traces of Habitation The elevations above the route itself were surveyed

in 2002 during supervision of the construction of the Zagreb - Gorican highway. A new archaeological varazdinske Toplice-Gradisce Roznjacke site was discovered then located above Varazdinske izradevine. Toplice, above a rock that are sometimes referred to Varazdinske Toplice-Gradisce. Flint

271

as Pecine (Caves). The elevation itself is on maps designated as Gradisce.

This is a newly-discovered prehistoric site, and thanks to the effects of these surveys the procedure has been put into motion for the Preventive registration of a cultural good that is currently underway at the Department of Conservation in Varazdin.

The Gradisce hill is situated at the very exit from Varazdinske Toplice, westwards and towards the highway. Of a prominent position, the hill runs towards the valley like a long, steeply sloped, ridge. Its geological composition is of limestone rock that has for centuries been used as a quarry for the construction of the city of Toplice. These rocks are

artefact.

272

Varazdinske Toplice-Gradisce.Viseslojni tragovi obitavanja Varazdinske Toplice-Gradisce. Multi-layer Traces of Habitation

artefakti srednje paleolitickog, musterijenskog pori-jeMa. R«zultati njegova istrazivanja pokazuju kako je nalaziste unisteno, te je tako i opisano u Registru. Medutim, pazljivim pregledom zaravanka na uzvisini iznad bivseg kamenoloma, ustanovljeno je kako se tu nalazilo naselje iz poblize neodredenog pra-povijesnog razdoblja. Pronadeno je ponesto sitnih ulomaka keramike kao i roznjackih odbitaka, uglavnom nad ponorom, gdje se sasipavao zemljani pokrov u dolinu. Inace je zaravanak zarastao u duboku travu i grmlje. Na vrtm takoder postoje stari vojni rovovi u kojima se takoder mogu otkriti arheoloski nalazi. Kako je karakter nalazista i njegov polozaj drukciji od onoga istrazivanoga 1956.g., smatram da se nalaziste na vrtm Gradisca treba razluciti od nalaza u podnozju, gdje je Vukovic u stijenama otkrivao paleoliticke nalaze. Razmjerno maJi broj nalaza ne mora znaciti da na ovome mjestu nije bilo naselje, vec da se oni bez iskopavanja u travi naprosto ne mogu pronaci.

Prilikom pregleda u nekoliko navrata skupljeni su samo vrlo sitni ulomci posuda, pa je tesko tocnije odrediti vremensku pripadnost ovog nalazista. Sigurno je, medutim, da ulomci pripadaju grabim prapovijesnim posudama, a neki antickim i srednjovjekovnim. Uz keramicke nalaze, moguce je naci i sitne odbitke roznjaka, sto upueuje kako su ovdje izradivane i kamene alatke.

Polozaj Gradisca nad Pecinama u Tbplicama prikladan je polozaj za prapovijesno naselje. S tri strane okruzuju ga strme litice, a pristupacan je samo s najuze, zapadne strane. Sam zaravanak na brdu je prostran i prekriven zemljom. Polozaj omogueuje pregled nad plodnom dolinom rijeke Bednje i posredno nad dolinom Koscevca, odnosno prilazom sa sjeverozapadne strane. Prema tome razborito je predmnijevati kako je bio naseljen ne samo u doba prapovijesti vec i u kasnija razdoblja. No, tek sondiranjima moci ce se utvrditi osobitosti ovog nalazista.

15 metres thick layers of thermal springs that have at this location almost entirely disappeared (CABRIAN 1973, 4). Besides this ffled-in thermal spring at Gradisce and the widely known one at the municipal park in Toplice, there was also a spring at Petkovec, where there were also prehistoric finds (CABRIAN 1973, 4).

According to the Register of archaeological finds, Stjepan Vukovic in 1955 collected a part of the archaeological and paleontological material at the foot of the hill, where limestone rock was broken off and transported. In 1956 he carried out an exploratory excavation of the site that included system of cracks, caves and half-caves (REGISTAR 1997, br.434). Stone artefacts of Middle Palaeolithic, Mousterian, origin were found. The results of his research show that the site was destroyed, and is as such described in the Register. A careful survey of the plateau on the elevation above the former stone quarry, however, has established that there was a settlement here from an undetermined prehistoric period. A quantity of small potsherds was found, as were flint flakes, mostly over the precipice, where the soil layer was crumbling into the valley. The plateau had become overgrown in deep grass and bushes. There are also old military trenches on the peak in which archaeological finds have been coUected. As the character of the site and its position is different from the one explored in 1956,1 feel that the site atop Gradisce should be differentiated from the one at its feet, where Vukovic discovered Palaeolithic finds in the rocks. The relatively small quantity of finds does not necessarily mean that there was not a settlement here, rather that they simply cannot be located in the grass without excavation.

Only very small potsherds from vessels were coUected during several rounds of surveying, so that it is hard to give a precise time frame to this site. What is certain, however, is that the potsherds come from rough prehistoric vessels, while some are Roman period or medieval. Small flint flakes can be found along with the ceramic finds, which indicates that stone tools were also produced here.

The Gradisce nad Pecine position in Tbplice is a suitable position for a prehistoric settlement. It is surrounded at three sides by steep cliffs and is accessible only by way of the narrowest, western side. The plateau on the hill itself is spacious and soil-covered. The position allows for a view of the fertile valley of the Bednja River and indirectly over the Koscevec valley, that is, its approach from the northwest side. It is, therefore, reasonable to consider that it had been inhabited not only in prehistoric times but also during later periods. Only sondages will, however, be able to establish the nature of this site.

POLJE NEAR VARA@DINSKE TOPLICE Traces of Habitation from the Roman and late Medieval Periods The launch of construction on the 2nd phase of

POLJE KOD VARAZDINSKIH TOPLICA Tragovi obitavanja iz rimskog i kasnosrednjovjekovnog doba Pocetak radova na obilaznici Varazdinskih

Tbplica - 2 faza zapoceo je u travnju 2003.godine. Prvi dio, od same autoceste u dolini Koscevec pa do novog raskrizja kod danasnjega groblja u Toplicama zavrsen je jos 2002.godine. Za drugu fazu predviden je nastavak proboja nove ceste kroz polja juzno od grada sve do istocnog izlaza prema Tuhovcu. Buduca trasa pregledana je u cijeloj duzini nakon iskolcenja, aJi nisu zamijeceni arheoloski nalazi, osim sitnih ulomaka uglavnom novovjeke keramike. Prvo su zapoceli radovi na istocnom dijelu ove trase. Kako je rijec o uglavnom ravnoj dolini, izvrseno je samo humusiranje na dubini od dvadesetak centimetara. I ti su radovi nadzirani, ali ni tada nisu zamijeceni nalazi. No prilikom kopanja jaraka za odvodne kanale uz cestu ukazala su se dva zanimljiva mjesta na ovoj trasi - prvo je nazvano Polje a drugo Gromace 2, prikazano u posebnom poglavlju.

Polozaj Polje prostire se juzno do jugoistocno od Tbplica, u poljima prema rijeci Bednji. Nalazi su rijetko rasporedeni s obje strane nove obilaznice, otprilike na mjestu gdje se prilazni puteljak iz pravca trafo-stanice i skole spaja s obilaznicom.

Nakon kopanja jaraka uz novu obilaznicu, u iskopanoj zemlji i samim jarcima pronaden je odreden broj ulomaka rimske i novovjeke keramike. Anticki nalazi se na nekim mjestima vide i u profflu jaraka, a novovjeki nalazi uglavnom su na povrsini. U jarcima s obje strane obilaznice nisu pronadeni ostaci struktura objekata ili jama, niti se vide promjene u slojevima koje bi imale arheoloskoi znacenje. Stoga ovdje nisu provodena arheoloska iskopavanja. Ipak, kako je na torn polozaju izrazito povecana gustoca antickih nalaza, ovaj je polozaj zasebno dokumentiran. Svi prikupljeni nalazi

the Varazdinske Toplice bypass was in April of 2003. The first part, from the highway itself in the Koscevec vaUey up to the new crossing at the present day cemetery in Toplice was completed by 2002. Phase 2 foresaw the continuation of breaking ground for the new road through the fields south of the city right up to the eastern exit towards Tuhovec. The entire length of the future route was surveyed after being staked out, but archaeological finds were not found with the exception of very small potsherds of mostly early Modern pottery. Work first started on the eastern part of this route. As this is a predominantly flat valley, only humusing was done to a depth of about twenty centimetres. This work was also supervised, but there were no finds noticed even then. During the digging of ditches for drainage canals along the road to interesting places on the route were revealed - the first was designated as Polje and the second as Gromace 2, detailed in a separate chapter.

The Polje position extends south to southeast from Toplice, over the fields towards the Bednja River. The finds are scattered sparsely to both sides of the bypass, about where the access path from the direction of the electric transformer station and school meet with the bypass.

After the ditches along the new bypass were dug a number of potsherds from Roman and early Modern ceramics were found both in the excavated soil and in the ditches themselves. The Roman period finds can in places be seen in the ditches profile while the early Modern finds are predominantly on the surface. The remains of features, structures or pits, were not found in the ditches on either side, nor are changes visible in the layers that would have archaeological significance. Archaeological excavations were not, therefore, undertaken here. The position has, however, been separately

273

Vara`dinske Toplice-Polje. Po~etak radova na drugom dijelu obilaznice grada. Polo`aj Polje nalazi se kod dalekovodnog stupa.

Vara`dinske Toplice-Polje. Start of construction works on the second part of the city bypass. The Polje site is situated near the high power transmission tower.

274 potjecu s prostora velicine oko 30 x 30 metara, te su documented on account of the exceptionally high oznaceni posebnom oznakom “Polje”. Pronadeni rise in the density of Roman period finds. AH of the su u zemlji koja je strojno izvucena iz jaraka i collected finds originate from an area about 30x 30 raskopanoj zemlji u bUzini jaraka ili iz samih jaraka. metres in size and have been separately designated Najdublji strojni ukop ja rka je oko 75 cm, a as “Polje”. They were found in the soil that had keramika in situ nalazi se najdublje na 50 cm od been excavated from the ditches by heavy machinery danasnje povrsine zemlje. Nalazi su razmjerno and in the excavated soil from near the ditches or in ravnomjerno rasporedeni na spomenutoj povrsini. the ditches themselves. The maximum depth of the

Medu pronadenom keramikom, glavnina excavation by heavy machinery in the ditches is about pripada gruboj provincijalnoj izradi kasnije antike. 75 cm, and the pottery in situ is found at the deepest Kao i na Gromacama 1, ovdje se nalaze dva ulomka at 50 cm from the present-day surface. The finds are (Tl-8,7?) velike spremisne posude (inacice do^e) relatively equaUy dispersed over the mentioned area. koja datira u kasnu antiku. Ove posude nisu toliko Among the coUected ceramics, the majority is of grubo nacinjene kao primjerak s Gromaca 1 (Tl - the rough provincial manufacture of the late Roman 15), ali ih svejedno mozemo datirati u to doba na period. Like at Gromace 1, here too are two osnovi slicnih p r imje raka (Rifnik i Tinje, potsherds (Tl-8, 7?) from large storage vessels (a CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.84-1, donekle sl.83-10; version of the Dottum) that dates from the late t.24-5). Roman period. These vessels are not as roughly

Pronaden je dio rimskog krovnog crijepa, s manufactured as the specimens from Gromace 1 dijelom utisnutog pecata od kojeg se sacuvalo samo (Tl-15), but we can nevertheless date them to this slovo F. Pecati na tegulama najcesce imaju utisnuto period on the basis of similar specimens (Rifnik natpisno poljcpa su im slova teko ispupcena^reljefu. and Tinje, CIGLENECKI 2000, sl.84-1, to some Na nekima su utisnuta samo slova, pa nemaju niti extent sl.83-10; t.24-5). omedeno natpisno polje. Ovakvi primjerci uglavnom Part of a Roman roof tile was found with part of datiraju od 1. do 3.st. (npr Q.GLODI AMBROSI; an impressed seal of which only the letter F is C.TITI HERMEROTIS, TOMASOVIC 1995, preserved. Seals on roof tiles usually have impressed s.31; L.B.SEG, PETRU 1972, t.XLVI-14, s.66). inscription fields so that their letters are protruding, Ostali ulomci ne izdvajaju se posebno medu ostalim in relief. Only letters are impressed onto some and antickim keramickim nalazima s podrucja Toplica, they do not have bordered inscription fields. i moze se samo reel kako vjerojatno potjecu iz Examples like these usually date from the 1st to razdoblja o d l . do 4.stoljeca. 3rd centuries (for example Q.GLODI AMBROSI;

Pronaden je i jedan ulomak crnog sjajnog C.TITI HERMEROTIS, TOMASOVIC 1995, neprozirnog roznjaka, osrednjih karakteristika s.31; L.B.SEC, PETRU 1972, t.XLVI-14, s.66). cijepanja. Morfoloski, rijec je o lomljevini sa 20 % The other potsherds do not stand out in particular okorine. Moguce je da je rijec o naplavini s obliznjeg among the other Roman pottery finds from the bakrenodobnog nalazista Gromace 2. Toplice area, and it can only be said that they

probably originate from the period from the 1st to ZakljUCak 4th centuries. S obzirom na dataciju i relativnu gustocu A single fragment of lustrous black transparent

antickih nalaza na ovome mjestu, cini se kako je flint was found, of mediocre knapping characteri-rijec o tragu nekog zasad neotkrivenog nalazista. sties. Morphologically it is a fragment with 20% Vjerojatno se ovdje nalazio neki omanji gospodarski cortex. I t is possible that this is an object carried objekt ili gradevinski sklop tog obiljezja. Zasad nije here by floodwaters from the nearby Copper Age jasno da li se on nalazi na vecoj dubini pa nije otvoren site at Gromace 2. strojnim iskopom jaraka, ili se nalazi pod nekim od zatravnjenih povrsina u blizini. Objekt svakako nije Conclusion graden od kamena ili opeke, jer bi se na ovome Considering the dating and relative density of mjestu sigurno nasli barem neki ostaci gradevnog Roman period finds at this location, it appears that materijala. Zapravo je pronaden samo jedan malen this is a trace of some for the moment uncovered ulomak tegule. Moglo bi se pretpostaviti da je ovo site. It is likely that there was a smaUer outbuilding mjesto bilo plavljeno vodama Bednje u rimsko doba, here or a construction complex of that character. pa je i objekt bio graden ad hoc, kao privremeno ili Jbr the moment it is not clear whether it is located at radno boraviste. Kako je vec potvrdena masivna a greater depth and has not been opened by heavy gradnja drvom u rimskim Toplicama (VIKIC- machine excavation of the ditch, or whether it is BELANCIC 1973), postoji mogucnost da se i ovi located under one of the grass-covered areas in the objekti pronadu kao tragovi drvenih stupova ili cak vicinity. The structure was certainly not built of stone drvenih pregrada na nekoj vecoj dubini ili obliznjem or brick, because at least some remains of prostora. construction material would be found at this place.

Only a single small potsherd from a roof tile was Kalalog actually found. It could be presumed that the waters TABLA 1: Polje: SlUCajni nalazi of the Bednja flooded this location in Roman times,

1- Ulomak krovnog crijepa - tegule, s primjesama and that the structure was constructed ad hoc, as a

275

Tabla 1 . Vara`dinske Toplice-Polje. Slu~ajni anti~ki nalazi.

Table 1 . Vara`dinske Toplice-Polje. Chance finds from the Roman period.

drobljene keramike, svijetlo crvene boje koja ostavlja trag, s ocuvanim dijelom pecata F... 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, tamno sive, a u prijelomu crne boje koja ostavlja trag. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa kamencica koji se truse, svijetlo smede boje. 4- Ulomak posude mozda izradene na kolu, s primjesama pijeska, tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede a u prijelomu crne boje. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska i kamencica, tvrde izrade, sive boje. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama sitnih kamencica, tvrde izrade, izvana crvenkaste a u prijelomu sive boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s

temporary or working lodgings. As massive wood construction has already been confirmed in Roman period Toplice (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1973), there is a possibility that these structures could be located as traces of wooden posts or even wooden partitions at some greater depth or in the nearby area.

Catalogue TABLE 1: Polje: Chance finds

1- Potsherd of a roof tile, with temper of crushed ceramics, of light red colour that leaves a mark, with part of a seal preserved: F... 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of dark grey colour, of black colour at the break that leaves a mark. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of pebble temper that crumbles, of light brown colour.

276 malo primjesa kamencica i drobljene keramike, svijetlo naradzaste boje. 8- Ulomak posude mozda izradene na kolu, s mnogo primjesa kamencica koji se trase, sive boje. 9- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s vrlo malo primjesa pijeska, izvana erne, iznutra svijetlo sive a u prijelomu sive boje. 10- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, bez primjesa, crvene boje koja ostavlja trag.

VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE Aquae Iasae, anticki grad Varazdinske Toplice ub ra j a ju se medu

najpoznatijia arheoloska anticka nalazista u Hrvatskoj. Brojni nalazi dugi su niz godina izlazili na vidjelo prilikom gradnji u sredistu grada, dok se mjesto nalaza za druge ne zna, osim da potjecu iz Tbplica, sto je moglo ukljucivati i sira okolicu.

Najslabije je poznato prapovijesno razdoblje. Prapovijesni nalazi s Gradisca u Tbplicama, opisani su u drugom poglavlju. Nalazi iz sredista Tbplica, zapravo, i nisu poznati. U literaturi se spominje nalaz kamenog oruda i ognjista iznad prilaza u bivsu vodospremu, iznad danasnjeg vrela u gradskom

Varazdinske Toplice. Aquae lasae, anticki pa rku ( C A B M A N 1973 , 4). Navodno je u grad madarskim novinama 1845.g. objavljena vijest Vara`dinske Toplice. Aquae Iasae, Roman kako je u Tbplicama pronadena ostava od 45 Period Town komada broncanih sjekira, no nije poznato gdje,

kao ni da li je ta vijest uopce tocna. U Gradskome muzeju nalaze se tri broncana srpa i komad bronce, cije je porijeklo takoder upitno (CABRIAN 1973, 4). Navodni nalazi grckog, trackog, makedonskog, Uirskog i rimskog novca iz 3. i 2.st.pr.Krista, takoder su krajnje upitni (CABRIAN 1973, 5). U tijeku arheoloskih iskopavanja u gradskom parku koja su vodena vise desetljeca, od 1953.g. do danas, nije otkriveno nista od predrimskih nalaza.2 Tb ne znaci da ih u dogledno vrijeme nece biti, ali cinjenica da ih

4- Potsherd of a vessel possibly manufactured on a potter’s wheel, with sand temper, of hard fabrication, of light brown colour, black at the break. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a small quantity of sand and pebble temper, of hard fabrication, of grey colour. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with temper of small pebbles, of hard fabrication, of reddish outside, grey at the break. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a small quantity of temper of pebbles and crushed ceramics, of light orange colour 8- Potsherd of a vessel possibly manufactured on a potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of pebble temper that crumbles, of grey colour. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with very little sand temper, of black colour outside, light grey on the inside, grey at the break. 10- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, without temper, of red colour that leaves a mark

VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE Aquae Iasae, Roman Period Town Varazdinske Toplice is counted among the best-

known archaeological sites from the Roman period in Croatia. Numerous finds have for years been uncovered during construction works in the town centre, while the locations other finds were located is unknown, other than that they originate from Toplice, which could include its wider surroundings.

The least is known of the prehistoric period. Prehistoric finds from Gradisce in Toplice, are described in another chapter. Finds from the centre of Toplice, in fact, are not known. Only the find of stone tools and a hearth above the approach to the former water reservoir, above the present day spring in the municipal park are mentioned in literature (CABRIAN 1973, 4). Hungarian newspapers in 1845 apparently ran a news item of the discovery in Toplice of 45 pieces of bronze axes, but where is not known, or if the information is correct. There are three bronze sickles and a piece of bronze in the municipal museum whose origin is also questionable (CABRIAN 1973, 4). Alleged finds of Greek, Thracian, Macedonian, Illyrian and Roman money from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC are also very questionable (CABRIAN 1973, 5). No pre-Roman finds have been uncovered during the several decades archaeological excavations have been lead in the municipal park, from 1953 to the present.2 That does not mean there will not be any in the future, but the fact that there has been none after so many years of exploration is becoming significant. The current general opinion that the Iasi lived here and made use of the spring can not after all be accepted without any material evidence.

The situation is different with find from the Roman period. Drawn by the then already known finds of Roman inscriptions and parts of architecture, the first recorded “expert” excavation

2 Na osnoYi dosad objavljenilirezultata iskopavanja i usmene obayijesti Doriee Nemeth-Erlieli, na eemu joj zahvaljujem. Based on results of the excavation published to date and the verbal report of Dorica Nemeth-Erlich, for which I thank her.

nakon toliko godina istrazivanja nema ipak postaje was carried out by Ivan Kukuljevic and count Karlo 277 znakovitom. Dosadasnji opceniti stav da su tu zivjeli McDonell in 1867 in the “yard opposite that yard, Jasi i iskoristavali ovo vrelo, ne moze se ipak where a few years ago a nympheum was dug up...” prihvatiti bez ikakvih materijalnih dokaza. They found there an inscription that mentions a

Drukacije je s antickim nalazima. Povedeni tada nymph and various walls (TKALCIC 1869, 23). vecpoznatim nalazima rimskih natpisa i dijelova It was only in 1953, however, that the arhitekture, prvo zabiljezeno “strucno” iskopavanje Archaeological Museum in Zagreb under the izveli su Ivan Kukuljevic i grof Karlo McDonell leadership of Branka Vikic-Belancic, Marcel Gorenc 1867.g., u “dvoristu napram onoga dvorista, gdje and Valerija Damevski, started the first systematic mprije niMiko godmah izkopali nimfej...”. Tamo excavation in the then municipal park in Toplice su pronasUnatpis sa spomenom Nimfa i razne zidine (VIKIC-BELANCIC, GORENC 1958, 75). (TKALCIC 1869, 23). Exploration lasted from then to 1982 that were not

No, tek je 1953.g. Arheoloski muzej u Zagrebu limited only to the municipal park, but extended to u organizaciji Branke Vikic-Belancic i Marcela other locations in Toplice (department store) Gorenca te Valerije Damevski, zapoceo prva (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1961; VIKIC-BELANCIC, sustavna iskopavanja u tadasnjem gradskom parku GORENC 1961; VIKIC-BELANCIC, GORENC u Tophcama (VIKIC-BELANCIC, GORENC 1969; VIKIC-BELANCIC 1973; GORENC, 1958, 75). Od tada pa do 1982. g. trajala su VIKIC1980, etc.). After an almost 10 year hiatus istrazivanja koja se nisu ogranicila samo na gradski in archaeological works, new exploration started in park, vec i na neke druge lokacije u Toplicama 1991 the goal of which is now the final conservation (robna kuca) (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1961; VIKIC- and presentation of the entire Roman period BELANCIC, GORENC 1961; VIKIC-BELAN- complex in the Toplice municipal park (NEMETH-CIC, GORENC 1969; VIKIC-BELANCIC 1973; ERLICH, KUSAN 1997). GORENC, VIKIC 1980, itd.). Nakon gotovo 10 Part of public architecture, a bathhouse with godina stanke u arheoloskim radovima, zapocela basilica, forum, capitol and more was uncovered su 1991.g. nova istrazivanja, cilj kojih je danas during the exploration. The remains of a residential konacna konzervacija i prezentacija cijelog antickog and commercial town quarter were discovered kompleksa u toplickom gradskom parku beneath these natural geological terraces, near the (NEMETH-ERLICH, KUSAN 1997). present-day department store and market. All of

U gradskom parku su tijekom istrazivanja these finds bear witness to the former Roman town otkriveni dijelovi javne arhitekture, kupaliste s olAquaelasae, which developed around the thermal bazilikom, forum, kapitolij itd. Ispod ove prirodne springs as a sanatorium and provincial centre of geoloske terase, kod danasnje robne kuce i trznice, commerce from the 1st to 4th centuries. It has been otkriveni su ostaci stambeno - gospodarske gradske established that the thermal waters were in use in cetvrti. Svi ovi nalazi svjedoce o nekadasnjem the 1st century when the sanatorium was use rimskom gradu Aquae Iasae, koji se razvio oko predominantly by Roman soldiers. The pools were termalnih izvora kao ljeciliste i provincijalno renovated in the 2nd century and it is obvious that trgovacko srediste odl. do 4.stoljeca. Dokazana je the town itself developed as a destination for Roman upotreba termalne vode u l.st., kada je ljeciliste citizens in general. The complex was burned down uglavnom sluzilo rimskim vojnicima. No, u 2.st. during the Gothic incursions, but was reconstructed obnovljeno je kupaliste, a ocigledno je da se i sam in monumental proportions by Emperor grad razvijao kao odrediste rimskih gradana Constantine, to which a preserved inscription bears opcenito. Tijekom provala Gota, kompleks je witness (NEMETH-ERLICH, KUSAN 1997). spaljen, ali ga je u monumentalnom omjeru obnovio Nothing is known of Toplice for a long period car Konstantin, o cemu je sacuvan i natpis after the faUof the Roman Empire. The first written (NEMETH-ERLICH, KUSAN 1997). record dates from as late as 1181 when Kng Bela

Nakon propasti Rimskog Carstva, o Toplicama III issued a document in which this possession is se dugo nije nista znalo. Prvi pisani spomen datira mentioned (CABRIAN 1973a, 16). Toplice tek iz 1181.g., kada je kralj Bela III. izdao ispravu developed over time and received the status of a u kojoj se spominje ovaj posjed (CABRIAN 1973a, commercial centre, settlement, and a castle was built 16). Tijekom vremena Toplice su se razvijale, te (CABRIAN 1973a, 17). Toplice in this fashion dobile status trgovista, naselja, a sagraden je i kastel began to stand out among the surrounding places (CABRIAN 1973a, 17). Tako su se Toplice pocele and to once again as a small town centre, to develop izdvajati medu okolnim mjestima, i ponovno kao to this day. malo gradsko srediste, razvijati sve do danas.

278

Tuhovec-Gradisce. Na izoranom polju nalaze se brojni anticki nalazi. Tuhovec-Gradis}e. There are numerous finds from the Roman period on the ploughed field.

GRADISCE U TUHOVCU (VARAZDINSKE TOPUCE) Anticka Vila rustica Prilikom arheoloskog nadzora na regulaciji rijeke

Bednje, 2004.g., pregledano je i zaboravljeno arheolosko nalaziste u selu Tuhovec. Pregledom polja koje se zove Gradisce, a nalazi se na odvojku koji od glavne ceste u Tuhovcu vodi prema starome mlinu na rijeci Bednji, pronadeni su ostaci grade-vinskog materijala te nesto keramickih ulomaka.

Sve otkriveno govori o tome kako se na polju Gradisce nalazila rimska villa rustica koja je bila istrazivana jos u 19.st., te se od tada samo uzgred spominje (REGISTAR, br.418). Naime, Tklacic je opisao kako su Ivan Kukuljevic i grof Karlo McDonell, 1867.g., u ondasnjem stilu iskopavali na Gradiseu i drugdje po Tuhovcu. Navodno su otkrili zidove i sitne nalaze, koji posvjedocuju kako je rimska vila u neko doba bila spaljena i napustena (TKALCIC1869, 24).3

Kako je rijec o neistrazivanom i pravno nezasticenom antickom nalazistu, zahvaljujuci ucincima ovih pregleda pokrenut je postupak Preventivne registracije kulturnog dobra koji se vodi pri Konzervatorskom odjelu Ministarstva kulture u Varazdinu.

Polozaj Gradisce u Tuhovcu cini jedan uzdignuti zemljani jezicac koji se blago izdvaja iz uzvisine na kojoj se nalazi selo. Ovaj jezicac smjera na polja pred rijekom Bednjom, koja ovdje blago skrece prema istoku. Tako je polozaj izdvojen od ostalih uzvisina, i znatno uzdignut nad rijecnom dolinom.

GRADISCE IN TUHOVEC (VARAZDINSKE TOPUCE) Roman Period Villa Rustica The forgotten archaeological site in the village of

Tuhovec was also surveyed during the 2004 archaeological supervision of the regulation of the Bednja River. The remains of construction material and a number of potsherds were found during a survey of the field known as Gradisce, situated at the branch of the main road in Tuhovec that leads to the mill on the Bednja river.

All that was discovered tells of how there was a Roman villa rustica on the Gradisce field that was explored back in the 19th century and has since then been mentioned only in passing (REGISTAR, br.418). Tkalcic, namely, described how Ivan Kukuljevic and count Karlo McDonell in 1867 excavated, after the fashion of the times, at Gradisce and elsewhere around Tuhovec. The apparently discovered waUs and smaU finds that indicated that the Roman villa had at some time been burned down and deserted (TKALCIC 1869, 24).3

As this is an unexplored and legally unprotected Roman period site, thanks to the effects of these surveys the procedure has been put into motion for the Preventive registration of a cultural good that is currently underway at the Department of Conservation in Varazdin.

The position of Gradisce in Tuhovec is of an elevated strip of land that is slightly detached from the elevation on which the village is located. This strip of land is pointed in the direction of the Bednja River that bends here gently to the east. This elevation is therefore detached from the other nearby ones and raised considerably above the river valley As has been said, it is topographically similar to the position of Gromace 3. During the regulation of the Bednja River in the Gradisce area, a hundred metres to the west, excavation of the riverbed by heavy machinery threw out several potsherds of Roman period and prehistoric pottery, which indicates the utilisation of the river and floodplain under the elevation.

On the fields of the elevation, constantly under cultivation and regularly ploughed, a large quantity of mortar, Roman brick, stones and other Roman period construction debris is found; especially to the western slope where it appears that the layers above the walls are at their thinnest, as the most construction material has been ejected here. A great deal of Roman period pottery can be found along with early Modern ceramics across the entire Gradisce elevation, unfortunately quite finely fragmented by

3 Tkalfie svjedofi ovako: Ostaviv ovdje kopanje, prodjose prema Tulioveu, 1/2 sata udaljenom od mjesta, i tu pokusase vise izkapanjali, stranom u Tulioveu, stranom u polju Gradiseu, i po seljaekili dvoristili. Nakon duljeg izkapanja, pronadjose predkuee rimskog dvorea (Vila) sto okruglili, sto ravnili zidovali, ploenik iz tu&na kamena, velike opeke, miedeno posudje, erijepovlje stakleno i medju uglevjem saevrta olova i zeljeza, i tri bakrena novea od Proba, Karakale i Konstansa. Sve te rusevine, kao takodjer i izkopana izgorjela okostniea dijeteeja, i kosti njeke domaee zivotinje posute su uglevjem, te nam svjedoee, da je i poslie Konstantinovili vremenali pozar, i to od neprijateljske ruke podmetnut, unistio Aquae Jasae. (TKALCIC 1869, 24). Tkaltic says this: sed digging here and went on to Tuhovec, a half hour from the settlement, and essayed here several excavations, to the side of Tuhovec and to the side of the Gradisce field, and in villager’s courtyards. After extensive excavation we found the outbuildings of a Roman palace (Villa) of both round and straight walls, a gravel walkway large bricks, brass vessels, glass tiles, lead and iron slag among charcoal, and three copper coins from Probus, Caracalla and Constans. All of these ruins, a burned child’s skeleton that was also excavated, and the bones of some domestic animal, are covered in charcoal, whi at, after Constant’s time, a fire ae Iasae (TKALCIC 1869, 24).

279

Tabla 1. Tuhovec-Gradisce. Slucajni anticki nalazi. Table 1. Tuhovec-Gradisce. Chance finds from the Roman period.

Kao sto je vec receno, topografski odgovara polozaju Gromace 3. Prilikom regulacije rijeke Bednje, u blizini Gradisca, stotinjak metara zapadnije, iz rijeke su bageri izbacili i nekoliko ulomaka anticke i prapovijesne keramike, sto govori o koristenju rijeke i plavne doline pod uzvisinom.

Na njivama uzvisine koje se stalno obraduju i ora, pronalazi se mnogo vapna, rimske opeke, kamena i ostalog antickog gradevinskog otpada. Osobito na zapadnoj padini cini se kako su slojevi nad zidovima najtanji, jer je ovdje izbaceno i najvise gradevinskog materijala. Po cijeloj uzvisini Gradisca mogu se uz novovjeku keramiku pronaci i vece kolicine anticke keramike, nazalost potpuno usitnjene stalnim oranjem i kopanjem. Stoga su na tabli samo tri ulomka, koja se mogu zasigurno odrediti kao rimski.

Keramika se prema izradi i nekoliko prepoznatljivijih oblika moze odrediti kao ranocarska i srednjocarska. Zasada ovdje nisu pronadeni ulomci iz kasne antike, no Kukuljevic je ovdje osim novca Karakale i Proba nasao i novae Konstansa, sto znaci da je naselje - vila bilo nastanjeno i u kasnoj antici.

Ulomak Tl-1 vjerojatno pripada vecoj posudi za spremanje hrane koja se na antickim nalazistima javlja cesto, i to kroz dugo vrijeme (Petrijanec SARIC t.XI-1,2,5; Varazdinske Toplice-Polje Tl-7,8). Ovaj primjerak mogao bi se postaviti okvirno u srednjocarsko doba. I nacin izrade rucke Tl-2 takoder bi se mogao postaviti u to doba.

Sudeci prema tome, na Gradiseu u Tuhovcu nalazila se anticka villa rustica, a moguce i neko manje naselje. Tadasnji stanovnici iskoristavali su plodna polja doline Bednje i blizinu veceg naselja -gmda Aquaelasae, a vrlo vjerojatno su bili i cestovno povezani s udaljenijom Ioviom, danasnjim Ludbregom. Daljnjim pregledima doline rijeke Bednje vjerojatno ce se pronalaziti jos takvi gospodarski sklopovi, kao sto je onaj nedavno pronaden na Gromacama 3, ili moguci na polozaju Cigliste kod Novog Marofa (REGISTAR, 369.).

the constant ploughing and digging. There are only three potsherds in the tables for this reason that can be certainly identified as being from the Roman period.

The pottery can by its fabrication and by several recognisable forms be identified as being from the early or middle Empire period. There have not been any potsherds found here from the late Roman period, but Kukuljevic here, besides Caracalla and Probus coins, also found a Constans coin, which means that the settlement - villa was also inhabited during the late Roman period.

Potsherd Tl-1 probably comes from the kind of larger food storage vessel that appears frequently at Roman period sites, throughout a long period (Petrijanec SARIC t.XI-1, 2,5; Varazdinske Toplice-Polje Tl-7,8). This specimen can be tentatively attributed to the middle Empire period. The method of manufacture of handle Tl-2 can also be attributed to this period.

Judging by this, there was a Roman period villa rustica at Gradisce in Tuhovec and possibly some smaller settlement. The inhabitants of the time made use of the fertile fields of the Bednja valley and the proximity of a larger settlement - the town olAquae Iasae, and were very likely connected by road to the more distant Iovia, present day Ludbreg. Further surveys of the Bednja river valley will probably yield more of these kinds of estate, like the one recently found at Gromace 3, or the possible one at the Cigliste position at Novi Marof (REGISTAR, 369.).

Catalogue TABLE 1 - Tuhovec - Gradisce: Chance finds

1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of temper of sand and small pebbles, of good and hard fabrication, of light brown colour, light grey at the break. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s Tuhovec-Gradisce. Ulomak rimske wheel, of refined clay, of good and hard fabrication, of dark grey colour, light grey at the break.

keramike. Tuhovec-Gradisce. Roman potsherd.

280 Katalog TABLA 1 - Tuhovec - Gradisce : Slucajni nalazi

1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s mnogo primjesa pijeska i sitnih kamencica, dobre i tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede, a u prijelomu svijetlo sive boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, dobre i tvrde izrade, tamno sive, a u prijelomu svijetlo sive boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s primjesama pijeska, porozne i tvrde izrade, smede, a u prijelomu tamno smede do crvene boje.

3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with sand temper, of porous and hard fabrication, of brown colour, dark brown to red at the break.

LUZAK NEAR JAKOPOVEC (VARAZDIN) Traces of Habitation from the Late Bronze Age and Remains of a Demolished Early Modern Estate During the survey of the last 500 metres of the

Novi Marof - Varazdin section, along with the find of the large Blizna site, another place with

Jakopovec-Lu`ak. Razgovor s vlasnikom njive Lu`ak. U prvom planu prona|eni ulomci kasnobron~anodobne keramike.

Jakopovec-Lu`ak. In discussion with the owner of Lu`ak field. In the foreground are collected potsherds of late Bronze Age ceramics.

LUZAK K0D JAK0P0VCA (VARAZDIN) Tragovi obitavanja iz kasnog broncanog doba i ostaci srusenog posjeda iz novog vijeka. Prilikom pregleda posljednjih 500 metara

dionice Novi Marof - Varazdin uz otkrice velikog nalazista Blizna, otkriveno je jos jedno mjesto s arheoloskim nalazima. Kako je prilikom istrazivanja ustanovljeno da postoji arheoloski jalov prostor izmedu nalazista Blizna i Luzaka na udaljenosti visoj od 150 metra, ovaj se polozaj opisuje kao zasebno nalaziste.

Na topografskim kartama ova su polja oznacena kao Marofi, ali smo saznali da ih rnlacti zovu Stara spiritana, dok stariji tvrde da se polozaj nekada zvao Luzak Odlucili smo se za naziv Luzak jer je to najstariji toponim. Prema podacima koje smo prikupili od mjestana, na ovom se polozaju od 18. do 20. stoljeca nalazio grofovski marof a kasnije i tvornica spirita. Uoci Prvoga svjetskog rata postrojenje je preseljeno u Petrijanec, a ostaci marofa i tvornice razneseni kao gradevinski material (usporedi BARIC 2003c, 12).

Polja su sada obradena, a u izoranim brazdama pronalazi se mnostvo ulomaka opeke, crijepa i

archaeological finds was discovered. As the exploration of the area revealed an archaeologically barren area in excess of 150 metres between the Blizna and Luzak sites, this position is covered here as a separate site.

These fields are designated as Marof (estate) on topographic maps but we discovered from the younger local inhabitants that they referred to them as Stara spiritana (“Old Distillery”), while the older ones say that the area was once known as Luzak. We opted for the name Luzak, as it was the oldest toponym. According to the information gathered from the local inhabitants there was a count’s homestead at this site from the 18th to 20th century and later a distillery. The distillery was moved to Petrijanec on the eve of the First World War and the remains of the homestead and factory demolished and used as construction material (compare to BARIC 2003c, 12).

The fields are now under cultivation and numerous potsherds from bricks, roof tiles and early Modern pottery are found in the furrows of the ploughed fields. This is probably the remaining construction material of the distillery and its

281

Tabla 1 . Jakopovec-Lu`ak. Slu~ajni kasnobron~anodobni nalazi.

Table 1 . Jakopovec-Lu`ak. Chance finds from the late Bronze Age.

novovjeke keramike. Vjerojatno je rijec o preostalom gradevinskom materijalu spiritane i njezinim izoranim temeljnim stopama. Medutim, u odvodnom jarku autoceste na vidjelo su osim spomenutih nalaza izasli i ulomci prapovijesne karamike. Gotovo sva keramika je s tragovima naknadnog progorijevanja, te sada prilicno slabog stanja. Neki ulomci izobliceni su do neprepoznat-ljivosti. Ova keramika lezala je u raznim slojevima koji pripadaju urusenju novovjekih zgrada, pomijesana s opekama i crijepom. Zasigurno nije rijec o nalazima in situ. Pomnim pregledom okoUce nije se moglo pronaci prostor koji bi upucivao na nedirnuto ili bar manje osteceno arheolosko stanje. Stoga na ovome mjestu nisu provodena daljnja istrazivanja.

Gotovo svi nalazi, iskljucivo keramicki, bili su prepaljeni do izoblicenja. Izabrana su tri bolje

ploughed foundations. In the highway’s drainage ditches, however, besides the mentioned finds, potsherds of prehistoric ceramics also came to light. Almost all of the pottery now bears traces of being burned through and are now in a quite poor state. Some of the potsherds are so deformed as to be unrecognisable. This pottery lay in various layers that belong to the decaying of the early Modern edifice, mixed with brick and roof tiles. These are by no way finds in situ. A careful survey of the surroundings did not reveal an area that might have an untouched or at lest less damaged archaeological situation. Further exploration of the area was for this reason not carried out.

Almost all of the finds, exclusively ceramic, were burned through until deformed. The three best-preserved pieces were chosen to represent the typical

282 ocuvana komada za predocenje tipicnih oblika za forms found at this site. The first is a specimen of a ovo nalaziste. Prvi je primjer visoka posuda bez high vessel without marked rim (Virovitica VINSKI-naznacenog oboda (Virovitica VINSKI- GASPARINI 1973, t.7-6; Igrisce VRDOLJAK GASPARINI 1973, t.7-6; Igrisce VRDOLJAK 1995 t.10-2; Mackovac KARAVANIC S., 1995 t.10-2; Mackovac KARAVANIC S., MIHALJEVICM., KALAFATICH. 2002, A3-5; MIHALJEVIC M., KALAFATIC H. 2002, A3-5; Doljnji Lakos DULAR 2002 s.146, type LI), then Doljnji Lakos DULAR 2002 s.146, tip LI), zatim a vessel with rim curved downwards (Virovitica posuda s prema dolje izvijenim obodom (Virovitica VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973,t.8-1; Doljnji Lakos VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973,t.8-l; Doljnji Lakos DULAR 2002 s.149, type L8) and finally a vessel DULAR 2002 s.149, tip L8 ) i na kraju posuda s with handle along the rim and plastic ribbon (Igrisce ruckom uz obod i plasticnom trakom (Igrisce VRDOLJAK 19951.2-4; Moravce SOKOL 1996, VRDOLJAK 19951.2-4; Moravce SOKOL 1996, sl.8-1; Mackovac KARAVANIC S., MIHALJEVIC sl.8-1; Mackovac KARAVANIC S., MIHALJEVIC M., KALAFATIC H. 2002, t.1-7; Doljnji Lakos M, KALAFATIC H 2002, t.1-7; Doljnji Lakos DULAR 2002s.l52, si.8, type S7). All of these DULAR 2002s.l52, si.8, tip S7). Svi ovi nalazi se finds can, based on the cited comparisons, be prema navedenim usporedbama mogu pripisati 1. fazi attributed to the 1st phase of the Urn fields culture, kulture polja sa zarama, odnosno virovitickoj grupi. that is to say, the Virovitica group.

Tesko je bez iskopavanja procijeniti sto se na It is difficult without excavation to evaluate what ovome mjestu zbivalo u broncano doba. Jedina was going on here in the Bronze Age. The only logical logicna pretpostavka je to da se ovdje, nadomak hypothesis is that there were here, near the late naselja kasnog broncanog doba na Blizni, nalazio Bronze Age settlement at Blizna, one or several jedan ili nekoliko prapovijesnih objekata u kojem prehistoric structures in which a smaUer community jezivjela manja zajednica ljudi, vjerojatno jedna lived, probably a single family. We can also obitelj. Takoder mozemo pretpostaviti da su se hypothesise that they were active, here in seclusion, ovdje, na osami, bavili poljoprivredom i in agriculture and cattle breeding and gravitated to stocarstvom, te naginjali vecem obliznjem naselju the nearby larger settlement at Blizna. A homestead na Blizni. U 18. ili 19. st. ovdje je sagraden marof i was built here in the 18th or 19th century and later kasnije zidana spiritana, koji su svojim temeljima, a distillery, whose foundations, and perhaps cellars, mozda i podrumima, unistili tragove prapovijesnih destroyed the traces of prehistoric structures, and objekata, a arheolosko se gradivo izmjesalo sa suvre- mixed archaeological material with contemporary. If menim. Budu li provodena arheoloska istrazivanja archaeological exploration of the 19th century marofa iz 19.st, mozda ce sretno biti pronadeni i neki homestead is carried out perhaps happy circumstance preostali tragovi ovog, mnogo starijeg naselja. will lead to the location of some remaining traces of

this much older settlement. Katalog TABLA 1 - Luzak: Slucajni nalazi Catalogue

1- Dio posude izradene prostorucno, nepro-ciscene TABLE 1 - Luzak" Chance finds gline, grube povrsine, smede, a mjestimice zbog i_ Part of a hand made vessei; of unrefined clay, prepaljivanja svijetlo narancaste boje. ^h coarse surface; of brown coiour; Ught orange in 2- Dio posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene piaces because of scorching gline, smede, a mjestimice zbog prepaljivanja svijetlo 2_ Part of a hand made vessei; 0f unrefined clay, of narancaste boje. brown colour, light orange in places because of 3- Dio posude izradene prostorucno, neprociscene SCOrching gline, smede, a mjestimice zbog prepaljivanja svijetlo 3_ Part of a hand made vessei; 0f unrefined clay, of narancaste boje. brown colour, light orange in places because of

POD LIP0M K0D ZBELAVE (VARAZDIN) ^ ^ Bakrenodobno slarijezelieznodobno i POD LIP0M NEAR ZBELAVA (VARAZDIN) ranosrednjovjekovno naselje Nalaziste Zbelava-Pod lipom poznato je duze

vrijeme. Rijecje o blago uzvisenom polozaju sjeverno od rijeke Plitvice, u blizini sela Zbelava. Prvi put ga spominje Miroslav Fulir 1961.godine. Marina Simek je, nakon nekoUko obilazenja polozaja, izvela

Copper Age, Early Iron Age and Early Medieval Settlement The Zbelava-Pod lipom site has been known for

a long time. The area is a slightly elevated position north of the Plitvica River, near the village of Zbelava. Miroslav Fulir first mentioned it in 1961. Marina

pokusno sondiranje 1986.g., te torn prilikom simek camed out control sondages in l986 after a pronasla starijezeljeznodobni objekt i ranosrednjo-vjekovnu jamu. Medu prapovijesnim nalazima izdvaja se kamena glacana sjekira, ulomci keramike licenske kulture, te nekoliko ulomaka mlade-zeljeznodobne i anticke keramike. Sto se tice ranosrednjovjekovnih nalaza, izdvajaju se zeljezno kresivo u obliku lire i dva roznjaka. K tome

few tours of the position and at the occasion found an early Iron Age structure and an early Medieval pit. Among the prehistoric finds a polished stone axe stands out, as do potsherds from the Litzen culture and several potsherds of early Iron Age and Roman period ceramics. As far as early Medieval finds is concerned, an iron fire starting apparatus

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pronadeni su ulomci ranosrednjovjekovne porozne keramike, te ulomci posuda izradenih na primitivnom kolu. Rezultati iskopavanja iz 1986.g zasad nisu objavljeni, vec samo nekoliko prethodnih izvjesca (Begistar br.454; SIMEK 1987; SIMEK 1994; SIMEK 1998b ; SIMEK 1999c, 39).

Amelio Vekic 1997.g. je proveo zastitna arheoloska iskopavanja, uoci gradnje tog dijala autoceste. Prilikom iskopavanja, prema rijecima voditelja, otkriveni su nalazi iz bakrenog doba koji pripadaju lasinjskoj kulturi, a iz ranog broncanog doba nalazi licenske kulture. Pronadeni su i nalazi kasnog broncanog doba, a posebno su brojni oni koji pripadaju starijem zeljeznom dobu. Otkriveni su takoder i poneki ranosrednjovjekovni nalazi. Sesto metara sjeveroistocno, takoder na trasi, pronadeno je i nekoliko ranorimskih paljevinskih grobova i vjerojatno pripadajuce kasnolatensko naselje u blizini, koje nrje istrazivano (BARIC 2003f, 33). Nakon ovih iskopavanja, nalaziste je prekrio vijadukt, aU je od njega ipak preostala jedna trecina, koja se nalazi izvan podrucja autoceste.4

SARNICA KOD KELEMENA (VARAZDIN) Anticka i kasnoanticka vila rustica Nalaziste je otkrio Stjepan Vukovic jos 1947.g

prilikom radova na reguliranju toka rjecice Plitvice sjeverno od Kelemena.6 Ustanovio je postojanje temelja mosta od kamena i rimske opeke, sto je tadasnjim radovima unisteno. K tome pregledao je

in the shape of a lyre and two flints stand out. Also found along with this are potsherds from porous early Medieval pottery and potsherds from vessels manufactured on a primitive potter’s wheel. The results of the 1986 excavations have yet to be published, there are only a few preliminary reports (Registar no.454; SIMEK 1987; SIMEK 1994; SIMEK 1998b ; SIMEK 1999c, 39).

Amelio Vekic in 1997 carried out rescue archaeology excavations prior to the construction of that part of the highway. According to the dig leader finds from the Copper Age, originating from the Lasinja culture, and from the early Bronze Age belonging to the Litzen culture, were found during the excavation. Finds from the late Bronze Age were also collected with particularly numerous finds from the early Iron Age. A few early Medieval finds were also discovered. Six hundred metres to the northeast, also on the route, several early Roman cremation graves were found and the probably accompanying nearby late Laten settlement, which was not examined (BARIC 2003f, 33). The site was spanned by a viaduct after these excavations, but a third of it is still intact, situated outside of the highway’s area.4

SARNICA NEAR KELEMEN (VARAZDIN) Roman Period and Late Roman period Villa Rustica Stjepan Vukovic discovered the site back in 1947

«Ishod istrazivanja zasad nije objayljen, ali su pokretni nalazi uprayo u obradi. The results of the exploration have not yet been published, but the finds are currently being processed

5 Nalaziste je Stjepan VukoYienazrao BartoloTee, a BraiiaTiie-Belaneie Jalzabet. S obzirom kako su spomenuta naselja dosta udaljena, te izmedu njili postoje i druga nalazista, trebalo bi prostor jasno utvrditi drugim nazivom. Na velikoj vefini topografskih karata ova polja se ZOTO Sarniea, a s obzirom kako se na njih dolazi izra™o iz najblizeg sela Kelemen, to je bolja odrednieasireg prostora. Stjepan Vukovi ccalled the site Bartolovec, while Bran Belancic named it JalSabet. Considering that these settlements are quite distant, and that there are other finds between them, the area should be clearly i entified by another name. This field is called8arnica on the majority of topographic maps, and considering that they are accessed directly from the nearest village of Kelemen, this is a better designation of the wider area

POD LIPOM KOD ZBELAVE (VARA@DIN) Bakrenodobno, starije`eljeznodobno i ranosrednjovjekovno naselje

POD LIPOM NEAR ZBELAVA (VARA@DIN) Copper Age, Early Iron Age and Early Medieval Settlement

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Kelemen-Sarnica. Lijevo rijeka Plitvica, a desno polje u kojem se nalaze ostaci brojnih antickih gractevina i sitnih nalaza. Kelemen-Sarnica. To the left is Plitvica River, to the right field in which there are the remains of numerous Roman period buildings and small finds.

Kelemen-Sarnica. Ulomak kvalitetno izractenog antickog pladnja. (T1-8) Kelemen-Sarnica. Potsherd from a well-made Roman period platter. (T1-8)

zrtvenik posvecen Silvanu, izvucen iz korita,6 te keltski mac koji je dobio od radnika Vodoprivrede koji su ga 1954.g. takoder nasli u Plitvici (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1968, 75, SIMEK 1981b). Nakon ovih nalaza iskopao je i manju sondu uz rub nalazista prema Plitvici, te pronasao anticki gradevinski gruh, keramiku icavle.

Godine 1962. i 1963. izvedena su arheoloska istrazivanja pod vodstvom Branke Vikic-Belancici Marcela Gorenca. Rezultati istrazivanja sazeto su objavljeni 1968.g. s prilicno losim crtezima pokretnih nalaza (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1968). Iz objave vidljivo je kako su u gotovo svim sondama pronadeni zidovi, koji su pripisani rimskoj vili rustici. U dvije sonde pronadeni su i ostaci rimske ceste. Prema nalazima keramike i novca, zakljucuje se kako je vila rustica djelovala od 1. do 4.stoljeca. Prema nalazima debljeg sloja gara, autorica smatra kako je kompleks u 2.st. bio spaljen i obnovljen odmah nakon toga. U kasnoj antici, dodaje ona, vila je bila utvrdena poput ostalih panonskih vila koje su u ta nemirna vremena zadobile i obrambenu funkciju (ugaoni rizaliti-kule, VIKIC-BELANCIC 1968, 96 - 98). Spominje i nalaze srednjovjekovne keramike, ali ne govori o bilo kakvim gradevinskim ostacima iz tog vremena.

Istrazivanja Miroslava Fulira (FULIR 1969; 1970) daju odredenu sliku rimske cestovne mreze na ovom podrucju. Prema njegovu misljenju, na Sarnici se nalazila putna postaja, koja je u intinereru zabiljezena kao “mutatio Populos”. Ova postaja nalazila se na cesti Poetovio - Mursa, a obliznje postaje bile su Aqua Viva - Petrijanec na sjevero-zapadu, te Iovia Botivo - Ludbreg na jugoistoku.7

during construction works on the regulation of the Plitvica stream north of Kelemen.5 He established the existence of the foundations of a bridge of stone and roman brick, destroyed by the construction of the time. He also examined an altar dedicated to Silvan extracted from the riverbed,6 and a Celtic sword he received from a Waterworks labourer that had also found it in Plitvica in 1954 (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1968, 75, SIMEK 1981b). After these finds he excavated a smaller trench along the edge of the site towards the Plitvica, and found Roman period construction rubble, ceramics and nails there.

Archaeological exploration was carried out under the leadership of Branka Vikic-Belancic and Marcel Gorenc in 1962 and 1963. The outcome of the exploration was published in summary form in 1968 with quite poor sketches of the finds (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1968). From the report it is evident that walls were found in almost all of the trenches, attributed to a Roman villa rustica. The remains of a Roman road were found in two trenches. Based on the finds of pottery and money, it was concluded that the villa rustica was in function from the 1st to 4th century. Based on the find of a thick layer of charcoal, the author concludes that the complex was burned down in the 2nd century and rebuilt immediately afterwards. In the late Roman period, she adds, the villa was fortified like other Pannonian villas that in those troubled times gained a defensive function (protruding corner towers, VIKIC-BELANCIC 1968, 96 - 98). She also makes mention of medieval pottery, but not of any kind of remains of construction activity from the period.

The research carried out by Miroslav Fulir (FULIR 1969; 1970) offers a picture of the Roman road network in this area. According to him there was a travel station at Sarnica, recorded in the itinerary as “mutatio Populos”. This station was on the Poetovio - Mursa road and the nearby stations were Aqua Viva - Petrijanec to the northwest, and Iovia Botivo - Ludbreg to the southeast.7

Sarnica is a slightly elevated river ridge running directly along the left bank of the Plitvica River. South of the ridge is a parallel depression, probably intentionally dug to take a part of the flow of the Plitvica. That would make this “ridge” into a much more easily defended “island”. The finds, however, are also spread across the other, longer river ridge -the elevation continuing on from the mentioned one.

This are is today regularly ploughed and is covered in plantations of oilseed rape and corn. Ploughing throws up parts of Roman buildings (stone, brick, mortar, roof tiles) and the fields are full of potsherds, bone shards and other archaeological finds. Several of these surface finds collected during recent surveys

6 Naalost, natpis je nestao prije nego ga je Vukovieuspio odnijeti u muzej, a prema njegovom prijepisu bi glasio: The inscription disappeared, unfortunately, before Vukovic could take it to the museum, and would, based on his transcription, read: SILVANO SACR FLAVIVS VICTORINVS MIL.LEG.XIII G V S L L M

Sarnica je blago uzdignuta rijecna greda uz samu lijevu obalu rijeke PUtvice. Juzno od grede nalazi se uzduzna depresija, koja je vjerojatno namjerno iskopana, kako bi se u nju naveo dio toka PUtvice. Tako bi se ova greda pretvorila u lakse branjivi “otok”. No nalazi se rasprostira i na dragu, duzu rijecnu gredu - uzvisinu u nastavku spomenute.

Danas se ovo podrucje sustavno ore te je pokrivenao nasadima uljane repice i kukuruza. Oranjem na vidjelo izlaze dijelovi rimskih zgrada (kamen, opeke, vapno, tegule) a polja su prepuna ulomaka keramickih posuda, kostiju i ostalih arheoloskih nalaza. Nekoliko takvih povrsinskih nalaza iz nedavnih pregleda nalazista prikazano je na tabli. Sadasnji korisnik polja, Nikola Lipovec, ljubazno je objasnio probleme koji iskrsavaju prilikom oranja, te pokazao masivno kameno postolje za stop iU dio tijeska koje je morao izvuel iz zemlje kada mu je zapeo plug. Takoder kaze kako se u Kelemenu i danas prica kako su na tome mjestu nekadzivjeli “bijeUfratri”.

Keramicki nalazi prikupljeni tijekom pregleda, uglavnom pripadaju rimskom dobu. Dobro je zastupljena sva keramika odl. do 4.stoljeca. Izmedu nekoUcine karakteristicnih nalaza sa Sarnice izdvaja se T l -5 , vjerojatno sigilatni oblik slican ranorimskom pladnju pronadenom na Gornjem trgu u Ljubljani (VICIC 2002, 195, t.7-10). Dio vrlo kvaliteno izradenog sivog, glacanog tanjura s urezanim ukrasonivecje pronaden prilikom davnih iskopavanja ovog nalazista. Autorica ga datira u najstariji horizont, l.st., u grupu uvezenih nalaza (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1968, 85, t.V-4). Slican je pronaden u Carnuntumu i takoder datiran u ranorimsko doba (GASSNER 1993, abb.3., t.l-3.). Najblize rimsko naselje s ovakvim nalazima, datiranim u 1. i 2.st. je Aqua Viva (Petrijanec, SARIC 1975, t.X-4, t .Xin-1). Opcenito je Petrijanec nalaziste koje svojim keramickim nalazima gotovo potpuno odgovara Sarnici. Kasnoj antici pripada zanimljivi ulomak Tl-9. Rijec je o grubo izradenoj posudi, vjerojatno na sporovrtecem kolu, s tragovima metlicastog ukrasa, odnosno ravnanja vanjske i unutrasnje povrsine. Takvi ulomci pronalaze se i drugdje na kasnoantickim pribjezistima (Kathreinkogel, CIGLENECKI 2000 sl.l31-18,25 po Rodriguez; ovdje: Paka Tl-5).

Na nalazista je pronadena i odredena kolicina srednjovjekovnih ulomaka, koji se okvirno mogu odrediti u razdoblje od 13. do 15.stoljeca.

Prema svemu sudecl, ovdje se nalazila villa rustica koja je, prema ishodima istrazivanja, u kasnijoj antici bila i utvrdena i povezana cestama. Postojanje rimske putne postaje {Populos) tek treba materijalno dokazati, aU cini se kako postoji dovoljno razloga da to zasad prihvatimo. Pitanje brojne srednjovjekovne keramike tek treba razjasniti. Vjerojatno jest rijec o nekoj naseobini, a ostaje upitno da li narodna predaja o “bijelim fratrima” ima neku stvarnu podlogu. Da li su “bijeli fratri”

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are shown in the tables. The current user of the field, Nikola Lipovec, kindly explained the problems that arise during ploughing, and showed a massive stone base for a column or part of a press that he had to extract from the ground when his plough got stuck. He also says that in Kelemen it is said to this day that “white friars” used to Uve in this place.

Most of the ceramic finds gathered during the survey come from the Roman period. AU ceramics from the 1st to 4th century are well represented. Among the several characteristic finds from Sarnica Tl-5 stands out, probably a sigillata form similar to an early Roman platter found at Ljubljana’s Gornji trg (VICIC 2002, 195, t.7-10). Part of a very weU made grey, burnished plate with engraved decoration was already found during excavation of this site carried out quite some time ago. The author dates it to the oldest horizon, the 1st century, with a group of imported finds (VIKIC-BELANCIC 1968, 85, t.V 4). A similar one was found at Carnuntum and also dated to the early Roman period (GASSNER 1993, abb.3, t.l-3.). The closest Roman settlement with these kinds of finds, dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries, is Aqua Viva (Petrijanec, SARIC1975, t.X-4, t.XIII-1). In general Petrijanec is a site whose ceramic finds are almost entirely like those at Sarnica. An interesting potsherd Tl-9 comes from the late Roman period. It is from a roughly manufactured vessel, probably made on a slow potter’s wheel, with traces of brushed surface decorations, i.e. straightening of the outer and inner surfaces. Potsherds like these are also found elsewhere at late Roman period refugium (Kathreinkogel, CIGLENECKI 2000 sl.131-18, 25 according to Rodriguez; here: Paka Tl-5).

A number of medieval potsherds were also coUected at the site that can be approximately identified as being from the 13th to 15th century period.

Judging by all this, there was a villa rustica here

Kelemen-Sarnica. Anticko kameno postolje pranadeno na Sarnici, sada u Kelemenu.

Kelemen-Sarnica. Roman period stone base found at Sarnica, now in Kelemen.

1 Vise o OTOJ problematic! u zakljuenom dijelu pogtolja Blizna. More on this issue in the conclusion of the chapter on Blizna.

Kelemen-Sarnica. Ulomak kasnoanticke posude. Metlicasti “ukras” nalazi se na obje stijenke. (T1-9)

Kelemen-Sarnica. Potsherd from a Roman period vessel. A brushed surface “decoration” is found on both walls. (T1-9)

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Tabla 1. Kelemen-Sarnica. Slucajni anticki nalazi. Table 1. Kelemen-Sarnica. Chance finds from the Roman period.

postavili svoj samostan uz nekadasnju trasu rimske ceste koja je jos bila provozna? Na to i ostala pitanja mogu odgovore dati samo rezultati opseznih iskopavanja.

Katalog TABLA 1:Sarnica: Slucajni nalazi

1- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, dobre i tvrde izrade, svijetlo narancaste boje. Promjer oboda 16 cm. 2- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, dobre izrade, sive boje. 3- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, dobre i tvrde izrade, sive, u prijelomu i iznutra tamno sive boje. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, dobre i tvrde izrade, svijetlo smede boje koja otavlja trag. Promjer oboda 23 cm. 5- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, vrlo dobre i tvrde izrade, izvana crne a iznutra narancaste boje. Glacane povrsine. Promjer oboda 25 cm. 6- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, s malo primjesa pijeska, dobre i tvrde izrade, izvana crne, u prijelomu svijetlo sive a iznutra tamno sive

that, based on the outcome of the exploration, was fortified and connected to roads in the late Roman period. The existence of a Roman travel station (Populos) needs yet to be proven with material evidence, but it appears that there is reason enough to accept it for the moment. The question of numerous examples of Medieval pottery also needs to be dealt with in the future. There probably was some kind of settlement here, and it remains an open question as to whether the folk legend of some “white friars” has any real basis. Did the “white friars” set up their monastery along the former route of the Roman road, still good for traffic at the time? Only comprehensive excavation can provide answers to these and other questions.

Catalogue TABLE 1: Arnica: Chance finds

1- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a small quantity of sand temper, of good and harder fabrication, of light orange colour. Rim diameter of 16 cm. 2- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a small quantity of sand temper, of good fabrication, of grey colour. 3- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s

boje. 7- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu,

s primjesama manjih kamencica i bijelog vapnenca, dobre i tvrde izrade, izvana tamno sive, a u prijelomu svijetlo sive boje.

8- Ulomak posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu, prociscene gline, vrlo dobre i tvrde izrade, sive boje. Glacana povrsina.

9- Ulomak posude izradene na sporovrtecem kolu?, s mnogo primjesa bijelog vapnenca, izvana svijetlo smede i sive, u prijelomu tamno sive, a iznutra tamno crvene boje. Metlicasti ukras na vanjskoj i unutrasnjoj stijenci.

SARNJAK KODSEMOVCA (VARAZDIN) Viseslojno razvedeno naselje Rijec je o nizinskom podrucju s blagim valovitim

uzvisenjima, koja vjerojatno potjecu od nekadasnjih rijecnih vijuga. Podrucje nalaza prostire se znatno juznije od sela Semovca, na lijevqj i desnqj obali rijeke Plitvice. Nalaziste je pronasao Miroslav Fulir 1966.g., prilikom regulacije rijeke, kada je iz profila korita izvukao prve nalaze. Tu je bilo keltske keramike, gramenja zgura, zivotinjskih kostiju te “grijalica” i vretenca. Vrlo je vjerojatno to da je vec i Stjepan Vukovic s ovog mjesta skupio nalaze, kada je sam i u suradnji s radnicima Vodoprivrede prikupljao nalaze s ovog podrucja, u doba prvih regulacija rijeke izmedu 1947. i 1954.g. (Eegistar, br.415; FULIR 1969, 409 - 411).

No, nalaziste je napokon otkriveno tek 1986.g, nakon komasacijskill radova, kada je raskrcena suma na ovom podrucju. Marina Simek je 1988.g. iskopala nekoliko manjih sondi, te otkrila bogate

wheel, with a smaU quantity of sand temper, of good and harder fabrication, of grey colour, dark grey at the break and on the inside. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of good and harder fabrication, of light brown colour that leaves a mark. Rim diameter of 23 cm. 5- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of very good and hard fabrication, of black colour outside and orange inside. With burnished surface. Rim diameter of 25 cm. 6- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with a smaU quantity of sand temper, of good and harder fabrication, of black colour on the outside, light grey at the break, dark grey on the inside. 7- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, with temper of small pebbles and white limestone, of good and harder fabrication, of dark grey colour outside, light grey at the break. 8- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a fast potter’s wheel, of refined clay, of very good and hard fabrication, of grey colour. With burnished surface. 9- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a slow potter’s wheel? With a large quan%of temper of white limestone, of light brown and grey colour outside, dark grey at the break, dark red on the inside. With brushed surface decoration on the inside and outside wall.

SARNJAK NEARSEMOVEC (VARAZDIN) Dispersed Multi-layer Settlement This is a lowland area with gently undulating

elevations that are probably the result of the river’s one-time meanders. The site area spreads across an area much more to the south than the river of

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Semovec-Sarnjak. Polja Sarnjak juzno od Semovca. U drugom planu blago uzvisenje s vecom gustocom nalaza. Semovec-Sarnjak. Sarnjak field south of Semovec. In the background is a gentle elevation with a higher density of finds.

288

Semovec-Sarnjak. Viseslojno razvedeno naselje Semovec-Sarnjak. Dispersed Multi-layer Settlement

Semovec-Sarnjak. Ulomak pecatne anticke posude. Semovec-Sarnjak. Potsherd from a Roman period vessel with seal.

arheoloske nalaze koji potjecu iz raznih razdoblja. Prema njezinu misljenju, najraniji nalazi potjecu iz doba zavrsne faze kasnog broncanog doba, odnosno prijelaza na starije zeljezno doba. Uz ulomke posuda, pronadeni su i okragli utezi za tkalacki stan, dijelovi ljepa, prenosivih keramickih ognjista i kameni brasovi. Iz tog doba jedini objavljeni metalni nalaz je osteceni broncani srp. Zanimljivi su i nalazi veceg broja drvenih greda, i to na dosta sirokom prostoru, koji prema autorici mozda potjecu od sojenickog naselja. U malo manjem opsegu zastupljeni su i nalazi mladezeljeznodobne i anticke keramike. Nalazi ranosrednjovjekovne keramike brojniji su nego prethodni. Otkriveni su i ulomci keramike razvijenog srednjeg vijeka. Konacni ishod ovih iskopavanja jos nije objavljen, vec u vidu prethodna izvjesca (SIMEK M 1989; SPMEK M. 1999a).

Nedavnim pregledima prikupljeni su novi podaci o rasprostiranju i bogatstvu ovog nalazista, te je u suradnji s Konzervatorskim odjelom u Varazdinu pokrenut postupak Preventive registracije ovog kulturnog dobra. Topografske prilike uz obale Plitvice gotovo su iste na dugom dijelu njezina toka. Proistjece da su ti prostori bili iznimno vazni za naseljavanje u raznim razdobljima. Stoga ovdje postoji dugi niz nalazista, Brezje, Pod lipom, Sar-nica, Sarnjak ali i joS njih znanih i neznanih. Arheoloske znacajke ovog polozaja mogu se usporediti s obalama Londje kod Zarilca u Pozeskoj kotlini. No, kao ni tamo, niti ovdje nisu vodena sustavna istrazivanja, vec su nalazi prepusteni bezobzirnom preoravanju iz godine u godinu. No, tesko je u ovakvim slucajevima nesto uistinu poduzeti, jer je rijec o hektarima arheoloskih nalaza za koje ne postoji novae predviden za zastitna iskopavanja. Tako smo i nadalje prepusteni osobno svjedociti o unistavanju nasih vaznih nalazista.

Semovec, on the left and right banks of the Plitvica River. Miroslav Pulir found the site in 1966 during the regulation of the river, when the first finds were drawn from the riverbed profile. Among them was Celtic pottery, lumps of slag, animal bones, a “heater” and a spindle. It is very likely that Stjepan Vukovic had previously gathered finds here, where he on his own and with the assistance of the Waterworks labourers collected finds from this area, during the first regulation works on this river between 1947 and 1954 (Registar, no.415; PULIR 1969, 409 -411).

But the site was finally uncovered in 1986 after a land consolidation had been carried out, when the forest has been cleared in this area. Marina Simek in 1988 excavated a few smaller control trenches and discovered an abundance of archaeological finds from various periods. The earliest finds, in her opinion, date from the closing phases of the late Bronze Age, i.e. the transition to the early Iron Age. Found along with potsherds were round weights for a weaver’s loom, bits of daub, portable ceramic hearths and whetstones. The only published metal finds from that period was a damaged bronze sickle. Also interesting are finds of a larger quantity of wooden beams, across quite a wide area, that according to the author may originate from a River pile dwelling. Finds from the late Iron Age and Roman period are represented to a somewhat lesser degree. Finds of Medieval period ceramics are more numerous again than from the preceding period. Also collected were potsherds of high Medieval ceramics. The final outcome of these excavations has yet to be published but is available in the form of a tentative report (SIMEK M. 1989; SIMEK M. 1999a).

New data has been gathered during recent surveys on the scope and abundance of this site and the procedure has been put into motion for the Preventive registration of this cultural good with the coUaboration of the Department of Conservation in Varazdin. The topographic situation along the banks of the Plitvica River is uniform along much of its length. It appears that this was an exceptional important area for settlement in various periods. There are, therefore, an entire series of sites here: Brezje, Pod lipom, Sarnica, Sarnjak and more, known and unknown. The archaeological significance of this position can be compared to the banks of the Londja near Zarilac in the Pozega basin. But, like in Pozega, systematic exploration has here to not yet been carried out; rather the sites have been abandoned without regard, year after year, to the ploughshare. I t is, however, difficult to undertake any measures in cases like these, as there are hectares of archaeological finds here, and the funds needed for rescue archaeology in this area have not been earmarked. And so we are again left to bear personal witness to the destruction of our important archaeological sites.

KUPINJE KOD SEMOVCA (VARAZDIN) Anticka vila rustica Nalaziste Kupinje otkriveno je 1993.g. prilikom

obilaska podrucja kojim ce prolaziti autocesta (Registar, br.413; SIMEK 1994; SIMEK 1997; SIMEK 1998; SIMEK 1998b). Tada je zabiljezen pronalazak anticke keramike i ostataka gradevinske sute koja je vjerojatno pripadala antickim zgradama. Godine 1995. izvrsena su sondiranja, cime je potvrdeno postojanje antickih zgrada na ovome mjestu. Uoci gradnje autoceste, na ovom je mjestu predvidena gradnja cvorista prema Ludbregu, pa su poduzeta opseznija zastitna istrazivanja.

Kupinje se nalazi uz kanal rijeke Plitvice, u prostranoj ravnici juzno od Drave. Pojedini polozaji su izdignuti za oko metar od okolnog terena, pa je takav slucaj i ovdje.

Zastitna iskopavanja provedena su 1997.g. te su otkriveni dijelovi rimske ville rustice s vise prostorija koje su bile dio veceg gradevinskog sklopa. Najveca prostorija, gdje su pronadeni i ostaci hipokaustnih stupova i tabula, imala je i apsidalnu prigradevinu, vjerojatno bazen. Sami zidovi ovog objekta s vise prostorija nisu sacuvani; samo su donji dijelovi temelja i podloga u vidu sljunka sacuvani. Takoder su otkrivene anticke i srednjovjekovne jame. Nalazi jos nisu u cijelosti obradeni, ali je voditeljica istrazivanja, Marina Simek, objavila kraca izvjesca (SIMEK 1997; SIMEK 1998).

Prikazani metalni nalazi, prstenaste i lucne kopce, prethodno su datirani u razdoblje od 1. do 4. stoljeca. Takoder je pronadena anticka zeljezna sjekira za obradu drva, odnosno skidanje kore (BARIC 2003e, 32), zeljezni klinovi i cavli, kljucevi, siljak strelice i 11 kovanica (SIMEK 1998). Keramicki nalazi su raznoliki a zastupljene su posude od sivo, zuto i crveno pecene gline. Izdvaja se nalaz tarionika sa zelenom ocaklinom, vjerojatno iz kasne antike. Sivi lonci s metlicastim ukrasom pripadali bi kucnoj keramici nastaloj na starijim tradicijama latenske proizvodnje (SIMEK 1994, 15). U zakljucku se navodi kako je rijec o skromn-ijoj villi mstici, ali koja je bila u funkciji duze vrijeme od 2. do 4. stoljeca. Nakon toga, na ovom se mjestu obitavalo i tijekoml3. i 14.stoljeca (BARIC 2003e, 32).

BREZJE KOD VARAZDINA Bakrenodobno, mlacfezeljeznodobno i ranosrednjovjekovno naselje. Nalaziste Brezje prvi je put spomenuo Miroslav

Fulir, navodeci “mogilu” Gora u sumi Brezje. Tkda je nalaziste prekrivala suma i pojedinacni nalazi nisu bili vidljivi. Medutim, nakon krcenja sume za potrebe poljoprivrednih radova 1966.g., ing.Dragutin Vidacek zapazio je arheoloske nalaze, o cemu je obavijestio Stjepana Vukovica, koji je polozaj pregledao i tako u mjesni muzej donio vecu kolicinu nalaza. Vec tada je nalaziste odredeno kao bakrenodobno i ranosrednjovjekovno. No tek 1968.g. izvrsena su prva arheoloska iskopavanja pod vodstvom Zeljka Tomicica. Potom je

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KUPINJE NEAR SEMOVEC (VARAZDIN) 1 ^ ? ? ^ ™ * rUSfa Roman Period Villa Rustica ^ T in 1 ^ ^ " ^ ' ^ ROm" MOd » Ine Kupinje site was discovered 993 during Dnctjra (Zimpk 199Rh s/7?)

a survey of the area where the future highway would ' pass (Registar, no.413; SIMEK 1994; SIMEK 1997; SIMEK 1998; SIMEK 1998b). The find of Roman period pottery and remains of construction debris was recorded at the time that probably came from Roman period buildings. Sondages were carried out in 1995 that confirmed the existence of Roman period buildings at this location. As this position was foreseen for the construction of a highway interchange to Ludbreg, extensive rescue archaeology works were carried out on the eve of construction.

Kupinje is situated along the Plitvica River canal, on a broad plain south of the Drava River. Some spots rise about a metre from the surrounding terrain, as is the case here.

Rescue archaeology excavations were carried out in 1997 during which time parts of a Roman period villa rustim were discovered with several rooms that were part of a larger estate. The largest room, where the remains of the pilae and flue-tiles of a hypocaust were found, had an apsidal extension, probably a pool. The walls of this multi-roomed edifice are not preserved; only the lower parts of the foundations and a base in the form of gravel are preserved. Roman and Medieval period pits were also discovered. The finds have yet to be fully processed, but the excavation leader, Marina Simek, has published a short report (SIMEK 1997; SIMEK 1998).

The depicted metal finds, ring-shaped buckles and fibula, were previously dated to the period from the 1st to 4th century. Also found was Roman period iron axe for woodworking, i.e. for removing bark (BARIC 2003e, 32), iron wedges and nails, keys, an arrowhead and 11 coins (SIMEK 1998). The ceramic finds are varied, represented are vessels made of grey, yellow and red fired clay.

A find of a mortar with green glaze stands out,

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Varazdin-Brezje. Prastrana polja viseslojnog nalazista Brezje. Vara`din-Brezje. The broad field of the multi-layer Brezje site.

Vara`din-Brezje. Dio ranosrednjovjekovnog lonca.

Vara`din-Brezje. Part of a Early Medieval pot.

istrazivanja nastavila Marina Simek. Rezultati njihovih istrazivanja objavljeni su kao kratke obavijesti sa iskopavanja (TOMICIC1968, 1969a; SIMEK 1981, 1986, 1998b, 1999b). Nalaziste je takoder navedeno u Registru arheoloskih nalazista sjeverozapadne Hrvatske (REGISTAR, 1997, br.422). Pronadeni nalazi svjedoce o naseljavanju u bakrenom dobu, mladem zeljeznom dobu i ranom srednjem vijeku. Nalazi bakrenog doba pripadaju lasinjskqj kulturi, a osim keramike ceste su glacane sjekire raznih oblika. Iz mladeg zeljeznog doba prepoznati su ulomci situlastih lonaca s primjesania grafita. Brojna je i ranosrednjovjekovna keramika razlicitih nacina izrade, a njoj bi trebalo pribrojiti i nalaz zeljezne sjekire (TOMICIC 1968, 1969a; SIMEK 1981, 1999b).

Prilikom arheoloskih radova u Varazdinskoj zupaniji, 2003.g., pregledani su i prostori polja Brezje kod Varazdina. Postupak registracije nalazista kao kulturnog dobra pokrenut je sredinom 2004.g. u suradnji s Konzervatorskim odjelom u Varazdinu. Nazalost, upravo u tijeku postupka registracije, devastirano je kulturno dobro, sto je ustanovljeno u prosincu 2004.g., i o cemu su obavijestena nadlezna tijela. Naime, komunalna tvrtka iz Varazdina zapocela je gradnju velikog objekta presaonice otpada bas na prostora uz koji se nalaze arheoloski nalazi. S obzirom na uznapredovale radove, te cinjenicu kako se otkopana zemlja odvozila na nepoznatu lokaciju, nije poznato koliko je nalaziste osteceno, ali sam u raskopanoj zemlji oko gradilista ipak pronasao nekoliko ulomaka keramike i kamenih izradevina. Buduci da se arheoloski nalazi na Brezju pojavljuju na sirem podrucju, potrebno je dovrsiti zapoceti postupak registracije i zastititi barem preostale cjeline. Poglavito stoga jer se ovdje predvida gradnja velikog smetlista te gradnja novih pratecih objekata, spalionice, skladista itd.

Brezje kod Varazdina blago je poviseni polozaj sjeverno od toka rijeke Plitvice. Ocigledno je rijec o

probably from the late Roman period. Grey pots with brushed surface decoration likely are from household ceramics created on the old traditions of Laten production (SIMEK 1994, 15). In the conclusion it is said that this was a humbler villa rustica, but one that was in function a longer period of time, from the 2nd to 4th century. After that, this area was inhabited during the 13th and 14th centuries (BARIC 2003e, 32).

BREZJE NEAR VARA@DIN Copper Age, Late Iron Age And Early Medieval Settlement. The Brezje site was first mentioned by Miroslav

Fulir who cited the Cora “barrow” in the Brezje forest. The site was at the time covered by forest and individual finds were not visible. After the forest had been cleared in 1966 to be farmed, however, Dragutin Vidacek, and engineer, noticed archaeological finds to which effect he notified Stjepan Vukovic, who survey the position and brought a larger quantity of finds to the local museum. The site had already by then been identified as being from the Copper Age and early Medieval period. But it was only in 1968 that the first archaeological excavations were undertaken under the leadership of Zeljko Tomicic. Marina Simek afterwards continued the exploration of the site. The results of their exploration were published as a short report from the excavation (TOMICIC 1968, 1969a; SIMEK 1981, 1986, 1998b, 1999b). The site was also entered into the Register of archaeological sites of north western Croatia (REGISTAR, 1997, br.422). The collected finds bear witness to settlement in the Copper Age, the late Iron Age and the early Mddle Ages. Finds from the Copper Age originate from the Lasinja culture and besides pottery there are quite a few polished axes of various shapes. Potsherds were identified of situla-like pots with graphite temper from the late Iron Age. Early Medieval ceramics of various types of manufacture are also numerous, with the find of an iron axe also attributable to this period (TOMICIC 1968, 1969a; SIMEK 1981, 1999b).

The area of the Brezje field near Varazdin was surveyed during archaeological work in 2003 in Varazdin County. The procedure of registering this site as a cultural good was initiated in 2004 in cooperation with the Department of Conservation in Varazdin. This cultural good was, unfortunately, devastated during the actual registration procedure, devastation was established in December of 2004 to which effect the competent bodies have been notified. A municipal company from Varazdin started construction there of a large facility, a refuse press, right on the area containing archaeological finds. Given the advanced phase of construction work and the fact that the excavated earth was dumped at an unknown location, it is unknown to what extent the site is damaged, but several potsherds and stone artefacts were found in the excavated earth around the construction site itself. Since the archaeological finds at Brezje appear over a wider area, the registration procedure needs to be completed and the remaining area protected. Especially as the

neplavljenom polozaju koji je bio pogodan za naseljavanje u razlicitim razdobljima. Najbrojnijim nalazima su posebno izdvojeni polozaji koji se uzdizu iznad okolnog terena za oko metar do dva. Uistinu je rijec o golemom prostora na kojem se rasprostira nalazi, te su stoga sva dosadasnja sondiranja nedovoljna za stvaranje neke suvislije slike o ovom viseslojnom nalazistu.

Tijekom nedavnih pregleda prikupljeni su novi povrsinski nalazi. Oni su skromni, jer je podrucje desecima godina izoravano. Ulomci su vrlo osteceni, ali odgovaraju poznatim oblicima lasinjske kulture. Na tabli je prikazan jedan od rijetkih pronadenih ukrasenih primjeraka (Tl-2). Ulomak Tl-4 pripada srednjem vijeku, no s obzirom na istrosenu povrsinu, tesko ga je tocnije datirati. Cini se kako bi mogao pripadati 8. ili 9.stoljecu. I drugi neprikazani srednjovjekovni primjerci takoder odgovaraju ovom dobu. Zeljezni predmet (Tl-7) mogao bi biti vrh koplja ili pikwia.

Kameni nalazi - Darko Komso Arheolosko nalaziste Brezje nalazi se juzno od

Varazdina, a smjesteno je u blizini autoceste. Na nalazistu, koje nije zahvaceno samim radovima na trasi autoceste, izvrseno je preliminarno rekognosciranje tijekom kojega je na povrsini, bez arheoloskog konteksta, medu inim prikupljeno i 18 kamenih izradevina. Ovaj skup nalaza cine 2 glacane sjekire, jedna cijela i jedna slomljena, 2 ulomka kamena s tragovima poliranja, te 14 komada cijepanih izradevina.

Obje glacane izradevine ubrajaju se u tip plosnatih jezicastih sjekira. Cijela sjekira je iznimno velikih dimenzija, dobro ocuvanog sjeciva i malo ostecene baze. Zelenkastosmede je boje (Tl-5). Ulomak sjekire hrapave je povrsine, zagladene kod sjeciva, koje je dobro sacuvano, sivkaste boje (Tl-1).

Prvi kamen s tragovima poliranja zelene je boje, velikih dimenzija, s brojnim ostecenjima na jednom rubu, sto pokazuje da je moguce koristen kao udarac. Drugi je kamen tamno sive boje, djelomice sacuvanog poliranog fasetiranog ruba, nejasne namjene.

Skup nalaza cijepanog kamenja cini 14 izradevina od roznjaka, i to 8 odbojka, 1 prizmaticno sjecivo (Tl-3), 2 ulomka jezgre i 3 velike lomljevine. Vecina prikupljenih izradevina je neobradena, osim jednog odbojka s tragovima ostecenja ruba i jednog obradenog odbojka. Osteceni rub mozda nije nastao kao posljedica koristenja, vec tijekom moderne obrade tla. Obradeni odbojak izraden je od visokokvaUtetnog providnog roznjaka svijetlo smede boje, s obradom na sva cetiri ruba. Iako morfoloski slici grebalu, funkcionalno gledano to je kresivo za pusku iz novovjekog razdoblja, i treba ga valorizirati odvojeno od preostalog skupa nalaza od cijepanog kamena, koji nesumnjivo nosi zajednicke tehnicke i sirovinske karakteristike. Sirovinski materijal je raznolik, uglavnom dobiven cijepanjem rijecnih oblutaka lokalnog porijekla, a sacinjen je crnih i sivih neprozirnih roznjaka slabih osobina cijepanja,

construction of a large refuse dump is foreseen on for this location and the construction of accompanying facilities, an incinerator, storage area and so forth.

Brezje near Varazdin is a slightly elevated position north of the Plitvica River. It is evidently a position not exposed to floodwaters that was suitable for settlement in various periods. The most numerous finds are on a position that stands above the surrounding terrain by about a metre or two. The area over which the finds are spread is truly enormous, and all sondages to date are therefore insufficient in creating some sort of logical picture of this multi-layered site.

New surface finds were collected during recent surveys. They are modest given that the area has been for ploughed for decades now. The potsherds are very damaged but fit with known forms of the Lasinja culture. One of the rare decorated specimens to be found (Tl-2) is shown on the table. Potsherd Tl-4 comes from the Middle Ages, more exact dating is difficult on account of the very worn surface. It appears to be from the 8th or 9th century. Other specimens from the Medieval period not shown here also appear to come from this period. An iron object (Tl-7) could be the tip of a spear or a pilum.

Lilhic assemblage - Darko Komso The Brezje archaeological site is situated south

of Varazdin, and located near the highway. At the site, not covered by the actual construction of the highway, a preliminary reconnoitre was carried out during which, among other finds, 18 stone artefacts were coUected on the surface, without archaeological context. This assemblage is made up of 2 polished axes, one intact and one broken, 2 shards of stone with traces of polishing and 14 pieces of knapped lithics.

Both of the polished artefacts are counted among the flat, tongue-shaped type of axe. The intact axe is of exceptionally large size, with a well-preserved cutting edge and a slightly damaged base. It is of greenish brown colour (Tl-5). The axe shard has a coarse surface, polished near the cutting edge, also well preserved, and is of greyish colour (Tl-1).

The first stone with traces of polishing is of green colour, large in size, and with a great deal of damage on one edge, which indicates that it may have been used as a striking instrument. The other stone is of grey colour with a partially preserved faceted edge of unclear use.

The assemblage of knapped lithics is made up of 14 flint artefacts, of that: 8 flakes, 1 prismatic blade (Tl-3), 2 core fragments and 3 large fragments of knapping debris. Most of the coUected artefacts were unretouched, with the exception of one flake with traces of damage on its edge and one retouched flake. The damaged edge perhaps did not come about as a result of use, but during modern era ploughing. The retouched flake is made of high quality transparent flint of light brown colour, with retouch on all four edges. Although morphologically similar to a scraper, from a functional aspect this is an early modern rifle flint, and ought to be regarded as separate from the remaining knapped lithics assemblage, which indubitably bear common

291

Varazdin-Brezje. Roznjacke izradevine. Vara`din-Brezje. Flint artefacts.

Ostal

a na

lazist

a

II ft)'

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zutih prozirnih roznjaka dobrih karakteristika cijepanj^smedeg poluprozirnog roznjaka odlicnih osobina cijepanja, te svijetlosmedeg roznjaka visoke kvalitete koristenog za izradu kresiva za pusku. Plohak je uglavnom ravan (5 izradevina), a samo iznimno s okorinom i linearan.

Zbog prirode prikupljanja, te zbog male ukupne kolicine skupa nalaza kamenih izradevina, moguce je samo odrediti njegove osnovne karakteristike. Kod izradevina od cijepanog kamena sirovinski materijal potjece od rijecnih oblutaka pribavljanih lokalno, dok je sasvim iznimno koristen visoko kvalitetni roznjak iz udaljenih krajeva. Prisutno je vise razlicitih strategija cijepanja, i to tehnologija prizmaticnih sjeciva i ad hoc tehnologija dobijanja odbitaka. Tip prikupljenih glacanih sjekira siroko je rasprostranjen u razdoblju od srednjeg neolitika do ranog broncanog doba, i cesto se javlja na lasinjskim nalamtima (TOMICIC1969; TOMICIC 1969; DIMITRIJEVIC 1979; SIMEK 1981; LUBSINA-TUSEK 1993; SIMEK, KURTA-NJEK ET ALL. 2002). Na osnovi usporedbe s drugim prikupljenim nalazima, te rezultata prethodnih istrazivanja (TOMICIC 1969) i rekognosciranja Brezja (SIMEK 1981), navedeni skup nalaza datira se u razdoblje bakrenog doba, dok se kresivo za pusku datira u novovjeko razdoblje (JAMNIK 1993).

Zakljucak Nalaziste Brezje prostrano je polje sjeverno od

danasnjeg toka Plitvice, a na njemu se zivjelo od bakrenog do srednjovjekovnog doba. Najgusce je naseljeno nekoliko uzdignutih polozaja, ali se nalazi mogu pronaci i drugdje. Ovo nalaziste treba usporediti s ostalima koja se nalaze na slicnim polozajima. To su Zbelava-Pod lipom, Kelemen-Sar-nica, Semovec-Sarnjak itd. Vremenomce se mozda zakljuciti kako su sva ova nalazista zapravo povezana u vise - manje neprekinuti slijed. Ocigledno je kako su njihovi stanovnici bili upuceni na iskoristavanje rijeke. A ujedno im je ona pruzala odredenu obrambenu prepreku, ali i prometni put. Zanimljivo je da su gotovo sva danasnja naselja postavljena na polozaje udaljenije od Plitvice.

Katalog TABLA 1 - Brezje: Slucajni nalazi

1- Ostecena sjekira od glacanog kamena sivkaste boje. 2- Ulomak posude izradene prostorucno, prociscene gline, dobre izrade, izvana smede, u prijelomu svijetlo smede, a iznutra tamno smede boje. 3- Roznjacka izradevina. 4- Ulomak posude izradene na kolu, s mnogo primjesa kvarcita i kamencica koji se truse, zuckaste, a u prijelomu tamno sive do smede boje. 5- Sjekira od glacanog uslojenog tamnozelenog kamena, s malim crnim svjetlucajucim primjesama, mozda metalnim rudama? 6- Roznjacka izradevina. 7- Ostecenizeljeznisiljak.

axe

technical and raw materials characteristics. The raw 293 material is diverse, mostly procured by knapping river pebbles of local origin and is made up of opaque black and grey flints of poor knapping characteristics, transparent yellow flints of good knapping characteristics, semi-transparent brown flints of excellent knapping characteristics, and light brown flints of high quality used to make rifle flints. The platform is mostly flat (5 artefacts) and only as an exception with cortex or linear.

Because of the way in which they were coUected, and on account of the small overall number of assemblage of the stone artefacts, only the basic characteristics can be determined. As concerns the artefacts of knapped lithics, the raw material comes from river pebbles gathered locally, while high quality flint from distant areas was seldom used.

There are several different knapping strategies present here, the technology of prismatic blades and an ad hoc technology of flake production. The type of collected polished axe is widely prevalent in the period from the middle Neolithic to early Bronze Age and appears often at Lasinja sites (TOMICIC 1969; TOMICIC 1969; DIMITRIJEVIC 1979; Varazdin-Brezje. Ostecena glacana SIMEK 1981; LUBSINA-TUSEK 1993; kamena sjekira SIMEK, KURTANJEK ET ALL. 2002). Based Vara`din-Brezje. Damaged polished stone on comparisons with other collected finds and the results of previous exploration (TOMICIC 1969) and the reconnoitre of Brezje (SIMEK 1981), the cited assemblage of finds can be dated to the Copper Age, while the rifle flint can be dated to the early Modern period (JAMNIK 1993).

Conclusion The Brezje site is a broad field north of the

present day course of the Plitvica River and was inhabited from the Copper to Medieval period. The densest settlement was on several elevated positions, but finds can be collected elsewhere. This site is comparable to others situated on similar positions. These are Zbelava-Pod lipom, Kelemen-Sarnica, Semovec-Sarnjak etc. With time it may be concluded that all of these sites are actually connected in a more of less unbroken series. It is evident that their inhabitants were oriented to exploiting the river. It also offered them a sort of defensive barrier and Vara`din-Brezje. Rifle flint (T1-6) transportation route. It is interesting that almost aU present day settlements are positioned farther from the Plitvica River.

Catalogue TABLE 1 - Brezje: Chance finds

1- Damaged polished stone axe of grey colour. 2- Potsherd of a hand made vessel, of refined clay, of good fabrication, of brown colour outside, light brown at the break, dark brown on the inside. 3- Flint artefact. 4- Potsherd of a vessel manufactured on a potter’s wheel, with a large quantity of quartz and pebble temper that crumbles, of yellowish colour, dark grey to brown at the break. 5- Axe of polished dark green layered stone, with small black scintillating temper, perhaps of metal ore? 6- Flint artefact. 7- Damaged iron point.

Varazdin-Brezje. Kresivo za pusku (T1-6)

1 HUM - HUMSCAK 2 MATUSINI - GRADISCE 1 3 MATUSINI - GRADISCE 2 4 PAKA - SEL0 5 PAKA - GRADISCE 6 LJUBESCICA - BUDINEC 7SKARNIK - GRADEC 8 TUHOVEC - GRADISCE 9 VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE - GROMACE 3 10 VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE- POLJE 11 VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE- GROMACE 1 12 VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE - GROMACE 2 13 VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE 14 VABAZDINSKE TOPLICE - GRADISCE 15 VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE - CIGLENICA

| 16 BANJSCINA - BUKOVJE 17 JAKOPOVEC - HUSTA 18 JAKOPOVEC - BLIZNA 19 JAKOPOVEC - LUZAK 20 VARAZDIN - BREZJE 21 ZBELAVA - POD LIPOM 22 KELEMEN -SARNICA 23SEMOVEC -SARNJAK 24SEMOVEC - KOPINJE 25CAKOVEC - GORNJI PUSTAKOVEC 26 NEDELISCE - STARA VES

ma#K9\ 2km Okm

L. - -i - ^ = = 6km

3

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SADRZAJ CONTENTS 303

GROMACE 1 KOD VARAZDINSKIH TOPLICA GROMACE 1 NEAR VARAZDINSKE TOPUCE Rimska cesta 5 Roman Road 5

NALAZI 6 FEATURES 6 POKRETNI NALAZI 9 SMALL FINDS 9 Keramicki nalazi 9 Ceramic Finds 9 Metalni nalazi 10 Metal Finds 11 Stakleni nalazi 12 Glass Finds 12 ZAKLJUCAK 12 CONCLUSION 12 KATALOG 15 CATALOGUE 15 TABLA 17 TABLE 15 TLORIS 19 GROUNDPLAN 19

GROMACE 2 KOD VARAZDINSKIH TOPLICA GROMACE 2 NEAR VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE Tragovi obitavanja iz ranog bakrenog doba 21 Traces of Habitation from the Early Copper Age 21

NALAZI 21 FEATURES 22 POKRETNI NALAZI 22 FINDS 22 Keramicki nalazi 22 Ceramic Finds 22 Kameni nalazi - Darko Komso 23 Lithic assemblage - Darko Komso 23 Gromace - Analiza cijepanih kamenih Groma~e - An Analysis of izradevina 23 Knapped Stone Pribavljanje, proizvodnja i upotreba Artefacts 24 cijepane litike 24 Procurement, Production ZAKLJUCAK 27 and Use of Knapped Lithics 25 KATALOG 28 CONCLUSION 27 TABLA 29 CATALOGUE 28

TABLE 29 CIGLENICA KOD VARAZDINSKIH TOPLICA Srednjovjekovno seliste 31 CIGLENICA NEAR VARA@DINSKE TOPLICE

UVOD 31 Medieval settlement 31 RIMSKO DOBA 32 INTRODUCTION 31 NALAZI 32 THE ROMAN ERA 32 POKRETNI NALAZI 32 FEATURES 32 Keramicki nalazi 32 FINDS 32 Ostali nalazi 33 Ceramic finds 32 SREDNJI VIJEK 33 Other finds 33 NALAZI 33 THE MIDDLE AGES 33 POKRETNI NALAZI 35 FEATURES 33 Keramicki nalazi 35 FINDS 35 Metalni nalazi 39 Ceramic finds 35 Ostali nalazi 40 Metal finds 40 Kosti 40 Other finds 40 ZAKLJUCAK 41 Bones 40

TABLE 52 CONCLUSION 41 TLORIS 66 TABLE 52

GROUNDPLAN 66 BUKOVJE KOD BANJSCINE (VARAZDINBREG) Privremeno pastirsko staniste mladeg BUKOVJE NEAR BANJSCINA (VARAZDINBREG ) zeljeznog doba 69 A Temporary Herdsman’s habitation

MLABEZELJEZNO DOBA 70 of the Late Iron Age 69 NALAZI 70 THE LATE IRON AGE 70 POKRETNI NALAZI 71 FEATURES 70 Keramicki nalazi 71 FINDS 71 Metalni nalazi 72 Ceramic finds 71 Kameni nalazi 72 Metal finds 72 ZAKLJUCAK 73 Lithic Assemblage 72 KATALOG 73 CONCLUSION 72 TABLA 75 CATALOGUE 74 TLORIS 76 TABLE 75

GROUNDPLAN 76

HUSTA KOD JAKOPOVCA HUSTA NEAR JAKOPOVEC Tragovi obitavanja iz mladeg zeljeznog doba i Traces of Habitation from the Late Iron Age kasnog srednjeg vijeka 79 and Late Middle Ages 79

MLADEZELJEZNO DOBA THE LATE IRON AGE - RANO ANTICKO DOBA 79 – EARLY ROMAN PERIOD 79 NALAZI 79 FEATURES 79 POKRETNI NALAZI 80 FINDS 80 Keramicki nalazi 80 Ceramic finds 80 Ostali nalazi 81 Other finds 81 Kosti 82 Bones 82 KASNI SREDNJI VIJEK 82 THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 82 NALAZI 82 FEATURES 82 POKRETNI NALAZI 82 FINDS 82 Keramicki nalazi 82 Ceramic finds 82 ZAKLJUCAK 83 CONCLUSION 83 KATALOG 84 CATALOGUE 84 TABLE 86 TABLES 86 TLORIS 88 GROUNDPLAN 88

BUZNA KOD JAKOPOVCA (VARAZDIN) BLIZNA NEAR JAKOPOVEC (VARA@DIN) Viseslojno naselje 91 Multi-layer Settlement 91

BAKRENO DOBA 94 THE COPPER AGE 94 NALAZI 94 FEATURES 94 POKRETNI NALAZI 95 FINDS 96 Keramicki nalazi - Zorko Markovic 95 Ceramic finds - Zorko Markovi} 96 Kameni nalazi - Darko Komso 99 Cijepana litika 100 Analiza 100 Pribavljanje, proizvodnja i upotreba cijepane litike 102 Ostale kamene izradevine 104 Kultumo-kronolosko odredenje kamenih nalaza 104 Zakljucak 106 Ostali nalazi 106 BRONCANO DOBA 106 NALAZI 106 POKRETNI NALAZI 109 Keramicki nalazi 109 Ostali nalazi 111 MLADEZELJEZNO DOBA 111 NALAZI 111 POKRETNI NALAZI 113 Keramicki nalazi 113 Posude izradene prostorucno 113 Posude izradene na brzovrtecem kolu 114

Stakleni nalazi 118 Metalni nalazi 118 Ostali nalazi 119 ANTICKI, KASNOANTICKI NALAZI I NALAZI IZ DOBA SEOBE NARODA 119 NALAZI 119 POKRETNI NALAZI 121 Keramicki nalazi 121 Stakleni nalazi 124 Metalni nalazi 124 RANI I RAZVIJENI SREDNJI VIJEK 125 NALAZI 125 POKRETNI NALAZI 125 Keramicki nalazi 125 Metalni nalazi 126

Lithic assemblage - Darko Komso 99 Knapped lithics 100 Analysis 100 Procurement, Production and Use of Knapped Lithics 102 Other lithics 105 Cultural-chronological determination of lithic assemblage 105 Conclusion 107 Other finds 108 BRONZE AGE 108 FEATURES 108 FINDS 109 Ceramic finds 109 Other finds 111 LATE IRON AGE 112 FEATURES 112 FINDS 113 Ceramic finds 113 Hand-made vessels 113 Vessels made on a fast potter’s wheel 114 Glass finds 118 Metal finds 119 Other finds 119 FINDS FROM THE ROMAN PERIOD, LATE ROMAN PERIOD AND FROM THE MIGRATION PERIOD 120 FEATURES 120 FINDS 121 Ceramic finds 121 Glass finds 124 Metal finds 125 THE EARLY AND HIGH MEDIEVAL PERIOD 125 FEATURES 125 FINDS 126

Ostali nalazi 126 Ceramic finds 126 ZAKLJUCAK 126 Metal finds 126 K ATA LO G 132 Other finds 127 TABLE 148 CONCLUSION 127 TLORISI 176 CATALOGUE 132

TABLES 148 GORNJI PUSTAKOVEC KODCAKOVCA GROUNDPLAN 176 Bakrenodobno naselje 181

BAKRENO DOBA 182 NALAZI 182 Copper Age Settlement 181 POKRETNI NALAZI 185 COPPER AGE 182 Keramicki nalazi 185 FEATURES 182 Kameni nalazi - Darko Komso 186 FINDS 185 Kosti 187 Ceramic finds 185 SREDNJI I NOVI VIJEK 187 Lithic assemblage - Darko Komso 186 NALAZI 187 Bones 187 POKRETNI NALAZI 187 MEDIEVAL AND EARLY ZAKLJUCAK 188 MODERN PERIODS 187 KATALOG 190 FEATURES 187 TABLE 194 FINDS 188 TLORIS 200 Ceramic finds 188

CONCLUSION 188 STARA VES KOD NEDEUSCA (CAKOVEC) CATALOGUE 190 Viseslojno razvedeno naselje 203 TABLES 194

BAKRENO DOBA 206 GROUNDPLAN 200 NALAZI 206 POKRETNI NALAZI 206 Keramicki nalazi 206 Dispersed Multilayer 203 Kameni nalazi 208 Settlement 203 KASNOBRONCANO DOBA 208 COPPER AGE 206 NALAZI 208 FEATURES 206 POKRETNI NALAZI 209 FINDS 206 Keramicki nalazi 209 Ceramic finds 206 KASNA ANTIKA I RANI SREDNJI Lithics assemblage 208 VIJEK 211 LATE BRONZE AGE 208 NALAZI 211 FEATURES 208 POKRETNI NALAZI 212 FINDS 209 Keramicki nalazi 212 Ceramic finds 209 Metalni nalazi 216 THE LATE ROMAN AND EARLY Ostali nalazi 217 MEDIEVAL PERIODS 210 KASNIJI RANI SREDNJI VIJEK 218 FEATURES 210 NALAZI 218 FINDS 211 POKRETNI NALAZI 218 Ceramic finds 211 Keramicki nalazi 218 Metal finds 216 Metalni nalazi 219 Other finds 216 Ostali nalazi 220 LATER EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD 217 RAZVIJENI SREDNJI VIJEK TE RANI FEATURES 217 NOVI VIJEK 220 FINDS 218 NALAZI 220 Ceramic finds 218 POKRETNI NALAZI 220 Metal finds 219 Keramicki nalazi 220 Other finds 220 Ostali nalazi 221 HIGH MEDIEVAL AND POST ZAKLJUCAK 221 MEDIEVAL PERIODS 220 K ATA LO G 224 FEATURES 220 TABLA 233 FINDS 220 TLORISI 248 Ceramic finds 220

Other finds 221 CONCLUSION 221 CATALOGUE 224 TABLE S 233 GROUNDPLANS 248

306 OSTALA NALAZISTA NA TRASI I U NJEZINOJ BLIZINI 253 GRADISCE 1 i 2 KOD MATUSINA (BREZNICKI HUM) Viseslojno utvrdeno naselje 253

Katalog 258 TABLE 258

PAKA (NOVI MAROF) Tragovi obitavanja iz rimskog srednjovjekovnog doba 260

Katalog 262 TABLA 262

GRADISCE KOD PAKE (NOVI MAROF) Srednjovjekovna kula 263 BUDINEC KOD LJUBESCICE (NOVI MAROF) Srednjovjekovna osmatracnica 264 GRADEC KOD SKARNIKA (VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE) Viseslojno utvrdeno naselje 265

Katalog 267 TABLA 268

GROMACE 3 KOD VARAZDINSKIH TOPLICA Anti~ka vila rustica 268

Katalog 270 TABLA 270

GRADISCE U VARAZDINSKIM TOPUCAMA Viseslojni tragovi obitavanja 271 POLJE KOD VARAZDINSKIH TOPLICA Tragovi obitavanja iz rimskog i kasnosrednjovjekovnog doba 273

Zakljucak 274 Katalog 274 TABLA 275

VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE Aquae lasae, anticki grad 276 GRADISCE U TUHOVCU (VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE) Anticka vila rustica 278

Katalog 280 TABLA 279

LUZAK KOD JAKOPOVCA (VARAZDIN) Tragovi obitavanja iz kasnog broncanog doba i ostaci srusenog posjeda iz novog vijeka. 280

Katalog 282 TABLA 281

POD LIPOM KOD ZBELAVE (VARAZDIN) Bakrenodobno, starijezeljeznodobno i ranosrednjovjekovno naselje 282 SARNICA KOD KELEMENA (VARAZDIN) Anticka i kasnoanticka vila rustica 283

Katalog 286 TABLA 286

SARNJAK KOD SEMOVCA (VARAZDIN) Viseslojno razvedeno naselje 287 KUPINJE KOD SEMOVCA (VARAZDIN) Anticka vila rustica 289 BREZJE KOD VARAZDINA Bakrenodobno, mladezeljeznodobno i ranosrednjovjekovno naselje. 289

Kameni nalazi - Darko Komso 291 Zakljucak Katalog TABLA

KARTA NALAZISTA LITERATURA

OTHER SITES ON THE ROUTE AND ITS VICINITY 253 GRADISCE 1 and 2 NEAR MATUSINI (BREZNICKI HUM) Multi-layer Fortified Settlement 253

Catalogue 258 TABLES 258

PAKA (NOVI MAROF)Traces of Habitation from the Roman and Medieval Periods 260

Catalogue 262 TABLE 262

GRADISCE NEAR PAKA (NOVI MAROF) Medieval Tower 263 BUDINEC NEAR LJUBESCICA (NOVI MAROF) Medieval Watchtower 264 GRADEC NEAR SKARNIK (VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE) Multi-layered Fortified Settlement 265

Catalogue 267 TABLE 268

GROMACE 3 NEAR VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE Roman Period Villa Rustica 268

Catalogue 271 TABLE 270

GRADISCE IN VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE Multi-layer Traces of Habitation 271 POLJE NEAR VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE Traces of Habitation from the Roman and late Medieval Periods

Conclusion 272 274

Catalogue 275 TABLE 275

VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE Aquae lasae, Roman Period Town 276 GRADISCE IN TUHOVEC (VARAZDINSKE TOPLICE) Roman Period Villa Rustica 278

Catalogue 279 TABLE 279

LUZAK NEAR JAKOPOVEC (VARAZDIN) Traces of Habitation from the Late Bronze Age and Remains of a Demolished Early Modern Estate 280

Catalogue 282 TABLE 281

POD LIPOM NEAR ZBELAVA (VARAZDIN) Copper Age, Early Iron Age and Early Medieval Settlement 282 SARNICA NEAR KELEMEN (VARAZDIN) Roman Period and Late Roman period Villa Rustica 283

Catalogue 286 TABLE 286

SARNJAK NEAR SEMOVEC (VARAZDIN) Dispersed Multi-layer Settlement 287 KUPINJE NEAR SEMOVEC (VARAZDIN) Roman Period Villa Rustica 289 BREZJE NEAR VARAZDIN Copper Age, Late Iron Age And Early Medieval Settlement. 290

Lithic assemblage - Darko Komso 291 Conclusion

293 Catalogue 293 TABLE 292

MAP OF SITES 294 LITERATURE 295

293 293 292

294 295

ZAKLJUCAK CONCLUSION

Rezultati zastitnih arheoloskih istrazivanja u ovoj knjizi nisu vrhunac saznanja hrvatske arheologije niti su zamisljeni da takvima budu. Rijec je naprosto o objavi svih referentnih nalaza i arheoloskih struktura koje su pronadene tijekom visegodisnjeg pracenja izgradnji cesta na podrucju dviju zupanija. Ponudena autorova tumacenja istrazivackih rezultata su dakako podlozna stracnoj kritici, odnosno potvrdivanju ili opovrgavanju kroz nova istrazivanja. Osnovni prilog i smisao je izlaganje svega pronadenoga, na upotrebu i daljnja promisljanja kolegama. No, bas to ovu knjigu cini rijetkim izdanjem, koje u ovako kratko vrijeme i na opsirniji nacin prepusta saznanja proistekla iz zastitnih istrazivanja na koristenje znanstvenoj zajednici.

Ujedno, nadam se kako ce ova knjiga biti i izvor saznanja i mnogim nearheolozima kad im se nade u rukama, te kako ce sa njezinih stranica uvidjeti razloge za daljnja zastitna arheoloska istrazivanja i bogatstvo podataka koji se kroz njih mogu prikupiti. Jer, kao sto je vec receno u uvodu, svih ovih podataka ne bi bilo u knjizi da nisu provedena ova istrazivanja, a podaci, za znanost nenadomjes-tivi, bili bi zauvijek izgubljeni.

The outcome of rescue archaeology research presented in this book does not constitute the pinnacle of comprehension in Croatian archaeology nor is it meant to do so. This is simply a publication of all referential finds and archaeological structures uncovered during several years of supervision of road construction on the territories of two counties. The author’s interpretation of the outcome of this research is, of course, open to expert critique, that is to say its confirmation of refutation through new research. The basic contribution and intention is to present what has been found, for the use and further consideration of our colleagues. I t is this precisely that makes this a rare publication, that in so short a time and extensively, makes insights resulting from rescue archaeology available to the expert community.

I also hope that this book will be a source of insight to many people not active in archaeology if it finds its way into their hands, and that they will in reading it find reasons for further rescue archaeology research and the wealth of information that can thereby be gathered. Because, as was stated in the Introduction, all of this information would not be in the book if the research had not been carried out, and the data, irreplaceable to science, would be forever lost.

ZAHVALA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Zahvaljujem svima onima koji se me ukljucili u ovaj veliki posao, ili su mi tijekom rada pruzali svesrdnu pomoc i iskazivali razumijevanje. To su u ponajprije kolege iz mojeg Odjela i Ministarstva, nacelnik dr.sc.Mario Jurisic, pomocnica ministra Bianka Percinic-Kavur, sadasnji pomoenik ministra ran Jasen Mesic i ostaJi, te kolege iz Konzervatorskog odjela u Varazdinu, procelnik Zeljko Trstenjak, konzervator Ivana Peskan i ini. Pojedini kolege arheolozi, ne zaleci trada i troska, sudjelovali su u istrazivanjima, npr. prof.dr.Aleksandar Durman, te strucnjaci dragih straka koji su bili ukljuceni u ovaj projekt, npr. ing.Damir Ostrek. Premda su vec spomenuti u prilozima, ponovno se zahvaljujem i mladim kolegama arheolozima i studentima arheologije, koji su, trpeci teske klimatske i tehnicke uvjete rada, izdrzali na ovim iskopavanjima. Zahvaljujem na razumijevanju i susretljivosti ekipama Hrvatskih autocesta i Hrvatskih cesta, Instituta gradevinarstva Hrvatske te predstavni-cima izvodaca, s kojima sam uvijek iznalazio rjesenje koje je zadovoljilo obje strane.

Osobito zahvaljujem svim radnicima, koji su s ljubavlju i paznjom zdusno radili na istrazivanju svojeg kraja. Posebno treba spomenuti one koji su vise godina radili na nasim iskopavanjima a poimence to su Ivan Mikulcic “Mac”, Stjepan Cepanec “Stef”, Milan Bengez “Mile”, Mijo Skrlec “Misko”, Ljubomir Ratkovic “Ljubo”, Nikola Ajhler, Goran Sokolic, Marko Bahat , Drago Bujanec “Purta”, Pranjo Santek, Ivica Janusic, Alan Sculec, Vladimir Blazi “Vlado”, Stjepan Bakmez “Stef”, Josip Pister “Joza”, Drazen Vugrinec, Vladimir Slunjski, Ivan Slunjski i ini.

Na kraju, najvaznija zahvala mojoj obitelji, suprazi Ivancici i djeci Jeleni i Drzislavu koji su takoder istrpili moju dugotrajnu odsutnost, kako bi ovakav rezultat mogao biti objavljen.

Luka Bekic

I wish to thank all those who got me involved in this great undertaking, or who offered their wholehearted assistance during the work and who demonstrated their understanding. These are above all the colleagues from my department and the Ministry, head of department Mario Jurisic Sc.D., assistant minister Bianka Percinic-Kavur, the current assistant minister Jasen Mesic M.A. and others, and my colleagues at the Conservation Department in Varazdin, head of department Zeljko Trstenjak, conservationist Ivana Peskan and others. Several fellow archaeologists spared neither effort nor expense to take part in the research, people like Professor Aleksandar Durman Sc.D., and experts from other fields who took part in this project, like engineer Damir Ostrek. Al though already mentioned in the contributions, I wish again to express my grat i tude to my younger fellow archaeologists and students of archaeology who, in trying climatic and technical conditions, persevered in their work at these excavations. For their understanding and kindness I wish also to thank the teams of the Croatian Motorways and Croatian Roads companies, the Civil Engineering Institute of Croatia and the representatives of the contractors, with whom I always found mutually satisfying solutions.

I owe a special vote of thanks to all of the labourers who worked wholeheartedly, with dedication and consideration, on the study of their region. Special mention should be made of those who worked several years on our excavations, these being: Ivan Mkulcic “Mac”, Stjepan Cepanec “Stef”, Milan Bengez “Mile”, Mijo Skrlec “Misko”, Ljubomir Ratkovic “Ljubo”, Nikola Ajhler, Goran Sokolic, Marko Bahat, Drago Bujanec “Purta”, Pranjo Santek, Ivica Janusic, Alan Sculec, Vladimir Blazi “Vlado”, Stjepan Bakmez “Stef”, Josip Pister “Joza”, Drazen Vugrinec, Vladimir Slunjski, Ivan Slunjski and others.

And finally, my deepest gratitude to my family, wife Ivancica and children Jelena and Drzislav who also endured my lengthy absences in order that this work could see the light of day.

Luka Bekic

309

BILJKESKE 0 AUTORU ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Luka Bekic (Zagreb, 1971) Radio kao znanstveni novak na Katedri za provincijalnu i starokrscansku arheologiju Filozofskog fakulteta Sveucilista u Zagrebu, kao kustos u Arheoloskome muzeju Istre u Puli i konzervator Uprave za zastitu kulturne bastine Ministarstva kulture RH. Sada je procelnik Sluzbe za arheolosku bastinu Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda. Sudjelovao ili vodio veci broj arheoloskih iskopavanja na podrucju Istre, Dalmacije, Slavonije, Podravine i Slovenije. Diplomirao s temom Sustav prapovijesnih gradina rovinjskog podrucja, magistrirao na temi Rirski i rimski Andetrij te upisao doktorat s temom Rani srednji vijek izmedu Istocnih Alpa, Panonije % Jadrana. Autor vise znanstvenih i stracnih radova iz raznih podrucia arheoloeiie.

Luka Bekic (Zagreb, 1971) Worked as a Junior Researcher at the Chair of Roman and Early Christian Archaeology at the University of Zagreb’s Faculty of Philosophy, as a Curator at the Archaeological Museum of Istra in Pula and as a Conservationist at the Administration for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia. Presently serves as the Head of the Archaeological Heritage Service at the Croatian Conservation Institute. Took part in or lead numerous archaeological excavations in the Croatian regions of Istra, Dalmatia, Slavonia and Podravina and in neighbouring Slovenia. Graduated with a thesis paper on The Systems of Pre-historical HiU Forts in the Rwinj Area, received his Master’s degree in Myrian and Roman Andetrium and is currently preparing his Doctorate paper on The Early Middle Ages Between the Eastern Alps, Pannonia and the Adriatic. He is the author of several research and expert papers from various fields of archaeology.